Issue 8 institute Summer 2006

UpdateFREE The UK-wide newsletter of The Christian Institute

takeThousands a of Christians stand against Jerry Springer the Opera Photo: © Joseph Nixon CONTENTS

Around the nation Staff and trustees from The Christian Institute have continued to travel around the nation holding meetings about our work. These meetings give supporters an inside opportunity to meet staff members and learn more about our work and our campaigns. Our Officer, Callum Webster, has been speaking at many meetings around the Province. Euthanasia We work hard to make our meetings professional, Lords reject Assisted Dying Bill and a Prof. calls for encouraging and informative. If you would like The non-voluntary euthanasia to be legalised ...p4 Christian Institute to visit your area, please get in touch. We cannot guarantee to accept every invitation, but we Adoption will consider each one carefully. Plans in Scotland and Northern Ireland to allow gay and unmarried couples to adopt children ...p6 ‘Gay rights’ Proposed new laws against ‘homophobic’ discrimination threaten religious liberty ...p7 Springer Opera COVER STORY: Thousands of Christians gather to witness against the blasphemous show ...p8-9 Past heroes The courage and compassion of Josephine Butler; the happiness and holiness of the Puritans ...p10-11 Cameron and drugs The Conservative Party leader’s liberal views on Britain’s drug problem ...p12 Shock advert Newspaper advert accuses Christians of causing the bloodshed of homosexuals ...p13

The Christian Institute, Wilberforce House, 4 Park Road, Gosforth Business Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE12 8DG Meetings held by The Christian Institute Tel 0191 281 5664 Fax 0191 281 4272 and events attended by Institute staff and [email protected] www.christian.org.uk The Christian Institute is a company limited by guarantee and a charity registered for the trustees February 2006 to July 2006 promotion of the Christian faith throughout the and elsewhere. Registered Charity No. 100 4774 Company No. 263 4440

 Update Summer 2006 EDITORIAL

Updateinstitute Freedom is a very precious thing

out in the past. But more recently that hasn’t always been so. In the later part of the 20th Century there was often an unwillingness to speak out – this has led to consequences for us today. Because Christians haven’t stood up in the recent past to the extent they should have done, it is more difficult for us now. Let us not make the same mistake. Many did protest when the age of homosexual consent was lowered to 18 and then 16. But many COLIN HART Christians thought it was a side issue. Now we see that e thank God for the freedoms we enjoy. gay rights campaigners are not just wanting freedom Freedoms which our fellow believers in other – they want to force people to agree with them. Their Wparts of the world can only dream of; freedoms campaigns are not stopping at the church door and men and women have died defending. Freedom is a school gates. No, they are wanting to go inside. Gay very precious thing. rights groups want to tell you how to run your church Harry Blamires calls it the first doctrine of the Bible. and how your children should be taught. Men and women have the freedom to reject God’s laws as first happened in the garden of Eden. Yet God in 2. We should have a sense of history. This is so important. his mercy has not permitted us to face the immediate We do not know the future, but we can learn from the consequences of our rebellion. There is time for the past. In the early church believers proclaimed ‘Jesus Gospel of saving grace to be preached to all nations. is Lord’ when the state required them to say ‘Caesar God’s common grace ensures that sin is restrained. We is Lord’. In Nazi Germany church youth work and thank God that in his love he provides blessings outside theological education could only be lawfully undertaken of salvation to believer and unbeliever alike. Rain and by those who accepted the doctrines of Hitler. A group sunshine fall on the just and unjust (Matthew 5:45) and of evangelicals refused to accept this. History is very the Lord is good to all (Psalm 145:9, 17). We thank God important. It helps us keep a sense of proportion and that everyone has a conscience, that there are governing know when the alarm bells should ring. They should now authorities which restrain sin, that there are creation be ringing loud and clear. ordinances of marriage and work. We thank God that The Government is requiring Christians to agree with even a fallen world has tremendous beauty and order. the current fashions of political correctness. The new Though we may have freedom to break God’s laws in this regulations on sexual orientation are a case in point. life, it is a freedom which, but for God’s common grace, Cardinal Keith O’Brien, head of the Roman Catholics in would literally bring hell on earth. The most God-hating Scotland, has condemned the regulations as ‘totalitarian’ person still enjoys many blessings from God. Indeed and ‘thought control’. Some evangelicals have spoken without these blessings life would not be possible. One out too, but it is about time that more did. day, however, all will have to give an account. History provides us with warnings and it also teaches In the UK we have a large measure of freedom, us patience. Wilberforce took 46 years to abolish slavery. but our freedoms are actually rooted in our Christian Josephine Butler campaigned for over 14 years to raise traditions. As the Christian props are kicked away so is the age of consent from 12 to 16 for girls. These were our freedom being diminished. There are three things years of hard labour against bitter opposition. But they which I believe Christians should attend to in the light of kept going. the threats to our freedom: 3. Finally, let us fight to defend our freedom.In the 1. We should use our freedom. As we have opportunity, campaign on religious hatred Christians performed a let us speak out against ungodly laws in a sensible and great service to our nation. There was an unprecedented firm way. Let us protest against blasphemous portrayals degree of unity. Let us pray for the same unity and of Christ such as Jerry Springer the Opera. We still determination in fighting the current battles to defend have many blessings because Christians have spoken our precious freedom.

Summer 2006 Update  EUTHANASIA

House of Lords rejects Assisted Dying Bill

By Mike Judge

In May the House of Lords firmly rejected plans to allow doctors to help terminally ill patients kill themselves. Peers voted by 148 to 100 in favour of blocking the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill. The Bill, introduced by Lord Joffe, would have been a major step towards full euthanasia. It would have allowed doctors to provide a lethal dose of drugs to patients who had signed a legal declaration that they wanted to die and had less than six months to live. Critics of the Bill said it could compromise the quality of care given to the terminally ill and could put pressure on patients to end their lives prematurely. The ‘Care NOT Killing’ alliance, incorporating a range of disability rights groups, health professionals and religious organisations, was heavily involved in campaigning against the Bill. Peter Saunders of the Christian 100,000 people, was presented to even when doctors assist suicide or Across all hospital doctors, over 71 Medical Fellowship had a key co- Downing Street and opponents inject a lethal overdose. The public per cent oppose this Bill…”3 ordinating role. Many will have seen of the Bill also protested outside need to know that 94 per cent of Despite the Bill’s defeat in the him in TV interviews about the Bill. Parliament.2 palliative medicine specialists in Lords, Lord Joffe has said he intends In the run up to the House of Speaking during the House the UK oppose this Bill. It is we who to present it again at a future date. Lords debate, the Royal College of Lords debate Baroness Finlay work day in, day out to give dignity of Physicians polled its members of Llandaff said, “I am Professor to the dying; know the pressures 1 Royal College of Physicians, Press Release, RCP Cannot Support Legal Change on Assisted and found that 73% were against of Palliative Medicine at Cardiff and fears behind the statement, ‘I Dying - Survey Results, 9 May 2006 changing the law to allow assisted University and Groningen wish I were dead’; and know how 2 , 13 May 2006 suicide or euthanasia.1 A petition University in the Netherlands. There often time and care that enhances 3 House of Lords Hansard, 12 May 2006, col. 1201 against the Bill, signed by over are failures and complications, dignity prove everyone wrong.

Professor wants euthanasia for patients who cannot give consent

All forms of euthanasia should be legalised even for vegetative state rather than permanent vegetative state patients who cannot give their consent, a professor of because there have been numerous cases of recovery. medical ethics has said. In May a patient diagnosed as being in a PVS having In June Professor Len Doyal argued for the law no hope of recovery amazingly woke up after being to allow non-voluntary euthanasia for patients who prescribed a sleeping pill. Dr Nel, who prescribed the are unable to give consent, for example patients in a pill, said “When you think about how many life-support ‘permanent vegetative state’. machines have been switched off over the years, it Professor Doyal is Emeritus Professor of Medical makes you wonder”.2 Ethics at Barts and the School of Medicine and Opponents of euthanasia say that legalisation will Dentistry and a former member of the British Medical inevitably lead to non-voluntary euthanasia for some of Association’s ethics committee. the most vulnerable people in society. He said, “...patients in a permanent vegetative state lack the capacity for distress or anything else…life 1 Doyal, L, ‘Dignity in Dying Should Include the Legalisation of Non- 1 Voluntary Euthanasia’, Clinical Ethics 1, 2006, pages 65-67 cannot be of any benefit to them whatever.” 2 The Sunday Telegraph, 28 May 2006; Daily Mirror, 31 May 2006 However, critics prefer to use the term persistent

 Update Summer 2006 STATE POWER

‘Abolition of Parliament Bill’ lands Government in constitutional row

By Simon Calvert Business leaders supported the Bill for would not get through the Lords in its current its apparent ability to help rid business form.3 As a result, the Governement brought The uninterestingly titled Legislative and of excessive bureaucracy. But critics said forward amendments to prune the Bill. These Regulatory Reform Bill has prompted one of it would result in British democracy were agreed by the Commons in May. the biggest constitutional rows of recent years. “sleepwalking into a sinister world of Nevertheless, Tories and Liberal The Bill gives Government ministers sweeping ministerial power.”2 Democrats have warned the Government new powers to create laws without reference The Bill would greatly reduce to expect further amendments in the to normal parliamentary procedures. the opportunity for Christians Lords after a highly critical report from Earlier this year campaigners dubbed to make their views known on Peers published in June said more it the ‘Abolition of Parliament Bill’ after six important changes to the law. For safeguards were needed. The report Cambridge University law academics wrote example, under the original Bill, stated: “...although the Bill now to The Times pointing out that ministers could a Government minister could strikes a somewhat better balance... use it to abolish jury trial, place people under have introduced a broad new the powers contained in the Bill house arrest, rewrite immigration laws or sack ‘religious hatred’ offence remain over-broad and vaguely judges.1 with a penalty of up to drawn...”4 Lords consideration two years in jail - all of the Bill is expected to be with a minimum of continued in October after What is all the fuss about? parliamentary scrutiny. the summer recess. Initial attempts The Legislative and Regulatory Reform to amend the Bill 1 The Times, 16 February 2006 2 David Howarth, MP, writing in Bill enables Government ministers to by backbenchers The Times, 21 February 2006 amend laws without using a full Act of in the Commons 3 The Sunday Telegraph, 19 Parliament. The Government says it is were rejected by the March 2006 4 House of Lords Select aimed at removing regulatory burdens Government. However, Committee on the on business and others. The original in March Lord Grocott, Constitution: 11th Report of wording, however, made no reference the Government’s Session 2005-06, Legislative and Regulatory Reform Bill, HL to this purpose, leaving the powers wide Chief Whip in the Paper 194, 8 June 2006, page open to abuse. House of Lords, 6, para. 5 warned the Prime Minister that the Bill

The state must overrule parents’ wishes in education, says influential think tank

By Chris Prest a right to dictate the education on the sixth day, does the state are parents, know what is best for that the state provides to have any right or indeed duty to the child. “We have never accepted Parents should not have the children. He maintains that intervene and say there are other that in child protection and I don’t final say on how the state if the state has a view about views?” see why we should accept it more educates their children, the values that a child should He also thinks there is not generally,” he argues. according to an influential left- grow up with, then those values enough sex education for children He said the state is committed wing think-tank. should be taught to the and he says this has resulted in to the belief that certain values David Archer child. the highest rates of unwanted organise and regulate the state of the Institute Archer’s comments teenage pregnancy and sexually and therefore children should be for Public Policy came in an interview transmitted diseases in Europe. brought up to believe those values. Research thinks on Radio 4’s Today He wants sex education to be a We are, he said, moving away from there is a need Programme.1 compulsory part of the National the view that parents own their to reconsider The programme Curriculum where children are children and have the ultimate the state’s role began with this provided with what he terms non- right of saying yes or no as to what in a child’s question, “If you prejudicial, comprehensive and should happen to their children. upbringing. decide to tell your child frank information so that they can He believes that homosexuality is make the choices they want. 1 BBC Radio 4, Today Programme, 9 June 2006, see http://www.bbc.co.uk/today/ that parents wrong or that Adam He maintains there is no reason listenagain/zfriday_20060609.shtml as at 12 do not have and Eve were created to think that parents, because they July 2006

Summer 2006 Update  ADOPTION

Plans to allow gay adoption in Scotland Christian group teaches children the benefits of keeping sex for marriage

By Mike Judge

As the number of teenagers contracting sexually transmitted infections continues to increase, a Christian group has been formed to teach children about the benefits of keeping sex for marriage. Lovewise was started on Tyneside in 2002 by two paediatric doctors and a head teacher of a local secondary school. Together they were becoming increasingly concerned by the numbers of young people in their clinics and school suffering from the consequences of sex By Jonathan Phillips married couples are being rejected 1 Safe and Secure Homes for our Most outside marriage and the or put off adopting. The Bill is due Vulnerable Children: Analysis on the disintegration of home life. Consultation on the Adoption Bill, Scottish The Scottish Executive wants to to complete Stage 1 by the end of Executive Social Research, 2005, Table 4.1, The organisation gives allow gay and unmarried couples to September. The Christian Institute page 19 presentations in schools adopt children. has produced the booklet Adopting 2 Scotland’s Census Results Online, Table UV49 and youth groups. The aim 3 ‘Estimated Population by Sex, Age and The Adoption and Children Gay Rights, outlining the case Marital Status, Scotland, 30 June 2004’, of these presentations is to (Scotland) Bill was introduced against the Bill. Copies are available Vital Events Reference Tables 2004, General encourage young people in March. The Bill legalises from The Christian Institute. Register Office for Scotland, Table 2.2 to consider the blessings of the joint adoption of children marriage and the rightness by homosexual couples and and benefits of keeping sex cohabiting heterosexual couples. At for marriage. It is a biblical present only married couples can message supported by jointly adopt in Scotland. ...and Northern Ireland too common sense arguments, Allowing same-sex couples to testimony and medical jointly adopt deliberately denies The Government has unveiled plans to allow homosexual findings. a child either a mother or a father. and unmarried couples in Northern Ireland to jointly adopt Lovewise has also Public opinion in Scotland is firmly children. The plans are similar to those currently being written a booklet entitled, against the plans. The Executive’s considered by the Scottish Parliament. What the Bible says about consultation on the Bill found 89% Health Minister, Paul Goggins MP, has launched a public Going Out, Sex and Marriage, of individuals who responded consultation document, Adopting the Future. This document published by Day One opposed joint adoption by same- proposes to extend adoption rights to homosexual couples Publications. sex couples.1 and unmarried heterosexual couples.1 From its office in The Executive argues the law The plans represent an assault on Christian family values Tyneside it produces and needs to change in order to ‘widen and the welfare of children. It has been welcomed by the updates presentations for the pool’ of potential adopters. Yet Northern Ireland Gay Rights Association, as “a progressive its local team and a growing allowing homosexual couples to step.”2 number of teams nationally. jointly adopt will not ‘widen the The Government consultation closes on Friday, 1 To get in touch with any of pool’ - only 0.15% of all adults in September 2006. these teams, or for more Scotland live in a cohabiting same- information, telephone sex couple household.2 1 Department of Health, Social Services & Public Safety, Adopting the Future, June Lovewise (during office 2006, page 12, see www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/adopting_the_future_16-6-06pdf. With around a million married pdf as at 25 July 2006 hours) on 0191 281 3636 or couples in Scotland, the pool is 2 The Belfast Telegraph, 5 July 2006 visit www.lovewise.org.uk already wide enough.3 The real issue is why so many suitable

 Update Summer 2006 SEXUAL ORIENTATION REGULATIONS

New laws may force gay rights on Christians

By Simon Calvert the Government for exceptions to concerns when she met with Parliament until October after the protect religious liberties. representatives of The Christian summer break – giving Christians The Government wants laws in Gay groups such as Stonewall Institute, the Evangelical Alliance vital extra weeks to campaign for place by November to combat are lobbying against religious and others in May. However, since proper protections for religious ‘homophobic’ discrimination in the exceptions. The Government has then hundreds of Christians have freedom. provision of goods, facilities and indicated that communion and written to their MPs and responded services. The regulations, which church membership would be to the Government consultation on 1 Church of England, Press Release, Archbishops’ Council Publishes Response make it possible for gay rights exempt, but has not promised to the regulations which ended on 5 to Consultation on Sexual Orientation activists to sue those who disagree protect any of the other activities of June. Discrimination, 9 June 2006; and Scottish with them, will seriously interfere churches and Christian groups. The Government will publish a Catholic Media Office, Press Release, New Regulations Threaten Religious Freedom with the running of churches, The Minister responsible for the response to the consultation and Warns Cardinal, 13 June 2006 Christian charities and Christian regulations, Meg Munn, indicated may publish draft wording. The businesses. little sympathy for Christian final wording will not be laid before The new laws are a threat to religious freedom, and come against a background of growing hostility towards people who believe homosexual practice is a sin. The regulations will not distinguish between hatred of homosexual people (which is wrong) and disagreeing with homosexual behaviour (which is right). The Church of England and the Scottish Roman Catholic church are amongst many religious groups who raised concerns in response to a recent Government consultation on the regulations.1 They and others, including The Christian Institute, have pressed Lord Mackay, a former Lord Chancellor, is worried about the regulations’ impact on Christian groups

What others have said about the sexual orientation regulations:

Church of England Stonewall Schools Out

The Archbishops’ Council of the Britain’s leading gay rights lobby group, ‘Schools OUT’ is a group that campaigns Church of England warns that the new Stonewall, wants these regulations for gay rights in education. It wants gay regulations could create substantial and to force a change in the practice of rights to be written into every subject unnecessary problems for schools and churches and Christian organisations. of the formal and informal curriculum religious organisations. As a result they are strongly urging to make it compulsory that all pupils It says that forcing schools not to the Government to give only minimal are exposed to homosexual material differentiate between heterosexual and exemptions to religious groups. throughout their education.1 homosexual practice threatens to bring The Government has suggested It also wants to force gay rights about many legal problems for schools restricting exemptions to ‘doctrinal onto youth groups run by religious and teachers who hold Christian beliefs. activities’. In its submission to the organisations. It says organisations such The Archbishops’ Council also says consultation, Stonewall says it wants as the Girl Guides, the Boy Scouts and that the regulations would effectively a very narrow definition of ‘doctrinal the Salvation Army should promote gay place homosexual practice above activities’, so much so that even a rights clearly ‘in all their work’.2 someone’s freedom to practise their religious assembly in a school would not religion.1 be exempted.1 1 Getting Equal: Proposals to Outlaw Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Provision of Goods and Services - Response to the Consultation by 1 1 ‘Getting Equal’: Consultation on Proposals to Outlaw Getting Equal: Proposals to Outlaw Sexual Schools OUT, page 10 Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Provision of Orientation Discrimination in the Provision of Goods 2 Ibid, page 16 Goods and Services – A Church of England Response, and Services - Response by Stonewall, May 2006, June 2006, page 5, para. 21 and page 9, para. 35 page 10, para. 45 and page 11, para. 46

Summer 2006 Update  JERRY SPRINGER THE OPERA

Thousands of Christians protest against blasphemous Springer musical

By Mike Judge him rule the universe. Mary is said the case to go ahead arguing that doesn’t seem to have been the case. to have been ‘raped by God’. Eve the BBC’s freedom of expression Many theatres were half empty and The blasphemous show, Jerry attempts to fondle Jesus intimately under the Human Rights Act was several performances had to be Springer the Opera, has now under his loin cloth. The show also more important than any offence cancelled because of a lack of ticket finished its controversial national includes hundreds of extreme caused or the BBC’s own ‘taste and sales.3 The show’s producers have tour of theatres. The tour organisers swear words and many explicit decency’ code. blamed Christian objections. have said they expect to lose over sexual references. However, the storm of protests There appears to have been £300,000 because it has been It hit the headlines last year regarding the show caused regional a genuine reaction by grass-root playing to half-empty theatres.1 when the BBC decided to broadcast theatres to pull out of a planned Christians regarding the Springer They blame it all on the Christian it, unedited, on national TV. This national tour. The Arts Council of opera. Although several Christian protests that have been mounted at led to an outcry from Christians England initially refused to fund the organisations have supported almost every venue. who flooded the BBC with 63,000 tour – though it denied its decision local initiatives, it has been local The show is one of the most complaints. This smashed the was due to the controversy. High Christians who have led the way. blasphemous ever produced. It previous record for street stores and supermarkets Independently these Christians features characters complaints – Martin also withdrew DVDs of the show have organised themselves to make of Jesus, God the Scorsese’s The Last following customer complaints. a stand against the show. Father, Mary, Satan, Temptation of Christ The tour was revived after 21 And rightly so. Jerry Springer the Adam and Eve as – which attracted 1,554 regional theatres produced a rescue Opera is deliberately blasphemous warring guests on a objections.2 package. Many of the theatres and intolerant of Christianity. If special edition of the After the broadcast involved are heavily subsidised by Christians had sat back and said American gutter-TV The Christian Institute tax-payers’ money. The Christian nothing, it would have legitimised chat show, the Jerry began a legal action Institute wrote to supporters local all that the show stood for. It would Springer Show. against the BBC. We to the 21 theatres and informed have sent out a message to the Jesus is presented argued, amongst them of their opportunity to object. public that we don’t care when as a foul-mouthed other things, that High-profile, demonstrations or our Lord is mocked and his name man, who hits a the Corporation acts of public witness were held in is profaned. We do care, and it was woman, who declares was discriminating Glasgow, Newcastle, Liverpool and right to show people that we care. himself to be ‘a bit gay’ against Christians Cardiff (see opposite). Dignified and who gets sexual because it wouldn’t dare demonstrations were also held in 1 The Daily Telegraph, 18 March 2006 2 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/ pleasure from defecating in a broadcast a show that other towns and cities. tv_and_radio/4152433.stm as at 12 July nappy. God the Father is called offended another religion Some Christians feared that 2006 ‘the fascist tyrant on high’ and says to such an extent. Sadly, the demonstrating would only give 3 Croydon Guardian, 29 June 2006 he needs Jerry Springer to help High Court refused to allow the show free publicity. But that

PROFILE: Stewart Lee, co-author of Jerry Springer the Opera

Stewart Lee is a co-author of Jerry Springer A documentary challenged him to defend the Opera. He is a stand-up comedian it. Rather than down playing the ‘raped who has publicly said he hopes comedy by God’ comment, Lee reinforces it by can stir up religious hatred. It was his implying that God is like some kind of idea to introduce biblical characters as paedophile. He said, “There’s no way dysfunctional guests in the show and to that a thirteen year-old girl can have an re-work the second half of the show to equal relationship with a god, right? It’s ridicule Christian beliefs. He is a member a similar sort of relationship to what you of the National Secular Society and is well- might get between a groupie and a pop known for his intense dislike of religion, star. It can never be anything other than and Christianity in particular. unbalanced. There’s no way that a young When asked to comment on the child could have understood what she was Government’s planned ‘religious hatred’ being asked to do. And I do feel it’s an law he said, “One would like to think that exploitative relationship on some level.”2 comedy could incite religious hatred. That would be great.”1 1 The Independent on Sunday, 5 December 2004 2 Dispatches, broadcast on Channel 4 on Monday 21 Lee included the comment that Mary February 2005 was ‘raped by God’ in the Springer opera.

 Update Summer 2006 JERRY SPRINGER THE OPERA

Thousands of Christians protest against blasphemous Springer musical

Newcastle of Information Act, The Christian Institute • The total number of tickets given away free Theatre Royal obtained official attendance records from the was 528. Over 850 Christians gathered outside the Theatre Royal. The records show: • The Theatre Royal received £5,000 of Theatre Royal in the centre of Newcastle • The total number of people attending public money from the Arts Council upon Tyne to protest against the show. They the show was 4,493 (10,500 seats were England National Office to subsidise held placards and sang traditional Christian available – meaning the theatre was more ticket sales and/or any other aspect of the hymns. The protest was covered in the local than half empty). production. press, on the radio and on the TV news. In the • The total number of tickets sold at full • After all the grants and subsidies of public weeks leading up to the show, volunteers had value was 2,728. money, the Theatre Royal still made a loss been leafleting theatre-goers encouraging • The total number of tickets sold at a of £16,700 staging and promoting Jerry them not to buy tickets. Using the Freedom discount was 1,237. Springer the Opera.

Photo: © Joseph Nixon

Cardiff Wales Millennium Centre Christians gathered outside the Wales Millennium Centre (WMC) for a service of witness against the staging of Jerry Springer the Opera Liverpool on Monday 12 June. Police estimated a crowd of 1,200. They came Empire Theatre from all over south Wales. BBC TV news broadcast live from the scene. On Monday 5 June Liverpool’s Lime Street was packed with about Christians held placards bearing Scripture texts and sang hymns as 1,500 Christians protesting outside the Empire Theatre. Protesters theatre-goers arrived for the opening night of the blasphemous show. sang Christian hymns and held placards carrying slogans like ‘Theatre It was a peaceful and dignified display. In the run-up to the show, backs hate’, ‘They wouldn’t treat Mohammed this way’, and ‘Springer church leaders from more than 100 churches in Cardiff and south Opera mocks our faith.’ The demonstration was well reported in Wales had written to the WMC objecting to the staging of the show. the local press, radio and TV news. The protest was organised by The initiatives were co-ordinated by local church leaders including local Christians, co-ordinated by Alan Chester of Kingsway Christian Revd Dr Peter J Naylor of Llandaff Presbyterian Church (Reformed), Fellowship. Cardiff.

Summer 2006 Update  JOSEPHINE BUTLER

Josephine Butler (1828-1906) Compassion and courage

By Jonathan Johnson campaigned against the Acts. These Lords agreed but it was blocked in groups objected to the removal of the Commons. This year marks the 100th women’s personal security and to She and her son collected Her influence anniversary of the death of state recognition of vice.1 Moral, evidence of children being sold Josephine Butler – a Christian constitutional, and statistical or abducted into prostitution. A across Europe lady much less well known than arguments were deployed. well-known newspaper editor she ought to be. Our laws on Handbills were printed and by- joined them and wrote up the Josephine Butler took prostitution and the age of consent elections successfully contested. investigation in his newspaper. her campaign against the are largely the result of her work. It took Josephine Butler 16 Members of the public were regulation of prostitution Josephine Butler (1828-1906), years to win her campaign. During outraged at this scandalous trade to the rest of Europe. She and her husband George, were those years she experienced death in young girls. This, combined had varying degrees of greatly concerned for the welfare threats, physical attacks and serious with the earlier campaign, was an success. This can still be of prostitutes. Prostitutes dying illness.2 In 1883 the Contagious essential factor in the Government seen in the variation in the of disease were invited into their Diseases Acts were suspended and raising the age of consent to 16 in ages of consent in different home to stay and be cared for. three years later they were repealed 1885. This is the same law we have nation states. It is thanks Through their loving care many completely. today. to Josephine Butler that became Christians. Later a refuge During her campaign Josephine Josephine Butler was a countries like Belgium have was established. Butler was appalled to see young woman of tremendous Christian an age of consent at 16. But But Josephine Butler knew that girls being sold into prostitution. To compassion – she opened up her in other European countries the law of the day was allowing stop the practice, she wanted the home to help sick prostitutes. But it remains as low as 12.1 these women to be exploited. age of consent raised from 13 to 16. she also knew that she had to make In those days there were On several occasions the House of a strong public stand against the 1 House of Commons Research Paper 00/15, 7 February 2000, ‘tolerance zones’ where prostitution state toleration of prostitution. page 6 was effectively legalised. The zones She didn’t have success overnight. were introduced in an attempt Her campaign took 16 years and to solve the problem of venereal she didn’t give up at the first disease amongst soldiers. Under disappointment. She kept going the Contagious Diseases Acts because she believed she was any woman suspected of being a fighting a just cause. She is a prostitute was required to undergo tremendous example to us all. a medical examination or face imprisonment. Diseased prostitutes 1 Butler, J E, Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade, Hyperion Press, 1989, pages 9-10 were imprisoned and ‘clean’ ones 2 Jordan, J, Josephine Butler, John Murray given a licence to practice. (Publishers) Ltd, 2001, pages 122-124; 138- As the Contagious Diseases Acts 139; 171-173 were extended Josephine Butler knew she had to oppose them. She We recommend Josephine Butler was influential in the formation by Jane Jordan, ISBN 0719555841 of two organisations which Prostitute tolerance zones: nothing new under the sun By Jonathan Johnson Thankfully they didn’t go ahead, but sadly the disaster that the scheme was scrapped. Government backed the legalisation of ‘mini It is important that Christians speak out The Contagious Diseases Acts were a series of brothels’ in order to protect prostitutes.2 against the idea of tolerance zones. They send Acts introduced by Parliament in the 1860s. Laws that approve vice in a misguided out the message that prostitution is acceptable They set up tolerance zones for prostitution in attempt to reduce harm may be well- and they increase the very harm they seek to various ports and garrison towns around the intentioned. But more often than not, they reduce. country. It was thought these laws would allow increase the very harm they seek to reduce. A the authorities to regulate vice and control the few years ago the city of Edinburgh was forced 1 Paying The Price: A Consultation Paper on Prostitution, Home Office, July 2004, page 87 health of the prostitutes. to abandon its tolerance zone. There was a 2 The Times, 18 January 2006 Does this sound familiar? These arguments major rise in the number of prostitutes flooding 3 Sunday Herald, 25 November 2001 have again surfaced in our own day. In a recent into the area.3 Drug related incidents increased. 4 The Herald, 28 August 2001 public consultation on prostitution, the Home Local residents, particularly the women, felt Office floated the idea of ‘tolerance zones’.1 threatened and intimidated.4 It was such a

10 Update Summer 2006 THE PURITANS

Who were the Puritans? Re-writing history to

The Puritans had a powerful and lasting effect; not only on the Church, but throughout Europe and sideline the Puritans America also. J.I. Packer describes them as ‘quality evangelicals of their own age By Alasdair Armour and of any age’.1 Puritans didn’t believe The American journalist, H.L. that the protestant reforms Mencken once wrote that Puritans of the Church of England possessed a ‘haunting fear that by Queen Elizabeth I in the someone, somewhere, may be late 1550s went far enough. happy’.1 The idea that Puritans Throughout the hundred thought all pleasure was sinful years in which they were still exists amongst many people a major force, Puritans (including Christians) today. attempted to change the The Puritans applied the Bible Church of England into one to every area of life and were which was free to appoint its well-known for their highly moral own ministers and therefore lifestyles (see article, left, for more). not be controlled by the However, the view that they Cromwell, a Puritan, hosted a wedding feast that lasted until 5am Crown.2 were dour kill-joys is far from true Many Puritans sided with as many historians have repeatedly People who disliked the Puritans doctrinal and ethical influence the Parliamentary forces shown. tried to make them out as people swept across Britain, and other during the English Civil War. A musicologist named Percy who considered any pleasure to be nations in Europe, and ultimately But following the restoration Scholes uncovered and publicised sinful.3 Not only did the Puritans had a major and lasting impact on of the monarchy in 1660 the Puritans’ appreciation for music enjoy music, but they played sport North America. a period of persecution and dance. An account of the too. The famous Puritan Richard against Puritans resulted in wedding of Cromwell’s daughter Baxter in fact said that sport and 1 Shelley, B L, Church History in Plain Language, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1995, many of them being driven paints a very colourful picture recreation was actually needed and page 292 out of the state church. of the Puritans. To celebrate the so was to be a duty for some men.4 2 Scholes, P A, The Puritans and Music in Nevertheless the Puritans marriage, two feasts were held In our own day, opponents of England and New England, Oxford University Press, 1934, pages 144-145 had an enduring impact in lasting for several days at a time; Christianity mock the moral and 3 Wagner, P, ‘Puritan Attitudes Towards the West. Their influence was not only that, but an orchestra ethical standards of evangelical Physical Recreation in 17th Century New not only theological but it reputedly made up of 48 strings Christians – just as they mocked the England’, Journal of Sport History, Vol. 3(2), 1976, pages 139-151 was also ethical. and 50 wind instruments “...made standards of the Puritans. 4 Ibid, page 143 ‘Puritanism provided much mirth with frolics, besides Despite the mockery, the for Christians of every mixt dancing...” and went on until 5 Puritans held resolutely to the Bible generation a model of the o’clock in the morning.2 as their rule for life. As a result, their Christian faith as a decisive commitment to Jesus Christ and how that life of the soul expresses itself in the public The man who put the record straight arena, in a nation governed by the truths of the Bible.’3 Many Puritans had sided “crept into general of prejudice” surrounding himself a puritan, had Just like faithful evangelicals with Oliver Cromwell histories” and was the Puritans.2 a funeral which was by today, the Puritans were and the Parliamentary “uncritically absorbed and In Puritans and Music, no means a dull affair; concerned with applying forces during the English reproduced over and over Scholes explored many the procession was biblical principles to both Civil war. Following again…”1 different aspects of the enormous and it included individual and public life.4 the restoration of the But then Percy Scholes Puritans’ love of music. a brass band and drums monarchy in 1660 the (1877-1958), a British He cites many letters – the proceedings cost 1 Recording of Packer, J I, The Royalists took their music critic and historian, which make reference to £60,000.4 Puritans and Ourselves, Lecture at Regent College, 1992 revenge on the Puritans. came onto the scene. His Puritans enjoying music, 1 2 Haller, W, The Rise of Puritanism, Part of this revenge most famous work was taking up lessons or Scholes, P A, The Puritans and Music in England and New Harper Torchbooks, 1957, pages was to re-write history. The Oxford Companion to attending performances. 6-12 England, Oxford University 3 Shelley, B L, Church History in The Royalist Cavaliers and Music. According to J.I. It was also in Puritan Press, 1934, page 91 2 Plain Language, Thomas Nelson their successors portrayed Packer, Scholes started times that opera first Recording of Packer, J I, The Puritans and Ourselves, Lecture Publishers, 1995, page 291 the Puritans as being “a little trickle of water came to Britain.3 4 Ibid, page 292 at Regent College, 1992 gloomy, sullen people. [which] began to break Scholes also informs 3 Scholes, P A, Op cit, pages 142 This misrepresentation through the massive dyke us that Oliver Cromwell, and 195 4 Ibid, page 149

SummerSpring 2006 Update 11 NEWS

Planned change in rules could help Christian broadcasters MPs block plans By Jonathan Johnson broadcasting “appeals for longer Sunday for donations to make opening hours The broadcasting programmes or to fund regulator, Ofcom, has their services.” However been consulting on plans such a restriction does to allow TV shows to not apply to radio Many Christians feel in Britain remain appeal for donations to broadcasters.1 that they should be heavily discriminated help fund programmes Lifting the ban on allowed to share what against. Under current and services. appeals for money would they believe through laws religious groups The Christian Institute help to improve the broadcasting. Allowing are deemed ‘unfit’ to agrees with the proposal quality of domestically broadcasters to appeal hold many types of because the current ban produced programming, for funds for programmes broadcasting licences. hinders good quality and reduce the reliance and services would help Plans to weaken the law on Christian broadcasting. on programming from to ease the unwarranted 1 The Ofcom Broadcasting Code, Sunday trading have been Office of Communications, Under the current abroad which is often not burden of regulation. May 2005, page 57, paras 10.15 derailed by MPs. Ofcom Broadcasting Code very good and can be However, even and 10.16 The Government was television broadcasters culturally inappropriate if this ban is lifted thinking about changing the are prohibited from for British viewers. Christian broadcasters law which currently limits shops to six hours of trading on a Sunday. But Ministers faced a Cameron wants softer policies on drugs rebellion of at least 177 Labour MPs who were believed to be opposed to the plan. An opinion poll commissioned by the shopworkers’ union, Usdaw, found that most shoppers do not want longer opening on a Sunday. Britain’s largest retailer, Tesco, recently stopped calling for a change to the law. It says customers do not like the idea.1

1 Daily Mail, 23 June 2006

Kerb-crawling to be a crime SCOTLAND: Men who kerb-crawl in cars looking for prostitutes will soon By Jonathan Phillips classification of both cannabis and he was thinking about changing be committing an offence, ecstasy.3 Tory policy in favour of ‘shooting the Scottish Executive has Ever since David Cameron famously Whilst on this Committee Mr galleries’ (places where addicts confirmed. refused to answer whether he had Cameron also voted against his can inject drugs under controlled Under new laws it will ever taken hard drugs, his liberal Conservative colleague, Angela conditions). He said, “I certainly be a crime for prostitutes views on illegal drugs have been Watkinson, by supporting a call for would not rule them out…we or their clients to cause under increasing scrutiny.1 the UN to consider legalising and should look at it as part of our nuisance or offensive During the Conservative Party regulating the drugs trade.4 policy review…”6 behaviour. This will replace leadership campaign itself, Mr In January 2006, a month the current law which only Cameron called for “fresh thinking after becoming leader of the 1 The Times, 14 October 2005 outlaws soliciting. 2 The Independent, 7 September 2005 and a new approach” towards drugs Conservative Party, Mr Cameron 3 , 15 October 2005 The new law is expected policy.2 made it clear he would not pressure 4 The Independent, 7 September 2005 to be passed before May This was not a sudden shift. In Charles Clarke, the then Home 5 The Times, 6 January 2006 next year.1 6 Conservative Party, Press Release, ‘‘Shooting 2001, as a new MP and member of Secretary, to toughen the law Galleries” for Drug Addicts, 23 May 2006 the Home Affairs Select Committee against cannabis.5 1 The Herald, 23 June 2006 on Drugs, he supported the re- In May 2006, Mr Cameron said

12 Update Summer 2006 NEWS

Newspaper ad accuses Christians of bloodshed

By Mike Judge A “homophobic incident” is not a crime. It Bible-believing Christians may simply mean saying are responsible for things that homosexuals shedding the blood of disagree with, such as homosexuals. That is the the case of the Bishop of outrageous claim of an Chester in November 2003. advert placed in a national In January this year, newspaper. leaders of the GPA The Gay Police called for members Association (GPA) placed of the Christian Police the shocking advert (see Association to be barred picture, right) in The from the Metropolitan Independent on Thursday Police because of their 29 June. beliefs on homosexuality.1 In the text of the The Christian Institute advert, the GPA says it believes this advert is “recorded a 74% increase wholly inappropriate and in homophobic incidents, it may incite hatred against where the sole or primary Christians. motivating factor was the religious belief of the 1 The Evening Standard, 16 January 2006 perpetrator.” This advertisement was placed by the Gay Police Association in The Independent on Thursday 29 June 2006

Scottish lapdancing clubs face tighter controls Gay sex lessons in Scottish schools The NHS in Scotland wants to train secondary school teachers to teach about gay sex. The training is being offered by NHS Health Scotland as part of the Sexual Health and Relationships Education (SHARE) project. The scheme is aimed at secondary school level.1 However, there is no requirement for schools to take part. There will be a big battle ahead. By Chris Prest is primarily concerned with the entertainment”, something Health chiefs claim sale of alcohol. In the rest of the UK welcomed by Glasgow City Council existing sex education is Lap dancing clubs in Scotland may a stricter ‘public entertainments which has strongly opposed such too ‘heterosexist’ because it face tougher new rules under plans licence’ has to be applied for. venues but has had no powers to focuses on traditional male- being considered by the Scottish The key recommendations prevent them opening.3 female relationships.2 Executive. of the Working Group include a The Christian Institute opposes Rather, they say, it A report from the Adult national licensing regime for adult the existence of lap dancing clubs should be “reflective of the Entertainment Working Group entertainment, a national ban on in any form. Nevertheless, these population”.3 But official set up by the Executive is private lap-dancing booths, no plans for tougher regulation will census figures show that recommending tighter controls. touching, a minimum distance of make it more difficult for clubs to a mere 0.15% of adults in At present lap dancing clubs in one metre between dancers and operate. To that extent, they are to Scotland live together in a Scotland have fewer restrictions others, and council discretion on be welcomed. homosexual relationship.4 than in the rest of the UK. This has the degree of nudity permitted.2 1 The Herald, 2 January 2006 1 The Times (Scotland), 22 May 2006 resulted in Scotland attracting ‘sex Most importantly it 2 2 1 The Herald, 25 April 2006 Scottish Daily Mail, 22 May 2006 tourists’ from England. recommends that councils should 3 The Herald, 26 April 2006 3 The Times (Scotland), 22 May 2006 Under current Scots law licences have “a policy on appropriate 4 Scotland’s Census Results Online, are granted under legislation which levels of provision for adult Table UV49

Summer 2006 Update 13 NEWS

Online archive of religious liberty cases

By Mike Judge

The liberty of Christians to express their beliefs on moral issues is increasingly coming under attack. The Christian Institute has researched dozens of these cases. Victims include a church that faced legal action because they would not treat a transsexual as a woman, a University Christian Union threatened with expulsion from a Students’ Union because it wouldn’t let atheists be leaders, and an Anglican Bishop investigated by the police because he said homosexuals could change their ‘sexuality’. The Christian Institute website (www.christian.org.uk) has recently published a series of articles on such cases. Each case is summarised in one brief paragraph followed by a fuller description of the facts. Here is a selection of the case summaries: In 1999 an Anglican parish constabulary in November 2003 gospel to students and hosting The police later admitted that no church in Newcastle upon Tyne was after he told his local newspaper an evangelistic meeting where crime had been committed. vandalised and extensively daubed of research showing that some the Dean of Sydney Cathedral (a To read more about these cases, with obscene graffiti because its homosexuals re-orientated to prominent evangelical) put forward and to view more cases, visit www. vicar upheld traditional Christian heterosexuality. The police passed “a traditional biblical view on christian.org.uk beliefs on homosexuality. a file to the Crown Prosecution homosexuality”.1 In 2002 a church in South Wales Service who decided not to In 2005 a Christian couple were 1 See http://www.churchtimes. co.uk/churchtimes/website/ was sued for refusing to recognise a prosecute. interrogated by police because pages.nsf/httppublicpages/ transsexual as a woman. Thankfully In 2004 the Christian Union they complained about their local C3216CE0EDA0CAFF80256FA2000DAB1F as his case was thrown out of court. of the University of Cambridge council’s ‘gay rights’ policy. The at 16 June 2006 The Bishop of Chester was was reported to the police police said they were responding to investigated by the Cheshire following its distribution of John’s a reported ‘homophobic incident’. Prayerline 0191 256 1030 Get extra news from the Institute by email In The New Testament we are urged “that requests, prayers, intercession and thanksgiving By Mike Judge send our supporters links Recipients of our the Religious Hatred Bill be made for everyone — for to multi-media content. emails have also been we were able to publish kings and all those in authority, Do you have an email For example supporters able to watch online the result by email as that we may live peaceful and address? Are you signed who had signed up to videos, including the soon as it was confirmed quiet lives in all godliness and up to The Christian our email list were demonstration in later that evening. holiness.” (1Tim 2:1-2). Institute’s email list? If able to listen Newcastle upon Receiving information One way of praying for you are not, you may to an audio Tyne against by email from The our governing authorities is be missing out on extra recording of Jerry Springer Christian Institute is to make regular calls to The news and information. Joe Roberts the Opera simple and free. We will Christian Institute’s prayerline For example, the Institute telling, in and a video never pass your email (0191 256 1030). When you recently sent out an email his own of our new address to anyone else ring the prayerline you will informing supporters words, how headquarters and we will not inundate hear a recorded message of the shocking advert he and his being built. you with messages. You which will inform you about produced by the Gay wife were We can also can sign up to our email the latest prayer needs Police Association (see interrogated use our email list list on our website (www. regarding our work. Our article on p13). They were by police simply to inform supporters of christian.org.uk) and click prayerline is updated every the first of our supporters because they complained events as they happen. on “join our mailing list”. week. to be informed about this. about their council’s@ gay For example, on the night Emails also allow us to rights policy. of the crucial victory on

14 Update Summer 2006 BOOK REVIEWS

The Christian Mind Saints in Politics By Harry Blamires By Ernest Marshall Howse

Paperback, 224 pages Paperback. 215 pages Regent College George Allen & Unwin Publishing ISBN: 0049420887 ISBN: 1573833231

REVIEW REVIEW By Humphrey Dobson By Colin Hart

Where did it all go wrong? Under God, William Surveying the state of the Wilberforce was a truly Church and the nation, Harry remarkable man, yet his Blamires provides an answer: many campaigns and “There is no longer a Christian evangelistic initiatives were mind…the Christian mind has not accomplished alone. succumbed to the secular drift He was helped by a group with a degree of weakness and as the only judge of truth. of friends many of whom the many other campaigns. It nervelessness unmatched in Christianity imposes the given lived in and around Clapham was said of him that he could Christian history.”1 divine revelation as the final – nicknamed “The Clapham reduce to ten or twenty pages Secular thinking pervades touchstone of truth.”3 Sect”. They were evangelicals all that was worth extracting every area of life, including the It is not necessary to share who believed they had to live from 500. Church. Harry Blamires was Blamires’ churchmanship, out their faith in public life. James Stephen, like perhaps the first to lay bare or agree with all of his Ernest Marshall Howse Macaulay, had worked in this stark reality in his book The conclusions, to be gripped by argues that the Clapham the West Indies and knew at Christian Mind, published in this book. His more recent, sect “made a permanent first hand the evils of slavery. 1963. Since then the situation and equally incisive analysis, difference to the history Stephen, an eloquent lawyer, has got much worse. Yet The Post-Christian Mind (1999) not only of England but of was described as “the ablest Blamires draws us back to the surveys our contemporary the modern world”.1 Howse pamphleteer of his day”. fundamental, timeless truths of scene. wrote this book to correct Wilberforce and his friends Christianity. These alone can be The Word of God the intemperate attacks on set up many missionary the starting point for the fight commands: “Be ye transformed members of the Clapham sect. organisations and societies back. As he says, “…Christian by the renewing of your mind” The abolition of the slave to promote Christian thinking is the prerequisite of (Romans 12:2). If you are a trade was their best known literature. Many believe that Christian action.”2 true Christian, do you think campaign. It took Wilberforce Wilberforce’s own evangelistic Harry Blamires identified like a Christian? Do you have a 46 years, most of his adult life. book Practical Christianity was the defining characteristic of Christian mind? This book may The battle was finally won even more influential than his secularism. It is bound by this open your eyes. three days before he died. work on the slave trade. world and this life. God and There was huge The Clapham Sect eternity are entirely excluded. Regent College Publishing entrenched opposition to were a well-organised In contrast the Christian mind reissued The Christian Mind in the repeal movement. Many and professional group of has a supernatural orientation, 2005 and The Post-Christian members of Clapham became Christians who dedicated an eternal perspective. It bows Mind in 2004; audio files of talks MPs. The businessman John themselves to standing up before the revealed rocklike given by Harry Blamires for The Thornton and then his son for Christian truth in public. truth of the Almighty Creator Christian Institute are available Henry, helped fund and Howse’s book shows what it God. on our website (www.christian. manage the campaigns. takes to make such a stand. The secularist replaces org.uk). Zachary Macaulay, in It is now out of print, but revealed, objective truth effect, acted as head of copies can be found on many with self-made ideas, with 1 Blamires, H, The Christian Mind – How research. He gathered the bookshelves and in second- Should a Christian Think?, SPCK, 1963, constructed ‘truth’. Here page 3 evidence on the abuse of hand bookshops. 2 is the clash: “Secularism Ibid, page 43 slaves and edited a newspaper 1 Howse, E M, Saints in Politics, George 3 asserts the opinionated self Ibid, page 107 to tell Christians about this and Allen & Unwin, 1976, page v

Summer 2006 Update 15 INSTITUTE NEWS Our new home is complete

By Colin Hart space. We have since moved with the help of architect and twice, each time increasing Christian Institute supporter, Do you have email? The Christian Institute is the space available. Our latest Trevor Condy. We have an Do you want our latest news? delighted that it has now rented office space in Cathedral expanded research centre, taken ownership of its new Buildings gave us 3,600 sq ft. a new design studio for our headquarters, Wilberforce Our new headquarters gives publications department, and a House, on the outskirts of us 5,800 sq ft of space. And room for media interviews. Then sign up to our Newcastle upon Tyne. The because we own the building, Our new building is bigger, search for a new home began we will be saving tens of better and cheaper than our email list at: in Autumn 2002. At that time thousands of pounds each year former rented office space. we had just 1,900 sq ft of space in rent. The internal layout of It will allow us to work more www.christian.org.uk in a rented building. But as our the building has been designed efficiently and, God willing, @ work grew, we needed more to our precise specifications expand our work in the future. New staff members at The Christian Institute

By Humphrey Dobson to join us in September, after completing a We are sad to say good-bye to our senior Masters degree at Durham University. Jane researcher Jon Phillips. After nearly five years With the summer come changes for the Institute. Sampson and Christine Thwaites have joined us on the staff, Jon is moving with his wife to It is an exciting time as we move to the new as administrative assistants. Jane is a native of Birmingham where he will take up a post with building, and we also have four new staff joining Northumberland and has experience in many the police. His skills in monitoring research the team. areas of work, most recently in retail. Christine information and drafting articles will be sorely We welcome new research assistants Dave was a primary school teacher for many years missed. Administrative assistant Kerry Hewer is Greatorex and Mark Richardson. Dave is from in Stockton-on-Tees, but is now taking up a expecting her first child in August and so she too Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire and part-time position with us, having been a long- is leaving us. Kerry looks forward to becoming a is a graduate of Warwick University. Mark is standing supporter of the Institute. devoted full-time mother.

16 Update Summer 2006