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The World in the 21St Century: Scenarios of the World Order

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The World in the 21St Century: Scenarios of the World Order Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 12 (2017 10) 1814-1828 ~ ~ ~ УДК 327+339.9 The World in the 21st Century: Scenarios of the World Order Evgeny A. Akhtamov, Denis N. Gergilev and Valerii S. Efimov* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia Received 27.09.2017, received in revised form 14.11.2017, accepted 28.11.2017 The article focuses on the analysis of current trends in the system of international relations. The problems of the future world order are especially acute in the conditions of disappointment in globalization ideas. The authors analyze the reasons of unification tendencies in the second half of the 20th century and the reasons of countries aspiration for more isolation and independence in the spheres of policy, economy and culture. The authors have considered the wide range of possible tendencies for international relations development: from the countries striving for isolation to the countries intending to create coalitions based on mutual economic interests. The authors argue trans-regional economic partnerships will be the most widespread form of countries’ associations in the coming decades. Keywords: international relations, multipolar world, monopolar world, military-political blocs, globalization, regionalization, trans-regionalization. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0161. Research area: history. 1. Introduction international relations and the world order as a The modern world enters the era of large-scale whole becomes highly relevant. political changes determined by the unevenness Drivers of the globalization process were of the technological and economic development the Western countries led by the US: they also processes. If during the second half of the 20th became the main beneficiaries at the initial century the main trend of international development stage (Minakova, 2016; Supyan, 2001). The was globalization, in recent years, opinions about the driving force behind globalization, in addition change in the international relations development to the state policy, was the technological from globalization to regionalism (Kheifets, 2016, progress. Innovations in the field of transport, Mukhachev, 2015, Obolenskii, 2015) are met more communication, processing and transmission and more often in the literature. of information have reduced the costs of In this connection, the analysis of political, international business, expanding opportunities social and economic factors that determine the for foreign trade and investment. Even during prospects and dynamics of future models of the bipolar confrontation between the US and the © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] – 1814 – Evgeny A. Akhtamov, Denis N. Gergilev,.. The World in the 21st Century: Scenarios of the World Order USSR, Western countries took an active part in For almost two decades, the United States was creating a system of international standards aimed the “centre of power” and the global leader in at realization of their interests, legitimizing and the economic, political, military, scientific and institutionalizing their aspirations for influence technological spheres. It accounted for about 20 and power on a global scale. % of the world GDP and almost half of world Parallel to the process of globalization, military spending. The United States remained the the trend towards regionalization of the global world’s innovation centre and global technology economy is developing – the desire of some leader. Actions aimed at consolidating American countries and groups of countries to protect dominance in the world economic processes, in themselves from the negative aspects of making key global decisions, were considered globalization. In assessing the consequences of during this period as fully justified, and American regionalization, there is no consensus. On the one political leadership as de facto legitimate. hand, regionalization can contribute to increasing A number of models promoted by the the competitiveness of countries and emerging USA have spread in the world: the open market regions; on the other, it leads to stratification of economy, democratic institutions, etc. The the global economic space. Many authors now process of globalization in this period mainly agree that the future world will be multipolar took the form of westernization – developing (Mukhachev, 2015, Patrik, 2014). countries transformed their economic and Along with determination of new power political institutions according to the Western poles in the international arena, international pattern. At the same time, the system of relations themselves will gain a new quality in international relations was built in accordance the future, i.e. rationality. Rationality should with the “centre-periphery” model, where the be understood as the trend to search solutions role of the centre – the generator and distributor (institutional, standardizing, organizational, of new values and standards – belonged to the technological, etc.) acceptable for the majority of countries of the West and their US leader. the parties and keeping the costs down (total and For the developed countries of the West, separately for each participant). globalization including trade liberalization and To understand the processes of changes in an increase in the capital flow across national the sphere of international relations, the results of borders in a variety of forms, has contributed the analysis of transaction costs were used, which to the growth of international activity of was one of the reasons for the rapid spread of the companies and, in general, an increase in the globalization processes. The changes in existing rate of economic growth. The opportunities and newly created international institutions to export goods and services, the movement of (organizations, blocks, funds, etc.), whose capital contributed to the growth of output, the activities are aimed at regulating interaction emergence of new technologies, more efficient between countries and groups of countries, have use of resources, active economic growth, and been analyzed. restraint of inflation. Competition with foreign producers forced national companies to look for 2. Monopolar world: the ways to reduce production costs, to make opportunities, costs and risks the production more economically efficient. The period after the end of the Cold War was Participation in world trade has also become a characterized by a number of distinctive features. stabilizing factor for the national currency and – 1815 – Evgeny A. Akhtamov, Denis N. Gergilev,.. The World in the 21st Century: Scenarios of the World Order the economy as a whole (Minakova, 2016: 112). A significant international institution for a In the United States, in particular, the share of monopolar model of the world order is the North foreign trade in relation to the national GDP by Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a military- the end of the 20th century reached a record level political bloc established in 1949 at the initiative in the history of the country – 25 %. Only for of the United States to protect Europe from the the years 1987-1997 American export increased influence of the Soviet Union. The contribution of by 140 %, which contributed to the economic the member countries to the technical equipment growth in the amount of 30 % of its total value and maintenance of the grouping of troops varies: (Supyan, 2001: 19). the military expenditures of almost the entire The driving force of globalization, in addition Eurogroup of NATO demonstrate a negative trend to the state policy, has become technical progress: for a decade and a half. If in 2000 the share of the achievements of the 4th and 5th technological defense budget allocated by European members waves. Innovations in the field of transport, (and also Canada) averaged about 2 % of their communication, processing and transmission of GDP, then by 2005 it had fallen to 1.8 %, and by information have reduced the costs of international the beginning of the economic crisis in 2008 the business, expanding opportunities for foreign figure was already 1.65 % (Fig. 1). At the same trade and investment. Thus, the average cost of time, US military spending in this period only sea freight traffic declined from $ 95 per tonne in increased, reaching by 2011 almost 75 % of the 1920 to $ 27 (in constant prices) as early as 1960 total defense costs of all members of the alliance and subsequently changed little. At the same time (Nadtochei, 2009: 19). Thus, it can be said that from the mid-1950s to the late 1990s the cost of NATO membership facilitates the burden of air cargo transportation decreased by 78 %. As military spending for the European allies. a result, the share of air freight transportation Even in the course of the bipolar in the total volume of transportation in the USA confrontation, the United States took an active increased in monetary terms from 7 % in 1965 part in creating a system of international standards to 28 % in 1998. The cost of land, primarily that promote or are aimed at implementation of road transportation, also decreased; As a result, their interests, legitimizing and institutionalizing its share in foreign trade increased from 28 % their aspirations for power and influence on a in 1965 to 34 % in 1998. The breakthrough in global scale. The architecture of international information and communication technology has relations developed in the
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