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Main_journal_prelims:Layout 1 20/1/09 15:50 Page 1 EST A VE N R IT G A A S M E T T BI PRAEVALE Enlightenment and Dissent No. 24 2008 Main_journal_prelims:Layout 1 20/1/09 15:50 Page 2 Main_journal_prelims:Layout 1 20/1/09 15:50 Page 3 CONTENTS Pages iv Editorial Articles 1 Godliness and Godlikeness: Cambridge Platonism in Price’s religious rationalism Louise Hickman 24 Aspects of a polymath: unveiling J T Rutt’s edition of Joseph Priestley’s Letters to Theophilus Lindsey Simon Mills 54 ‘Brief Encounter’: Robert Robinson and the right to private judgement Gina Luria Walker Comment 71 Reconsidering Kant’s political philosophy Howard Williams Review article 82 ‘An Extraordinary Destiny’: Mary Hays, Dissenting Feminist Mary Spongberg Reviews 94 Stephen Eric Bronner, Reclaiming the Enlightenment. Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement John Gascoigne 96 Daniel Carey, Locke, Shaftesbury, and Hutcheson: Contesting Diversity in the Enlightenment and Beyond James Dybikowski 101 Robert DeMaria, Jr. ed., British Literature 1640-1789: An Anthology K E Smith 105 Jack Fruchtman Jr., Atlantic Cousins: Benjamin Franklin and his visionary friends Anthony Page Main_journal_prelims:Layout 1 20/1/09 15:50 Page 4 107 William Gibson, Religion and the Enlightenment, 1600-1800: Conflict and the Rise of Civic Humanism in Taunton David L Wykes 110 Jonathan I Israel, Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752 John Gascoigne 115 John Issitt, Jeremiah Joyce: radical, dissenter and writer Anthony Page 118 Michael R Lynn, Popular science and public opinion in eighteenth-century France Jeffrey S Ravel 121 E Mazza & E Ronchetti eds, New Essays on David Hume F L van Holthoon 127 Isabel Rivers & David L Wykes, Joseph Priestley, scientist, philosopher and theologian R K Webb 131 Robert Rix, William Blake and the Cultures of Radical Christianity K E Smith 135 Paul Russell, The Riddle of Hume’s ‘Treatise’: Skepticism, Naturalism, and Irreligion Mark G Spencer 138 Robert E Schofield, The Enlightened Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1773 to 1804 Alan Tapper 144 Giovanni Tarantino, Lo scrittoio di Anthony Collins (1676-1729). I libri e i tempi di un libero pensatore John Robertson Special Supplement David Sekers ed., The Diary of Hannah Lightbody, 1786-90. Main_journal_prelims:Layout 1 20/1/09 15:50 Page 5 EDITORIAL This is the first time that we have produced two volumes for a single issue. We view this very much as a special case justified by the fine quality of Hannah Lightbody’s diary and of the editing by David Sekers. The information which he provides enables one to gain a unique insight in to Hannah Lightbody and her milieu. The diary and his documentation make a coherent volume and one which we felt could be made available for purchase by those who do not subscribe to the journal. We have absorbed most of the extra cost, but have also made a small increase in the price of the journal which we hope will be acceptable to our loyal subscribers. A trend which is increasingly apparent in our contributors is the increasing citation of electronic references. Eighteenth Century Collections Online in particular is an amazing resource, but increasingly libraries and record offices are also making manuscript resources available online. The Electronic Enlightenment project, associated with the Bodleian Library, is, amongst other things, making available over 53,000 letters and documents. Another approach, though complementary, is to edit some holdings and make them available online. The letters of Joseph Priestley held by Dr. Williams’s Library, the most significant collection of Priestley’s correspondence, have been edited by Simon Mills and are freely available online. This edition is much to be recommended, and an ideal preliminary is Simon’s article in this number discussing the work of Priestley’s first editor, John Towill Rutt. In many ways the proliferation of electronic resources makes researching much easier, and provides wonderful facilities for the interrogation of documents, although, on the other hand, serendipitous moments in a library or record office are hard to replicate sitting in front of a screen. MHF Main_journal_prelims:Layout 1 20/1/09 15:50 Page 6 Enlightment_dissent_book:Layout 1 20/1/09 15:52 Page 1 GODLINESS AND GODLIKENESS:CAMBRIDGE PLATONISM IN RICHARD PRICE’S RELIGIOUS RATIONALISM Louise Hickman* In the later seventeenth century, and throughout the eighteenth, one can detect a distinct trend in English religious thought towards rationalism, modernism and ‘enlightenment’. In recent years, it has become popular to perceive this ‘age of reason’ as a project of rationalisation, liberalism and increasing secularization; one which leads inevitably to nihilism and the collapse of modernity.1 By advancing an ethics of rationalist intuitionism, it is no surprise that Richard Price has been thought of as epitomizing the trend towards an ‘enlightened’ and modernistic world- view. His philosophy has been described as the ‘culmination of eighteenth century rationalism’,2 and Alasdair MacIntyre makes a forceful critique when he suggests Price as a prime example of an Enlightenment moralist who was forced to search for an alternative justification for ethics following the eighteenth-century rejection of Aristotelianism and Christian teleology.3 While it is fair to call Price a rationalist in many important respects, a closer reading of his work suggests that rather than abandoning a theological foundation for ethics, he has a firm commitment to teleology in the form of a deeply Christian Platonic doctrine of deiformity. Price’s rationalism is a deeply religious and theological rationalism informed by one particular strand of an evolving Christian Platonic rationalist * I would like to thank Douglas Hedley and Russell Re-Manning for helpful comments. Thanks also to the anonymous reviewers Enlightenment and Dissent for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this paper. 1 This is Alasdair MacIntyre’s argument in After virtue: A study in moral theory (2nd edn., London, 1985), chapters 4 and 5. MacIntyre’s reading of the history of moral philosophy has become widely influential. See for example, Alister McGrath, The renewal of Anglicanism (London, 1993), Colin Gunton, Enlightenment and alienation: An essay toward Trinitarian theology (Basingstoke, 1985) and Stanley Hauerwas, Vision and virtue: essays in Christian ethical reflection (Indiana, 1981). 2 Bernard Peach, The ethics of Richard Price (Unpublished PhD. dissertation, Cambridge, Mass., 1951), 100. 3 MacIntyre, After virtue, 236. 1 Enlightment_dissent_book:Layout 1 20/1/09 15:52 Page 2 Cambridge Platonism in Richard Price’s Religious Rationalism tradition. Although the influence of Platonism upon his epistemology has been previously acknowledged,4 the debt owed by Price to the Platonic tradition has never been fully explored, especially in relation to his theology. A study of Price’s Platonic account of ‘becoming like God’ shows how adherence to this doctrine gives his account of reason and intuition a substantial theological (and Platonic) flavour and ensures the irreducible importance of virtue and character in his moral philosophy. A study of Price’s Platonism also draws a sharp distinction between his rationalism and that of the Socinians. This is important not only as a means of gaining a more accurate understanding of Price’s thought, but also for an appreciation of the difficulties of interpreting the Enlightenment as a unified singular project. I Price is not shy about declaring his enthusiasm for the Platonic tradition. In a letter to Lord Monboddo dated 1780, he declares: ‘I was always a warm admirer of Plato among the antients and of Cudworth and Clarke among the moderns.’5 He even goes as far as to avidly agree with Lord Monboddo’s estimation of Plato as a ‘Philosopher truly Divine’6 and he gives us evidence that he has read, among others, Alcinous, Plotinus and the Cambridge Platonist Henry More.7 He does not attempt to distinguish between the different philosophies of the Platonic tradition but exhibits a reading of Plato coloured by both the Cambridge Platonists and middle 4 Two recent articles by Martha K Zebrowski testify to the strong influence of Platonism on Price; ‘Richard Price: British Platonist of the eighteenth century’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 55 (1994), 17-35 and ‘We may venture to say, that the number of Platonic readers is considerable: Richard Price, Joseph Priestley and the Platonic strain in eighteenth-century thought’, Enlightenment and Dissent, 19 (2000), 193-213. Examination of this influence in the literature on Price has usually focused on his epistemology rather than his ethics or theology. 5 The correspondence of Richard Price, ed. W B Peach & D O Thomas (3 vols., Durham NC, 1991) II, Price to Monboddo, 2nd Aug. 1780, p.65. 6 Correspondence of Richard Price, II, Monboddo to Price 15 Sept. 1780, p.70 and Price to Monboddo, 11 Dec. 1780, p.87. 7 Richard Price, A review of the principle questions in morals, ed. D D Raphael (3rd edn., Oxford, 1974), 217n. and Four dissertations, a facsimile reprint of the edition of 1768 with an introduction by John Stephens (Bristol, 1990), 49. 2 Enlightment_dissent_book:Layout 1 20/1/09 15:52 Page 3 Louise Hickman Platonism.8 A significant influence from Aristotle, Ficino and especially Plotinus should temper attempts to see the Cambridge Platonists as straightforward Platonists9 (and there are some considerable divergences of opinion between the members
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