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Flight Inspection History Written by Scott Thompson - Sacramento Flight Inspection Office (May 2008)
Flight Inspection History Written by Scott Thompson - Sacramento Flight Inspection Office (May 2008) Through the brief but brilliant span of aviation history, the United States has been at the leading edge of advancing technology, from airframe and engines to navigation aids and avionics. One key component of American aviation progress has always been the airway and navigation system that today makes all-weather transcontinental flight unremarkable and routine. From the initial, tentative efforts aimed at supporting the infant air mail service of the early 1920s and the establishment of the airline industry in the 1930s and 1940s, air navigation later guided aviation into the jet age and now looks to satellite technology for direction. Today, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provides, as one of many services, the management and maintenance of the American airway system. A little-seen but still important element of that maintenance process is airborne flight inspection. Flight inspection has long been a vital part of providing a safe air transportation system. The concept is almost as old as the airways themselves. The first flight inspectors flew war surplus open-cockpit biplanes, bouncing around with airmail pilots and watching over a steadily growing airway system predicated on airway light beacons to provide navigational guidance. The advent of radio navigation brought an increased importance to the flight inspector, as his was the only platform that could evaluate the radio transmitters from where they were used: in the air. With the development of the Instrument Landing System (ILS) and the Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range (VOR), flight inspection became an essential element to verify the accuracy of the system. -
John V. Augustin, “ICAO and the Use of Force Against Civil Aerial Intruders”
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm mater. UMI films the t.xt directly from the original or copy submitted. ThuI, sorne thesil and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quallty of thl. reproduction 1••pendent upon the quallty of the cOPY IUbmittecl. Broken or indistinct print, coIored or poor qUBlity illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, subsfanctard margins, and improper alignment can adverselyaffect reproduction. ln the unlikely .vent that the adhor did not send UMI a comptete m8l1uscript and there are mi.ing pagel, the.. will be noted. AllO, if unauthortzed copyright material had ta be removed, a note will indicat8 the deletian. Qversize material. (•.g., map., drawingl, chartl) are reproduced by sectioning the original, begiming al the upper Ieft·...d corner 8I1d continui"", tram Ieft to right in equal sec:tionI with small overtaPl. Photographs induded in the original manuscript h8ve been reprodUCld xerographically in thil capy. Higher quality 8- x 9- bl8ck and white photographie prints are aVllilllble for .,y photogl'8Phl or illustrations 8ppearing in thil capy for an addlticnll charge. Contllct UMI direclly 10 ORIer. Bell & HoweIIlnf0nn8tion and Leaming 300 North Z8eb Raad. Ann Arbor. MI 48108-1348 USA 800-521-0800 • ICAO AND THE USE OF FORCE AGAINST CIVIL AERIAL INTRUDERS by John V. Augustin A thesis submitted ta the Faculty ofGraduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Laws (LL.M.) Institute of Air and Space Law Faculty of Law, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, canada August 1998 1.V. -
B576/Y722 & Y711
Operations Notice Number: ON 002/2017 Title: INTERSECTION OF AIRWAYS A593 – B576/Y722 & Y711 (the so-called ‘AKARA Corridor’) Applicable to: Operations in the Southern part of INCHEON FIR Effective date: 06 November 2017 Expiry: Until Further Notice Authorized by: Senior Vice President Safety and Flight Operations (SFO) IATA Contact e-mail: [email protected] This Operational Notice informs and reminds airlines of a unique arrangement over international waters agreed under a 1983 Memorandum of Understanding between China, Japan, Republic of Korea and ICAO for the management of air traffic in the southern part of the current INCHEON Flight Information Region (see attached map). The airspace is commonly referred to as the AKARA Corridor. Instead of responsibility for the control of ALL aircraft operating at the crossing point of air routes A593 and B576/Y722 (position NIRAT) and Y711 (position PONIK) being vested in a single air traffic control unit, it is vested under both the INCHEON Area Control Center (ACC) and the FUKUOKA ACC. Aircraft operating East/West on A593 are controlled by FUKUOKA ACC1 (crossing Y711 at position PONIK and B576/Y722 at position NIRAT). Aircraft operating North/South on B576 and Y711 are under the control of INCHEON ACC. Therefore, crossing traffic is not on the same ATC frequency, nor controlled from the same area control center. Following the implementation of RVSM in the INCHEON FIR in 2005, the allocation of flight levels on B576/Y711 was increased from 6 to 8 flight levels. Coincident with implementation of RVSM in China, levels available on A593 were also increased to include Flight Levels 300 and 310, while FL410 was replaced by FL400. -
NAV CANADA and DATA LINK IMPLEMENTATION
NAV CANADA and DATA LINK IMPLEMENTATION Shelley Bailey NAV CANADA May 2016 – Sint Maarten OPDWLG – Operational Data Link Working Group • 5 members here today representing ANSPs, manufacturers and regulators • Small representation of a multi-disciplinary group made up of such groups as, human factors specialists, regulators, aircraft systems specialists, air carriers, pilots, and controllers. • Make recommendations on operational datalink to the ANC. About NAV CANADA • Private, non-share capital company • 18 million square km of airspace • 2nd largest ANSP in the world • Regulated by Federal Government • 12 million aircraft movements on safety performance annually 3 Our People 4,600 employees across the country • Air Traffic Controllers • Engineering and IM • Flight Service Specialists • Corporate Functions • Electronics Technologists 4 Canadian Airspace Characteristics • Vast distances • Busiest oceanic airspace • Climate varies from polar in the world to temperate • Unique northern airspace operations • Crossroads of global air traffic flows • Stimulus for innovation 5 6 System Progress Investment $2 billion in new technology and facilities since 1996. 7 DATA LINK IN CANADA • OCEANIC SERVICES • DOMESTIC SERVICE • TOWERS 8 Gander Oceanic Controls between 1400-1600 transatlantic flights per day Two primary traffic flows Eastbound – catches the winds of the Jetstream Westbound – avoid the Jetstream winds First data link services to a FANS1/A aircraft was in 2001 Introduced the NAT Data Link Mandate in 2013 Now using 3 data link based -
FAA Airspace Classifications
United States Main article: Airspace class (United States) The U.S. adopted a slightly modified version of the ICAO system on September 16 , 1993 , when regions of airspace designated according to older classifications were converted wholesale. The exceptions are some Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSA), which have special rules and still exist in a few places. • With some exceptions, Class A airspace is applied to all airspace between 18,000 feet(5,500 m) and Flight Level 600 (approximately 60,000 ft). Above FL600, the airspace reverts to Class E (Reference Order 7400.9P, Subpart E). The transition altitude (see Flight level ) is also consistently 18,000 feet (5,500 m). All operations in US Class A airspace must be conducted under IFR. SVFR flight in Class A airspace is prohibited. • Class B airspace is used around major airports , in a funnel shape that is designed to contain arriving and departing commercial air traffic operating under IFR, up to10,000 feet (3,000 m) above MSL (12,000 feet above Denver, Colorado ). Class C airspace is used around airports and military air bases with a moderate traffic level. Class • Class D is used for smaller airports that have a control tower. The U.S. uses a modified version of the ICAO class C and D airspace, where only radio contact with ATC rather than an ATC clearance is required for VFR operations. • Other controlled airspace is designated as Class E - this includes a large part of the lower airspace. Class E airspace exists in many forms. It can serve as a surface-based extension to Class D airspace to accommodate IFR approach/departure procedure areas. -
Aviation Acronyms
Aviation Acronyms 5010 AIRPORT MASTER RECORD (FAA FORM 5010-1) 7460-1 NOTICE OF PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OR ALTERATION 7480-1 NOTICE OF LANDING AREA PROPOSAL 99'S NINETY-NINES (WOMEN PILOTS' ASSOCIATION) A/C AIRCRAFT A/DACG ARRIVAL/DEPARTURE AIRFIELD CONTROL GROUP A/FD AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY A/G AIR - TO - GROUND A/G AIR/GROUND AAA AUTOMATED AIRLIFT ANALYSIS AAAE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF AIRPORT EXECUTIVES AAC MIKE MONRONEY AERONAUTICAL CENTER AAI ARRIVAL AIRCRAFT INTERVAL AAIA AIRPORT AND AIRWAY IMPROVEMENT ACT AALPS AUTOMATED AIR LOAD PLANNING SYSTEM AANI AIR AMBULANCE NETWORK AAPA ASSOCIATION OF ASIA-PACIFIC AIRLINES AAR AIRPORT ACCEPTANCE RATE AAS ADVANCED AUTOMATION SYSTEM AASHTO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY & TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS AC AIRCRAFT COMMANDER AC AIRFRAME CHANGE AC AIRCRAFT AC AIR CONTROLLER AC ADVISORY CIRCULAR AC ASPHALT CONCRETE ACAA AIR CARRIER ACCESS ACT ACAA AIR CARRIER ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA ACAIS AIR CARRIER ACTIVITY INFORMATION SYSTEM ACC AREA CONTROL CENTER ACC AIRPORT CONSULTANTS COUNCIL ACC AIRCRAFT COMMANDER ACC AIR CENTER COMMANDER ACCC AREA CONTROL COMPUTER COMPLEX ACDA APPROACH CONTROL DESCENT AREA ACDO AIR CARRIER DISTRICT OFFICE ACE AVIATION CAREER EDUCATION ACE CENTRAL REGION OF FAA ACF AREA CONTROL FACILITY ACFT AIRCRAFT ACI-NA AIRPORTS COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL - NORTH AMERICA ACID AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION ACIP AIRPORT CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PLANNING ACLS AUTOMATIC CARRIER LANDING SYSTEM ACLT ACTUAL CALCULATED LANDING TIME Page 2 ACMI AIRCRAFT, CREW, MAINTENANCE AND INSURANCE (cargo) ACOE U.S. ARMY -
Chapter: 2. En Route Operations
Chapter 2 En Route Operations Introduction The en route phase of flight is defined as that segment of flight from the termination point of a departure procedure to the origination point of an arrival procedure. The procedures employed in the en route phase of flight are governed by a set of specific flight standards established by 14 CFR [Figure 2-1], FAA Order 8260.3, and related publications. These standards establish courses to be flown, obstacle clearance criteria, minimum altitudes, navigation performance, and communications requirements. 2-1 fly along the centerline when on a Federal airway or, on routes other than Federal airways, along the direct course between NAVAIDs or fixes defining the route. The regulation allows maneuvering to pass well clear of other air traffic or, if in visual meteorogical conditions (VMC), to clear the flightpath both before and during climb or descent. Airways Airway routing occurs along pre-defined pathways called airways. [Figure 2-2] Airways can be thought of as three- dimensional highways for aircraft. In most land areas of the world, aircraft are required to fly airways between the departure and destination airports. The rules governing airway routing, Standard Instrument Departures (SID) and Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR), are published flight procedures that cover altitude, airspeed, and requirements for entering and leaving the airway. Most airways are eight nautical miles (14 kilometers) wide, and the airway Figure 2-1. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14 Aeronautics and Space. flight levels keep aircraft separated by at least 500 vertical En Route Navigation feet from aircraft on the flight level above and below when operating under VFR. -
YPAM QUESTIONNAIRE Translation in English, Prepared by SPOA and Inviting Constructive Comments at [email protected] January 2018
YPAM QUESTIONNAIRE translation in English, prepared by SPOA and inviting constructive comments at [email protected] January 2018 ~NAVIGATION~ A1.All pilots know that the earth’s magnetic field pulls the needle of a compass and always turns it to the North. They also know this Northerly direction shown by the compass is called… a) The so called magnetic North . b) A point on the earth, a thousand miles south to the North Pole . c) Bathurst Island in the Arctic Ocean . d) All the above. A2.In navigation “Variation” is called… a) The difference(in degrees) between true north and magnetic north. b) The difference(in degrees) between compass heading and magnetic north. c) The difference(in degrees) between true heading and compass heading. d) None of the above. A3.In all aircraft, it is observed the so called Compass Deviation. During maintance there is an effort to reduce this by adjusting magnetic materials. All pilots know that Compass Deviation is: a) The difference(in degrees) between true north and magnetic north. b) The difference(in degrees) between compass heading and magnetic north. c) The difference(in degrees) between true heading and compass heading. d) None of the above. A4. The Magnetic Compass in an YPAM as well as on every other aircraft is… a) The most important air navigation instrument . b) The most primitive air navigation instrument . c) The most sensitive air navigation instrument . d) All of the above are true. A5.The indication of the magnetic compass is affected by the acceleration and deceleration of the aircraft .If an YPAM flying in Greece Eastbound, decelerates , then the compass will indicate : a) Apparent turn to the South. -
North Atlantic (NAT) Resources for U.S. Operators
Version 13.3 NAT Resources for U.S. Operators Reviewed Monthly This resource document consolidates U.S. and International guidance for U.S. operators. Please direct questions regarding NAT operations to your Regional (AXX-220) NextGen Special Emphasis Items Areas of Operation (SAO) Specialist. Contact us via email with Initiatives your questions and comments pertaining to this PDF document. NAT Airspace References Caption describing picture or Com / Nav / Surveillance (CNS) graphic. Inspector Guidance Contact US Video: Track Wise Send Comments New York 50/30/30 Notice NEW! Frequently Asked Questions SAFO 13004 NAT OPS Bulletin 2013-001, Information & Acronyms Guidance for Data Link Oceanic Clearance Delivery in Santa Maria FIR NAT Emphasis Items ● NAT Home ● Emphasis Items ● SLOP ● Contingency References ● Flight Planning NAT EMPHASIS ITEMS Implementation of 50 NM Longitudinal, 30 NM Longitudinal and 30 NM Lateral Separation Minima in the New York Oceanic Control Area (CTA) Flight Information Regional (FIR) (Select current edition and then go to Part 3, Section 2, International Oceanic Airspace Notices) NEW! NAT OPS Bulletin 2012-031: NAT Region Data Link Mandate Failure to comply with ATC clearances in Oceanic Airspace - International NOTAMS (Select current edition and then go to Part 3, Section 2, International Oceanic Airspace Notices) International NOTAMS (Select current edition and then go to Part 3, Section 2, International Oceanic Airspace Notices) SAFO 13004 Errors Associated with Oceanic Clearances NAT Doc 007 North Atlantic Operations and Airspace Manual - Chapter 5: Oceanic ATC Clearances Chapter 8: MNPS Flight Operation and Navigation Procedures Chapter 14: Checklist for Pilots Operating in NAT MNPS Airspace Chapter 15: Guarding Against Complacency Gross Navigation Errors (GNE), Large Height Deviations (LHD) and Erosion of Longitudinal Spacing 1. -
Aviation Acronysm
A 5010 AIRPORT MASTER RECORD (FAA FORM 5010-1) 7460-1 NOTICE OF PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OR ALTERATION 7480-1 NOTICE OF LANDING AREA PROPOSAL 99'S NINETY-NINES (WOMEN PILOTS' ASSOCIATION) A/DACG ARRIVAL/DEPARTURE AIRFIELD CONTROL GROUP A/FD AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY A/G AIR - TO - GROUND A/G AIR/GROUND AAA AUTOMATED AIRLIFT ANALYSIS AAAE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF AIRPORT EXECUTIVES AAC MIKE MONRONEY AERONAUTICAL CENTER AAI ARRIVAL AIRCRAFT INTERVAL AAIA AIRPORT AND AIRWAY IMPROVEMENT ACT AALPS AUTOMATED AIR LOAD PLANNING SYSTEM AANI AIR AMBULANCE NETWORK AAPA ASSOCIATION OF ASIA-PACIFIC AIRLINES AAR AIRPORT ACCEPTANCE RATE AAS ADVANCED AUTOMATION SYSTEM AASHTO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY & TRANSP OFFICIALS AC A/C ACFT AIRCRAFT - AIRCRAFT COMMANDER - AIRFRAME CHANGE – AIRCRAFT - AIR CONTROLLER - ADVISORY CIRCULAR - ASPHALT CONCRETE ACAA AIR CARRIER ACCESS ACT ACAA AIR CARRIER ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA ACAIS AIR CARRIER ACTIVITY INFORMATION SYSTEM ACC AREA CONTROL CENTER - AIRPORT CONSULTANTS COUNCIL - AIRCRAFT COMMANDER - AIR CENTER COMMANDER ACCC AREA CONTROL COMPUTER COMPLEX ACDA APPROACH CONTROL DESCENT AREA ACDO AIR CARRIER DISTRICT OFFICE ACE AVIATION CAREER EDUCATION ACE CENTRAL REGION OF FAA ACF AREA CONTROL FACILITY ACI-NA AIRPORTS COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL - NORTH AMERICA ACID AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION ACIP AIRPORT CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PLANNING ACLS AUTOMATIC CARRIER LANDING SYSTEM ACLT ACTUAL CALCULATED LANDING TIME ACMI AIRCRAFT, CREW, MAINTENANCE AND INSURANCE (cargo) ACOE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS AD AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVE -
North Atlantic En Route Air Traffic
AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Irish Authority Evolves text messages rather than by voice. a SESAR (Single Europe- The Irish Aviation As of March, according to the Sin- an Sky ATM Research) Authority’s Shannon Area as Europe’s ‘Gateway’ gle European Sky ATM Research project will be relocated Control Center near (SESAR) Deployment Manager, 16 to the Shannon ACC. Con- Shannon Airport manages states complied with ground-network trollers there eventually THE SHANNON AREA CONTROL CENTER IS THE INTERFACE air traffic in Irish airspace > requirements of the European Com- will manage movements at reaching into the North mission’s Data Link Services mandate, Shannon Airport, which Atlantic Ocean. > FREE-ROUTE AIRSPACE AND DATA LINK ARE INTRODUCED which air navigation service providers handled 1.86 million pas- (ANSP) were required to meet by Feb- sengers and 25,556 takeoffs ing ANSPs Nav Canada, Bill Carey Ballygirreen, Ireland ruary 2018. and landings last year. Naviair and Italy’s Enav Described as a commercial semi- In 2006, the IAA was a as well as Iridium Com- time line from the past to the and southern oceanic transition areas. state company, the IAA generates most founding member of the Co- munications. UK NATS future runs through the Irish Airspace sections the ACC manages of its revenue by charging airspace us- operation between Air Nav- joined the company in ers for air traffic control (ATC) services A Aviation Authority’s (IAA) serve as the interface between North igation Service Providers BILL CAREY/AW&ST May 2018. North Atlantic Communications Cen- Atlantic oceanic and European domes- and receives no government funding. -
Canadian ATC Exam Study Guide
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL STUDY GUIDE Foreword This study guide contains information considered necessary for the successful completion of the examination conducted in association with the selection process for Air Cadet candidates of the Air Traffic Control course. This information is not intended for any other purpose. The information in this guide is taken from several publications and was accurate at time of printing. This study guide will not be amended. Excerpts from, "From The Ground Up, 28th Millennium Edition", have been reprinted with the permission of the publisher, Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, and each direct quote will be indicated thus; " . "FTGU and page number. Date of Printing 01 April 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS DEFINITIONS ABBREVIATIONS Chapter 1 COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES Chapter 2 AIRPORTS Chapter 3 NAVIGATION Chapter 4 NAVIGATION AIDS Chapter 5 CANADIAN AIRSPACE AND AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL Chapter 6 AERODYNAMICS Chapter 7 AIRCRAFT OPERATING SPECIFICATIONS Chapter 8 METEOROLOGY Chapter 9 AERONAUTICAL CHARTS DEFINITIONS As used in this study guide, the following terms have the meanings defined. NOTE: Some definitions have been abridged. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL The objective of Air Traffic Control is to maintain a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic under the control of an appropriate unit. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCE Authorization issued by an ATC unit for an aircraft to proceed within controlled Airspace in accordance with the conditions specified by that unit. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES The following services are provided by ATC units: a. IFR CONTROL SERVICES 1. Area Control Service Provided by ACC's to IFR and CVFR aircraft. 2. Terminal Control Service Provided by ACC's and TCU's (incl.