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A Standardised CT Coronary Angiography Service Operated from a District General Hospital

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A Standardised CT Coronary Angiography Service Operated from a District General Hospital Open access Health care delivery, economics and global health care Open Heart: first published as 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000817 on 11 July 2018. Downloaded from The HASTE Protocol: a standardised CT Coronary Angiography service operated from a District General Hospital Iain Thomas Parsons,1 Clare Bannister,1 John Badelek,2 Mark Ingram,2 Emma Wood,2 Alex Horton,2 Michael Hickman,1 Edward Leatham1 To cite: Parsons IT, Bannister C, ABSTRACT Key questions Badelek J, et al. The HASTE Introduction CT coronary angiography (CTCA) has Protocol: a standardised CT excellent sensitivity but lacks specificity when compared Coronary Angiography service What is already known about this subject? with invasive coronary angiography (ICA) particularly in operated from a District General CT coronary angiography is the non-invasive test of patients with a high coronary calcium burden. CTCA has ► Hospital. Open Heart choice for the investigation of stable coronary artery been shown in large trials to decrease the requirement for 2018;5:e000817. doi:10.1136/ disease. openhrt-2018-000817 diagnostic ICA and provide diagnostic clarity. We describe A considerable upscale in the provision of CT coro- the methodology used to provide a standardised CTCA ► nary angiography is required. service established in a District General Hospital, which Received 7 March 2018 may assist other hospitals aiming to develop a cardiac CT What does this study add? Revised 24 May 2018 service. A detailed description of the methodology for the Accepted 13 June 2018 ► Methods Scan request forms, authorisation and patient provision of a cardiac CT service from a District instruction were recorded. Patient preparation prior General Hospital. to CTCA as well as exclusion and inclusion criteria ► Overall, 72% of patients can be discharged without were documented. Scans were interpreted using a the requirement for invasive angiography. multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach in order to organise ► There remains a requirement for the provision of follow-up, medication and further investigation. functional testing. Results Over 6 months, 157 consecutive scans were performed. CTCA was completed in 88% (n=138/157) How might this impact on clinical practice? ► The methodology may serve as a standard that may and considered of diagnostic quality in 82% (n=129/157). http://openheart.bmj.com/ The median radiation dose was 3.42 mSv. Overall, 64% of assist other District General Hospitals in developing patients had evidence of coronary calcium. Following MDT a diagnostic cardiac CT service. review, 72% (n=113/157) of patients were discharged ► A close working relationship between cardiology without requiring invasive angiography. 15% (n=24/157) and radiology is key to the delivery of an effective of patients went on to have invasive angiography showing service. non-obstructive disease and 13% (20/157) of patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (11%) or bypass surgery (1%). risk-stratify patients with CAD. CTCA has Discussion Appropriate referrals, patient preparation 3–5 diagnostic accuracy comparable with ICA on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. and scan quality remain significant factors in running a with excellent sensitivity but can lack speci- CTCA service. Despite this, the vast majority of patients ficity particularly in patients with a high coro- can be discharged on the basis of the CTCA alone. An MDT nary calcium score. The tendency to overes- approach is key to the delivery of a cardiac CT service. timate stenotic plaque disease and so inaccu- © Author(s) (or their rately define flow-limiting disease remains a employer(s)) 2018. Re-use INTRODUCTION challenge and has led to concerns about the permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease effectiveness of CTCA due to the incidence of and permissions. Published (CAD) remains a leading cause of death in false-positive results. Large trials have shown by BMJ. the UK.1 Chest pain is a frequent reason for that availability of CTCA decreases the inci- 1Department of Cardiology, referral for invasive coronary angiography dence of non-obstructive CAD at ICA while Royal Surrey County Hospital (ICA). While ICA is the gold standard for the increasing the overall number of ICA.6–10 NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, diagnosis of CAD, it is a resource- intensive Additionally, several prognostic features have UK 2Department of Radiology, Royal investigation associated with a small risk of been investigated with CTCA including the Surrey County Hospital NHS serious complication and in many hospitals calcium burden, total plaque burden as well Foundation Trust, Guildford, UK often confirms normal or non-obstructed as the presence of high-risk plaques, which coronary arteries.2 CT coronary angiog- have been shown to have prognostic value Correspondence to raphy (CTCA) has proved to be a safe and in predicting death or non-fatal myocar- Dr Iain Thomas Parsons; 11–13 iainparsons@ doctors. org. uk non-invasive investigation to diagnose and dial infarction. CTCA can also diagnose Parsons IT, et al. Open Heart 2018;5:e000817. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000817 1 Open Heart Open Heart: first published as 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000817 on 11 July 2018. Downloaded from non-obstructive atherosclerotic plaque disease, which permits risk factor modification in high-risk cases poten- tially years before coronary ischaemia occurs. For all of these reasons, we established a cardiac CT (CCT) service in our District Hospital. The 2016 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance has put CTCA at the fore- front of initial investigation for stable CAD in the UK.14 15 Currently, however, the UK provision of CTCA outside of high-volume centres is patchy.14 It is estimated that a 700% increase in the availability of CTCA is required across the country, a considerable upscale in the provision of the service.14 It remains to be seen whether the accuracy of recent large CTCA trials7 can be reproduced in smaller centres using often less advanced technology. The aim of this paper was to describe the methods and results of a District General Hospital (DGH), both successes and pitfalls, which may potentially be used as a model for the introduction or development of a CCT service elsewhere. METHODS We based our methods on the British Society of Cardiac Imaging Standards of Practice of CT Coronary Angi- ography in adult patients and Society of Cardiac Computed Tomography guidelines for the performance and acquisition of coronary CT angiography.16 17 These guidelines remain the ‘gold standard’, and our paper shows how we have attempted to deliver a high-quality imaging practice (with sound selection of patients, patient preparation, CT acquisition, post-processing methods and onward care) but without a consultant http://openheart.bmj.com/ cardiologist or radiologist dedicated to cardiac CT and Figure 1 Heart and Stroke Trust Endeavour basic scanner and post-processing technology. An over- (HASTE) pathway. *Rapid access chest pain clinic, **CT view of our pathway is in figure 1. coronary angiogram, ***multidisciplinary team meeting. REFERRAL SCREENING The aim of referral screening was to maximise diagnostic Requests for CCT scans in our institution require veri- yield from all cardiac investigations and minimise the fication by a consultant cardiologist to check appropri- number of inappropriate, poor-quality or abandoned ateness. The scans were predominantly requested by CCT scans. Following cardiologist vetting, a radiologist on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. one of our five consultant cardiologists, their specialist sanctioned referrals to comply with ionising radiation trainees or chest pain assessment nurse specialists. Refer- (medical exposure) regulations. Consultant radiologists rals were from ward inpatients, the nurse-led rapid access also provided onsite supervision of all scans in case of chest pain clinic (RACPC) or from cardiology outpatient additional prescription requirements. clinic. All referrals required completion of a cardiology All patients were provided with clear written instruc- imaging request form (viewable at http://haste. uk. com/ tions on what to expect including the requirement to be scan- appeal/ forms/). The referral request form required collected following the scan. This advice followed some the referrer to stipulate any contraindications to beta- early incidents where patients had unusually low heart blockade, renal function, presence of atrial fibrillation, rates or hypotension following beta-blocker/glyceryl trini- pregnancy, pacemaker presence, left bundle branch trate (GTN) administration making unsupervised travel block or metformin. In our hospital, one request form or driving ill-advised. This also allowed the option of is used for all our specialist cardiac imaging modalities: sedation to be administered where anxiety-driven tachy- dobutamine stress echocardiography, cardiovascular cardia was unresponsive to standard beta-blockers. All magnetic resonance, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy patients were asked to take any prescription medica- and CTCA. Authorisation for all investigations by a tions on schedule as normal (including beta-blockers or consultant cardiologist minimised unsuitable referrals calcium channel blockers), refrain for eating for 4 hours and simplified redirection of inappropriate imaging prior to the scan and to avoid caffeinated beverages and requests to more suitable cardiac imaging modalities. other
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