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III. REVISIÓN DEL GÉNERO Apistogramma REGAN 1913 (PERCIFORMES, CICHLIDAE) EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO ORINOCO

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III. REVISIÓN DEL GÉNERO Apistogramma REGAN 1913 (PERCIFORMES, CICHLIDAE) EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO ORINOCO SERIE RECURSOS HIDROBIOLÓGICOS Y PESQUEROS CONTINENTALES DE COLOMBIA III. REVISIÓN DEL GÉNERO Apistogramma REGAN 1913 (PERCIFORMES, CICHLIDAE) EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO ORINOCO Lina M. Mesa S. y Carlos A. Lasso C. Lasso © Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Fotos portada Alexander von Humboldt. 2011 Iván Mikolji Los textos pueden ser citados total o parcialmente Fotos contraportada citando la fuente. Iván Mikolji Contribución IAvH # 466 Foto portada interior Iván Mikolji SERIE EDITORIAL RECURSOS HIDROBIOLÓGICOS Y PESQUEROS Elaboración de mapas COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO EDITORIAL CONTINENTALES DE COLOMBIA Lina M. Mesa S. Coordinación editorial Diseño y diagramación Luisa Fernanda Cuervo G. Carlos A. Lasso Impresión Revisión científica Unión Gráfica Ltda. Antonio Machado-Allison, Donald Taphorn, Héctor • Anabel Rial Bouzas (Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Venezuela) López-Rojas, Ana Bonilla Bogotá, D. C., Colombia • Aniello Barbarino (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias -INIA, 1.000 ejemplares. Revisión de textos Venezuela) Paula Sánchez-Duarte, Carlos A. Lasso y Lina M. CITACIÓN SUGERIDA • Antonio Machado-Allison (Universidad Central de Venezuela) Mesa Mesa S., L. M. y C. A. Lasso. 2011. III. Revisión del género Apistogramma Regan, 1913 (Perciformes, • Carlos Barreto-Reyes (Instituto Colombiano de Desarrollo Rural-Incoder) Fotografías Cichlidae) en la cuenca del río Orinoco. Serie Editorial • Carlos A. Rodríguez Fernández (Fundación Tropenbos Colombia) Anabel Rial, Angélica Díaz, Carlos A. Lasso, César Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales Suárez, Germán Galvis, Francisco Castro, Iván Miko- de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos • Célio Magalhães (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia INPA/CPBA, Brasil) lji, Juliana Delgado, Katiusca González, Lina M. Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Bogotá, D. C., • Donald Taphorn (Universidad Experimental de los Llanos-Unellez, Venezuela) Mesa S., Rodrigo Barbella. Colombia, 192 pp. • Edwin Agudelo-Córdoba (Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas- Sinchi, Colombia) Revisión del género Apistogramma Regan 1913 (Perciformes, Cichlidae) en la cuenca del río Orinoco / Lina M. • Fernando Trujillo (Fundación Omacha, Colombia) Mesa S.; Carlos Andrés Lasso Alcalá. --Bogotá: Instituto Humboldt, 2011. -- Serie Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia. III. • Francisco de Paula Gutiérrez (Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Colombia) 192 p.; 16.5 x 24 cm. • Germán Galvis Vergara (Universidad Nacional de Colombia) I. Autor • Hernando Ramírez-Gil (Universidad de los Llanos-Unillanos, Colombia) II. Título • Hernán Ortega (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos- UNMSM, Perú) 1. TAXONOMÍA • John Valbo Jørgensen (Departamento de Pesca y Acuicultura, FAO) 2. PECES - IDENTIFICACIÓN 3. PECES – DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA • Josefa C. Señaris (Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Venezuela) • Luz F. Jiménez-Segura (Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia) 597.74 -- CDD 21 • Mauricio Valderrama Barco (Fundación Humedales, Colombia) ISBN: 978-958-8343-64-8 • Mario Barletta (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil) Número de contribución: IAVH 466 Registro en el Catálogo Humboldt: 14906 • Myriam Lugo Rugeles (Universidad Nacional de Colombia) • Ramiro Barriga (Instituto Politécnico de Quito, Ecuador) Responsabilidad. Las denominaciones empleadas y la presentación del material en esta publicación no implican • Ricardo Rosa (Universidade Federal de Paraiba, Brasil) la expresión de opinión o juicio alguno por parte del Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander • Ricardo Restrepo M. (Universidad Santo Tomas de Aquino - USTA , Colombia) von Humboldt. Así mismo, las opiniones expresadas no representan necesariamente las decisiones o políticas del • Rosa E. Ajiaco-Martínez (Corporación Colombia Internacional) Instituto, ni la citación de nombres, estadísticas pesqueras o procesos comerciales. Todos los aportes y opiniones expresadas son de la entera responsabilidad de los autores correspondientes. F. Castro TABLA DE CONTENIDO Presentación 13 Prólogo 15 Agradecimientos 19 Resumen 21 Abstract 23 1. Introducción 27 I. Patrón de coloración y caracteres anatómicos del género Apistogramma 28 II. Grupos artificiales del género Apistogramma y caracteres útiles en filogenia 29 • Grupo macmasteri 29 • Grupo pertensis 29 • Grupo agassizii 29 • Grupo regani 29 III. Contexto paleogeográfico del norte de Suramérica 30 IV. Paleogeografía del Orinoco 31 V. Generalidades de la cuenca del río Orinoco en la actualidad 33 2. Metodología 35 Foto: I. Mikolji I. Revisión de museos 35 • Apistogramma inornata Staeck 2003 88 II. Definición de protocolos 35 II.2. Grupo: especies sin rayas en la aleta caudal, probablemente de los grupos macmasteri y regani. 94 II.1. Morfometría 35 II.1.1. Medidas absolutas 35 • Apistogramma hongsloi Kullander 1979 95 II.1.2. Proporciones 40 • Apistogramma guttata Antonio, Kullander y Lasso 1989 99 • Proporciones convencionales 40 • Apistogramma alacrina Kullander 2004 104 • Proporciones nuevas 40 • Apistogramma macmasteri Kullander 1979 107 • Apistogramma viejita Kullander 1979 110 II.2. Merística 40 II.2. 1. Subgrupo: especies de difícil separación (complejo de especies). 116 II.3. Definición de los patrones de coloración diagnósticos 42 • Apistogramma caudomaculata nueva especie 117 II.4. Dimorfismo sexual 45 • Apistogramma intermedia nueva especie 121 • Apistogramma nororientalis nueva especie 124 III. Descripción de las especies y elaboración de una clave taxonómica 45 • Apistogramma pedunculata nueva especie 131 IV. Distribución geográfica en la cuenca del río Orinoco 49 • Apistogramma hoignei Meinken 1965 135 IV.1. Registros de catálogos 49 4. Discusión 143 IV.2. Elaboración de mapas 49 I. Protocolos morfométricos y merísticos 143 IV.3. Variación geográfica 49 II. Notas taxonómicas y elaboración de una clave taxonómica 144 3. Resultados 51 III. Grupos artificiales de Apistogramma 147 I. Clave para la identificación de las especies de Apistogramma presentes en la IV. Distribución de las especies y aspectos biogeográficos 149 cuenca del río Orinoco (basada en ejemplares preservados). 51 5. Conclusiones y recomendaciones 155 II. Descripción de las especies 55 6. Bibliografía 159 II.1. Grupo: especies con rayas en la aleta caudal, probablemente de los grupos pertensis, agassizii y regani. 56 Índice de figuras • Apistogramma megaptera Mesa y Lasso 2011 57 • Apistogramma piaroa nueva especie 61 Figura 1. Principales ríos de la cuenca del Orinoco. 36 • Apistogramma velifera Staeck 2003 65 Figura 2. Morfometría general del cuerpo. 37 • Apistogramma flabellicauda nueva especie 68 Figura 3. Morfometría de las aletas. 37 • Apistogramma iniridae Kullander 1979 75 Figura 4. Morfometría de la cabeza y parte anterior del cuerpo. 38 • Apistogramma lineata nueva especie 78 Figura 5. Detalle morfométrico y merístico de la cabeza. 39 • Apistogramma minima nueva especie 84 Figura 6. Morfometría del pedúnculo caudal. 39 Figura 7. Escamas longitudinales. 41 Figura 40. Apistogramma inornata. 88 Figura 8. Canales líneas laterales. 42 Figura 41. Distribución de Apistogramma inornata. 90 Figura 9. Principales marcas del cuerpo en ejemplares preservados.. 43 Figura 42. Apistogramma hongsloi. 95 Figura 10. Forma de banda lateral y líneas abdominales.. 44 Figura 43. Distribución de Apistogramma hongsloi. 98 Figura 11. Patrón de pigmentación general con caracteres dimórficos de Figura 44. Apistogramma guttata. 99 hembras. 44 Figura 45. Distribución de Apistogramma guttata. 101 Figura 12. Diferentes tipos de líneas medias ventrales en hembras. 44 Figura 46. Apistogramma alacrina. 104 Figura 13. Aleta dorsal con línea fina en el margen. 45 Figura 47. Distribución de Apistogramma alacrina. 106 Figura 14. Barra transversal en base de la mandíbula inferior alcanzando la Figura 48. Apistogramma macmasteri. 108 comisura bucal. 46 Figura 49. Distribución de Apistogramma macmasteri. 109 Figura 15. Banda lateral introducida en la aleta caudal en forma de diamante. 46 Figura 50. Apistogramma viejita. 111 Figura 16. Banda lateral introducida en la aleta caudal en forma de diamante y Figura 51. Distribución de Apistogramma viejita. 112 barras transversales de esta aleta en forma de abanico. 46 Figura 52. Apistogramma caudomaculata. 118 Figura 17. Banda lateral introducida en la aleta caudal en forma de diamante y Figura 53. Distribución de Apistogramma caudomaculata. 119 barras transversales de esta aleta, continuas y delgadas. 47 Figura 54. Apistogramma intermedia. 122 Figura 18. Banda lateral introducida en la aleta caudal en forma de diamante y Figura 55. Distribución de Apistogramma intermedia. 123 barras transversales de esta aleta, continuas y gruesas. 47 Figura 56. Apistogramma nororientalis. 125 Figura 19. Punto lateral doble. 47 Figura 57. Distribución de Apistogramma nororientalis. 127 Figura 20. Banda lateral dividida en tres líneas longitudinales de puntos Figura 58. Apistogramma pedunculata. 132 pequeños. 47 Figura 59. Distribución de Apistogramma pedunculata. 134 Figura 21. Banda lateral fragmentada en forma de grandes puntos. 48 Figura 60. Apistogramma hoignei. 136 Figura 22. Banda lateral entera con forma de zigzag. 48 Figura 61. Distribución de Apistogramma hoignei. 138 Figura 23. Mancha axilar doble, la inferior de mayor tamaño. 48 Figura 62. Árbol fenotípico que ilustra la separación del complejo Figura 24. Mancha caudal alargada transversalmente, rectangular en machos. 48 Apistogramma caudomaculata – pedunculata y las
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