Found the Tetraneutron Recently, scientists in Japan uncovered the most convincing evidence to date of a tetraneutron, which is a particle with four neutrons but no proton— something that we shouldn’t see in physics. This evidence increases the possibility of the existence of this hypothetical particle. [15] In a new study published in EPJ A, Susanna Liebig from Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany, and colleagues propose a new approach to nuclear structure calculations. The results are freely available to the nuclear physicists' community so that other groups can perform their own nuclear structure calculations, even if they have only limited computational resources. [14] The PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), a particle accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory uniquely capable of measuring how a proton's internal building blocks — quarks and gluons — contribute to its overall intrinsic angular momentum, or "spin." [13] More realistic versions of lattice QCD may lead to a better understanding of how quarks formed hadrons in the early Universe. The resolution of the Proton Radius Puzzle is the diffraction pattern, giving another wavelength in case of muonic hydrogen oscillation for the proton than it is in case of normal hydrogen because of the different mass rate. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Lattice QCD gives the same results as the diffraction patterns of the electromagnetic oscillators, explaining the color confinement and the asymptotic freedom of the Strong Interactions. Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................... 2 The Impossible Particle: Japanese Physicists Say They’ve Found The Tetraneutron ......................... 2 DISCOVERING THE IMPOSSIBLE ............................................................................................. 3 New approach to nuclear structure, freely available .................................................................... 4 Physicists zoom in on gluons' contribution to proton spin ............................................................ 4 More realistic versions of lattice QCD ........................................................................................ 6 The Proton Radius Puzzle ......................................................................................................... 7 Asymmetry in the interference occurrences of oscillators ............................................................ 8 Spontaneously broken symmetry in the Planck distribution law ................................................... 10 The structure of the proton .....................................................................................................11 The weak interaction .............................................................................................................. 12 The Strong Interaction - QCD ................................................................................................... 13 Confinement and Asymptotic Freedom ................................................................................. 13 Lattice QCD ............................................................................................................................ 13 QCD ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Color Confinement ................................................................................................................. 14 Electromagnetic inertia and mass ............................................................................................. 14 Electromagnetic Induction ................................................................................................... 14 The frequency dependence of mass ...................................................................................... 14 Electron – Proton mass rate .................................................................................................14 The potential of the diffraction pattern ................................................................................. 15 Experiments with explanation .............................................................................................. 16 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 16 References ............................................................................................................................ 16 Author: George Rajna Preface More realistic versions of lattice QCD may lead to a better understanding of how quarks formed hadrons in the early Universe. The diffraction patterns of the electromagnetic oscillators give the explanation of the Electroweak and Electro-Strong interactions. [2] Lattice QCD gives the same results as the diffraction patterns which explain the color confinement and the asymptotic freedom. The hadronization is the diffraction pattern of the baryons giving the jet of the color – neutral particles! The Impossible Particle: Japanese Physicists Say They’ve Found The Tetraneutron Recently, scientists in Japan uncovered the most convincing evidence to date of a tetraneutron, which is a particle with four neutrons but no proton—something that we shouldn’t see in physics. This evidence increases the possibility of the existence of this hypothetical particle. Theoretically, the instability of lone neutrons make this particle impossible. In fact, a 1965 paper had previously concluded that there was no evidence that could be found to confirm the existence of the tetraneutron. Many separate studies followed, reporting experimental observations of the fabled particle. However, to date, we have no solid evidence. Theoretical physicist Francisco-Miguel Marqués of the Ganil accelerator in France made the most recent attempt to observe the particle by watching the disintegration of beryllium and lithium nuclei. Now, it seems that this “impossibility” wasn’t enough to stop the Japanese researchers from seeing the particle’s signature while conducting recent experiments. Or at least, they think that this is what their experiments revealed. Nuclear theorist Peter Schuck of France’s National Centre for Scientific Research told Science News that, if confirmed, “It would be something of a sensation.” Ultimately, when (and if) the results are independently replicated by other teams, this confirmation of the existence of the elusive tetraneutron would warrant serious changes in our understanding of nuclear forces. DISCOVERING THE IMPOSSIBLE In a Gizmodo piece last year, Esther Inglis-Arkell explains the impossibility of four neutrons in one particle, saying “the Pauli exclusion principle specifies that particles in the same system cannot be in the same quantum state. As a consequence of this, even two neutrons shouldn’t be able to stick together, let alone four.” “However, four neutrons smashing at high speed into a carbon atom, and then reaching a detector at exactly the same place and exactly the same time is nearly as impossible as the idea that a basic tenet of physics needs to be modified.” Only now has anyone replicated the results of Marqués’s team. Scientists from the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Science also used beryllium particles to produce the tetraneutron states. This was done by firing a beam of helium nuclei at liquid helium. The collision lead to four neutrons to go missing. This absence only lasted 1 billionth of a trillionth of a second before appearing again in the form of particle decay. Susumu Shimoura, one of the Japanese physicists who made the observation, tells Shern Ren Tee at Asian Scientist that “Whenever a pair of alpha particles was detected from these second collisions, simple counting dictated that four neutrons must have been left behind – but were they bound to each other as a single particle, or had they simply flown off in separate directions as debris?” Shimoura and his team measured the energy that comes off by the particles in the reaction, concluding that there wasn’t enough energy to push the missing neutrons away. “This confirmed that the four neutrons left behind were indeed bound into a tetraneutron particle,” reports Tee. So what happens now? Other teams have to follow Shimoura’s team’s methodology to come up with the same results. Should an independent study make the same findings, it will be a very exciting time in nuclear physics. [15] New approach to nuclear structure, freely available The atomic nucleus is highly complex. This complexity partly stems from the nuclear interactions in atomic nuclei, which induce strong correlations between the elementary particles, or nucleons, that constitute the heart of the atom. The trouble is that understanding this complexity often requires a tremendous amount of computational power. In a new study published in EPJ A, Susanna Liebig from Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany, and colleagues propose a new approach to nuclear structure calculations. The results are freely available to the nuclear physicists' community so that other groups can perform their own nuclear structure calculations, even if they have only limited computational resources. The idea outlined in this work is to describe the quantum mechanical states of nuclei in terms of relative