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New Evidence for Reduced Leg Oxygen Levels in Restless Legs Syndrome Erik K

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New Evidence for Reduced Leg Oxygen Levels in Restless Legs Syndrome Erik K PATIENT PAGE Section Editors New evidence for reduced leg oxygen levels DavidC.Spencer,MD Steven Karceski, MD in restless legs syndrome Erik K. St. Louis, MD WHYISTHISSTUDYIMPORTANT? Restless legs syn- patients. They also showed that leg oxygen levels par- drome (RLS), also now known as Willis-Ekbom disease tially improved after dopamine medicine was restarted.3 (WED), is common and affects about 10% of the Reduced leg oxygen levels improved when pramipexole general population. It affects women more than men. treatment was restarted, similar to the effects of leg RLS/WED causes an uncomfortable urge to move the movement. This suggests that pramipexole may have a legs. It is often worse in the evening, especially around treatment effect on leg blood vessels in addition to its bedtime, and is temporarily improved by leg movement. actions on brain and spinal cord nerve receptors. RLS/WED may be caused by changes in the nerve transmitter dopamine. Dopamine is a signaling mole- WHAT ARE THE NEXT STEPS? ThisstudybySalmi- cule that allows nerve cells to communicate with one nen and colleagues has helped us better understand the another in the brain and spinal cord. Changes in dopa- problems, but more studies are needed. Low leg oxygen mine may be linked to low levels of iron in the brain levels in RLS/WED need to be studied. It is possible that and body along with poor iron transport into the brain improving low leg oxygen levels could be a helpful treat- and changes in brain dopamine receptors.1 However, ment. This study did not prove that lower leg oxygen there is new evidence for problems with blood flow and actually causes RLS/WED symptoms; it is also possible leg oxygen levels in RLS/WED. These changes involve that lower leg oxygen instead results from the symptoms the cells of the blood vessel walls, or endothelium. of RLS/WED. Further research is needed to clarify the These changes include reduced oxygen levels. There direction of this association. Future research will need to is also altered blood flow in the lower leg muscles in determine what causes reduced leg oxygen levels in RLS/ patients with RLS/WED.2 WED at a molecular level. One possible cause may involve nitric oxide (NO), a relaxer of blood vessel walls HOW WAS THE STUDY DONE? In this issue of that may improve blood flow. If it can be shown that ® Neurology , Salminen and colleagues have provided problems in NO function occur in RLS/WED, then further evidence for altered blood flow in the legs in treatments targeting such problems could potentially 3 RLS/WED. They studied oxygen and carbon dioxide improve RLS/WED symptoms. Future laboratory levels using sensors placed on the skin of the legs in 15 and human studies are also necessary to understand patients with RLS/WED and 14 healthy individuals dur- how, when, and where dopamine therapies act in “ ” ing a suggested immobilization test (SIT). The SIT RLS/WED. This could lead to new treatments requires the patient to sit in bed for 1 hour on 2 testing focused on leg blood vessels that could reduce some sessions (2 and 4 hours before bedtime), to avoid moving of the side effects of RLS medications. hisorherlegs,andtoreporttheseverityofRLS/WED This new evidence helps us better understand symptoms every 5 minutes. The researchers studied the RLS/WED and could possibly prompt new medication patients with RLS/WED while they were off of their and nonmedication treatments that focus on improving usual RLS/WED medication (pramipexole, a dopamine leg tissue oxygen levels in patients with RLS/WED.4 drug commonly used in RLS/WED treatment, which was stopped at least 2 weeks before study participation) REFERENCES and then when they resumed their pramipexole treat- 1. Dauvilliers Y, Winkelman J. Restless legs syndrome: update ment. Patients with RLS met the standards for diagnosis, on pathogenesis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013;19:594–600. and the severity of RLS symptoms was measured by a 2. St. Louis EK, Ulfberg J. Putting the legs back into restless legs syndrome: new evidence for the microvascular hypoth- common study scale. Patients with RLS included 7 esis. Neurology 2014;82:1850–1851. women and 8 men with an average age of 57 years 3. Salminen AV, Rimpilä V, Polo O. Peripheral hypoxia in whohadsevereRLSsymptomsoffoftreatment. restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease). Neurology 2014;82:1856–1861. WHAT DID THE STUDY SHOW? The investigators 4. Mitchell UH. Nondrug-related aspect of treating Ekbom showed that reduced leg oxygen levels were strongly disease, formerly known as restless legs syndrome. Neuro- associated with RLS symptom severity in untreated psych Dis Treat 2011;7:251–257. © 2014 American Academy of Neurology e185 PATIENT PAGE Section Editors About restless legs syndrome/ David C. Spencer, MD Steven Karceski, MD Willis-Ekbom disease Erik K. St. Louis, MD WHAT IS RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME/WILLIS- or dopamine-blocking medications (prochlorperazine EKBOM DISEASE AND WHO IS LIKELY TO HAVE [Compazine] or metoclopramide [Reglan]), may be IT? Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also now known helpful. Low body iron levels may worsen RLS/WED as Willis-Ekbom disease (WED), affects about 10% symptoms. When reduced or low normal ferritin levels of the general population and is more common in are found (a blood test indicating reduced body iron), women. Up to 2% of children are also affected. iron supplements may help. RLS/WED causes an uncomfortable and irresistible urge to move the legs and can interfere with sleep and HOW IS RLS/WED CURRENTLY TREATED? Taking quality of life. warm (or cool) baths or showers, massage, moderate reg- WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF RLS/WED? The cause of ular exercise, reduced caffeine, and mentally engaging RLS/WED is unknown. RLS/WED may be either pri- activities can help relieve mild or intermittent RLS/ mary or secondary. In primary RLS/WED, symptoms WED symptoms. However, when symptoms are more are not associated with other medical conditions. severe and regularly disturb sleep or daytime activities, – Genetic factors are likely since family history is seen in particularly more than 2 3 days per week, RLS/WED 4,5 half of patients. In secondary RLS/WED, the condition treatment may be prescribed. Dopamine agonist med- is related to other diseases. It may be associated with kid- ications are the most common and successful treatment. ney failure, pregnancy, or peripheral neuropathy. These include pramipexole (Mirapex), ropinirole (Re- RLS/WED has also been linked to low brain and quip), and the newer transdermal patch rotigotine body iron levels. This may be a result of changes in (Neupro). “ ” brain iron transport and brain nerve transmitter dopa- Augmentation is an overall worsening of RLS/ mine receptors.1 However, recent studies have sug- WED, with symptoms becoming more intense, occur- gested that reduced leg blood flow may also play a role ring earlier in the day, and spreading up to the arms and in RLS/WED symptoms.2,3 upperbody.Thishappensovertimeinhalformoreof patients with RLS/WED receiving pramipexole or ropi- WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS AND HOW IS IT nirole. Rotigotine may produce less augmentation. DIAGNOSED? RLS/WED symptoms include an Another common and concerning side effect of the dopa- uncomfortableurgetomovethelegsintheeveningor mine drugs is impulse control disorder symptoms, such as when at rest during the daytime. Symptoms improve excessive gambling, shopping, or hoarding behaviors. If with walking or leg movement. Symptoms may inter- these unfortunate symptoms occur, the dopamine drug rupt restful sleep. The diagnosis is made by identifying usually must be stopped. Also useful are the antiseizure the typical symptoms. Involuntary leg movements called and pain medication gabapentin (Neurontin), its deriva- periodic leg movements of sleep (PLMS) occur in about tive gabapentin encarbil (Horizant), and the closely 80% of patients with RLS/WED, so a common miscon- related newer medication pregabalin (Lyrica). Opiate ception is that a sleep study is necessary for diagnosis. medications, including tramadol (Ultram), oxycodone, However, PLMS are also frequent in those without and methadone, have also been used in some patients RLS/WED. Thus a sleep study is not necessary for diag- with RLS/WED whose symptoms are difficult to control. nosis, although it is often helpful to provide supportive evidence for the condition or to rule out sleep apnea. FOR MORE INFORMATION AAN Patients and Caregivers site ARE THERE PREVENTIVE MEASURES? Studies http://patients.aan.com/disorders/index.cfm? have shown that regular moderate exercise may reduce event5view&disorder_id51053 RLS/WED symptoms. Also, since RLS/WED symp- Willis-Ekbom Disease Foundation toms often happen when patients are bored, staying http://www.rls.org mentally active may prevent or reduce symptoms. Reducing caffeine or certain medications that aggravate National Sleep Foundation RLS symptoms, such as antidepressants (venlafaxine http://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders-problems/ [Effexor] or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) restless-legs-syndrome e186 Neurology 82 May 27, 2014 STUDY FUNDING 3. St. Louis EK, Ulfberg J. Putting the legs back into restless legs The project described was supported by the National Center for Research syndrome: new evidence for the microvascular hypothesis. Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Neurology 2014;82:1850–1851. National Institutes of Health (NIH), through grant 1 UL1 RR024150-01. 4. Silber MH, Becker PM, Earley C, Garcia-Borreguero D, The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily Ondo WG. Medical Advisory Board of the Willis-Ekbom foun- represent the official views of the NIH. dation. Willis-Ekbom disease foundation Revised Consensus REFERENCES Statement on the Management of restless legs syndrome. Mayo 1. Dauvilliers Y, Winkelman J. Restless legs syndrome: update Clin Proc 2013;88:977–986. on pathogenesis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013;19:594–600.
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