CHAPTER XXII STUDYLATIONPSYCHOLOGICAL OF PSYCHIATRIC TO POTENTIAL ILL CLINIC HEALTH FASCISM: PATIENTS1 IN RE- A Maria Hertz Levinson then one would expect Ifideology differences to be in related ideology also are to significantly various kinds related of mental to personality differences, A. INTRODUCTION thevelopsofanddisturbance. concepts normal behaviordepend people,of in It ofmodern veryis mentally the and large contention psychologythat disturbedpart the on disturbances ofhis of personsmodern personality personality differwhichpsychiatry structure. wereonly any ingivenfirstthat degree Indeed, thedeveloped individual experiences from most those on ofde- forthepathologicalstudy thisbasis were of of ideology materialsimilar personality toand from the Inpersonality reasons, psychologicallythepatterns first given place,thanin psychiatric below,the it unhealthy ismore usually which patients."healthy" prompted people.easier ones.to The thedescribe "Healthy"reasons present and to explain the more inneringatopeople, large outer or problems successfully extentto and be innersure, "solved" still stressesalsocontrolling exist, havethese they is problems, not problems. theirare entirely able primitive i.e.,to They achievesmooth. areas impulses have in life They which situationsand, have, theirto the however, adjustmentwhich extent help that to succeeded in sublimat- to lessisachieveonminimize usually the undisguised other the plain their proper hand, toconflicts forms, be balance,whether seen. the and The defensive andthey anxieties. primitive the are nature awarestruggles Thoseimpulses and of who thedegreeagainst break need ofthroughthem their can imbalancein often more beor need or not, failed to therapy, have, membersPsychologist,making the of Clinic the for Clinic his facilities generous staff available.for support their aid She and and also numerous cooperation. is indebted helpful to Dr.suggestions, Robert E. and Harris, to variouswriter Chief wishes to thank Dr. Karl Bowman, head of the Langley Porter Clinic, for 891 clearly89z observed, and the conflicts with the environment are often still in THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY pletoryareprogress. hereare lies willing morein theThus, clearly fact to the disclosethat discernible"elements"In here, the the secondmore more thanand than place, adjustment inintimate inpsychologically thean advantage usual details mechanisms research of inhealthy their using interview,of lives. theindividuals.the personalitypsychiatric Thus, peo- clinic as a labora- selveschologicalficultstudies may problem on help patientshealth-ill toof validate the whoThirdly, health.relation are the stronglyAre methodsthebetween peoplepresent motivated usedideology with investigation for psychological theto and tell study the the sought dimension oftruth otherdisturbances— about an groups. approach of them- psy- to the very dif- psychiatricticularneurosisprejudicedsevere enoughpatterns and thandiagnostic psychosis, to other of make ideology groups groups? themon the of seeksignificantly one people? psychiatrichand, What and related ideology help—moreis the generalto onany the prejudiced ofrelation other? the common Arebetween or par-less bearingiandtients 6 cases psychiatric onwere weresuch studied factorsstudied diagnosis byIn as intensively meansan intelligence were attempt of obtained our by to questionnaire meanslevel,answer from education,of thethese interviews Clinic and and type other records.other and of methods. questions,thecomplaint, In Thematic addition, Data 12 i psychiatric pa- Apperceptionareasanalyzingizedwas broughttest of the known and Test, studyinto interpreting andtheas as the picture.alla whole materialMinnesota these A were majority previouslydata, employedMultiphasic concepts of thecollected to subjects and thePersonality full.findingsby also the Clinictook fromInventory. a workers standard-the other In notpsychiatricClinic admitted. in San disorders. Francisco, At the timeViolentThe a state ofsubjects, casesthe institution study and 71 womencasesreported for forthe and permanent indiagnosis 50 the men, present wereandcommitment treatmentchapter, all patients arethe of at the Langley Porter B. THE NATURE OF THE SAMPLE viewspatientrosestemporaryinpatient or and department, mild department varioushospitalization. psychoses. psychological wherehad Thethree Most adults majority wards of procedures. arethese (aboutseen of cases the regularly 45 patients can beds) be forclassedforare therapeuticpatientstreated as severe in requiring the inter- neu-out- thecouldtorange pay. lower frombe In said termsclass $o to (gratis) orfallof theincome, into toeducatedThe the$2 hospital peroccupation,urban interview middle lower facilities classandmiddle and residence, areare class, graded openrepresented. though tomost according everyone, Clinicin Most some to patients regardlessupper-ability cases of income. Fees class and upper middle-class individuals who wish psychiatric help go to PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 893 distinguishingpsychologicalhelpprivate from psychiatrists. a public disturbances the twopsychiatricOne groups maywho isclinic askdo acceptance notto are what seek different extentsuch of psychiatry help. frompatients, One those and importantof people whatever of the with ideatrait social class, who seek theypatients,atparticularlythat the one'shave instigation however, usuallyillness of many of mightturned are relatives persons referred have because whoorimportant by friends. ofsocialcome physical psychologicaltoAlmostagencies the symptoms. Clinic as or large by of sources.physicianstheir aMost proportion of This these to iswhomof true the own accord or ing,Theafterple outpatientexcept have a few littlein interviews casesclinic or no whicharranges Anotheridea have shouldabout shownat selective least psychiatry properly them one sampling interviewthat be and their handled many factor "mind"for every dropby is theotheris out involved. admission ofagencies. policy of the hospital. person apply- treatment peo- ingonlyispsychiatricThe so special outpatientssmallcases admittedthat helpdiagnostic only fromare aareselected alimited problems,clinic.those portion requiringthereforeThe andinpatient of those immediateapplicationsonly department, whichon the attention, cancouldbasis be of bestconsidered. thosetheir profit wishing from The on the other hand, present- aintelligence, particularlyfactorsontemporary age asand the hospitalization.and worthwhilethe patient's education. nature cooperativeness,of person the TheThe disturbance, staff'sjudgmentalso plays judgment desire regarding a but role. toalso as beThis to prognosis tohelped, whether lattera large degreejudgment rests, theextent patient of on course,insight,rests such is army,patientseducationalwithin part middle-class navy,on are the referred level, physicians,personal or and fromupper impression speech, private a middle-class great manners, individuals.thevariety patient standards of and makes, soAbout forth. of that dress, 20 Theis, per occupational Langleycent of the sources: many kinds of agencies, on his conformity Porter andap- wholechoicesotherplicants younger younger, andare whoself-referred; people moreare Forextremely who intelligent, these thisfeel combined groupreceptivethat better they contains reasonstoeducated, psychological the and Langley procedures. Porter Clinic patients can be helped in making better life many college graduates and are on the undergetpsychological a20 random sample proceduresIn of selecting the than Clinic the subjects generalpopulation, for population. the exclusive present investigation, of those who years of age,2 Jewish, non-white, or foreign-born. Questionnaires an attempt was made to more receptive to were subjectswere given of a to special all2 ward research patientsA study who on were stomach able ulcers. tofew cooperate subjects In the slightly and younger than 20 were actually included in the outpatient de-final sample. to the tionnairespatientspartment,894 coming mostadministered casesinto the were by waiting Clinicselected room staff on memberson a randomcertain who daysbasis were and by approachinginstructedby having inques- theall THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY Aprinciples willingnesstakenhome;few (less to of of preserve than these,random to cooperate. more theselection. anonymity than Unfortunately, halfMost returnedof subjects the subj filledthethere ects, completed out is and nothe thisexact blanks forms.further record on theCareincreased of spot. whatwas per cent) refused altogether. Some took the questionnaire studied.returnproof portion subjects, was The 85 of sample to thisthe 90 blanksfactor isThus, probably wasdistributed although probably fairly weredegree representative no returned.larger of cooperativeness than It of isin the estimated many Langley played other that Porter groupssome the part in the selection per cent. asClinic follows: population as aSex.The whole,Age. 50 There A within majority were the more werelimits womenbetween stated above. than zo and men, 40 due to the greater number of men and 71 women selected for study may be further characterized years—very few being under 20. ried,menwomenmarried, and patients women6 3!per per cent inseparately. cent the divorced.Marital Clinicunmarried, as status.In a the whole.and caseOf 7 the per Mostof men, thecent results women, 58divorced. per were cent 62 Ofcomputed perwere the cent married,men were for who 36 per cent unmar- Thesemarried,centwere had married records 67no perchildren. orare cent who probablyEducation. had hadOf children,the been not women Records entirelymarried, 33 whoper were accurate, 56cent were peravailable no marriedcent children.since had on many or 46children, whoof people the had men beenwith and 66 of the women. per 'oftoandarelittle the the well somegroup schooling number confirmed had had college ofcompleted try grades to by concealeducations. inspection completed high this school, In offact. computing whenthe all On data had therethe oncompleted whole,averages, wasoccupation. additional however, grammar i The vocationalthe majorityschool figures year was added Thetrainingof mean 12.5.the suchgroup. number as Thenursing, of onlyyears Intelligence. businessscores of schooling considered college, for themusic were men conservatory,those was 12.2,obtained and by someans forth of Usable intelligence quotients were available on only one-third for the women andcondition.muchsubteststhe 'Wechsler-Bellevuemany affected included othersSince by allwith were temporary cases low those Test showingscores, judgedofdisturbance Adult were wide as excluded,Intelligence.most discrepancies due probably to thethe Amongobtained neurotic betweenvalid, thatthese, average ortwo is,psychoti the subtestas I.Q. oni PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 895 averagePorterwelltrueof averagewith Clinic of an 100 estimateforpopulation the group made as aprobablyby whole. the115 Chief It being is Psychologistslightly closer but to significantly iio.regarding This agrees the pretty(for men and women combined, N= for the population at large. seems spuriously high, the above the Langley centwomen,in foreign-bornparents.the with U.s., there both12In the were parentsparent, case 65 Parents' of perandforeign the cent2 men birthplace. born,with 70 both Aparents considerable born in numberthe U.S., of 18 subjects per cent gave both parents as foreign born, i6 per cent had per cent gave no answer. In the caseper of the '3 per cent withcent one said foreign-born both parents were born had foreign-born oneper ployedeitherbecauseparent, due because and a togreat 4 their per of many centaillness. sense gavesubjectsIncome. ofIn no privacythe answer. left Thecase the ordata of questionbecause the here (obtained theyunanswered on the questionnaire) were temporarily unem- are very incomplete or put "none"— theirthereplete income,was than no questionforthe figuresthe men, about are because ashusband's follows: on income.some of For the the questionnaire under $z,oooayear: i8percent women the data are less com- 33 men who indicated blanks used Of the women, only 19 $4,000$3,000$z,ooo to $2,900 reported orto above,$3,900 a year: ii their own incomea and 29 gave theyear: hus- 4228 per cent per centcent $3,900.earnedband's income.$4,000 NoneOccupation. of the women earned $4,000 orOf the 50 more. Most of the stated incomes fell between $z,ooo and men, 22 per or more; only 5 husbands 8skilledwhitestudents, per centcollar, worker etc., were and41 and housewiveS, 10 two seamen. 23 Of the óo per percent could be classed as skilled workers,cent 21 as professional workers. There were one per cent classedcent clericalthemselves or sales as unemployed, personnel, 8 per women who gave an occupation, per cent as un- revealedTheycent are wereheld by discussed the otherstudents. questionnaire, nonprofessional moreReligion. fully in Manyin Chapter relation jobs, religious VT. About denominations one-half 5 per cent had professions, and 6 perto political and socialwere representedideology, as in this group. were Protestants tributedDemocrats,toand state one-fifth as a follows: preference. to one-fourth Blank,Politics. undecided, With respect to political 54 per cent; Socialists and Communists, 6 per cent. The women were Catholics; the rest were agnostic or declined group membershipi6 per cent; the Republicans, men were dis- 24 per Cent; publicans,were896 grouped 17 per in cent;the following Democrats, way: 54 per cent; THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY Blank, undecided, 25 per cent; Re-. Socialists and Communists, sampleperandof cent. several psychiatric with otherother diagnosticclinicgroupsThese groups in thegroupingssocioeconomic with study regard as would a to characteristics of our group were whole. Attempts to compare ourhave been rathersocioeconomic difficult and characteristics similar to those fromourregardlesswidewas samplenot varietysimilar necessary ofin ofpublic abilityparticular sources, for psychiatric to our pay,isand purpose.probably attemptsthe clinics Langley to in serve largePorter as American manypopulation as a Sincefairly the Clinic characteristic draws its of patients groups fromof patients a applicants as possible, cities. whole and thirdscale, of and the two questionnaires differentTheC. PEC scales STATISTICAL had scales—a usedbeen includedcollected 5-item RESULTS the onewhen 10-item and the a FROMnew E scale THE from QUESTIONNAIREForm 6o, a z8-item F 12-item one. One- and improved subjectsPorterstatisticalForm 45 group wasscoring properties, completed, and high other, and andThe and nonpsychiatric because of main it subjectsseemed concern better advisable scoring comparisonsgroups in the lowto could presentuse on betweenthe be chapterE is with the it because it had better characteristicsmade. of scale. The sta- the Langley tisticalwomen properties are shown of the in TableE scale, i (XXII). for the Langley Porter groups TABLE 1 (XXII) of men and RELIABILITY DATA ON THE MEN Men(N5O) E AND SCALE WOMEN FOR PSYCHIATRIC CLINIC Women(N71) MeanReliabilityMean (total)(Part A) 3.923.67 .75 4.233.653.06 .84 S.D.Mean (Part(total) A)B) 3.421.781.59 1.811.601.64 RangeMeanS.D. D.P.(Part B) 1. 00—6. 20 4.111.70 1.00—7.00 4.21 PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 897 averagemenand theand meanforwomen other D.P. to groups.) beisThe slightly—butsomewhat reliability The mean higher. notof scores thesignificantly—less (The scale (men: mean is as 3.67; scores high prejudicedwomen: as show that thefound 3.65) than Clinic in the most other groups, are thesame.close(Chapter scale to the than figuresIV). on PartThe obtained BThatmeans is consistent both by for averaging men men withand and womenfindingsthe for results women score in forother higher allare groups.groups practically on Part studiedIn gen- A the(the non-A-S part) of relatedage,thateral wouldthereintelligence, to issome distinguish very extent littleeducation, Asinthem with the we fromethnocentrism.E-scaleand have cooperativeness.most shown responses of theabove, Therefore, other of the All groups ClinicLangley these the studied.3 averagefactorssample Porter are was ethno-group cor- somewhat selected for whatpsychoticcentrism higher.4 scorepersons" of psychiatricin the general patients populationD. RELATIONSHIP in general could beor expectedof allOF "neurotic ETHNOCENTRISM to be some- and TO VARIOUS tions?"psychotic"?centrism With related these (2) toIs questions itWethe related twoundertook inmajor to mind, any psychiatricfirst ofE scorestheto investigate specific were groupings, comparedpsychiatric the following "neurotic" with classifica- the questions: and of- (i) Is ethno- PSYCHIATRIC CLASSIFICATIONS possiblenairemainingdiagnosesficial psychiatricforms to7 werecases,look without availableup 2diagnoses thehad the appropriate not usualfor yet assignedI 14 beenidentifying outfiles. diagnosed, ofby our the codetotal staff 5 ofnumber psychiatrists.had 121 been subjects. so given that Psychiatric Of itquestion- was the re-not psychiatricbeofenteted thediscussed psychiatric byclassifications. the in Clinicthe categories nextTable staff Thesesection. 2 intoand (XXII)classifications thethe mannersubjects' shows inrepresent the casewhich proportion records. they the official were The of assigned subjects diagnosesdefinitions will falling into various group by means of the PECTwenty-four and F scalesSee ChapterChapters and per the VIIIcent projectiveV, VII,for of the ourand items.relationship diagnosedXV for results of ethnocentrismgroup obtained had frombeen to intelligence; the classed Langley as Chapter Porter psy- ClinicIV for ofgrouppsychological onethnocentrismtheir of problems) psychiatric procedures and in patients aeducation; Veterans' and (largely explanations.both AdministrationChapters the non-self-referred E andI, XIIFurther F scaleshospitaland XVsupport (unpublishedand obtainedfor emphasizing resistanceis given a meanmaterial by of organic the ofhigh nearlyfactof scorers D.causes that J.5.0 Levinson). a to 898 THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY INCIDENCE OF VARIOUS PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSES CLINIC PATIENTS TABLE 2 (XXII) a IN THE SAMPLE OF PSYCHIATRIC No. Percentage OPDb (percentage) as a whole 9.2 Psychoses:Total psychoses OtherSchizophreniaManic depressivepsychoses 271015 2 23.713.2 1.88.8 5.2 Psychoneuros es: PsychoneurosisReactiveAnxiety depression state mixed 2034 2 29.817.5 2.61.8 AnxietyPsychastheniaHypochondriasisHysteria hysteria(obsessive- compulsive 3316 2.60.95.3 Total neuroses Obsessive-compulsiveruminativeneurosis) state 'Ti 2 62.3 1.8 43.6 Other disorders: PsychopathicAlcoholismMiscellaneousUlcers personality 4237 3.56.1.82.6 1 TotalaN isother 114; cases)disorders of these are 29%from are the inpatients, research project 65% outpatients, in 16 psychosomatic medicine. 14.0 and 6% (ulcer included"alcoholism,"sideredchotic, to which have and appeared "otherbOPD so forth. disorders" with For some our suchfrequency.purposes, as "psychopathic onlyThus, those among categories personality,"the psychoses were62 outpatient department.per cent as psychoneurotic. The remaining 14 per cent were con- haveremainingwe(i) have been included 2placed cases, togetheronly Theschizophrenia undercases appearingthe heading and manic-depressive together "other underpsychoses." the headingmale "other patients disorders" suffering inc1ude from stomach ulcers who had come to thç i "epiplepsy with psychosis," i "undiagnosed psychoses. The psychosis,' weresomaticClinic so medicine.different not for psychiatricfrom These the cases group heip were here but officially toclassified serve classed as "psychoneurosis, subjects as "mixed in a study neurosis," mixed in psycho- type" but PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 899 that"miscellaneous."coholismvestigation; they were without (2) considered These psychosis"; include separately 2 ()cases for diagnosed the purposes "schizoid of the personality," present in- several cases classified as "psychopathic personality" and "al- 4 cases, grouped under the heading i categoriesoforder."case disorders) assigned. used for Usually, psychiatricOur list however, of diagnostic classification. the casescategoriesof Often were"primary coversfurtherthese behavior wereonly described the disorder," mainonly in headings and i (or names "post-traumatic personality dis- smallberanxietyterms of tocasesof and be their consideredfromdepressive particular ourNo sample here.features; figures symptomatology in eachon or theschizophrenia, of distributionthe resulting (e.g., psychoneurosis,paranoid of finer the subgroupsvarious type). groupsThe wasmixed; num- too in the Clinic popula- thanneuroticsalone.tion (XXII)the as outpatient Thesea whole (and show consequently were clinic that available as our a whole. groupfewer for comparisonThiscasescontains is falling to morebe with expected,into psychotics our the figures."other because and disorders") In 29psycho-Table 2 we have included a few figures covering the outpatient department per tion.officialhavecent (Condenseda diagnosis oflist our of mentalgroup of Form psychosis camedisorders,In of making New from or Classification setneurosis. the up formalinpatient by the diagnoses, American Adopted department the byPsychiatric thephysicians where Committee mostAssocia- were cases on supposed to follow the thepersonalityStatistics mainabsence symptomsand dynamics. of Approved such areThesymptoms, Thus, hysterical, byclassifications thea "psychoneurosis" Council,many compulsive, peculiarities in December this list oris aanxietyare mentalof27, based behavior, 1933.) manifestations. disorder on symptomatology e.g., in sexualwhich In rather than on psychiatrist."psychopathicbutperversions, would be Inalcoholism, categorizedpersonality." a conferenceIn most delinquency, as ofwith "primary our the cases, director would behavior a preliminary notof the bedisorder," departmentconsidered diagnosis "alcoholism," "neurotic,"(outpatient was assigned by the patient's inthereingcaseor theinpatient) the historywas categories reliability considerable presented an official themselves,of the byunreliability. psychiatricdiagnosis the physician. which was diagnoses.One are then Wesource rather hadworked It of broadly nois unreliability ourway out guess, ofondefined. actuallythe however, probablybasis Also measur- of it thatthelies is suchwhetheroften900 as unclear "hysteria" one type whether ofor symptom"hypochondriasis." a case shouldstands outbe THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY Thensufficientlyclassed also, as there a to "mixed warrantis sometimes neurosis" a diagnosis the or Thus,inphysician.question various unreliability of ways,And which it accordingis symptoms ofpossible theThe classifications tocategories, for aretheir the the physicians then, is no leave to use a great deal to predilections and theoreticalpredominant orientations. ones. the subjectivedoubt judgment further of increased each by the the classification scheme theystaffreticalfacta greatthat psychiatristsincluded outlook. thenumber Langley strictly They of with therapists rangedPorter (Freudian) many Clinic,in years training ofat varying greatly in training, experience and psychoanalytic, Jungian, and otherexperience.the dy- time of theInfrom theoreticalpresent supervised research, orientation medical had students to theo-. namiccutvariables.slight relationships and relationships nondynamic Furthermore, between betweenBecause points on categories theoretical ofthe of view. thesepsychiatric groundssources ofone unreliability, cannot one based entirely on symptomatology rather diagnostic categories and other would expect to find only expect very clear- tothan withfurthertotalbe on directly ethnocentrism.grouppersonality decreased relatedinto several dynamics,the to The chancescertain smallrelationships and of subgroups variablesobtaining that were dynamic factors. Lastly, the division of our significantaccording statistical to likesex andethnocentrismrelationships diagnosis which seem nevertheless obtained seem Eeven quartile.lowdiagnosis more quartile significantThe was women proportion then inobtainedThe diagnosed totalof each (Tablegroup as was3 divided into 8 the light of these considerations. subgroupschizophrenic having any can given be compared psychiatricsubgroups, with(XXII)). on Thus, the basis the ofpercentage sex and of Fsample.the distributionf orproportion the low and (Table of low schizophrenics 4middleIn (XXII)). addition, quartiles, (Thisthe in same any on was the percentages one were computed for the two halves of theother quartiledone by or combining in the total the figureshand, and those for the high themiddlecriticalcases incidence andin ratios each high of forvarioussubgroup quartiles, the differencesdiagnosesMany and on cases,the within betweenother.) in addition them. high to and being roughly made it possible to obtain more dependable classified,This were increased further describec the number o low groups in terms ol accordingtures."inneurotics,cases, each the Itquartile to should additional werefiner who tabulated. differentiatingbe rememberedhad features been Table diagnosed features. 5that (XXII) these as percentages are of only the largest single group, namely, presentingshows theBecause percentagevarious ofadditional the of smallneurotic "fea number ol not based on tb th C 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.1 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.1 total Over-all

14.0 6.0 - 3 14. 6 5. 6.3 25.0 5 54. 15.4 16.7 16.7 Total 3.5 3.0 - 7.1 - 6.3 4.2 - - 8.3 8.3 Miscellaneous 6.1 - - - - - 14.6 36.4 15.4 8.3 - ulcers Stomach -4Cl) 1.8 1.5 - - 5.6 - 2.1 - — - 8.3 Alcoholism c-i ------CO 2.6 1.5 7.1 4.2 18.2 ality person- Psychopathic Disorders: Other

H 62.3 66.7 77.8 42.9 55.6 87.5 56.2 36.4 53.8 66.7 66.7 Total z state ruminative - - - - - — — — H 1.8 3.0 11.1 Obsessive-compulsive C (obsessive-compulsive) 2.6 3.0 - - - 12.5 2.1 - 7.7 • Psychasthenia ------z .9 1.5 5.6 Hypochondriasis 5.3 6.0 1 11. 1 7. 5.6 - 4.2 - 7.7 - 8.0 Hysteria 2.6 4.5 11.1 - 5.6 ------hysteria Anxiety H 17.5 6 10. 27.8 1 7. 6 5. - 1 27. 27.3 15.4 33.3 33.3 state Anxiety 1.8 1.5 - - - 6.3 2.1 - 7.7 - - depression Reactive 29.8 36.4 16.7 28.6 33.3 68.8 20.8 9.1 15.4 33.3 25.0 mixed Psychoneurosis Neuroses: 23.7 27.3 22.3 42.9 38.9 6.3 18.7 9.1 30.8 16.7 16.7 Total -4 1.8 1.5 5.6 0 - - 2.1 - - 8.3 - Other 8.8 10.6 16.7 7.1 16.7 - 6.2 - 15.4 - 8.3 depressive Manic - c-i 13.2 15.2 35.7 22.2 6.3 10.4 9.1 15.4 8.3 8.3 Schizophrenia -4 Psychoses: C C N=144 N=66 N=18 N=l4 N=18 N=16 N=48 N=11 N=13 N=12 N=12

C•j Middle Middle Middle Middle - Total Total High High Low Low Total High High Low Low Cl) WOMEN AND MEN WOMEN MEN

CATEGORIES PSYCHIATRIC VARIOUS INTO FALLING QUARTILE E-SCALE EACH OF PERCENTAGE

(XXII) 3 TABLE 902 PERCENTAGE OF THE UPPER AND OF THE LOWER HALVES OF THE E-SCALE THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY TABLE 4 (XXII) DISTRIBUTION FALLING INTO VARIOUS PSYCHIATRIC CATEG(UES Low N:24 Half Men High Half N:24 Low HalfN:34 Women High Half N:32 Psychoses. SchizophreniaOtherManic depressivepsychoses 4.28.3 - 12.5 8.3 - 14.6 8.9 - 15.712.2 3. 1 Total psychoses mixeda 29.212.5 12.520.8 50.023.5 22.031.0 Psychoneuroses: AnxietyPsychoneurosisReactive statea depression 33.3 - - 20.8 4.2 2.9 18.8 6.3 - HypochondriasisHysteriaAnxiety hysteria 4. - -2 4.2 - 2.9 9.4 - TotalObsessive-compulsive neurosesruminative state 66.7 - 45.9 4.2 - 70.4 5.9 - 62.8 6.3 Other disorders: Alcoholism personality 4.2 - 8.3 - 2.9 - 3.1 - , TotalOthersUlcersPsychopathic other disorders 20.912.5 4.2 33.325.0 - 5.82.9 - 6.23.1 - am women2%arestatistically level). withsignificantly "anxiety significant. state"more low-scoring (C.R.only than2 cases high-scoring are the differences women (C.R. between the high and low halves There are significantly more high-scoring than low-scoring For the "psychoneurosis mixed type" there 2.1; 5% level). 2.4; samecolumnsmanyneurotictotal results numbercases in Table hadasof Table casesmore 5 (XXII) 5 inthan (XXII), each do one notquartile butof add thesefor up the but features.to upper 100.only andon the number of psycho- cases in each quartile. Not all cases had such finer descriptions Table Therefore, the verticallower halves of the E6 (XXII) gives the and marizeddistributionethnocentrismheadings: in Tablesrather (i) in than3—6relationThe for (XXII), relationtheto specific four may betweenquartiles. diagnosticnow be ethnocentrism considered categories. under and psychiatric two main diagnosis, as sum- ethnocentrism in relation to neurosis vs. psychosis, and (z) 7.1 16.6 - 7.1 50.0 - 25.0 25.0 perversion) (or Homosexual - 16.6 - - - - 12.5 - Paranoid 14.2 33.3 - - - - - 25.0 Schizoid - 1 '7. - 1 7. - - 5 12. - Psychopathic 7.1 - 10.0 - 25.0 - - — Hypochondriacal - 16.6 20.0 7.1 - - - - conversion Hysterical - - - 14.2 - - - Neurasthenic - - 10.0 - 50.0 - - - Obsessive-compulsive 7.1 50.0 30.0 64,3 50.0 28.5 - 25.0 phobias and Anxiety - 1 7. 33.3 10.0 0 50. 28.5 5 12. 50.0 Depressive N14- N6 NlO N:14 N4 N7 N8 N8 High Middle High Middle Low Low High Middle High Middle Low Low WOMEN MEN

FEATURES NEUROTIC VARIOUS SHOWING QUARTILE E-SCALE EACH IN PATIENTS NEUROTIC OF PERCENTAGE

(XXII) 5 TABLE 904 THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY PERCENTAGEOF OF NEUROTIC PATIENTSTHE IN THEE-SCALE UPPER DISTRIBUTION AND LOVER SHOWING VARIOUS NEUROTIC FEATURES TABLE 6 (XXII) HALVES Low Half N 16 Men High Half N: 11 Low Half 24 Women High Half 20 Obsessive-compulsiveAnxietyDepressive and phobias 31.312.5 - 36.218.118.1 50.0N33.3 4.2 N20.020.0 5.0 HystericalPsychopathicHypochondriacal conversion 6.3 - 9.1 - 12.5 4.2 20.0 5.0 ParanoidSchizoidHomosexualNeurasthenic (or perversion) 25.012.5 6.3 - 18.2 - 4.28.4 - 10.0 5.0 - In our total group, there was a preponderance 1. ETHNOCENTRISM IN RELATION TO NEUROSIS AND PSYCHOSIS of psychoneurotics over Thepsychotics,veryfiguresratio trend islarge somewhat forappears the numberthe ratio women. even greater being of moreneurotics There 62:24in themarkedly are low in practically thethan in low inTable the no high3 (XXII),psychotics, half of especially the but E a per cent. Table quartile, with the proportion of (XXII) shows that this distribution. relatively in the middlehighpsychoticsappeared middle quartile, inincreasing, quartiles.the but male relatively andSeveralthat The female of largest neuroticsfewhypotheses groups. are number in decreasing, the can high of be psychotics offeredquartile. in the to Thelow explain is insamemiddle the drop in the proportion the high trends and of thatbearguedispsychotic that equal many thethat to dropof theor the even proportionis very caused higher high-scoring entirely ofthan psychotics that by individualsin certain the in highthe factors high middlewere quartile of eliminated sampling.quartile would were from Itactually can it thenot be subjects from the high middle to the high quartile. One hypothesis oflessthegroup theany Cliniccooperative, questionnaire infringement and from because dealing,workof their they with forprivacy. are other instance, relatively groupsThus, with morethey that income oftenhighsuspicious scorersorleft father's unanswered and are moreincome in generalthrough afraid parts and certain external circumstances. We know from experience at themsimilarother "private"of means problems hightopics, and scorers even emotions when avoid their theydealing anonymity are with trying topics was to keep assured.which in mightrepression By these remind and or PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 905 thatholdscouldwhich is, particularlynevermight for those exposebe induced with for their those psychoticIt toisweaknesses probable,ethnocentricgo to or a psychiatricnear-psychotic to therefore, others. individuals clinic that disturbances. who a for great arehelp. mostmany Perhaps If disturbed, extremelyit is truethis prejudiced people andcouldchoticthat manythere bepatients, caused ofare the relatively the casesby relatively the withLastly, fact many verythat low there potential thepoor incidence Clinicwere prognosis. high a excludes offew psychoticsscorers ward violent patientsamong in thepsychotic severely whohigh werequartile cases psy- either too disturbed to ofshallhighenoughfill certain out middlereturn acases questionnaire ego-defenses later, to like the is this highthat to properly prejudice whichquartile.explain the orentirely inAnother whoperson its extreme refused the hasline decrease invested ofdegreeto speculation,do so.of may withpsychotics But be athere angreatto expressionwhich werefrom deal notwethe of whatfromhapsenergy, greater thethe because highhigh ego-strength scorersmiddle withoutAnother areto and theverythem highbetter hypothesissimilar he quartile would working to our suffer is defenses.a"highthat true a thepsychotic middles"one, decrease and thatexceptbreakdown. in it the can for proportion besome- Per- ex- of psychotics someplainedonlyproduce observations oneby certain middleof them features rather onhad Severalpsychotic even thanof the some ofextreme psychotic clinicthe slight psychotic patientsscores. knowledgeprocess subjects Inshould itselfsupport of whichbe werecurrent mentionedof interviewed,thiswould events hypothesis tend here. and to and of it was found that tofirstutica!concernedthe pay social psychotic reality. much issues mainly attentionIt episode—were seemedof thewith present. to asabstract itif orthese Eventoemotionally ideology formpsychotic this any one and toostrong subjects—allcase, neverremoved a and professional talked consistent frommild in casessocialterms person, ideology in realityof their waspo- scores.varioustoabout have it. much deviantApparently lowering patterns thisA effect didrelated and not onunintense produce hypothesisscale reliabilities, enoughresponses, would inconsistency but beresulting enoughthat the inof totendency "middle" responseproduce toward "middle" E scoresinhaveacuterary terms in factorssome psychotic our of psychoticsupporting + arising i and episodes—or — outgroup observations. of wasthe duecircumstancehad inOnejust largest patient,recovered part that for to these frominstance,certain patients one. special, responded Here, were tempo- too, allonly we in i. When released from the hospital, greatly improved 906theconstrictedand time,free from which responses delusions, prevented had the been him patient duefrom tosaid expressing his in extreme an interview himself lack of in a more THE AIJTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY that he thought self-confidencehis at definite fashion,emphasizedtowardwho showed and the that test by great he exclamationprocedure, mighthostilityAnother respond towards answeredmarks, subject, differently underliningshis onlywho hospital in atnow. termsthe environment or time negativisitic of +3suffered from paranoid and —3 (furtherand resentmentdelusions and comments). thethanSuchcases, E the ascores pattern butsubject's itof isofmost the responsesactual author'ssubjectsTemporary attitude would impressionto any would characteristics alsoconsiderable leadwarrant. to a extent.ofscore the illness itself may be important that they are not likely to influence closer to Thethe meansubjects who in some immediatelydirectionsbizarrerealityat the time usuallycomments, properly. therecognized scalerefused or was they toas administered participateshowedinvalid. that These or werethe produced eitherperson very hadwas records manynot able omissions to or much out of contact with which could be follow the tremelyerateoppositionvalid, prejudice, the high data to scorers prejudice, show but a a relatively Assumingnegative a positive relationshiplow thatrelationship incidence the trends between between obtained psychosis psychosis with theand present mod- small of psychosis among the ex- andsample strong are sonalityprejudice,portedwith many also structures asofby measured thethe findingsclinical which,To explainby findings discussedunderthe E this scale,stress, to trendinbe previousappears discussedare we more favor to chapters later:likelybe the related Strong followingto and lead to which oppositiontu certainto hypothesis, per- which psycho- I is sup-fits in inneurotic more detail later in the present chapter. than to psychotic disturbances.2. ETHNOCENTRISM This hypothesis will IN RELATIONbe discussed TO SPECIFIC DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES ever,diagnosticPortergiven it appears psychiatric categories, that ethnocentrismsyndrome, toOur draw sample very at doesspecificleast notas conclusionsthecontain latter enough was On defined the at Clinic. There were both high and low scorers among the is not correlated very highly with anycases, in each of the more frequent whole, how- Langley 1schizo- I found.betweenand,phrenics,between of course, E highand "mixed psychiatric and low neuroses." scorcrs diagnosis, However, within th certain same diagnostic category, were manic depressives, anxiety states, hysterias, as \%ell as qualitativequantitative relationshipsobsessive-compulsives, diffeiences I anxiety,neurosisespecially category,"and those sometimes in and the distinguishedThelow by quartile,quantitativeneurasthenic most were relations often features.concentrated by depression i-nayThis mostlywasbe consideredand particularly in COnSCiOUS the "mixed first. true (i) The low scorers,PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 907 statisticallyneurosisclassified(XXII)).of the women.falling (2) significantas There"anxiety into The thewere difference above state."high many and theThis betweenmore lowz perdifference halveshigh-scoring cent percentages levelof is the significant of thanE-scale confidenceof low-scoringwomen distribution above with (Table the women mixed 5 is 4per scoringbelow,wherecent level many important men of confidence lowwith scorersqualitative anxiety (Table were state. differences considered 4 (XXII)).() exist The"anxiety trendbetween states." is less the markedAshigh- will and inbe men,low-seen Seven of our subjects were men with ThisotherNotstomachout one is groups.to a ofbeveryulcers, these strongly Twomarked takenmade were prejudiced trend, froma "highlow a thoughscore. research middles," against Oneof courseproject had andNegroes, afour not lowin psychosomaticfellconclusive middlealthough into thescore, becausenot high butmedicine.in quartile. regard turned of the to prejudicedmonsmalldependencypsychoanalytic with number the men, ofdynamic which ascases. theory advanced is However, formulationsheld concerning in repressionthis this book. aboutresultthe dynamics Thisby isthe interestingcounteractive theorycharacter of emphasizesulcer because structure defenses,has much the underlying of modern ahighly in mascu- com- a.scorerslinenosis façade, inof the our much same low-quartile drive psychiatricWe for may activity, women. category. now and considerIt"MIxED also so forth. occurred the NEuRosIs." qualitative in one-third differences of the "lowbetween high and low This seemed to be the most frequent single diag- relationships.restreportedingmiddle" womencomplained women.feelings with One theof Thereof case tirednessdiagnosis depression hadwere other and/or"mixedeleven and physical dysmenorrhea neurosis."low-scoringinferiority, symptoms—probably Among mood and and only thedifficultiesswings, low three scorers, crying; high-scor-on in an social eight hys- the women,tericalcessively,ties.culties. basis—andShe none One was and reported was brought going inhibitions a psychopath, depressed out in bywith inher groupfeelings,men whohusband from situations.also two bars.forcomplained denied drinking, She Of allthedid psychologicalof threespendingnot menstrual feel high-scoring any money difficul-needdiffi- ex- of mittedoriginallywhohelp. had Two sexual had werecame a (marital) thyroidectomy psychosomatic in forWhen amaladjustment chronic the and cases: cases (psychosomatic)denied one ofof longpsychologicalstomachan extremely standing. ulcerskin tenseproblems; rash,are notyoung but included, soonthe woman other ad- there are fewer men with908women, ofperthe "mixed centdiagnosis with and neurosis"25 9 "mixed per cent in neurosis." the low quartile, But one per THE AUTHORITARIANcent and 33 PERSONALITY per cent in in the two higher quartiles. the trend is similar to that inthe the twoin lower the high. groups, Two only of the three There were three cases seemedlowcategoryjectsprecipitated scorers andto be waswerebrought soft, by depressed reportedrejection openly out in dependentas butby the suffering a firstlove object. also showed obsessive-compulsive interview. The onecharacters high scorer whose in difficultiesthisfrom neurotic had been depression. All threeThis was recognized by the sub- and anxiety b.hissymptoms. baby. It Thehad appearedanxiety suddenlyWomen: Of allANXIETY single categories, STATE this one centered on the idea that he might harm and left him subject to recurrent attacks. contains the largest percentage himself and ofquartiles. "anxietywerethehigh E classedscorers distribution (C. hysteria." R. as(28 between is Five significant percentage of these at seven "anxiety state," and two very similarper ones were cent)—no low scorers, with few cases in fallingthe 5 in per the cent high level). and in Five the lowhighsuffered halves scorers from "spells" of tension, ir- the middle classed as ing.ritability,occasions.childrenheart There attack, or wasduring hyperventilation In andcharacteristicthe the pictureso spells; on. Twoof symptomsone the women actuallytwo cases were hypochondriacal concern, fear of death, of often includinghad choked dizziness her which andchildren faint- did onnot such have "spells,"afraid theythe would harm their reaction.werehypochondriacalportion combined There of cases withwere preoccupations in some notheMen: low low Thescorers and numerical withlow in trend was less depressed affect, in one case with middle quartiles.clear here, There with were thisa slightly category. physicalfour greater symptoms pro- stood out and schizo-affective low ventilationscorers,withcasesa brutally signsclassed three symptoms aggressive of high asmuch "mixed scorers. self-dissatisfaction,and fainting spells father. The other three wereneurosis," similar except to for clinically more marked One of the low scorers suffered depression,in certain socialsituations and sexualof friction malad- the low-quartile from hyper- anxiety, with justment,driacalconsciousanxiety workconcern, dreamscontent. disturbances, andand In Theinonefear and casethreeof some high scorers showed another, with someattack paranoid by atrends certain person. Two of the this was coupled with muchphysical hypochon- anxiety symptoms withschizoid little withdrawal. involving three C.attributedhigh-quartile the onset women of symptoms fellWomen: into to thisThere group. SCHIZOPHRENIAwere high- and low-scoringaccidents. schizophrenics. None of the The "high middles" that were FASCISM 909 scorerscompulsive,classed(e.g., seemsashebephrenia, "schizophrenia" and to be other paranoia). features. did not The PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL similar for men and for women. The They showed paranoid, catatonic, obsessive-fall into any of the schizophrenic "types"difference between the high and low high scorers appear pulsivesudden"schizophrenia,to be very post-partum+ simple psychoses type." Amongof schizoid infantile, constricted, narrow personalities, personalities, were found. The withdrawal in previously schizoid or com- the "high middle" women, several low-scoring schizophrenics often classed as groupinsightinterestwere moredid intoin nottheir theirof include own own and anyillness.With others' cases regard to paranoia, the the hypersensitive, introspective sort, followingpsychologicaldiagnosed observations lives, as "true and haveparanoia," with beenrelatively but it with relatively much made. Our included much inscorershigh,several severethat low, theappearedschizophrenics inferiority andlow middlescorers to be scorers. (andmore others) feelings—"others are threatening, rejecting,qualitatively or different from those of the often combinedHowever, ideas of thebeing paranoid symptoms of with paranoid ideas. Among these were persecuted with high scorers, ridiculing the low highthreateningmeself-righteousness.of because fantasies,scorers, offrom on mysometimes the outside, symptoms, other Consciously, hand,accompaniedbut is largely at least, the because I am inferior."tended The towards"devil" more highly projective types by bragging, self-aggrandisement,perceived as inside the person. The "devil" or evil forces were seen is not only and 'the 4 women,asd. womenzonly were outside. low,in this i wasgroup. The man OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE NEuRosIs. fell into the high-middlehigh middle, quartile and on i was high. One There were only i man and 4 of E.the Of the borderlinetwoanxietyobsessive-compulsiveabove obsessive-compulsive the and between mean. feeling Thethe of low otherinadequacy.pattern, cases and case, low-middle but an hadThe a z group appearing in the low group was just on all-round low scorer, showed nophobic tendencyhigh-scoring and much women conscious (i high middle, and had an F score slightly typical schizoidworriedaofi high)fifteen-year-old particularly quality. were because both Extensive rigid of fantasies preoccupations, data aboutare girlclassed with as preoccupations"obsessive-compulsive of a intercourseavailable onlyand pregnancy. on the high-scoringand During constant case, ruminative thinking sexual ruminativecharacter. Shestate" was because her of stayandwere trendsat imagined thecentered hospitaldifferentiate somatic about most changesFromthe ethnocentric the above description it can her physiological functions, of her conscious anxiety and (enlargement of abdomen). be seen that a numberfrom of the non-ethnocentric patients, particularly constipation, ruminative thinking psychological regardless910more directly, of formal and interpretedclassification. in relation These andto our other general trends theory, will bebelow. studied THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY TheE. ETHNOCENTRISM question of possible relationships IN RELATION between TO ethnocentrism THE MINNESOTA and psychi- MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY reuternowprocedureatricfully diagnoseson type studied referred known which wascases. to hasas asapproached the been ItMMPI). containsMinnesota validated Thisin several a Multiphasic preliminaryagainstis an scales, improved psychiatrists' Personalityeachway inventoryalsomade diagnosesby upInventory means of of items the of Bern-(from care-a which test subjectsvalidgeneral—suchdifferentiate and as population.by moreconversion many statisticallyreliable different It hysteria, was criteria betweenphysiciansthought paranoid than patientsthatthe with conditions, diagnosesthe varying showingtest scores that ororientations, aschizophrenia—and givenhad might been clinical provide training,made syndrome ofmore andourthe results.treatedcentexperience. of separately,our total group. the numberTest Because results of subjects of were the fact availableis far that too men forsmall and to womenlead to conclusive had to be men and 48 women, that is, for 68 per syndromesfailedE quartiles, to show asand measuredlarge preliminary orComparison consistent by inspectionthis inventory. relationships of averageof individual The scores betweenresults and on showgroup theE and various a test fewpsychiatric profiles, trends MMPI scales for the four : measure.principalwhile.suggesting Thepsychological that descriptions furtherThe research or arefollowing psychiatric condensations along are the dimensions the same namesof thoselines of they givenmight the are scales inbe supposedthe well and far worth morebrief to descriptions of the Hathawaydetailed test and manual. McKinley For a(50). description of thei. test and its interpretations seemanytoHypochondriasis—Scales measure of the thesymptoms degree ofmentioned abnormal are concern vague orabout belong bodily among functions; the list I (HCh) and II (Hs). Both scales purport z. Hysteriacorrection.causeof common it is(Hy). less physical A highly preliminary expressions correlated scale, of with measuring anxiety. Sc and Scale the also degree I iscontains more of similarity valid an age be- 3 Depressiontypebetween hysteria the subject symptoms. (S) and patients who have developed conversion- (D) 'Measures depth of clmically recognized symptom PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 911 4. personsHypomaniatheemotionalcomplex, normal with depression."type) degree (Ma). marked with of"Measures optimismaoverproductivity feeling"A high theof regarding score uselessnesspersonality indicatesof thethought future." andfactor poor inabilityand characteristic moraleaction." to assume(of the of 5. trate."pression,patientsPsychastheniadegrees who excessive of arethis (Pt). troubled tendency "Measuresworry, by lack may phobias the of "be similarityconfidence manifestedor compulsive of or subject inability merely behavior." to psychiatricinto aconcen- mild Mild de- 6. Paranoiaschizophrenia.Theiritya group and diagnoses (Pa).delusionsof clinic The patients werepreliminaryof persecution usually characterized scale, paranoia, with differentiating byor suspiciousness, withoutparanoid expansive state normals oversensitiv- or paranoidegotism. from 8.7. tionalPsychopathicunusualresponsesSchizophrenia response, thoughts to those Deviate—Scale inability(Sc). or ofPreliminarybehavior. patients to profit I who(Pd). scalefrom are Measures measuringexperience characterized "absence similarity and disregardby of bizarre of deep subject's emo-of and 9. Mfr.andlargesocial others, Measuresgroup mores." andof items (Revised)masculinityis more expressing highly Scale or femininitycorrelated aII feeling (Pdr) containsof withof estrangement interest Sc inthan additionpattern. is Scalefrom a the Irather (Pd). self eredgarded.Deviations of borderline Scores of Jo. around Deviationssignificance, The70 (i.e., scales from scores2 S.D.are 50 arranged abovein above the direction8o the in as suchmean), high. ofa Elevations wayoare are usuallythat usually the to consid- means6o disre- can are 50 with Standard whichbehelp regarded mostusuafly scoresas scoreclinically are high closeIndividuals significant(2 to 50 with when sufficient occurring degrees in individual of maladjustment profiles in to seek psychiatric S.D. above the average) on more(or than one of these below). secondarygroupscoresprofilesscales. have takenRecent or patterns elevationstheir by clinical themselves. maximal of scores onexperience anyscores haveIn ofgeneral, onmorethese), with the diagnostic cases Mcli,the whereas inventory fallingHs, significance Hy,psychotics into D,seems theand psychoneurotic toPt thanon indicatescales the the whole single(with that senpatientstations.ahave great(48), profiles variety inAt showing a present, study with of conditions peaksonelevations their theSlight significanceon effect D,without borderline onSc, of the Ma,short clinical ispsychotic Pa,not elevationspsychotherapy, Pd, quiteevidence and scalesclear. Pdr. on of the Harris andpsychotic have "psychotic" Pd, and found but manifes—Christian- without that scales occur frequently in 912withtherapyclinical men thanevidence and others women of who psychotic Meansbeing did nottreated for tendencies, have each separately. such of the scores.responded MMPI These scales lessmeans wellwere are to computedshown psycho- in for each E quartile, THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY soTablesgreatfor small individual variability that no measurecases with were regard of drawnvariability to magnitude for high was and of scorelow quartile. as They showed and 8(XXII). The number of cases in each of these subgroups was that differences between means would have to be computed. However, profiles well as to type of veryprofile.abnormalchologicaltakesences large theThisbetween to view scores.bemeaning.means statisticallythat means (i)(b)only (a) forThis profiles,On singlesignificant, wasthe whole, andscalesespecially not and thewould single (2) low true scalescorers for values,the made men have somewhat on muchthe scales psy- less be hard to interpret,that if one even significant differ- necessaryBecausewhatthenia,Hypochondriasis higher Paranoia, of to the ondetermine nature Hysteria; I,and II andSchizophrenia.of whether the Depression,the differences low-scoring some Theofand mentioned these low-scoringformen men on andunderFemininity women (b), it ofonwerewas Interests.Psychas- thought some- trends were caused by pres- enceandwasternsmeansmore of againhigh-middle andpsychoticspsychotic for differences nonpsychoticreduced cases among scorers by remained inthis thesubjectsthe procedure,and highgroup, muchthose halfwere especially the(especiallyof lowsame. and low-middle scorers were and alsocomputed because separately, the patterns the averagefor high pat- Because thesince number"high there middles"). of werecases somewhat When the semblehighsimilarChristiansen quartiles, inmost most closely respectively,inrespects, their theThe study "severethe average werefigures of theneurotic" combined profiles effectsfor the pattern offortwo (Figure brief the low described high psychotherapy; quartilesi (XXII)). scorers—especially by and Harris the whereas twoand for the men—re- beinga"severethe pattern, correlated meanssignificance, neurosis" with for with thedefinite but low pattern,relatively below scorerssecondary in the poorwhich resemble means elevationprognosis HCh for a and/or morethe in for first mildly briefHs, four Hy, psychotherapy neurotic scales, and D was patternstand found out asto Pd and with Pa, Sc approach- (of the The sen'ssortary administered poor elevated prognosis scores at Langleypattern on PdOne I,lies Porter differenceII. inIn the ourClinic). prominence groupbetween our in high's their averagegroup of pattern second- and Harris and there is little difference on these Christian- si scorersscales between exceed theour lowhigh-In scorers andthe Harrislow-scoring only andon Pd Christiansen women II. and, study for the a question men, the was high raised concerning the I Scales Mfr Pdr Pd Sc Pa Pt Ma U Hy Hs HCh 40 50

60

70 80 50

60

70

80

90 DISTRIBUTION E-SCALE THE OF HALF EACH INTO FALLING PATIENTS PSYCHIATRIC PSYCHOTIC - NON FOR PROFILE MMPI AVERAGE

(XXII) 1 FIGURE = 68 64 73 61 68 61 70 65 74 57 86 70 73 64 16) (N half High = 62 59 63 68 61 61 62 57 63 58 71 66 62 55 10) (N half Low

Half

= 67 61 '74 59 66 60 67 61 73 54 84 71 74 68 9) (N High = 70 68 '72 63 70 63 75 69 76 61 90 69 71 59 7) (N middle High = 61 57 64 66 61 62 60 56 60 55 73 66 60 56 7) (N middle Low = 64 63 63 72 63 59 67 58 70 65 67 65 66 54 3) (N Low

Mean Sc) Pa, D) fly, Mfr Pdr Pd Sc Pa Pt Ma D Hy Hs HCh Quartile Total (Ma. Mean Hs, (HCh, Mean Scales

Patients Male Nonpsychotic

'-3 DISTRIBUTION E-SCALE THE OF HALF EACH INTO AM) QUARTILE EACH INTO FALLING SUBJECTS FOR MMPI THE OF SCALES SEVERAL THE ON SCORES MEAN

(XXII) 7 TABLE = (N 64 64 66 52 65 62 69 65 67 58 73 68 64 57 18) half High = (N half Low 61 57 65 46 67 64 60 58 59 54 69 73 62 57 16) - Half z = 65 65 68 54 67 63 71 67 68 56 75 69 70 59 11) (N High = 0 61 63 62 49 62 61 65 62 65 62 71 67 55 54 7) (N middle High = Low 63 59 68 46 71 70 62 58 60 58 66 74 67 64 6) (N middle = (N Low z 59 56 64 47 65 60 58 59 58 52 71 72 59 53 10)

Mean Sc) Pa. D) Hy. Mfr Pdr Pd Sc Pa Pt Ma D Hy Hs HCh Quartile Total (Ma. Mean Hs, (HCh, Mean

Scales

Patients Female Nonpsychotic

DISTRIBUTION E-SCALE THE OF HALF EACH INTO AND QUARTILE EACH INTO FALLING SUBJES FOR MMPI THE OF SCALES SEVERAL THE ON SCORES MEAN

(XXII) 8 TABLE absencepsychological916 of clinically meaning discernible of elevations psychotic on such trends.scales asTherefore Ma, Pa, andthe Scitems in the on THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY frompoorthesignedeach so-èalled scaleandPd to and goodmeasure were Ma, neurotic prognostic (arbitrarily) Sc, some Pa. scales commonTheir groups. grouped (HCh, content general The Hs, into revealedsubscales D, attitude.subscales, Hy) a differentiated thatcommon None each did of of "feelingthe which subscalesbetween wasof being de- thefor differentiate came victimized,"relationshipitemsoutside referring and a resulting"tendency of theto specific ego in towardsPerhapsThe ato feeling the symptomsdifference world,perceiving the of lackfinding and (e.g.,between of one'sto control delusions)—seemsthatthe problems the body.our of neurotic highsenses as scorers imposedand and tomotorium." psychotic lieare from in somewhat the scales—apart higher on from the Christiansentestandinpsychotic with projectsuch trends an scales unacceptable interpretation,subscales described may be would earlier interpretedimpulses, an have inanalysis this toideas, in book,be theof made. and oursame e.g., affects. data This theway. in tendencywas However,Itterms wouldnot ofthought to certainlythe externalizein orderHarris- worth tofit towardsscorers,tremelystudywhile alongmainly and highneurotic theseespecially becausescores linesdepressive on Onetheof should the the low-scoring very depressionsmall symptoms.prove unexpected number rewarding. women, scale, On of result thecases showedwhereas MMPI, was in theour that clinically greatestthesample. the low-scoring high-scoring theFurther low men obtained ex- tendency lowmeasurethewomen clinical scorers, didthe materialnot samewho make characteristicallypsychological in particularlyThese Section apparently Gtendencies ofhigh suffer the D presentcontradictory scores.from as were subjective chapter.) (See observed also results depressions, the suggest thatfeel- the D scale does not clinically in our discussion of aminedingswere:clearly of inferiorityand referred put in groupsandto the failure. kind accordingi. Signs ofTherefore, feelings of to inferiority content. reportedthe items Out feelings, by ofof ourthethe easily 6olowD scaleitems, subjects, were only ex-these23 hurt, unhappy, self-criticisms. 4.2. 5.3.Opposition Lack to cruelty andAdmission aggressiveness,Submissive of uneasinessreactions in in social social situations. situations. of energy, and work inhibition. lack of extrapunitiveness. forcesbody functions; as broodingThe6. and otherRejection "worrying"; 37 items of religious referred perception ideas to: ofimpairment (possibly). the environmental of mental functioning and ofthreatening or mistreating the subject; and general expressions of taining"not feelingas they well,"do to very"don't vague care andabout nonspecific anything." ideas, Many are of clinicallythese items, more per- PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 917 theretionvidualscompulsiveconsistent that may "depression" withbe withqualitatively varietydifferent anxiety thanas personality measured ordifferentwith with neurotic anxiousby structures.types this depression. ofscale rumination depression is not This a of unitarywhich leadsthe more occur process;to the obsessive- in supposi- indi-that TheF. attempt to"STATEMENT relate ethnocentrism OF PROBLEM" to typePERSONALITY of psychological IN THE FIRST disturbance, TRENDS PSYCHIATRIC AS REVEALED BY PATIENTS INTERVIEW Therefore,ginningdynamicstisticalusing only trends,of in theathe greaterhigh present conventionalbut and it proportion didlowchapter not scorers. psychiatric inseemed of itself subjects The toallow particular classifications,call from forinferences theextensive problem total produced aboutClinic clinicalposed personalitygroup, at somematerial. the than be-sta- somelowpossibleviewsfrom quartiles. other "middles"and to T.A.T.'s.studygroups This inintensively inthe However,proportion the group study a to large dueas wasbe a mainly interviewed.whole,proportion further towere decreasedlimitations of Thisstudied subjects was by byof from done the time,means inclusionthe it ofhighwas inter- notand of for reasons Somecoveringnumberof availabilityio types women. ofideology fairly of and cases, These completeoutas well particularlyof subjects special as casepersonal representedinterest studies, needed data in forincludingandcertain a purposes greathistory, individual varietyT.A.T. wasof comparison, 21—IL andcases. interviews Themen suchtotal and of clinical pictures. typestatementsofmenas high-scoringcases ofwith disturbance, interviewed stomach as to obsessive-compulsives, the ulcers, relationshipsand and genetic towere the notfactorsmanner of represented. ethnocentrism can of theirbe made Dueselection, to from topersonality our no casequantitative structure, high-scoring paranoids or low-scoring the limited number material ysiscludedbypatients itself. reported in Mostthe for largerin quantitative of Chapters the sample interviewsIn theIX comparisons,of throughabsence interviews gathered XIII. of employedathe atsufficient materialthe Clinic in numberthegathered were, quantitative however,of by case the anal- historiesClinic in- on psychiatric thestaffchartsand present and quality. torecorded permitpurpose. Only inrelatively inThistheEach rare patients' material physician'sinstances complete charts turned was dynamicnotes was out sufficient examinedvaried to formulationbe verywith material for variableregard its ofusefulness recorded theto in length, case. amount infor completeness, the amount, 918 THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY tionstherapist,interialand unLcontrollable type asked),from of the later interpretation and latter's contacts by amounts the personality betweentherapeutic included and directions patient and inprocess approach the and recordedby physician(e.g., the (number patient's increasing material. was and relationshipobviously insight).Also,kind of thecolored ques-to ma- the questionwithstatedthese an his respects.unknown toreasons state hisThis forbut problem.seeking friendlywasOne the help clinicThefirst at responsepsychiatric theworker, Clinic. was Here,interview ofteninvited the recorded patient, inby whicha very confronted in the generalthe patient pa-part of the case records appeared relatively less variable in most of atobehavioremotionaltient's comparison the patients'own in concomitants. responsewords of problems. high and to and oftena more ThislowHere, included scorersmaterialor then, less constant withwasthe was worker's a regardthought sample situation to observationsparticularly oftheir andrather views relating spontaneous suitableof regarding anddirectly- atti- for socialtudes toward worker, their and psychological laterA bypatient a physician. first disturbance entering The and socialthe itsClinic worker'spossible is usually causes."intake interviewed inter- by a psychiatric 1. SELECTION OF MATERIAL socialtalsattitudehistory"view" andstatus, is agencies,toward recordedand then ending the "patient's ain clinicreferral anwith approximately service.an story,"letter appraisal giving Infollowed some standard ofa similarthe cases by patient's a order ofbutfew referral less inquiriesof understanding topics,standardized from about starting other "pastaccount ofhospi- with and thistheconditionhetakes sees conditionthere the a physicianplace isfor usually whichhas of existedthis whoan he interview.attempt seeks usually and help. whetherat begins takingAfter Often, by atherea patientcase askingthe are physicianhistory. isanythe admitted patientother also problems. tofor asks tell clinic howabout Aftercare, long the letter)behavioralcomplaint" headed description, and "patient's varies InThe fromtostory" selectinga sectionlist a and verbatimof thethe precedingour mainphysician's material,account symptoms the offirst thequestions the notespart patient's ofof as the"chief to story, intakepast corn— withhistory interview is headed (or referral "chief paststatementused.wasplaints" morehistory Whenever were completewas or read. includedother one Whenever or recordtopics that along containedwas withthe included two the morea duplicatedotherstatement only of material. the when missing patient'seach the Material other, record in own the the wordsrelatingother,seemed one thatwas to tionssymptoms,indicate of thethat withoutcase the patientrecords, a preceding brought usually question it only up spontaneously a paragraphfrom the interviewer. in when all, were asked These transcribed about sec— his I J verbatimdiagnosis.5 along with the patient's sex, questionnaire scores, and official PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 919 attitudes.mentshigh and ofTo lowthe describe highE quartiles. and theseAnalysisThese low differences scorersinterview of the regarding dataa samplesnumber showed type ofwere certaincategories—very of obtainedcomplaint striking for anddifferences allsimilar general subjects between falling the into state- the tionnairetheratedto some subject's on of thesescores. those sex categories describedandThe interview variables (variables) in Chapter samples, thought byTX—were independent but to notbe defined. differentiatingthe diagnosesraters All who cases orbetween knew werethe ques-only then high and low scorers fromwithherecludedin their notelowthe inintake raters' scoresthea manual variants interviewsmanual on the that which Eitself. wasscale, are were employeddescribed but presumedthis information bybelow. the to raters. beThese associated was, Fordescriptions of each course, with category highwithheldwere and in-we as variablesothers.various They expressions overlap are defined (in ofThere content) more in were termsgeneral to sevena ofcertain underlying behavior categories, extent. cues dynamic some and shouldbroader be and regarded more2. THE interpretable SCORING MANUAL: than DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES trends. Thus, the psychogenicThehighfindings majoritythan (Chapter low somatic ofscorers persons XII)I. tendedcomplaints. it neurotic appeared to put enough Patients thatthe main in to the vary seekemphasis story both psychiatric of in ontheir amount somaticEmphasis complaints help and symptoms.have on severity someSomaticmore Symptoms. As was to be expected from earlier highproblemshaveof hadthese scorers,for somatic somatic the in terms patient.on problems, symptomsthe of otherfaultyThere hand, but andadjustmentwas thesein showeda theconsiderable tended,subjective or a emotional particularly for numberimportance the difficulties. most strong of low part,these preoccupation scorersSome tosymptoms state of who the their withphysicalthetofunctioning. fearbody connotation of processes, could,admitting In some inof some"being andthe cases existenceanxiety cases, crazy."this focusbeabout of Attributingdue psychological onthe less the integrity to physical anxietythe symptomsproblems,of aspectbodily about seemedtheand whichto something bodynervous carriedrelated itself wasinterviews;thesethan questioned interviewsto theinstead need regarding thosethere for statementswere a certaindevice very precipitating condensedwhichforThe removing material seemed research factors. relevant a deficiency interviews We to ourtook scoring fromin which thecategories.the therecords threatened patient of from the research on stomach ulcers did not include regular intake ego.920 (Probably, however, the two motives usually occur in the same persons, THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY presencemenmainly with in or particularlythose absence with Presence:of obsessive-compulsivestrong Thethe trait.raters castration Patient were may fears.)instructed state character numerous to use traits, the problems, following or in certain including criteria physicalin deciding and on afterinare:psychological some (i) the mentioned otherinterviewer ones.way, as MainAbsence:as, hadthe for mainbroughtemphasis example, Patienttrouble; them is whenputputs (2)out. on mainmentioned other physical emphasis problems symptoms first; on (3)are a emphasized psychological statedwhen theseonly disturbance: (i) adjustment;disturbance of(4) mood; specific (2) conflictsin interpersonal. (about relations;drinking,. (3)homosexuality, impairment of enure- work psychologicalonXII,sis E. It XIV, may XV),be experience. recalled where II. that itThis was it involvesexpresses seen to bea certainthe a common tendency familiarity correlate to think with.); (s-)ofin one's termslow Intraception.more innerscores of specific fears; (6) compulsions.This trait has been discussed in earlier chapters (VII, chologicalceivelifeproblems (especially others nature within thein some(not its same content purelyPresence: appreciation terms physicalaspect) (psychological The of andpatientproblems). their a corresponding psychological is insight, aware In addition, ofunderstanding). the content.readiness facthe states that to hethese per- has problems of a psy- thein ofonmentalinterpersonal emphasis certain problems;situations is notrelations. so conflictsPatientmuchwhich Sometimes on seemcomplains aboutthe connectedsituation sexualthe of statements specific oras with aggressivethe thecause,difficulties: include symptoms. butimpulses, the there specific description In is problems this some fears, case conflicts, or envir- somebodyinsightcontent.)(Not into merely: bothers the psychological "Ime." feelAbsence: Statement this way significance (a) whenhas denial to Ihave doof of anyheavy themore psychologicalsituation work;specific whenfor psychological the difficulty;something patient. (b) or emphasis is not "Icomplaintsmentalcertain ondon't the impulses,energy,feel content are well," made inability ofetc.) "I the inam but generalproblem nervous." to rather concentrate, vague (conflicton Statement the terms: "malfunctioning" towith "Ithink, often don'tfamily toseems get domember; along this itselfto imply orwith (thestrugglethat). people,"the lack Theidea withof do"goingsometimesof "asuch machine crazy." and "the such part" mind," work") havingSometimes "the but broken head," the themain down. "nerves." statement thing Often about Often of the the it"machine" itproblem is includes the idea appears is the thatthe idea body, "onemore of specific (e.g., "can't cannot do one's duty" (for instance, as a good wife or mother) due to this PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 92! specificwithfeelingunwelcome the ofconflicts,violation failure illness. involvedfears,of TheconventionsIII. frustrated concern in the and presentisdesires, not morals. so inability or much lifeBut failures. withthere to carry theis little taskit out, awareness itself but orrather the of"Ego-alienness" asquality.repressedtudes completely toward Certain problems them "foreign"impulses, giveandPresence also problems,toevidence the some (goes self. ofandof Theywith theparticularly even symptoms highcannot some score); symptoms strong have The arepressions. strong aresymptoms experienced ego-alien Theand the patients' atti- be accepted or admitted. overwhelmswhatpletelyThey"Fear makes"belong unacceptable I'll kill methe tosomeone donormal the that." partbody," acceptedduring ofThere the or onethey personality.is self. fear of are myFear of the spells;something ofThe"breaking "losing personfear I'll"devilish control." through" "cannot lose my inside" Examples:understand mind."of a com- that inabilitycriterionandbehavior, self-accusations tomight this admit ego-alienness be socially theWhen blandness ("Can't unacceptable certain is expressedunderstand of theimpulses interview, impulses, sometimes how have Istemmingeither couldbroken in moralisticbecause do through from this"). of the statements repressionand Anotherpatient's have been expressed in lifelatterandor because experiences.life are history. admitted of fear ThereThere ofto disapprovalconsciousnessAbsence: mayis relative be severe The from frankness and symptoms conflictthe understood interviewer. and overare freedom experienced assome part from impulses, of one's "moralism." as belonging self but and the to one's personality thehavemanifestations,thing degree to bemakes based to which me which on do the the it; In usuallyrelative someonecontentthe case haveemphasis of ofinfluences the someobsessions, symptom on ego-alien the me; ego-alienness compulsions,can't is quality,consciously control theitself it," delusions, rating divorced etc.),("Some- will or andon other psychotic pressions,symptomsfrom or related etc.,by: (a) appearto thedenying patient'sPresenceIV. "without any past and (goesany orall reason presentwith precipitating high at innerall." E scores): "It life.factors. just appeared."Attempts Tensions, at (b)de- externalizationExternalized ofTheory the of Onset and Causation of the Illness "spell,"dating the a death, illness a back particular to a very day—sometime definite event during or moment: the last an few operation, weeks or a . . . . view.referencesrelateyears. the"Before illness to childhood that to Ione's wasAbsence: unless past,well specifically.especially Spontaneously, not questioned, to childhood.or when during asked No this spontaneousabout first onset, inter- states that the prob- . happy ." (c) making no attempt to 922 THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY unhappyhood,lems have but childhood. perhapsbeen present OfteninPresenceV. milder "for elaborates aform. long(goes time"—forin with great low detail E scores): Patient spontaneouslySpontaneous refersMention of Unhappy Childhood or Family Relationships years, always or since child- on_ a history of frustra- to his tilityatenttions all, or towards(often pastis pictured attitudes with family aas clearly and "happymembersAbsence: is criticalmasochistic and is normal."Noexpressed of them.spontaneous attitude). No (except criticism Complains reference in "spells" or other toof childhood. andparents' sign of hos- Childhood, if discussed psychotic pres- picturespensatoryepisodes), of great the in subject's spiteconcern ofObviouslyVI. admission personalityfor family theof members structure. friction.interview andSometimes It fragments their welfare. there cannot is clearlybe used Cues Referring to the Patient's Character Structure was found, however, that to construct complete com- appliedrestceptsFormulationthey ofoften tofound the the containedstudy. particular ofmost categories But useful some only interview for listedimportantthose distinguishing belowmaterialcategories hints was, at were hand.of high included The and low which scorers would in the be as to the nature of this structure. course, guided by the con- raters were asked equallyto record,state foras ormany each whether casecues whetherfrom Listthe record"A"A (goes cues as fromwas fromwith "neutral""B" highList or Adegree or (meaning List of B ethnocentrism): predominated he could in none at all). discern a 2. i.Extrapunitive "Countercathectic" or impunitive.6 defenses.moralisticlationshipWomen: If Men: self-criticismAnal terms,(other counteractionreaction-formations. than"I am spouse). occurs,bad, have against it isdone couched No passivity. wrong." mention in "God of is punishing a love object or re- 3. Externalized superego. Religion:areone'sspells,Tendency part action. etc., of God either theor Illness to conventionalis minimize hystericallyseen is asa punishment an all ideology.external complaintsto dramatize fromjudge Religious of God.certain of Or reasons physical religious are given for a psychological nature. symptoms, standards me." 4. ListAbsence B ("low" of "countercathectic" characteristics):Directrefraining defenses: expressions from divorce of orality: or suicide. dependent character traits; it "high;" it was "iow"6 in Chapter FurtherXI (p. 406). ing, drugs. Dependency problems, nurturance. Openresearch admission onimpunitiveness is indicated. Here it seemed preferable eating, drink- toof classifyweak- ment.Sublimations:rejectionsness, passivity, When by symptomsspecific form femininity an love-objects. important interfere in men. part particularlyLove-seeking of thePSYCHOLOGICAL ego; with references patient's to work, ILL achieve- HEALTH this AND POTENTIAL FASCISM attitude. References to 923 5. Intrapunitiveness,artisticheis stated is doing. activity in such Emphasis and a masochism:way interest. on as ideals.to suggest "I Concernwas concernmistreated with with helping as athe child." particularothers, Identifica- society; work ListAVII.6. Internalized ("high"): superego: guiltastion part feelings,with of suffering;the trueinner depressions, life self-criticism of the person. religious ("IPredominant am aideas failure"). Types of Symptoms z. i.Emotional Physical outbursts,anxiety symptoms tantrumssciousness,ventilation tachycardia,and content. other"spells," syndrome"; emotional breathlessness, in women. dizziness, fainting, sweating, tremors. tingling Anxiety sensations, has no numb- con- equivalents: "hyper- 6.4. ..3.Depersonalization (sensetions,HystericalHypochondriacal "Rigidof estrangement self-reassurances, conversions.7 fears: from fear"thinking self of and death, aroundworld) heart andin attack, a around etc. in a circle." compulsive rumination": repetitious complaints, self-accusa- 7. makepersonwhatSuspiciousness,timidity me whoexternalized nervous." and emphasizes withdrawal. fear (To terms: of thatbe people distinguished"They heretofore or irritate aversion he from me,"had to had hypersensitiveness"Ipeople can't no tendency isstand stated them. towardin some-and They 8. Psychopathic tendencies,andreallybehaviorwithdrawal not destructive defectivein the(as when sensethe behavior, and termdescribed merely not is sufficientlysometimescallousness, ofin unconventionala more used) internalizedemotionalintraceptive but rather shallowness. superego.way.) in the Antisocialsense of a List9. io.Stomach B: Depressed mood, hopelessness,thasculinity. lack of self-confidence, verbalized feel- ulcers in men, especially in subjects who emphasize their low-quartileThematerial trends suggested are men as had yet that conversionnot there clear. may Perhaps symptoms. be moreThis there itemfrequent iswas also hysterical included a sex difference conversionsin the manual here. inings low usedTwo of scorers. by ofinadequacy, ourthe raters; but suicidal later analysis ideas, of guilt. case Often patients complain of 924 ii. Tiredness. "Neurasthenia." distinguished"depression," butfrom the the "true" more depressions schizoid type as describedof mood disturbance. above have to be THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY i13.12. 4. Dismenorrhea.ConsciousIn men, expression rejection of of feminine traits opposite rolewithmasculine by tofeelingswomen. the pattern. culturally of unreality Withdrawal, emphasized or with timidity, physical shyness, anxiety sometimes symptoms coupled or hys- 15. Conscious anxiety and conflicts.is toterical some conversion. degree accepting. The patient's attitude toward all these "weaknesses" 3. THE METHOD OF QUANTIFICATION usedmanner,variableshigh andon the itlowjust was interview, discussed.quartile decided groupsInspectionT.A.T. Into orderuse wereand a tomethod of Projective checkclearly the statements ofthis differentiated "blind Questionimpression ratings,"of complaintTest inwith a materialsimilar more regard led rigorous to (Partstoto that thethe impression that the thenratingsindependentlyinII and thisbe comparedIII). casehas Atbeen did least rate not discussedwith eachtwo know other judges subject whichin data other who on onwere certain arechapters the nothigh subjects. characteristics.acquainted dealingand which The with with problem were Theseinterview the lowsubjects ratingsof scorers) blindscoring (andcan methods.formerjudgeswithand projective some hadand (This notraitlatter information, questions.holds of traits the only subjectsexist Ififit theintheseis realityvery (inrating ratingsthis probable andprocedure case turncould ethnocentrism) that out be isrelationships tosodemonstrated becontrolled highly on between whichcorrelated as by to other pre- thethe tested.)thematerialmethod.vent subject theThere whichratersSuch onare, a"errorsfromdid however,certain not utilizing containof trait. measurement"various Other cues sufficient possible othererrors information than couldmight pitfalls those arise,arise inherent to from from forbe experimentallyinstance, which inthe the manner ratingto judgefrom in and—dependingthewhichonly ability from the other ofcharacteristicsdetermination inthe turn factors.judges on the to Useof wereapplyjudges' certain of defined athe training,rating relationships instructions and technique, theoretical described tobetween the therefore, bias, materialfor the andthe ratings personality—judges; torequires be andjudged from notother influenceddata,muchstudya. but clinicaland also the will aresults carefultraining be referred either consideration and in experience, to the as positive raters THEof thesevarious(or orRATERS. injudges) two the factors ratersnegative A and whichhad direction.B. a strong Incould addition psycho-have to The two primary raters were staff members of the maj or analyticand results orientation. of the totalBoth study.were familiar Both had with PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM had opportunity to interview high- all concepts, hypotheses, data, 925 goriesand"lowness." materiallow-coring and then usually subjects,assigned obtainedEach andan of"over-all" fromwere the suchjudges therefore independently rated each intuitivesubjects in estimate interview of situations."highness" or acquainted with the behavior record on all seven cate- wereratings)cians(they clinical atarewere the referred psychologists used,level eachof Afterto internes, hereafter rating these (of one working primaryas categorythe atratings the had been these, i was a senior clinician, control raters, their ratings as control completed, 7 independent ratersonly.8Langley Six of thePorter control Clinic). raters They junior clini- waswereexternalizeddefined important not acquainted categories forterms) reasons with(Onsetwas ratedto and by cause our office of illness secretary are the concepts and data of thebe over-all discussed below. One of the more had much intuitive psycho- explainedwho by had subject had no in formal study. This narrowly b.orientation.andlogicaltraining hypotheses. insight in psychology and The who or had psychiatry, absorbed buta greatTHE who RATING TECHNIQUE. The instructions for judges varied greatly in age, training, and deal of the research material the control raters were theoretical ClinicOnlyas follows: patients the section in a first"patient'sThe intake material story" interview to orbe "chiefrated or in consists the of "Statements complaint" was included. The inter-few haveof beenComplaint" slightlyfirst by condensed interview Langley Porterwith a therapist. manual.byviewsvariables33 the women. are writer. Each here until raterEachreproduced he will hasnumberedEach completedbe verbatim,assigned case paragraph is his to onealthough ratings.be variable rated a on one variable (or refers to one case. There are 26 men, andsyndrome) will not as know described about in other the recorded)SometimesA few(M) ofrating the there (duevariables should will to The be thebe permit insufficient avoidedratingsfragmentary of aare if "mixed" possible. materialto beway made into rate. in terms of presence Butjudgment. occasionally Assignment it may have of such to be a "mixed"used.which some of these interviews are ('.1) or absenceIn (—) this case mark (o). of the trait. noteachrelatedindividual contain record to high categories.enough a "high" or tomaterial orlow EachThey "low" ethnocentrism. toprimary knew rating which rater (A and B) first permit the rater to reach a decision on a given forrated each each category. record in Often terms a of record all seven did categoriesThey were therefore expected tried to to be assign Dr.andvariable, Claire care W.with e.g., Thompson, which a given they8 Annetopiccarried Voilmar,was out, noton short wish to thank Dorothy Bomberg, discussed, or thereJanet Gist,were Carole fewand cuesElaine Home, permit- Wesley Virginianotice, Barron Patterson, the for task the of patiencedoing the control ratings. 926tinghighassigned. inferences and in the regarding low When there were about an THE AUTHORITARIANdirections, a "mixed" rating was character structure. In this case no equal number of cues pointing PERSONALITY assigned. The raters rating was in the thentothe intoHowever,wentbe subject based "over-all" over had noonthe mechanicalmade recordsratings. a aThe raters the decisions reached high or lowformula score on was the set E up to convertsecond time, trying to guess in arrived at the latter by a new regarding the individual categories. scale. The guesses were the individual ratings each case whether rating process sawin Relationshipraterwhich fit. scoring any or betweenagreement all of theTwo ratings types and of scores data wereon for each categorycategories and could for be used andobtained from this rating the E scale. These will now the over-all ratings. (z) weightedmaterial: as the rater (i) Inter- be discussed.arecertain good subjects that in a groupWhen do, several persons agree these various4. THE raters RELIABILITY knew what others doconsiderably not, possess more a given than half of OF THE MEASURES they were supposed to trait, the chances the time that look for,tweencouldclearly had a bethe recognizesimilar applied; raters conception something and Allthat ratingof notations (high, influenced the ratings only to a personality, training,low,in the presence, and interview other absence, datathe trait, toomission, understood this concept, relatively small degree. which this concept differences be- mixed) were and could ence"convertedomissionsconsidered on variable into were a "high,""high" consideredI—Main score,"low,"Scoring "absence" reliability a was then "neutral"emphasis scores. on subject's physicaland "neutral" scores.obtained E.g., a by computing the percentage "low" score; "mixed" notations complaints—wasrating of "pres- and of thebothtimesone-halfhad same raters zgiven raters record, hadan either hadagreement. assigned this assigneda high was or When thea same one rater gave exactlyconsidered the same one agreement.scorelow, (high, the other a neutral score, scores to the same a high score, IA/hen one of the raters low,records. orthis neutral) wasWhenever considered to the other a low, thisbetweenby wasa theneutral countedtotal 2 score. number a full of raters. There were very few instances disagreement.records The numberrated, yielded of agreements, the percentage agreements between Raters in which both judges gave agreement A and B divided agreements,as higherwell as than the except scorescould onehave Tableon Ratersbeen 9(XXII) A and shows B agreed the percentage which these(category figures are III, based. "lows"),best, 91 are obtained by chance (i per cent, on variable V per aboveAll 70, ofcent the level). percentage (Subject spon- statistically a for agreements of 5Number of sum the is variable given variable, that opposite values, the 5. and 3, 1, Columns in Ie variables the on agreement Mean

symptoms of type Predominant VII. structure character regarding Cues VI.

relations family and childhoOd ot mention Spontaneous v. causes and onset of theory Externalized iv.

Ego-alienness III.

IntracePtiOl1 II.

complaints somatic on emphasis Main I. Variables: Single

Scale E Ofi lowness or highness of rating Over-all

Other by by Other by Both by N One; y One; by Both by One;L by (3)Rated H (2)Rated (6)Rated L H(5)ftated N1(4)Rated dNeUtral(NN0.5cor5 = (N Low 28; = N scorers High 59; 31) = N Scorers: W1COMBIN AND Mi PATIEI4TS: CLINIC

OF ANALYSIS FROM INTERVIEL INTAKE HIS AMOUNT E IN TWO BETWE AGREEjENT OF S SUBJECT A ESTIMATING RA1itS SCAlE E 111E ON STANDING çj 9 TABLE 928 THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY upships).andtaneously this requiresThissubject result and whenlittle explicitly was subjectivefirst toThe beasked nextmentionsexpected evaluation.about highest becausetheirunhappy agreement symptoms.Besides, this childhood variable wasmost reached subjects isand so family unambiguous on did the notrelation- "over-all" bring guess regarding Symptoms,the subject's and standing CharacterThereThe on average ethnocentrism; Traits,are several agreementwith agreementspossible then for came reasonsall around seven Intraception, why variables8o theper over-allcent. Typeswas 8o ratingof per cent. had so high a broadthisreliability.dovariety instance. this one, wasof One and explicit Anotherfavored reasonthe raters or byisis nonexplicit that thatthe are thefactthe thus category instructionsthat given cues both the"over-all"and A andprohibitedopportunity impressions; B hadhighness-lowness, had"neutral" to experience thatutilize they ratings a greatshould isinter- in a given")ageneralviewing relatively whereas "high"high greater and or rater low"low" number Ascorers,Analysis hadpersonality of tried omissionspossibly of hard the factor. ratings to developing (meaningcome assigned to a "I therebydecision, can't by the tell a "feelingeventwo from judges when the for" data theshowed that rater B had a aonelowereddata high, rateroffered the thegave other agreementsonly a neutrala onelow subtle Becauserating. score; between cue. there the As A ratings wereandcan Bbe very ofwere seen A few andusuallyfrom cases B Tablewere instancesin which so9(XXII), similar, onein which whatgave and because of B's con- A madevalidity)sistentlyand those by the figuresgreater made somewhat, bynumber theTable of only io(XXII)neutrals, rater A'sshows which ratings the lowered percentagewere compared all reliability agreements with those(and between the ratings by control raters. 7 control judges, each of whom rated only one thestead,lownesswascategory. 7 control acounted composite on E, Asratings no asthe agreement one"high" controlof singlepoint, or raters "low"variables.with a "neutral" A'smade score over-all A no forratingrating "over-all" each rating of was subject"high" couldgiven guesses was be% derivedobtained. of highness from In- or on a given variable point, a "low" torating, 7 were o points. obtained. By adding All subjects the points receiving for each such subject, a composite score of scores ranging from o or - agreementmore between A's "over-all" rating with these compositewere ratingsthen classed is as "high," those with scores below 4 as "low." The - obtainednessshown or lowness when comparing 85 The A's compositeaverage and B's agreement over-all high-low guesses. betweenscore agreed A and with the A's control over-allnear raters the estimate bottom for the of ofsingle high- Table io(XXII). per cent of the time. Practically the same figure was werementvariables quitebetween was acceptable. onlyA and very B (8o slightly per cent). lower On (77 the whole, the reliabilities obtained PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM per cent) than the average agree- 929 relationshiptheinof theA variables and comparison B were was of relatively almostcompared betweenIn reversed general, low also A andreliability. had thosewere: the a relatively variablescontrol categories The tworaters, whichhigh Icategories (Emphasis percentage andhad converselythe highestin on whichagreement Physical reliability with this when the ratings secondandLondSymptoms) best B. best Thein the withand reliability case IIA (Intraception).and Theof AB. ofrelatively and the the latter control Thelow ranked reliabilityagreement raters, sixth about of betweenwith the fifth Aformer and Ain and thethe ranked caseBcontrols, on ofsec-category A I was caused theircuescontroltral"not so insymptomsscores much theraters record, (omissions)by and weredisagreements Arater notfelt B sufficientlyonable frequently the tobut part judge by broughtof felta therelativelyB that (see presence out the Table in subjects'large the or 9(XXII)). interviews. proportionabsence attitudes Whileof of certaintoward "neu- the acquaintancedidraterception not was havewas in this due awith sufficientcase mainly the particularlyThe cues to grasp relativelya by larger which ofdissatisfied the number low theconcept agreementtrait with of disagreements.couldof her intraception ratings, betweenbe recognized. feeling the Thenor control thatenoughcontrol In shethe rater and A on Intra- sionlownessRaterthecase object of A Athe andthought and ofsubject's on specialB allthe that other concept intraceptiveness studyher variables—had ratings and manifestationsplayed of any than anbeen given byimportant moreany of case—on intraception other influenced part cue. over-all in It theirhad by is reasonableherbeen highness-thinking. impres- made intraceptioningswhenabilityto assume and the between actual reliabilitythat were this E the relatedscore. difference figurestwo Here, tosets highare inof A's comparedtraining raters.and and low B's Thisis E withtheratings score becomes cause the (in of agreements ofthepresence theeven expected difference more or between absence direction) probable in reli- rat- of therevariableE only8o tois 65 not83 V per much(Patient cent room of Mentions theThe for time, highestdisagreement Unhappywhile reliabilities the here.controlChildhood, (ç irater's etc.). judgment It is agreed with per cent of the time (see Table iz(XXII)). per cent and 95 per cent) were obtained for clear that discrepancyardtJTlatHere of thebetween acceptable agreement between A and reliability Bbetween A's 70The and lowest of theA measurement. and control reliabilities the controlrater's There estimate wererater wasobtainedwas for anonly the unusually for65high variable scorers, large III (Ego-alienness). per cent. The former figure barely meets the stand- per cent, 930 THE AMOUNT OP AGREEMENT BETWEEN A SINGLE RATERTHE AUTHORITARIAN C) PERSONALITY TABLE 10 (XXII) PSYCHIATRIC CLINIC PATIENTS: MEN AND WOMEN COMBINED (N AND SEVEN OTHER RATERS IN ESTIMATING VARIABLES IN INTAKE INTERVIEWS = 59) Variable StandingScaleActual on E BothHRated by NH by One;Other Rated NRated byBoth LH by One;Other Rated I. Main emphasis on somatic complaints LowHigh 12 4 4 1 1- 42 II. Intraception LowHigh 18 4 2 1 12 86 III. Ego-alienness LowHigh 49 24 2 1 10 5 IV. Externalized theory of onset and causes LowHigh 14 4 46 4 1 42 V. Spontaneous mention andof unhappy childhood relations LowHigh 2617 - 1 - 1 VI. Cues regarding charac- ter structure family LowHigh 11 3 25 1- 42 AgreementVII. predominant between typeA's over-of symptoms LowHigh 22 4 - 1 - 37 ratingindependentscoreall H-L baseda ratingsingle raters,on ratingsandvariable compositeeach of 7 LowHigh 21 5 45 Averages LowHigh 16.0 5.7 1.92.9 0.71.3 ? PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 931 PSYCHIATRIC CLINIC PATIENTS: MEN Rated No. of Agreements AN) WOMEN COMBINED (N = 59) Total BothLRated by 6 L byN Oneby Other 4 Respectively H and L 22 H andCombined L AgreementPercentage Agreementpercentage 20 1 1 25+1=2618 + 4 = 1 = 21 48 83.978.6 81.4 15 2- 21 20+1.5=21.520 12+ + 3 = 15 42.538.5 69.475.053.6 65.372.0 15 1 372 21+2.5=23.516 + 4 = 20 43.5 71.475.8 73.7 10 1 - 18+5.5=23.5 27 56 96.475.8 94.9 1116 2 75 1 14 + 5 = 2919 43.5 93.567.9 73.7 18 1 2 1 20+4.5=24.5 2423 47 79.074.285.7 79.7 2215.0 21.9 3.02.3 24.521. 1 2723 45.550 75.587.182.178.8 84.777.2 large932there number being onlyof disagreements 54 between the two raters. The control rater THE AUTHORITARIANper PERSONALITY cent agreement. This figure is the result of a rather willingabletheviewsaid complaints. that frommaterial to she thescore was reflectedmental Also, "absence" quite she hygiene moreunsure conceived of the theofpoint physician's her trait of ofratings "ego-alienness" thanview than "presence." becauseand the was patient's she astherefore somethingPossibly felt attitude that more thethe unfavor- toward inter-oftenmost thecriteriabroadnessimportant over-all but withfactor, leavingestimates, which which much proved 'Withthis loweredto variable the theto be rater'sexception reliableboth was intuition. setsdefined, measures.of ofvariable reliabilities, including III, the few isratings thebehavioral relative for all variables, as well as 5.theratings raterstwo of traits ahad given areno informationtraitcorrelatedThe correlate idea RELATIONSHIPin of(in significantlyreality. the this present case The ethnocentrism), relationshipswithrating another method trait to itis be isaboutthe describedlikely following: which that If the "blind" BETWEEN RATINGS AND ETHNOCENTRISM SCORE shipscaninherentbelow still of are twoinfluencein probably the traits rating theare Therevalid process "blind"artificially because are, whichratings however, raised we could in have orsuch many havelowered. eliminated a way influencedfactors thatThe many inherent statisticalpossibility the of results. thein relation- theoffactors arti- rating method which eachratingsofatficially theother of same of highwhom traits. judges time. correlations wasThis AHere, andtrained factor theB. is It rating topresent(called was pay primarilyof attention particularly haloone trait effect) for to can andthis when couldeasily toreason recognizeseveral haveinfluence that influencedtraits control only the are ratingsone raters, rated theof judgedtrait,traits,the we sevenwere to counted be singlerelated "high" thetraits, toby numberethnocentrism Thethe were raters.ratings used. of Tosubjects of these in(i) the over-all werein following the added high highness Ehalfmanner: quartile of and the For lowness, whohigh-scor- a given were and (2) of the single ratedingthesescorersber subjects inof two thehigh rated receivinghighpercentages scorers in direction. the alowin "neutral" wasthe direction By group,then the rating. computed; same wasyielded This obtained.procedure sum, thethis percentage indicateddivided The the weightedpercentage by the theof percentage high total average of scorersnum- low of thea.andlatedsubjects subject's lowness to E related scorestanding agreed in"correctly," the on with expectedE and the thatA's subject's way. ratings.is, THEthe OVER-ALLpercentage actualRater A's E score RATINGS.guesses whose 86 asratingsper to centhighness were of there- Table i I (XXII) gives the agreements between 69.3 Low High Averages Low 83.9 26 26 5 High Over-all 86.4 89.3 51 25 0 3 25 Low symptoms 77.4 24 2 23 6 High of type Predominant VII. 84.7 92.9 50 26 2 1 25 Low structure ter 79.0 24-1/2 3 23 5 High charac- regarding Cues VI. 79.7 80.4 47 22-1/2 7 2 19 Low relations family 13-1/2 1 13 17 27 High and childhood unhappy 68.6 96.4 40-1/2 27 0 1 of mention Spontaneous V. causes and onset of 61.3 19 10 14 7 Low 4 17 High theory Externalized IV. 66.9 73.2 39-1/2 20-1/2 7 Low 67.7 21 2 20 9 23 High Ego-alienness III. 77.1 87.5 45-1/2 24-1/2 3 2 Low 77.4 24 4 22 5 24 High IntracePtiofl II. 83.1 89.3 49 25 2 2 complaints somatic 79.0 24-1/2 3 23 5 Low High on emphasis Main I. 72.9 66.1 43 18-1/2 7 6 15

E on Variable Agreement Agreement Combined Agreements N L H Scale Rated Standing Percentage Percentage Agreements of No. Rated Rated Atua1 Total of No.

59) = (N COMBINED WOMEN AND MEN PATIENTS: CLINIC PSYCHIATRIC

SCALE E THE BY MEASURED AS ETHNOCENTRISM AND INTERVIEWS, INTAKE OF ANALYSIS ON BASED OF ANOU?T THE ETHNOCENTRISM. LOW OR HIGH OF ESTIMATE S A' RATER BETWEEN AGREEMENT

(XXII) 11 TABLE score. "Low" a point, a more or 4 point; 'z rating" "Neutral a 4 below everything score; "High' composite constituted pointS on independent 7 by ratings on based rating aComposite 1 received rating" "High A listed. variables the raters

62.5 19.4 3.9 17.4 9.71 Lw High Means 65.0 67.9 38.4 19.0 2.6 7.7 17.71 symptoms of 67.7 21.0 21 10 Low High type Predominant VII. 72.9 78.6 43.0 22.0 0 6 22 structure character 71.0 22.0 8 18 5 Low 11 12 High regarding Cues VI. 61.9 51.8 36.5 14.5 5 Low relations family and 37.1 11.5 1 11 19 — unhappy of 63.6 92.9 37.5 26.0 0 2 26 High childhood mention Spontaneous V.

causes onset of 62.9 19.5 9 15 7 Low and theory Externalized IV. 71.2 80.4 42.0 22.5 3 4 21 High

69.4 21.5 7 18 6 Low Ego-alienness III. 55.9 41.1 33.0 11.5 5 14 9 High

56.5 17.5 1 17 13 Low High Intraception II. 65.3 75.0 38.5 21.0 4 5 19 somatic 72.6 22.5 1 8 Low complaints on emphasis Main 55.4 38.0 15.5 1 12 15 High I. 64.0 Variables: Single

78.6 22.0 0 22 9 Low High Ratinga Composite 74.6 71.0 44.0 22.0 0 6 22

Agreements N L H Scale E on Agreement Agreement Combined Variable Percentage Percentage Agreements of No. Rated Rated Rated Standing Total of No. No. No. No. Actual

59) (N Combined Women And Men Patients: Clinic Psychiatric

SCALE E THE BY MEASURED A ETHNOCENTRISM AND INTERVIEWS, INTAKE IROM THE VARIABLES SINGLE OF RATINGS ON BASED ETHNOCENTRISM, OF ESTIMATES BFWEEN AGREEMENT OF AMOUNT

(XXII) 12 TABLE relatedscorerstime. For to84 the personalityper high cent. scorers These factors, alonefigures although the show agreement againthe relationships was 89 per arecent, by for no the means low PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM how closely ethnocentrism is 935 viewratherperfect.they material accurate base their dealing guesses guessesThe almost about remaining mainly exclusivelyethnocentrism on problem the withvariables from now the asubjects' is: shortdescribed How paragraph complaints? did in raters the of manual, Ainter- Did and B arrive at their withor centrismotherdid highness they cues scores?inadvertently that or have lowness notThe usebeen while resultsother made interviewing cues, obtainedexplicit such but from assubjects which type the ofcontrolthey with learned knownraters, to who ethno-associate had had no such previous language used and Thisbasedquestion.experience composite only These onwith the rating resultshigh- ratings agreedAsand are of discussed low-scoringshown the with seven inE above,Tablescore single subjects, 712 avariables composite(XXII). should by thehelp"high" different to decideor "low" raters. this score was computed, per cent of the time, indicating validitya statisticallytheless,regardingedly have figure in thebeen viewsignificant obtained concepts eliminatedof the relationship.by control and rater bythe moreA.raters' cues Some This extensive inunfamiliarity the figureof thismaterial is trainingdifference with they of the had couldthe over-all tocontrol use.undoubt- Never-theory, raters i i points lower than the madetheiranding, their achievement more was knowledge acquaintedaccurate of (8675 of Predictionwith perperonly centthecent the concepts accuracy forofsingle ethnocentrism rater variable and A)takes whenmaterials on being scoreaddedthe rater of rated(high significance. the had intotalor more eachlow) study, train-fromcase, and clinical material was b.tableeachdromecould ofshows: formof the responses. singlea (i)picture Percentage variables of the have subjectagreements been by summarizedTHE looking between SINGLE for VARIABLES.raterin a Tablewhole A and i pattern each orcontrol syn- For purposes of this discussion all results for (XXII). This twenagreementsrater;chological each(2) Percentage control between Problems. rater A's agreements Among andratingsVariable E score. andthe between I:reliabilitiesE score; raters (4) between Percentage A and B;rater (3)agreements A Percentage and the be-con- Main Emphasis on Somatic Complaints Rather than on Psy- numberAreliabilitiestrol (76and raters, perB of was cent). "neutral" thisbetween caused variable This scoresratersnot relatively sohad A (omissions)much and the low, Bsecondby this disagreementsbut onvariable stillhighest, the acceptablepart ranked 8of buti B.per onlyby agreementcent. a aboutrelatively Among fifth between large best the rating. composite and score E between agreement bpercentage between agreement raters. and rating" 'over-all A's Rater apercente 78.6 83.9 90.3 87.1 Low 86.4 82.1 .7a 84. 1a 82. High rating Over-all 6b 7. 0b 71. 86.4 89.3 69.3 79.7 78.8 Low 62.5 Averages 65.Q. 67.9 76.1 83.1 19.5 19.3 77.2 75.5 High symptoms of 77.4 74.2 Low 61.1 High type Predominant VII. 78.6 84.7 92.9 81.4 80.3 19.1 85.7 Low structure character 79.0 83.9 19.0 71.0 regarding Cues VI. 6k9__ 79.7 80.4 78.0 71.4 73.7 67.9 High fuily and 94.9 4 mention Spontaneous V.

causes and onset of 62.9 61.3 77.4 75.8 Low 15.0 73.7 11.4 High theory Externalized IV. 71.2 80.4 66.9 73.2 16.3 75.8 LOw 69.4 67.7 Ego-alienness III. 55.9 41.1 17.1 87.5 10.3 16.8 65.3 53.6 High 83.9 69.4 Low 56.5 '77.4 Intraceptiofl II. 15.0 83.1 89.3 83.1 78.6 72.0 '75.0 High 79.0 71.0 83.9 Low complaints somatic 72.6 on emphasis Main I. 64Q_. 55.4 72.9 66.1 76.3 82.1 81.4 78.6 High Raters Scale Variable Score S Score S A and Control and A Rater E on and Raters Control and A Rater B Raters Agreement: Percentage Agreement: Percentage Standing Agreement: Percentage Agreement: Percentage Actu1 Reliability A. Validity B.

59) 5 (N Combined Women and Mn Patients: Clinic PmvchiatriC PERCENTAGE VALIDITY: B. SCALE E ThE ON SWRE AND RATINGS BETWEEN AGREENENT A. VARIABLRE SEVEN FVR RATERS AMONG AGREUMEWT PERCENTAGE RELIABILITY: INTERVIEWS INTAKE OF RATING ThE FI1OM DATA OF SUMMARY Ij 13 TABLE physicalAccording complaints, to rater ThereA, whereas 66 wasper centaabout significant of 79 the per high relationship cent scorers of the between emphasizedlow scorers variable their I and ethnocentrism.PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM failed 937 conversionthatscorers,to do this so. variable73 The symptomsper control cent is important for orTorater's the other be low sure,for psychogenic scorers.differentiating there were somatic some subjects casesdisturbances. of low scorers with figures are lower: 55 per cent for the high In addition, case studies indicated high and lowtendencies on E. toward But such ingsymptoms,lossandcharacteristic of thehaveof memory, nervous together anxious of nervousness,highsystem with concern scorers. marked or "mind."about andThis anxious "goingheadaches, anxiety Thus, concern crazy." high-scoringis often various There extended sensory is also to a about bodily integrity was patients complain the function-disturbances,tendency on theoffocustosymptoms. part bethe expressions onofhigh somaticthe Manyscorer's high complaintsof scorers thesenarrowrepressed somatic to ego, can developaffects. bewhich symptoms, considered Thus, somatic shuts on out part rathercloser extensive of thethan defensive parts the tendency to develop and to examination, turn out psychological of the in- activity individual's variablessameofterms any processes ofthinking inner physicalas well. life in which and, psychologicalcausation. as underlie an additional Thus, termsvariable variable defensiveand, II, instead,I may measure, be an an emphasis expression causes on and, in a sense, all the other rejectionthinking of the onenceraters,raters the in Athisother training and variable isB probably (83between rankedper cent). raterstheVariable only cause Among A sixth and11: of (72B thethe on agreements the one Intraception. This variable had the highest reliability with perdifference in the reliabilities of thecent). As noted above, a differ- hand and the control rater of A with the control probablyEtwo atscore setsvery of(83 toreliable ratings. be per explained cent) ratings The From thanfact ofin intraception,thatthedid these sameA'sthose dataand way. of B's itusing the appears ratings control patients' agreed that rater statements (i) more (65 per cent) is adequately trained raters can arrive closely withabout their Thematicnectiongreatlatedcomplaints dealwith with Apperception oflack in evidence thea offirst F ethnocentrism. scale, psychiatric from Test the other and Proj interview; material theThe ective interviews. latter presentedQuestions, (z) proposition intraception in andthis is particularlyvolume,is supported highly corre- by the a in con- becametookacceptof the a very high-scoringgreatthe notionclear deal whenof of timesubjectsIn psychological theany to Clinic kindmake whom of thethem psychotherapycausationwe difference seeinterviewed some of between theirvery was were disturbances,obvious attempted. high almost and connections unablelow Some scorers to on intraception and it 938scorersfactorsbetween ineither theirtheir knew symptoms,life situation these more on and the events one THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY obvious connections before coming to hand, andin some the past, anxiety-producing on the other. The low the ClinicTheyleastinawareness grasping (often atare first cooperative, ofreporting thesight, their therapist's appearown about perceptive, to their be and other's psychologicalinterpretations. Many of these latter especially good subjectsand for give psychotherapy. excellentinner and histories. outer lives But with a great processes) or were quick patients, at often it is deal of waystheirafford"defenses:difficult egos,of todealingto isolation knowusedeffect to with morechanges admitting of affectabout in their andimpulses,their symptoms inner drives and emotions. intellectualization. It is as if they "can have developedlives because, certain among intellectual other things, because of their characteristic wayabove,agreementThe agreementin waswhich betweenquite the between unsurevariable A and VariableofA Bandher was ratingsthe III:70 per Ego-alienness. had been defined. Indeed, it seems This variable had the lowestcontrol rater was only 65 per cent; theand expressed misgivingscent. Theabout control the rater, as likely that the reliabilities. noted triedthealsoorbreadth reliability rejectionmainly included of tothe ofof judge category bothinthe their symptoms ego-aliennesssets judgments andof ratings. the as absence from the nature from revealed by the interview. Raters A andThus B it happened that the control rater the degree of conscious acceptanceit of behavioral criteriaof the symptoms lowered themselves, regardlessfailure.withoutthe presence ofcontent, the of patient's predominantly as moreAs expressed ego-alienwas psychosomaticto beattitude thanexpected, symptoms, the control or rater's conscious conflicts ortoward feelings them. of Thus theyjudgment judged did not agree very of vague anxiety actuallytoofhighwell bethe withrelationship ethnocentric, low-scoring have E score much (77 (56 more patients,showed per ego-alien cent). who Rater on quality the A's than per cent). Examination of the data revealedpsychotic manifestations. Such manifestations basis of thisratings, variable however, were judged showed a fairly the neurotic symptoms which that some thegenerallyrater,ness. high- and predominatedthan 76 for per the cent low-scoring infor our AVariable group. group. The 1 V: variable The reliabilities here are quite good—74 per cent Externalized Theory of Onset and Causes of and B. Rater A's agreement with E is her probably works better for, for A and the control the Ill- lowest possibleIn infor(67genera], the thisper low-scoringthat categorycent); the this variable the has than controlgroup. to doseemedfor with Theanyrater largeother,theto agreed work more numberfact ofand neutralthat there more ratingswere "neutrals" a seemedfew more were to be"neutrals" scored better for the high scorers. It is highly with E (71 per cent). selvesaskeddue to about)tothe describing circumstance the onset their of thatpresent their not PSYChOLOGICAL ILL hEALTh AND POTENTIAL illness in this interviewdifficulties. butall confinedsubjects The them-hightalked scorers about more (or were often even FASCISM 939 thesebroughtlives,day symptoms and theirup that the need "everythingonset had to comebe and likeThis causesabout had everyone is another example of the been quite all right before."mysteriouslyhigh ofscorers' their "all symptomsunfamiliarityof a sudden" because onwith else,a certain they and felt their as strenuous efforts at their inner keep- if "withouttheyWhening less are these acceptable feltany impulses asreason ego-alien impulses at finally all." intruders,Variable and do V: Spontaneous Mention of Unhappy emotionsbreak completely through in out the of form consciousness. which appear "suddenly" and Childhood or Unhappy of symptoms, often receivingFamilytionshiptaneouslyvariable Relationships. thebetween V. mentioned highest Here this the agreement variable unhappyrater simply and scores The least ambiguous category, childhood or family relationships.ethnocentrism washad found to state to bewhether very the (9t per cent and 95 per cent) and therefore the one patient spon- The rela- close is within symptoms.childhoodofthe the case lowfact of in that,scorers Practicallythe the highin intake general,(44 scorers none perinterview, cent,few (ç per 37 which cent,per of the high scorers did so. subjects mentioned anything about cent). This resultdealt seems primarily connected 96with per the cent) patient's but not in the case Whenever such a their thatlow.Thereference lowfigures scorerswas for made, this freely variable,theThe admitsubject results was here agree with the forfriction the low with scorers, and negative are actually feelings general finding usuallyof the study a low asscorer a on ethnocentrism. spuriously towards whole theirofpicturesand andunhappinessfamilies, affect. disappointment of Thetheirand and inhigh families. general loneliness scorers in parents.are This gaveinmore would Suchaware childhood such as arise fromsmooth, sibling bland histories and had feelingsrarely were allow often them reported to admit in feelings the of and more frank about conflict idealizedjealousy reliabilitiesinterviewsable.(for Rater rater ofhere A lowA also werewith scorers achieved 74rater perVariable at B). centthe quite These Clinic. (rater VI: high agreements agreement are Cues Referring to the Patient's A with control rater) and 78 withCharacter E score Structure. (8o perstatistically cent), quite accept- per centThe whilewaspercent)rater'smanual thealso judgmentscontrol thanlower gave did for rater'smore her of ratingsthedetailedagreement low of scorersand concrete the high group. This could be the high scorers (52 with E was only 62 per cent. The showed much higher agreement (71instructions and examples for the related to the fact thatper the cent). Her reliability control control"low"940 characteristics rater much more than than for therater "high" A, because ones. This the latterprobably was penalizedalready very the THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY analyticgreaterseemsfamiliar likely relationship conceptswith thatthe inconceptsthe generalto controlThe E had syndrome andand sherater's theirthe had present ofjudgments application more traits variables trainingto be would toincluded interview (inin haveparticular). applying in shownrating material. psycho- variable much It VI, were discussed in the scoring manual above (Section F, 2).i. actioncountercathectic For high scorersformations, defenses: projection, re- x. other defenses: particularlylimations sub- into artistic, intellec-They For low scorers included: 2. lackoftionsparticularly passivity for women, foranal men reaction counteraction forma- of concern with love-objects 2. titude;oral-dependent-love-seekingactivitiestual, humanitarian interests and nurturance, concern at- study of personality byThese means variables, of the questionnaire4.3. ofextra-externalized course, and impunitiveness are andsuperego identical clinical withtechniques some of those used in the 4. 3.internalized intrapunitiveness; superego masochismabout being rejected groups.tinguishingmentsresultsdescribed of ofIt Complaint is,earlierthe high of Proj course, andin ective the showedlow impossiblebook. scores Questions that The in these todetailedthis form, for groupvariables our oncase asgroup,the theystudieswere basis wereand just of of themanyasinClinic thevaluableshort caseof patients, Statementsthe of for State- other dis- the givennotthesecharacteristicsof Complaint be Statementsto convinced, illustrate alone, appear. and the particularly a asymptomatology, fewpersonality Therefore selected since picturecasethe only reader, importantstudies ofbrief patients goingin outlines thegenetic following overin which factors,of the the examples section,all cases and of thesea were mayfew of willabove.encesandlowother to quartiles.not between their Perhaps characteristics become work Manylow the wereso and first ofapparent omitted highcommonthe group details scorers there.fromof to variables,about bya Still,thewhole paying theinterview the patients'groupnamely attentionreader of fragments will the relationshipspatients to nature findthe cues striking in selectedof the as defenses,to defined high othersdiffer- for and ingtheincludedpresentation.frequency raters,ones) also spokedid with Theyofferin aboutthe which willmore following the be thecues interferenceillustrated low-scoring in section. this direction. primarily ofThe subjects their complete Particularly symptomsby (but the material,briefhardly withstriking case ever astheir examples givenhigh-scor-was work, the to ihich was in this connection described in such a way that one could infer the PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 941 )uencyatient's:orers other had withpeople, true artistic Thewhich involvement to most concernoccupations the frequentlow about scorersin his or signbeing interests.work. refer of rejected, traitinA somestriking no. way2 proportion to of the low in our examples, lies in the fre-and to their own shortcom- their relationships lf-criticaligsiperegoie in cases interpersonal is attitudeillustratedwithThe neuroticcharacter with relationships, by which severaldepressions syndrome the of quitelowthe intrapunitiveness-masochism-strongand examples scorers in inferiority contrast report of lowto feelings, their scorers, difficulties. particularly The internalized the high scorers. but also by the reatineouslydependent)esireavee later.") tofrankness to feel appease talk quite wish about with their as to whichtheirguilty receive strict childhood asmanysuperegos sympathyI would of themsufferings ("Ifif fromyou exposeI confess discovered the also their interviewer, everythingperhaps weaknesses these expresses thingsnow,as well or I aboutspon-won't their as a ymptomsatisticallyelativelygs, the symptoms highare acceptable Variablegiven with in allin List (around Sectionraters A characterize (73—85 F,8o 2. per The cent)per reliabilities the cent). and high-scoring theAccording relationshipfor this group, categoryto these to those E find- werewas in VII: Predominant Types of Symptoms. The two lists of Astiies theigh-Toyed of B following the predominateand in subjects. low-scoringthis sectionstudy There, in will thewhich groups be materiallow-scoring utilized deals will gatheredwithbe and presented group. the discussionclinicalby The the and symptornatologyvarious pictures discussed illustrated techniques and in bypersonali- more a ofnumber em- detailthe liscuss the findingsBefore ofcase turning the examples. rating to thetechnique. clinical section, however, we may summarize and 6. SUMMARY ubjelated ect's withsymptoms. subject'spersonalityi.2. In Thisorder first showsdynamics. topsychiatric test again the thesisIt howinterview, strongly that the dealing ethnocentrismdifferences almostwas possiblebetween exclusively is cor- to the predict withhigh- standingthe and on the E scale from a small section of ow-scoringbove,ortunately,ndeliability application 7 control ofgroups these 77 perofraters, couldraters psychoanalytic cent eachbe werebetween described rating not raterquite only concepts. by A familiarmeansone (a staffvariable, In of enoughmember spitethe variableswere of with this,of employed. the the andescribed study) meaningaverage Un- and purposethe942 control and raters indicates was obtained. that the Thisratings figure by israters statistically A and Bacceptable were not for based our THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY merely77alsobasedacquired per foron on cent; comparisonsB) thein between their variables experience ratings of as the here interviews of with described.the singlehigh with and Thevariables a low general average scorers, and "apperceptive agreement E butscore were was for mass"actually aroundA (and the corresponding figure for the control raters was only 65 anyshipsEputedper was one to(derived75 E,of althoughthe singlefrom weall variables. 7cannot independent say The just percentage-agreements control howcent. well However, ratings), one could thewhen agreementpredict of composite A's Eratings from with scores of highness-lownessper were com- cent. This indicates that the variables show significant relation- relationshipstraining.dictionshigh-with E and score are Fromlow-scoring certainlybetweenmay a theoretical have Esubjectsnot beenand as each goodpointraised and of asbyof somewhatthe theytheview, single halo could the effect.variablesby actual be, previous dueThe degree exceed tocontrol experiencerelative to chance, raters'which lack withispre- the ofof G.factors.representlittle CLINICAL importance. various PICTURES aspectsObviously of one ANDall ofor thePERSONALITIESof avariables very few overlap. more basicOF They HIGH personality probably AND VII, such as physical anxietyProbably symptoms, any one hypochondriacal of the symptoms fears, listed stomach under Aul- ("high") in Category I. THE HIGH SCORERSLOW SCORERS certainbetweeninconsciouscers List (men), Acommon our andconflict, could twoin Listcharacteristics.be groups. and found B the seem inlike,The low-scoring to invarious formEven high syndromes thescorers. symptoms subjects—and control However, whichrater in each depression,who differentiatedthe syndrome hadmanifestations little tiredness, train- havewell cues.impressions"helpeding in psychoanalytic her in ofthe the rating patients, Inor task comparingother usingbecause dynamic the the itvarious wasvarious theories possible single symptoms sensed symptoms for her this mentioned to relatedness. asform alternative "whole in one It list with those men- trueinstance—areconsistsego.tioned significance. In in inthe the the high seenway other, Anxietyscorers lessas "outside"it acceptable becomes the is displacedsources the clear parts self of thator offromdisturbance—aggressive otherthe the thepersonality mainmeans inner difference areconflicts are used handled to betweenthemselves impulses, deny by their thethem for turesbelongs;to the or body, psychosomatic or countercathective or it appears manifestations in consciousness defenses suchare used, without as stomach producing the conflictsulcers compulsive (men). to which When fea- it PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 943 commonseeingoutbursts,impulses everything denominator do"spells," begin unacceptableorto tantrums,breakforIt is most this through, of orstrenuous as thethey outside theycontent lead oftendenial tothe of a Listself,feelingdo of so A manywhich inin of theCategory not of seems form one'sbeing of VII. to impulsesoneself. violent be This the and the attempt at trueOncepunitivenessalien.is, in in essence, again,The the sameStudy's theand the generalfindings tendency—soin sample other character onwaysof Clinicthe commondescribed general tendency, patients inpopulation elsewhere high itconfirm seems, scorers—to (Chapter in whatis the expressed waspresentkeep XII). found things involume. extra- to ego- be plainedviewa.scoring he of stated mentremors, athat few sweating,he case Thehad examples first"been fatigue, patient fighting will polyuria, HIGH-scoRINGis be a amiddle-agedgiven nervous intestinal here. breakdown." businessman.MEN. gas, spells In order He of In panic, com-to his illustrate first psychiatric the clinical inter- pictures in high-. fortreatment,in heardandmy a short head."a howtendency buttime muchThis reappeared because toconditiontemporary cry. of Heafter certain hadsaidalimony the improved that patient'sirregularities. he his had symptoms forbusiness to apay. while, Thenlicense first after "something appeared was some suspended medical when snapped he patienttherapistintocame the dwelled therapeuticon to time, an elegant merely and relationship. was In placeon theparticularly his coursefor somatic Hedinner. offeredof polite complaints psychotherapy When severalto the speaking intherapist times a hypochondriacalthe aboutto patient buttake couldhimself, the was woman not superficially way the enter cooperative, fluentialtherapistaboutrequiringand refused his friends,with lifemedical to experiences.storiesgive but treatment.up it of becamethe his idea Hebusiness apparentAt thatused the his thissuccess therapist's trouble that situation he and washad request,of ofmainlyno his physiologicalgenuine successful the to impress patientattachments and origin, to'dthe in- thing"tion).shouldto anyone. Castration or be "having discontinued After anxiety-some to give Thismonths for upis lackpatient's experiencedsomething." both of progress. patientcharacter inHis termsand strong and therapist of history aanxiety fear felt ofpoint and "losingthat underlyingtowards treatment some- anal problems (reten- egoventtoweakness centersothers is him threatened arefromisaround unsuccessfully weak trying bythe and some ideaslightly egocentric. "loss"ofcloaked being illegal or byHisalack means"successful a externalizedmasculine of success, for reaching businessman." façade hissuperego anxiety success.which, does is in His increased.When this not relations case,pre- his focusesIn944 such aon situation the physiological he becomes symptoms aware of anxiety of anxiety, without becomes much content.even more He THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY anxious,tionofClinic private anxiety thengroup. physicians. seeks covered Probably medical Thisby Theit a is masculinetreatment.particular samemore frequentpattern façadetype of inof was,underlying medicalhigh—scoring however, clinics weakness found orman in in thewasand most practice castra-not other very frequent in the cases,hadAndacters.high-scoring fewparanoid too,In or some, hadno men trends compulsive muchunconscious patients, were "vague not somefeatures homosexual uncommon.anxiety," with but more, morewere conflicts One some focused markedgroup withwere of phobicoftenless especiallyhigh-scoring compulsive on trends. the important. patients These char- physical whenevermonchondriacalanxiety type ofhesymptoms concern.combat engaged neurosis such inAn the example as leastconsisting tremors, strenuous of this and of latter severe so activity. forth, type tremors isandThis a young showed patient's veteran some ship who hypo-had suffered from a com- and vague anxiety crowdsbeingprecipitatingonhourbeen shore ontorpedoed afraid anda in leaky a ofgatherings cause.hotel, guns, raft.and symptoms Thethebumblebees,At thepatient ofpatient strangers.time appeared (who hadhe snakes, had always couldHowever, felt suddenly, hypodermics notlittlesuffered swim) "toughness"fear. apparently from Ahadand, month mildhadoccasionally, without stoodto later,phobias— spend out when any anofin bloodtakenmares.his personality. astreamed Inblood a recent test down He onone, had himhis four Thisalways arm. and men dream a hadgroup in full makes"crazy of military friends. onedreams," wonder gear, They latelyincluding didwhether itsevere roughly guns,the night- battle andhad incident in itself pre- activatedabilitysituationcipitated to thedealbyon thetheacute with situationraft otheranxiety onlyAs conflicts, in incontributed state. the the service. caseIt possibly seems of by several moretemporarily of a homosexuallikelyhigh-scoring that decreasing the nature, male actual interviewees,thatthe danger ego'swere the parents died brotherhistorywhenonly the that waswho,were patient therecorded heraised patient said,was by young. bybullied had, the the attwo Fromtherapist. himthe older timethein childhood agesisters. Ofof histheof 12 treatment, familyLittle to some materialrelationships warmextent. on feelings The childhood we patient know for his on, the subject and his older ilyguardianshipstillchological relationships spoke with heand resentmentwereresented. physiological discussed.The patient's of his I-lie mechanisms sisters, symptoms was alsowho given disappeared"dominated"in fear explanations and afterread him six someandof theinterviews whose mentalpsy- in which his fam- showedhygiene him "what ourOur minds last are example made upis concernedof." with another type of case with literaturea very in-PSYCHOLOGICAL on this point. This, ILL heHEALTH said, had AND been POTENTIAL helpful FASCISMbecause it 945 Heofwasfantile complaint feltcomplained diagnosed personality,that a thatfew asof yearshe alack who "schizophrenia,came agoof had tointerest he thehad had Clinic a "a inschizophrenic goodsimpleanything, "because personality, type." inability I episodewant He but saidto to bethatin concentrate in thenatural ishis servicegone statement again." now." or and to friends,hardfeeling."enjoy to anything, keepno He girl acouldn't job. friend,of "nervousness," "makeTheand patient,no friendsidea "restlessness," awhat 26-year-old or gethe wouldacquainted." and man like a who"depressed to do.He lived Hefound atfelt and home ittimid, dazed very with his father, had no raisedmentalwerehadvery shallow onein discouraged,institution different older and brother, frustrating.foster when empty, homesfour the and Thepatientyounger andutterly patient had was sisters. lonely. little was io years thecontactHis His second mother old.relationships with The of was one six children committed siblings—heanother. to his were family He to a withwhattionshipthefelt exact ahard lonely bad to ages to temper,his admitand offather hisunhappy. this. who youngerwas The had very When father littlesisters, disturbing interviewed,understandingwas but a strictsaid, to the Catholic"I the patient,miss of patient the my and patient.who family." could a punitivefound Henot The it toldeven personsome- rela- his give andpatientadvisedson thathad seemed thehemuch wouldsubject underlyingto be leave to afraid avoidThis him hostility of,man psychiatrists if and he made couldsubmissive toward high not and scoreshim. stay consult to, athis on his fatherthe present Epriest andin most instead.job.F scales, respects,He alsoThe a middle score on PEC. chaos.andinissues.The part tointerview aOneHisto general his prejudice,of uncritical his disclosed underlying main as ideasacceptanceexpressed that hostility was the theinpatient of and theimportance all questionnaire,a kindsfeelinghad no of of of ideaclichés segregationfutility seemedabout about and most to threatening ofoutgroups be all current related kinds pitaltime,againstthatof minority "thewho the outgroups countrypatientdid groups not said mind iswas going"to that thatwaiting avoid he toNegroes thewas onfights." dogs." theNegro are only HeinferiorAlmost patients. white felt "thereandhis orderly Perhaps onlyaggressive. will inspecific this thebe was trouble" military(At accusation due the to samehos-and an toalong""ingratiation illustrate with further hismechanism" father.) theThe Onepersonality following which subject also trends camestatements made todiscussed itthe possible ofhospital complaint earlier. for for the gastro-intestinal bypatient high-scoring to "get study men inmay connection serve stomachwith946 a project ulcers infor psychosomatic fifteen years, complained medicine. ofHe "nervousness said he had sufferedand depressed from THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY withAlso,hadattitude." markedly homosexuality living He with had increased in-lawsdone andAnother much psychosomaticsince had worrying beenhis patient, wife trying. features,"wasaboutwho operated had his beengavestomach. on thediagnosed for following His thyroid nervousness as trouble.astory "psychopathic in personality samedotomypains,his himfirst afellow and year physicalinterview. fear earlier.tried of harm.beingto Tension,Since harm attacked."Shortly thenme. headaches, heI didn't Thehadafter symptoms beenfeel that "peculiar strongafraid I was appeared that enoughinfeelings," a a carcertain toafter accident protectjumpiness, personan appendec- myself."and would gasthe hospitalbutsexualityof no the diagnosis becausefirst and interviewneurotic hadhe had been trends."A runs exposed third made. as caseHefollows: himselfThe was was court suspected diagnosed sexually had committed of to "psychopathic havinga small thisduodenal girl. patient The personality ulcers,record to the with pathological ratherorwithoccupations that girls. close-mouthed, something Has after had beingwas fights Thedoesn't due warned whenpatient him like and heby doesn'tto hashiswas ask feltbrother beingfavors know that refused.aboutofsomeonewhy anyone, he masturbation Saysdoes was and heit. making doesn't Relateshas andalways funwant arelations longof beento him behistory of sexual pre- Theifwhichcoordinationtoindebted hethink patienthad he fast tobeensubsequently anyone. confessedwas and more somewhathe Three onwas blamedandhis responsible yearstoes. stated impaired. himself Decidedago that he for Hisand henoticed toseveral was jobfelt give guilty asthatthat up injuriesan he oilhis oil ofcould drilling,ability drillersexual to havethe to necessitated becameexposureground concentrateprevented acrew welder.on themkeen andonefor beenthis,corner,timedrivingoccasion feltinworking offeringtothe that butwork afternoon. vigorously hefifteen herearly had a nickelinbeenor He thesixteen denied recalls working morning,to play hours the having with too others.and daily. hishard, exposedthe penis. The next and incident thingHehimself took became he a occurredweek'sremembersto aviolently young vacation. when girlwas upset he onsome- Had over wasthe cidentdoeschoneurosis, not five know years anxiety when ago, Rapidwhenstate"hisA trouble fourth he breathing,whose fractured startedexample statement pain two but isover ribshas affordedof precordium, andcomplaintnever struck feltby a hiswellwas high-scoringanxiety, head. assince follows: Developed and a car tension. man ac- diagnosed Patient states as "psy- he tomsing,summerofunionheadaches aggravation diarrhea, reappear men vacation whichworking some whenhas incame headaches,been the underhe onmountains returnstrouble ifhim he dreams tohavehadwith work.he been irritatedtheofhas a production worrying.senseless,developed him greatly. disagreeable Hisinmore the work, breathlessness,factory.An andincreasing character. especiallySince the vomit-sourceSymp- lastthe compulsive and anxietyIn features,the final examplealcohol addiction,"the diagnosis • and was the "psychoneurosis, statement of mixed, obsessive,PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 947 complaint:saysheprofuse was that homeperspiration, prior alone,to four palpitation,mindingyearsBeing ago nervous thehe and wasbaby, trembling.and perfectly he drinking suffered well.He toowas Followinga suddenmuch. afraid "Ithat onseta amball he afraid of game,might fear I'm whenharmwith going crazy." Patient himselfgavesevere.oftothe awhiskey phenobarbitolpint him Can'tor a phenobarbitol. daythe would account childand make almostever in for some since.him Sincethe entirely. way. "normalepisodes. Since that The Hetime taking again." doctor Aboutsays he alcohol, hashe Thistold one neverhad himyearprogressed manyhe getsit agohas was suchcompletely beenhe just slowly, found attacks, ablenervousness thattobuilding drunk, butcut one notdown shotand butup as thistypesb.cannotproblem. is ofquite anxietyget expensive.States along and there without hypochondriacal The is no patientdrinking. problem is anxious Realizes in symptoms hisHIGH-SCORING familyto he stop is relations.astakingdrinking did themore and men;WOMEN. and to work sometimesmore out Theand his thathigh-scoring women showed the same theseschizoidand/orand temper appeared of personalities. hyperventilation outbursts. in moreThe In Many some,compulsive, following symptoms of all them of statements these sufferedandsometimes lossfeatures fromof of consciousness in complaintswere "spells," "phobic," present. either aresometimes or typical: of tensionanxiety in tremorsheadBreathingtoand appear sexually leading for afterat eighteen the almostcompatible. husband onset to months.Nervous isunconsciousness, wasfast Questioning shippedand The attacks, the nervous heartoverseas. broughteasilynumbness, starts spell upset.Husband beatingout, consists and however,For tingling fast.is three describedof The dizzy thatyears.in symptoms her feelingthere as extremities.Attacks personally is in begansome her of confusion, tingling, frictionAlso,veryshe regained tense the because patient and composure. irritable hewas is terrifiednot at(Essentially Alarmedtheconsiderate children of dying at thethese andenough of same occasionally hearttendencies, ofphysical failure the children. thesqueezedsymptomsduring patient her their soughtasspells. in throats the help.She first until got example were related.) jealousyelectriclowedpatientmind," theisand shock of afraid first husband.of harming passing"spell." of death Spells fromTheyher(Same during childrenstarted thehave physical a bottom spell, recurredthree during symptomsof ofand heart heratwo aspell. half feettrouble, or as threeyears toabove.) her of timesago, head."cancer, Panic, when a day After cryingof she "losingsince. thisfelt spells, Thefol- "anmy sexual difficulties, and patienthusbandtheirliked marriagestaying was was a homeyoung,a ten semi-skilled years atThe lowernight ago. following alone,middle-class Patientworker but case feared who a fewis housewife had thethe months onlybeendark one asonagowith a the of childher two thisnight anxiety andchildren. type shift had that became neversince Herwas interviewed. The atcomeacute.948 night, inShe andshe locked attackawoke all her with windows and a thesudden children.and anxietydoors Two at attack night, months andfor ago, fearthen someone lost might THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY while dozing off conscious- shakingsametheness.time cords Every-time, just and of beforeand dayfainting.her a since neck.queer losing thenShe Shesinking consciousness. hasshe has hasbeen feeling.had become ablea feeling OccasionallyAt to very-such call of someonetimes tensebeing she andshe hot toalso and help has cold her had at each fits the of has hadhas spells had ofpains in followingscreaming.satisfactionviews, T.A.T. history Afterwards, with stories, material herThe marriage.and she symptomsandfrom has personality aThis hadseries refer conflictamnesia of dreamsprimarilypicture is for patterned reported was part to agleaned ofpresent afterduring the event.anfrom conflict her earlier therapy.inter- The about one the patient's dis- involvingunchaperoned.permittedfarm. They her to relationshipshad go The outfew muchparents friendsThe to nor patienther were and to family, have evenSwiss and dates particularlyinher Catholic adolescence two or witness older immigrants one brothers boys'thebrother. patient athletic whowere wasadhered raisedevents not on a rather isolated thepresentseverestrictlyobserved; children's with totreatment their regard the noisiness old-world children of to the toilet andgrandchildren—and weremores. and overt trainedcleanliness The hostility. mother to be training—as The extremely seemsto have sexual to completely have modest indicatedtaboos been andwere particularlysuppressed.also were strictly by hergiven family,creteobedience,formationsno sex realistic instruction. as her andin the picturedescriptions modesty. patient, This of typetheAside e.g., were personalities of excessive from training so extremely these concernhas andfacts, produced relationshipsidealized. it with is difficult neatness,a number She in to described the formpunctuality, of subject's reaction a con- the withpatientandnervousfather good the as claimed andtwo anmother; old-fashionedsomewhatbrothers. she the "had brothersSimilarly, ailing a but lot but asveryof shehard-working, particularlyfun" jovialinsisted in childhood,and that nice mildgenerous, there and man; and wasgood andthe"never nothing natured. kindmother fought" womanwrong Theas a in anhurried,heher orgasm.is relationship not were to blame. usually with She hersatisfactory—thoughThe said husband dreams that sexualexcept and T.A.T. relations,for she his occasionally revealed,working though nights, however, often did notforsomewhat which achievethat the patient had a great suchtackers"aggressivemother,deal ofas Negroesunconscious herwas and favorite expressed sexuallyand Mexicans. brother,hostility consciously brutal. and towardsThe This men dreams in unconscious herin general, alsothinkinghusband, suggest who imageryabout as a werewell conflict certain ofasrepresented mentowards over outgroups as sexual "at- her as drumsticks,theand oralityoral-aggressive and etc.) aggression suggest impulses infantile appeared directed wishes (smashing towards to bite, men. snakes, destroy The biting and incorporate into chicken PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM contexts in which 949 a thetheme;forpenis.ing fencechickenssensation Dangerous, the until patient (suchof the "being electricallyunwittinglycurrent as existed shaken" was charged climbed shuton and her off. of wire parents'a Here,inability fence fences it or farm)seems, totouched belonging tear formed there herself it, towithis reenactment the result- an enclosurea recurrentaway from Sheofones. fearswhich could This connected the notis likelydream admit with also sceneanyTo theto aggression thisisbe gratification reminiscent. the subject, meaning towards the of ofinfantileexpression her husbandshaking wishes—probably of hostilityand fainting represented spells,sexual ora special family, problem. inhibit- manthatingandcompliance mostdemandingherprovoked shaking expressions andher manner, and angersomewhat faintingof angerbywhile acting forcedspells andshe in irritationretained alwaysacheerfulness. deprecating followedbehind andIn therapyincidents implicitly it in aggressive which a calm and good-humored at- a façade of submissive was revealed a hadtitude.calledsheit off." wouldalready herThus,Other attentionhave been the spells become firstpaid haveto spelland an angry occurredafter aceoccurred she withshe had wasafter afterher overlooked. toldhusband, shea card she was wouldgame askedbut She this inhave to saidwhich time that sheher ordinarily "laughedhusband pay a billto which pay more for ticularlytrendsananger article at play the important. than timea role, the but priceand ThehadThis in previouslyothera which"spell" case cases canconflicts later. agreed withbe described anxiety about upon. hostile andIn as both an "nervous anxietyimpulses cases spells"she hysteria felt no in which compulsive are par- are strucksomeralysisprobablymen, her particularlycompulsive of brother, dynamicallythe right to hertraits. arm whom former similar.and She, she face. too,husband. had There This had an extremeambivalentwomanwas The one symptom hadunconscious erotic appeared attachment, hostility after towardswhenshe had case with a psychogenic pa-a very rigid character and beareturbed,he called an made important had the sexual feelings constricted partadvances of of Anotherdepersonalization theinfantile towards picture. personality schizoid her. Some and type.of pattern theseapathy. Here, foundcases, Thetoo, among when followingcompulsive acutely the ethnocentric traits dis- subjects might case is Sheheraboutan example: age,was a yearandvery generally andinhibited—in had madejustThe hadthe patientthe expression aimpression baby. was She a ofz of looked7-year-oldboth a naive, sensuality and collegeacted and aggression—graduate who had been married very "good little girl." younger than 950cleanliness,and her ego control, was occupied and a good to a façade.very large She extentdid this with by limiting maintaining her interests order, THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY admissionachievedefficiently,and concentrating this to and the kind this Clinic onofgave satisfactionThereligion she her patientwas a sense andinterested describedthrough herof satisfaction. duties. exclusively secretarial her The father Before latter in work;as housekeeping. a wereher "stern at marriage carriedthe disciplinarian" time outshe of whom she had proval,her."motherapprove,always She feared.and,in but hadthe like she familiarseveralShe many was resented unable brothersofidealized our his high-scoringto treatmentwith admit terms whom thisand of women, herresentment.shesaid: husband competed "I shehave endedof always whomfor thislove herespected competi- anddid notap- She described her withtionself."began by the accepting—on Shepatientto feel was "peculiarafter oriented thetheThe birth surface—alike inhusband, space inof athe fog" and completelyachild. social and time It as servicewasbut though feminine couldat thisworker, she not timeand were carry submissivewas that "not stilloutthe quite patientinsome role.the my- army,of and so was not thethoughtto havetests, simplesttrip theshe hadwell patienthad nottasks, enough tobeen joinchangein spiteaffectedto her travel plans.ofhusband very byalone This her superior at with illness.thestumped earliest the mental Her baby. her possiblephysicians abilitycompletely. Unexpectedly, which,moment. thought She according She justduring it bestwas sat tostance,improvedown buy.ask with for sheThe much information herwould patient babyafter stand inwasshe the norbefore hadvery waiting to joined alarmedmakethe roomgrocery her arrangements andhusband.at theshelves, depressed airport, In unable forgoing quite about herself. to shopping,lost thinkher andShe condition. of not did thingsfor able notin- fearedIn suddenWhereasthe hospitalshe became was she shegoinghad very kept been crazy passionate.repeating Thesexually and husband that her rather she complaints reported could frigid not before that over be thehelped. andthe patient delivery,over, andhad she saidchanged all she of ain other respects too. andtreatments.wasenjoy herdischarged husbandherself After more.and feltvery brought thatHospitalization few she treatmentsin was by her now husbandand the less psychotherapypatient inhibited, at intervals felt normalwarmer, seemed for electric and and to both doable shock little she to good. So the patient husband'stherolements patient in arethis acceptance nothadcase. sufficientlyreceived Its evaluationAt of the and her presentunderstood wasnewly is receivingrendered time awakened tothe permit the psychotherapy.psychological more sensuality theorizing difficult maymeanings The byconcerning have doctors'the fact andhelped andthateffects its of shock treat- thefactor patient in her to improvement.accept this part of herself, and this may have been an important PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 951 children.lowingnaivehavior high occasionallythe She school birth too of hadgirl. the alternated anHerAnother first episode usual child. with casesubmissive of This depersonalization outburstsof thewoman sameand of couldconventional angergeneral andhave and type forgetfulness beenspite. "good was taken She agirl" 24-year-old was for fol-be- a mother of two veryinterestswithdrawnferedher dependent aand paranoid outside the (because children, personschizophrenic of the of illness)with domesticthat noher episode, justideas husband sphere. after and became she Whenopinionsor hadrelatives afraid her her of husband's second someoneherwould own child, take supportandwould one shewithout harm suf-ofwas her scientiouspatheticanydaughters resentment. parents worker out and andWhen and aggressivenot Stillwho this bring another wasgirl herolder completelywas back.case promotedsister, was without submissivethat to of a a everjob girl to of becomingwho herconsiderable hadrigid, always aware unsym- re- beenof a particularly con- sponsibilitysionwerestages and looking of anxiety, their she at illness, her,developed in whichandThis from feared sheextreme girl a accused moodsheand wouldheadachesseveral disturbance herself lose other andofher beinghigh-scoring whichenteredmind. bad, could a thoughtstate women only of depres-people be suffered, de- during the acute ofteninqualities.scribedsuicidal the accompaniedpatients asideas.) For"agitated whothis These byreasonwere depression." somewhatdepressions, subject they weretobizarre (In periodichowever, somesometimes ideas neuroticcases wereand inthis labeleddifferent generaldepressions. was schizo-affectiveaccompanied showedfrom Theythose schizoid by were seen morereactions.andTheir were naive ideologies very and unsure stereotyped about ofFew outgroupsthe thanfewof these ideasthose were cases theyof lessmeager, couldhad disturbed the voice less slightest elaborated,duringhigh-scoring idea the interviews. ofand subjects. or interest in current issues even sponseswouldTheiringleading special rejection you?" toduring veryefforts This ofinterviewshigh isoutgroups—inat an creatingprejudice expression such and scoresas the maintaining of"You theirabstract and wouldn't particular often at countercathexes. least—was to want emotionallyego toweakness, have extremely a chargedblack necessitat- strong, baby, re- ferent.guised—are The unacceptable more ego-assimilatedThe impulses—although pattern andformed are perceivedby thenot symptomsall as conscious part of in the Listnor self. undis-B Theof Category VII is dif- 2. THE LOW SCORERS 952anxietieslogicallow-scoring problem about patients some they more wantedgenerally or toless solve.came definite Theyto the idea complained Clinic or situation with of a or certainparticular were consciouslyconflicts psycho- or THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY signlowit has"evil"dissatisfied scorersof been a was strict shown arenot with but intrapunitive.sought that internalizedtheir high outside sex scorers role. Intrapunitiveness butsuperego Many in on the E of self.areand these typically probablyElsewhere arehas characterbeen extrapunitive, also in understoodthe of presentneuroses.a somewhat volume as The a while showrelativeideas,masochistic this inferiority, tendencyindependence character andin exaggerated guiltstructure. Theirfrom feelings. conventionalgreater The form: psychologicallyacceptance in restrictions(neurotic) of their illdepression, give low instinctual great scorers variety, suicidal seem and in-fantasyto lives and their behavedthesedividuality,of thepatients. menin aand waywere even that shy, bizarreness Inis timid, someopposite passive,ways to to the manythe and pathological cultural ofdependent these norm patients ideas and for hadand their(although somebehavior sex. interestsSome by ofno means all of them) estedmorenotaboutsexuality ofteninmean suchhome foundthatand impulses and thesexual in family lowwomen. were perversions scorers than often Some inhave quitesome of were morethe conscious occupational morewomen homosexual freely wereand achievement.undisguised.admitted, tendencies. and (This Homo-conflicts does aggressive, less inter- There are complaintsa.pressed.)inprobably the latter just andcase, as clinicalmany these if impulsespictures not many that and more it fantasies isLow-scoRING high almost scorers are impossible strongly with MEN. such disguisedto Thefit impulses. them low and intoscorers But re- a on E presented such a variety of hystericalfewmorefactors.orders "types." aggressive which andAn While examplecompulsive had womancomesome of tohad thissymptoms, tothe psychoseswhom typefore orwas he weremany was ora very classical accentuatedvery cases dependent much presented neuroses attachedbecause man, characterwith ofandmarried anxiety-situational dis- to a sexually couldfoster-homesinceattracted. thehe decidewife The placement hadrelationship, to leavea Broadlysecond forhis famliy.the childalwaysspeaking, child. whom problematic, The the she patientlow-scoring rejected. couldhad Thebecomemen not Clinic wereaccept intolerable generallysuggested this nor unaggressive, nur- others.lemswork,Clinicturant, as or withoftenDuring stated general depressions somewhat theby adjustment. thesewar a withdrawn andpatientsfew conscious ofIn them contrast referred and suffered anxieties inhibited to directly the acute high-scoring relating socially. to conflict their to They problemsrelationships aboutmen, came the of toprob- sex, to the ofthelem fear draft, of inphysical others toinjury conscientious or death butobjection. becauseof Thisparticipation, of ideological leading, ma few cases, to self-inflictedPSYCHOLOGICAL injuries ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM was not primarily because reasons and a to avoid 953 ofaspeech camp horrorhimself betrayedfor of andconscientious being suffered much forced Antension somewhat objectors.to illustrative kill. and self-consciousness.fromHe case was compulsive is short that ofand a slight.youngdoubt He was Hisandman mannerindecision. of college and age who had been in very unsure keenlyminoritiesone"I Hereally opinion had interested don't well-formedand and knowpacifism—but thenin politics much retreating opinions about and in most aboutconcernedwhen it yet—I areas somechallenged hehaveabout subjects—such was to social quite byread the uncertain, interviewer, mentioning saying progress.a lot He more." realized He wasas the problems of sional—stemmeddesirethat hisdepression, to occupational be from helped. awarenessand inabilityThechoice—to patient of to his concentrate.counselvoluntarily own inner people soughtHestruggles about also help had their and because personal from ofhis restlessness,problems anxiety, severe feelings of occa- own church.tion,inadequacy,physical who He became injury,was stage-fright, a astern,and carpenter, Theof dominating graveyards patient's social then anxiety,a fatherand farmerand punitive mental was andand of severalminister institutions. lower-class fears—of in origin the with dark, a ofgrade-school educa- man with narrow, funda- a fundamentalist waswouldfarmmentalisttion ashamedof and havevices dealt and likedhe of puritanicalout himselfher tosevere husband's push possessed. corporal ideas,the firefather who punishment.and Though into madebrimstone notthe The punitivechildren sermons mother, herself, workand his hard she denuncia- did a higher ministerial position. She a church singer, on the not patient.Thereformityactivelyconfidant. was He to take muchusually hisAlthough demands,the discord sidedchildren's he and withhadbetween she beenpart.the tried mother, closetheShe to parents triedinfluence to who his to motherwhichhad the made children in hishim earlier her special life, the appease the father by con- was painful to the to do the same. neverwasgressivepatient quite close was, than close, but at the thewhom however, patient, time heThe of likedand theto patient his admiredinterview, and twin hadrespected brother, him one rather for brother, and taller,his critical wanted poise severalstronger, of and toher. knowschoolyears and better.hismore achieve- senior, ag-He with whom he was Theletground,didment. the patient, not brother doingThe resist onpatient thego the aheadchores othercorporal let his in onhand, footballbrother thepunishment alwaysfarm. playwhile The resisted the and,the brother socially patient so the far, submitted father's aggressive remainedremained punishment in role the and back- also ato conformist. the father, to Tilt AUThORITARIAN PERSONALITY some94processwitha wrong, extent, the caused parentaloften though thebroke ideology patientoften the in a withfantasygreat regard to religion, mores, father'sundoubtedly rules, and the finally partly triedrepressed to break hostility completely against deal of conscious anxiety and conflict. Theonly; he felt the father was doing him and politics. This scoringthecore father, of themen: complicatedneurosis wasThe by thefollowing relationship are excerpts to the from the first psychiatric twin brother. interviewswithdrawn, of low— making heshouldanyvery "loses particularfew somehow socialinterest interests,contacts, getandThe a becomes good patient remainingheroes, job bored saysand or idealsbecomethat with since a job a respectablechildhood as soon as he has been somewhat in his room for days at a time. Never has had other than the vague feeling that he hemember finds outof society. thatpersonnel he canBut interviewer. height.Whenhandleouttotry escape toand theit."He change jobsettleHewill the becomeshas feel draft."jobs. down had very He a Hementally. intolerable, variety dissatisfiedshot feels off ofthat the positions feelings with himself fromof anxiety laboreras well and toas psychotherapymiddle finger is of his one "last hand chance" "in a hysterical to straighten effort frustrationwith the are job at theirand then mentwaspresenthomosexual whether to inabilityit? While he manwas to in workaof theThehomosexual his army,or patientown make agethe complained patientwho, for a oflong acute time, anxiety, depression, anddecisions. if so, how He could said hethe make problem a happy worrying adjust.- him had formed a strong attachment to a encouraged and courted,suicidal thoughts, and suicidethethen patient suddenly attempt, was rejected very wounding angryThe him. patient himselfand When thought suffers quite the relationship of fromseverely killing feelings withthe of a depression,gun. had married someoneprimarily else. inThey reaction to receiv- had becomefriend, very but strained,instead made a ingposesthegovernmentfeelshad a letter C.O.been bitter of detention. campsfromfriends and camp his hopelessshould on wheregirl a purely friendprovide abouthe has platonicstating his moreno recent that publicbasis, transfershe sharing from a opportunity for constructive activity. He feels service, not be there merely for pur- intellectual interests. Also he public service camp to a finger;whotoryparticularly ofcomplained onevarious student during mild of who numbness hystericalexaminationThere suffered were and from times.partialtwo anxiety cases Theloss with faintingof hysterical spells symptoms: One conversion symptoms while in the service, nightmares and fainting spells,function of the right index pianist, withhad a his- first appeared in tile.phrenia.father.situations But Actually,interviews in which their revealed heFinally, E had scores felt that there were attacked timidity werein the byahadlow few end low-scoring of men with inhibitedhis very the aggressive, questionnaire brutal mild cases theof schizo- low middle quar- centric,prejudice.responsesobviously he schizoid Thisgave patienta history person. had of Although alwayshaving beenbeen all his asomewhat seclusive, relationships closer somewhat were to his weak compulsive,mother and than PSYCHOLOGICALin one case ILL in whichHEALTH the AND subject POTENTIAL was really FASCISM strongly opposed ego-95 to toercive.someofsuffered hishomosexual offather, He thesefrom expressed whom sentimentsfeelings submission he much of described werejealousy hatred to actuallythe as forregardingfather. particularly his expressions father, While his wife,but puritanical,an of thereofficer hopelessnessunconscious was in stern, evidencethe army, fantasies andand rest-thatco- he stronglylessness,aonindividuals. number him and finallyintrapunitive, of talkingIn his spite ending subordinates about of inthese as ahim. shownschizophrenic tendencies Hewere bybecame criticizing the towards episodeideas so angry justhis projection,in workwhichcitedhe wanted as andhe thewell imagined wereto parent killas spyingby these that his was responsesoi1edactions his directedlaimed trousers.to the againstquestionnairethat HeThe he reported women.experienced other andschizophrenic various He projective imagined sexual bizarre satisfactionitems. thatfrom fantasies, his the shipmates low onlyusually middle when knew of quartile,sadistic he about deliberately a young seaman, hisIcters,himteristic secret for the projections it. sexualsuperegoHe sought practice of seemsIn thehelp the high andtovoluntarily.projections play scorers,that a theydifferent whereof looked this rolethe and down selfthan the is previousiton seen does him in and case,the rejected charac- both intrapunitive char- as the virtuous ;mallerLiomosexualpsychotic degreene,wn cases thesuperego and than "others"just sadistic citeddid strivings theas projectedones, the high representativesonto onto scorers. some the their environment, of Inenvironment, theiraddition, of therepressed id. feelingthey While they projectedimpulses, didthat undoubtedly this others—more their the two or to ae.g., .sLess nanypartly justifiably—rejected of due. the to low-scoring the fact thatand women inpunished the classificationwereLOW-SCORING them. classified scheme as "mixed used, neurosis." no separate This WOMEN. It was brought out in Section D that a great mongategoryesorted the wasto low-scoring in available the caseThe followingwomen.forofour character neurotic low-scoring excerpts depression, disorders. group.from Thesethe oneAlso, first of the alsothe psychiatric diagnosis main complaints interviewsof mixed neurosis was usually were prevalentare typical of )laints:hethe:eristicLnd onelow-quartile oralitv by depressionschizophrenic low-scoring is also women. to and be scoring patientsfeelingsnoted. Feelings in withof the inadequacy.of a lowdepression great quartile variety The complained ofprevalence other problems. of of the passivity charac- Even were given as main com- 956upplains such of alack resentment of self-confidence Maintoward concern in her is abilities "that I andhave failed repeatedly THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY myself that I am afraid I will commit suicide." in her work.with States everything "I have builtI do." Com- felt that their symptom irritablesaidwas relatedshe wheneverfelt to "a their great difficulther deal Severalmother of of hatred"was these around. women,for her suffering from depression, relationship to their mothers. One young woman mother and got sleepy and suicidal thoughts, wants to tohours—butlie bed.down Felt all without depressed,the time, gainingShe requires InAnotherweak, is two adepressed, feeling anwomen, woman abnormal of with vitality thestated loss amount central afterwards.of that appetite, she problem felt lassitude, "things was and theirare too irritable. of sleep—fifteenconscious to sixteen struggle withhard"—she'd rather go crusheshadhomosexual a violent on men. impulses.crush on a SheOne female is young aware teacher ofgirl some withduring homosexual strong tendencies. She adolescence. Later shehas formed a strong desire for friend- intellectual interests had feredneed,ship and shefrom love alternates vomiting relationships. between andThe Somecramps. Depending otherperiods of had the of onwomencrying elation the spells, sought the help desire mainly to becausesleep satisfaction andand frustration depression. of this theyall the felt time, they and were also harm- suf- mentwomeninglectual their and with children talents.for interestsplaying Sheby their aoutsideworked moreOne neurotic orwoman to support behavior. had himmarried and an invalid man whom the home, and with a greatless desire masculine for achieve- role. All of these were rather active their child, waitingshe on admired her for his intel- Formerlymother."takehusband too much,hand Sheshe hadoftenand felt hadfoot nervous, got thewhen spellsAnother same didat of home. "spells"not excessive case sleep She is of thatwell,continually drinking. eating, of a married woman about 30 years and felt she "wasn't a decent followed by depression.drove herself to under- of age who had husbandmuchthetoone work babychild satisfaction, since becauseveryof a previousshe much it discoveredbut would wanted couldmarriage. mean not thata child. thinkgiving she wasSheof up offering pregnantwanteda career it to She had felt extremely depressed and unable shefor had adoptionagain. just started She because did with not her wanthave help so that she wouldshowchildthatbitterly sheeither shethem resenthad picked bewho always able having wasfights to actively reallyaccept beenwith something." bornlittlecompetedthe child boys—"Ia female." or with Shedecide likedboys wasFrom to toor men. married twice previously,her history,beat themitgive appeared to it up.a pulp She to said, "I As a kindergarten shebitterly.each was time happily These to a married brilliantmarriages to and a morewere successful passiveunsuccessful. man man withwho At whomadmiredthe time she her of would herand PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM treatment, competeencour- 957 couldundisciplined,workpersonaged her alone.not who professional do Asked waswell nonconforming uncomfortable in about school ambitions. her because early child, andThe life, she whoshypatient she got inindescribed groupsboredspite ofand andherself refused preferred to be was a serious, sensitive, tense very high intelligence as a thoroughly to do work or fields.cenceartshebecame work disliked. sheShe a byradical. wentwas herself. She interested through Shedid In wasnot later a ingettalented very childhoodmodern along rebellious and withexperimental had she other had wantedperiod, children, tothen be took and preferredart training and some success in various artistic art forms and in the repre- a cowgirl. In adoles- to do couldsentationandherself insight.inability not and ofbe her psychologicalIn of to spitehistorygreat function of use withthis, to inmoods. any psychotherapymuchgroups political Shepsychological or to movement approach perceptiveness, people.because Sheof her frankness,described shyness was politically left-wing but felt she was difficult because everything thingfullywasappropriate told choosingblocked in a very emotions,her her professional intellectualizedwordsThe the to patient patientdescribe ambitions. hadfashion. usually her had earlyThe previousmanagedInstead last environment episode of periods to letting keep of andquiteherself depression, history. aloof, feel the each time when was very severe: some- care- people,repulsivedevelopedShe became who fish such afraidin scales. her a loathing thereearlyThe waschildhood for history a herselfman gaveinrevealed thatthe the houseshe girl that felt who sheher could skinwas theharm only her, child and of two rather neurotic was covered with she gustsufferingtheThroughindividual patient for and theand came circumstance hostilitywasattention. to responsible feel towards thatIn ofspite her thefor hermother ofparents'the mother,this, separation. had sheseparation causedwho often She became feltthe whenbegan belovedlonely the patientprototype and father "left out."for a good deal of freedom and to feel great dis- was much dynamicsherinterestssuccessful image and of father,of thisactivities the woman'sand"shallow,It perhaps iswere not personality pretty,basednecessary also heron exploiting identificationandstepmother. for development.our purposewoman." with to TheherHer professionally professional go into a detailed discussion of the case was pre- usuallyicalcharacteristicsthesented lowradicals merely strongscorers. or typicalas here),militant Though a description theof liberals: a toocompetition whole extreme of the masculine to with be representative, identification the group of low-scoringone type women, of female usually patient polit- found among men and striving for professional (whichcase has is many un- low-scoringmother.achievement,958were inThe conflict womenlatter the rejection two with there are the wereofexceptionally femininity strong feminine and pronounced inability to accept THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY"masculine" strivings. In contrast to the higi identifications also whic here. In most of oi the role of pulsiveness,scoringhandlestrong),in artistic women, her and lessandconflicts concern there constriction,other is—asby professionalwith seeking withideas greater rationallow-scoring and fields—introversionrichness inner explanations experience. ofwomen fantasy (therapy) and by sublgenerally—littleThe patientcon life—here tried(here express particular inanxietythesemations. groups cases, and that shynessfeelings she frequently in ofIn certain inadequacy a few broke social of the into weresituations. low-scoring a sweat. quite OneShe women waswoman anxiety symptoms prominent and there w also jealouspredominated. of h felt so unea: Afterhadwasaffair,husband's toembarrassed having ashold sheinterest a fallen didcup in onceinor down social otherstemmed before. the womensituations, stairs glass,Another and at aor afraid party whenpatient, whereshe filling mightan she out retaliatewas very by had developed tremors whenever s unmarried woman wi application blani uncomfo: having: formerOnesheable,avoid was very she enuresis social always developedinhibited engagements, attractedmight young a panic return. girlby of of the came She goingwhich wrong thought to down shethe men—usually wasClinic stairs.she somewhat would because Also, use very the symptom afraid.the She patient felt yethougshe was afraid F neurotic m shapeher—sometimeshalfguiltyof hourbed. of a Oneafter person casegoing a would net,was to sometimesofsleep, crawl a more ininto which phobic aher swarm bed.she character. sawofShe bugs. somethingwould Sometimes scream an abstr:about her adolescent sexual interests. She had night terrors The girl had had an anir coming down and jump aboui feltvisor.ofphobia. didentering that notShe Whenshe feel could graduatehad warmlyseen not not at accomplished bringschool, thetowards Clinic herself particularly anyone, she much.to was go because in to She ofa him "confused going was she and also feltto discuss see ratherworried anxious state," afr her graduatehostile—pattiher work. because alarlydo towardher (clerical) her mother.previous workThere for depressive fearwas sheone might caseepisode. with write At obsessive-compulsive downthe time of her treatment symptoms, a woman i something that wo she was unabk byfearedembarrasswasabout her afraidstrictto rape write her father, inof or down thewriting damage paperswhom "darn" down someoneshe or reportedbegan "damn." else. to sheworry (Swearing The troubleabout was began at 17 something pertaining to her current employ hated.) Years later, after she r the word "rape." Now severely condemi when Forinsertedraping the last these few ideas years into she a had letter, found or intothat othersedatives products and alcohol of her typingwould relievework.or attacking her. She was PSYCHOLOGICALnever certain whether ILL HEALTHshe had notAND by POTENTIAL chance FASCISM 959 ThereportedYether condition. herpatient complaints, by otherdescribed low-scoring except Onewith offor much the womena few low-scoring insight bizarre suffering her ideas, women extreme primarily were was sensitivity similar classified from depression.to the toas otheraones paranoid schizophrenic. inmightnervousness,ingspeople's this of harm way);insecurity reactions, people, afraidindecision, and her ofI wasofdyingconcern beingand going of fears lestaunwanted. cerebralto she"ofdie benotand hemorrhage rejectedShe beingnone said knewable by her others,(her to illnessabout keep mother her itstarteda orjob,early had cared." that withdiedfeel- I beenreactions.ingtheWhen abilityher weak first motives" Sheto andinterviewed concentrate felt tired, and a change hadattributing she ontried in hercomplained theto work. this readattitude to herShe a drugof mindwas beingher whichafraid byfamily depressedsaying peopleshe towards believedthings were and her. to "question-lacking waselicit She used hadher in plainttheyandin the other had wasfood turned people a at headache the because erectedprevious andFinally, byof "hypersensitivity hospital. physicalmyself. there SheLast symptoms.were saidweek two to "there light, Icases feltIn onenecessitating iscloser who a casebarrier were to the people." betweenreferred mainwearing com- meby of physicians to whom hysteria.wastracednauseadark available,glasses." their and symptomsof muscularThe it seemed other to painsaccidents.case very complainedsimulating likely Although that her mainlythey little mother's were materialof dismenorrhea, cases arthritis. on of these conversion Both patientsalso cases of "middlewithin the scorers." high or First, low Mostquartiles.there ofwere the We the data have, questionnaire just of presented course, data, collected pertain including only some responsesto datapatients on receiving E scores 3. THE "MIDDLES" tosembledMultiphasic Projthe high ective the scorers. low scores.Questions, scorers TheseIn more,and addition, indicated second, the "highseveral the that, middles"psychiatric clinical on the showedwhole,case diagnoses studies more"low and were middles"resemblance Minnesota made re-of patients with middle ofpsychotichavior.sonalityscores. them InThis madetrends patientsthese was high and, cases truemade middle sometimes, oneof middle some scores.could of scores—a curiousclearly Someour most explanationsinconsistenciesdiscern few disturbed were both "low of"high" patients. thisin middles," ideology trend and Most "low"have but and of been mostper- thebe- weakness960advanced and in unconcernSection D above; with social it seemed reality. to beThere related were, in of course, THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY these patients to ego people littlewithThischotic. middleinformation percentage Of these,scores concerning 70is who considerablyThe were total them. relatively sample greater of little Clinicthan disturbed, chance subjects contained 27 per cent (19 cases) made scores in cases (which wouldthe middle be 50 quartiles.but wediagnosed have very as psy- patientspercanbe given often tended this be showntoresult make because Thethat middle clinicalthe of rather the case small cent)than studies numberextremeand isalso significant scores. indicate at that the many 5 per cent level. over-all personality picture is either "high" or However,of little cases. weight can of the most disturbed In these cases it usuallytivedictory"low" person, but opinions,a pacifist that thoroughly the (andor neurotic attitudes Anbeliever opposed example or that psychoticin to area ofanyvague thesuch kind opposite.processes a pictureof is a schizophrenic man, a humanitarianism) who at certain prejudice against minorities, lead to certain contra- strongly intrapuni- timesideology.withalityother expressed andanations. strongly hostility This Hemarked man's paranoid developedwas character threateningchauvinism character these structure ideasto and collapse. who destructivewhen and had his the scores most on controlAnother of his case own is thathomosexu- of a man ideas directed against outspoken fascistthe F and PEG identifications.scoringscalesgent,prove revealed andsubjects. to himself virtuous thatBut Great andinthe than most hostilitysubjectthe his worldrespects father. spentand that Thisfearthis all hisofman his efforts was father very in a he was more powerful, capable,manifested intelli- itself, among other ways, had prevented genuinemuch likefruitless our high- attempt to in onlywaysandpower,continual continual a this low-middle in man athough grandiose orientationcould unrealistic score be conception described on toward E. and Interviews makingasunsuccessfulof a revealedan himself, in a verbosepsychopathic manner character. of speech Still, he made impression on others. In many strivings thatfor positionsthis was related of to a Negroesgroups.dicethiscertain subject seemed opposition Forto hadbe instance, to primarily very rest to conventionaltheon he father'sadue certain to aprejudiced differencevalues. amount Also, ideology,of in the considered the differences between whites and identificationeducation; with deprived in fact he wouldmild opposition to preju-although in other areas tionallikeideologymoneyto tobe opportunities solve his just lack differed allwhen ofproblems a theto collegequalitatively all. patient He in also thewas areaconsiders from of thatgroup the of education due to the fact that his father lost his of college age. Needless to say, this subject's low-middlebasis for all subjectsrelations his own whose failuresby giving educa- werecharacters revealed were only more in the typIcal interview. of low scorers. These differences, however, PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 961 between ethnocentrismIn and this psychological concluding section ill health we shallin the discuss light of the the problem find- of the relationship FT. CONCLUSIONS astheaboutings a sampleLangley groupjust the reported. degree (Sectioncoming Porter to First, mainlyB)whichClinic we however, haveconclusions groupfrom defined thecan it willurban be drawnthe generalized. be Langleylower necessary on the middle-class Porter basis In to our make Clinicof descriptionfindings and,a population statement on from the of thanbyfromrespectsaverage, theour other generalselection Langleysomewhat psychiatric population, procedure,Porter younger clinics Clinic and theand inpatients sample more slightlylarge cooperative American arestudied more probably educated was cities. than thoughtsimilar Withinandaverage. to moreto patient bethe Inintelligentfairly limits these groups rep- set tosignificantdata.withresentative how theResults representative clinic probablyof of the population the Clinic present hold these population for atinvestigation similarcliniclarge couldas groups clinic a whole, which not groups. are be although wereof made theA found question psychologicallyfor an want exactto be then of comparisonstatistically available arises dis- as acomecountlessanswered,turbed public to (neurotic-psychotic) theclinic individuals because attention such no as who ofone the clinics knowshaveone population describedsevereor just private what psychological as probablypsychiatrists.a this whole. population coversThis disturbances Onquestion isa the widerlike. other Therecannotbut range hand,never are ofbe muchapistsclinical andiswider picturesleft institutions. toone be andthan desired. social couldAs farThe backgroundsbe as scopefound the statistical ofamong the than investigation patients anysignificance other going agency, did ofto not mostprivate certainlypermit of ther-the the aresults is concerned, theimpressive.haduse consistencynumerical ofto manybe divided 'Whatevermore results of thanallinto thereforeof value120many our findingsthere small are isnot subgroups. inwith statistically the one present another Taken significant,investigation and one with by nor one, thelies otherwise findings mostmore ofin subjects. For many of our comparisons this group withlogicalquestionsof the the studyill research health. regarding as a Allwhole. findings ofthe Nowthe relationships following reported an attempt questionsin between this will book: be have ethnocentrismmade (i) been Are to raised bringpeople in andour connectionwith psycho-findings rela- to bear on several scorestively962diced severeon than the "normal"psychologicalE scale also people? extreme disturbances (2) on the on the average more or less THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY Are people making extreme (high or low)dimension of mental health-mental preju- ofgeneticsubjectsillness? thepsychological two sources lead() groups, to new in disturbances? at high hypothesesthe oppositeand low about() extremesscorers? the character of() the E scale,structure was more Are high or low scorers prone to develop certain specific kinds Did the study of neurotic and psychotic Is there any evidence that one and its possible severely averagepsychosis?disturbedethnocentrism more than orthe scoresless other? prejudiced of Is thei. there Are Langley than apeople relationship Porter with men relatively between and women ethnocentrismsevere were "normal" people? When psychologicalthe average disturbances on the compared and wouldcontainedscoresoutwith to scores be showedlike slightly, subjects obtainedto generalizea wide but of by notgreatlyrange averaging significantly,to anda varying wider great all groupother ideologies less groups, of psychologically and the Clinic group variability, indicating that the group prejudiced than average. The personalities. If one disturbed turned shown,itslightandpeople, seems cooperative the negative the reasonableClinic Langley correlations groupthan to Porteraverage. wasassume younger, withClinic Allthat ethnocentrism. these amean somewhatlarge selective is group probably more Onoffactors disturbedthese educated, too are and persons low. As we haveknown to show other grounds intelligent, taken scoresat namicextremerandom similar formulations fromon theto the those dimension general ofin 2. athis groupArepopulation of book mentalpeople of have health-mentalwouldmaking been on extremederived from (high or low) scores onnondisturbed the E scale people. also the average make prejudiceillness? Most of the dy- comparisons of arehassubjectsculture."middles," "marginalbeen scoringthat In orderperhapsthat and in is, theneurotic,"to mildly highanswer high and andin the agreementlow low above scorers quartiles. question with are An boththe conclusivelyobjection stereotypes deviant togroups, prevalentone and that "normal people" in our society are this procedure would first that they in our atwereNoThishave least such couldtosome as establish measure disturbed—if thenindications be awas correlatedreliable available notthat more measurethe with subjectsfor so—than ethnocentrism the of present degree the investigation.of inpsychological a large group receiving middle scores on E were patients making extreme scores. However, there disturbance.of subjects. Thisscoredmiddle chologicalstatement inscorers the is disturbances?middle based and on on quartiles. the some3. findingOn Are clinical the wholethat case 70 our studies data ofseem neurotic to show and that the high or low scorers prone to develop certain specific kinds of psy- per cent of our psychotic subjects psychotic clinical Theseaticallypictures trends fromof subjects cannotthe clinical in bethe completely highpictures quartile shown described resemble by patients ineach terms other from of and thethe differconventionallow quartile. system- PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 963 interms, "anxietyneurosis"psychiatricthe men.the trendsstates" withHowever, classifications "depressive werein high-scoring clinically partially as andthey expressed definedwomen.anxiety were used features"similaritiesThe in at relationships aLangley predominance in low-scoringamong Porter were high-scoringClinic. of less women,"mixed Inmarked these of manic-depressivescorersandlinescases, "mixed drawn in on each the byneurosis"). oneof these psychosis, the hand, diagnosticmajor Itand cannot anxiety psychiatriclow-scoring classifications. be state, decided categories cases, here There on whether the(e.g., are other, high schizophrenia, this cutas is well acrossdue asto lowthe hysteria, obsessive-compulsive, encesbyfactorswhichessentially the in patients theare clinical classificationsresponsible.nondynamic in pictures a first Morepsychiatricnature of were high detailed of appliedand the interview low classification study byscorers. the of revealed thephysicians. complaintssystem the following or Probably to as the described waydiffer- both in mostTheirtheyawareness tended commoncomplaints of to their resistsymptoms were own psychological The veryfeelings insubjects often both and devoid men scoringexplanationspsychological and of highanywomen psychological onand problems. wereethnocentrism to suppress vague What content. anxiety emotion. isusually more, The or displayed very little whichmorefromphysicalClinic feelingsschizoid could withsigns be ofsomatic type. ofunderstood depersonalization, anxiety Very complaints—some manyand as expressions rage. high-scoring lack The of more ofinterest, suppressedthem men disturbed andpsychosomatic depressedwomen affects patients camesuch affect sufferedsymptoms as to offear the a groupphysicalexclusionor rage. were They injury,stomach of other were or ulcers problems.death. Theinclined andmost physical toSome frequent dwell showed expressions, at physical length pathological on complaintssuch these as tremors,symptoms fear of of the sickness,sweat- high-scoring to the men in our ing,ture.ofaroundcharacters, etc., being Other of defenses injuredtension otherstypes againstorand ofappeared attacked, casesanxiety. passive were to orSome be otherhomosexuality. primarily more of paranoidthe "phobic" cases psychopathic trends,Inhad or some tomarkedly havewere of (one these characterspart compulsive of cases ofthese the fears builtpic-had theofextentAlladmitted extreme high-scoringof them,the sexual "toughness" castration except exposure women for anxiety oneand to complained acasemasculine child) and of underlyingandsimple of façadestill irritability, schizophrenia, others together passivity. were anxiety withovert Theshowed various homosexuals.or majority hyperven- to signssome of 964bling,tilation screaming, symptoms; or many fainting also (probably had temper equivalents outbursts orof attacks of trem-rage) TIlE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY conversionearlierscreaminginand detail, fear in of theit dying wereinwas day a woman foundbutexpressionsduring suppressed that suchwith her anaof very at attacksattack.extreme the rigid time. When of character,rage panic,There one precipitated ofwastrembling, theseand one there casescase by fainting, were of hysterical several and anwas incident studied membercenterresembledsion,very infantiledepersonalization, around of each their schizoidthe other family; inability in cases theandtheir to following withparanoidexpress personalities different strong ways:fears. features werehostilities Alltheir of rigid main thesesuch directedand problems aswomen, veryagitated against constricted; seemedhowever, depres- some to andhigh-scoring-tendencymost complaints. of them to use menhad Theycountercathective markedand werehigh-scoringThe compulsive muchlow scorers more defenses women. traits.familiar were seem Rigidityfound with to tobethemselves, of exhibitcharacteristic personality a wide and ofvariety both the of clinical pictures more aware theirsymptomsreportedlow-scoringand problems accepting alone.being in patients oftermsconcernedIf anxietyemotional of very specific withoutabout rarely experiences impulses,other contentconsisted problems. andfears,appeared of problems. vagueor Usually, adjustment at all,anxiety The the complaintspatientspatientdifficulties. also stated of or physical inpatientswomenThe group most was hadsituations. common inhibitionsneurotic single depressionSummarizing in somesymptom area—sexual, with thesecharacteristic feelings findings, work,of inadequacy. ofthen, social—and low-scoring one might Most felt sayof these that some statistical rela- men and uneasy wasdepression"),labeled"anxietytionship much "mixed wasstate," more found on neurosis"on strongly the thefor other. theone (which womenrelated hand, It became probablylow tobetween certain F scoreclear, shouldhigh very andhowever, E generalahavescore classification beenand that personality the called ethnocentrism classification which "neurotic trends was interpretativelycurred.withoutthereforewhich cut These some been across personalityreferenceimpossible in thethe linesfollowing to to syndromesdrawn the speak personalitysection. by of the symptomswill psychiatric be syndromes discussed classifications. in which they It has or "types of disturbance" more fully, more oc- lowpatientsloweses scorers scorers?about differed, in the groups Allcharacter were the of identicalimportant 4.people structure Did the whowith variables andstudy were those its ofpossible relatively found neuroticin which togenetic littledifferentiateand high- psychoticdisturbed.sources and low-scoring inhigh subjectshighIn and lead to new hypoth- andthe ateddisturbed form. In the first student PSYCHOLOGICALgroup, however, ILL theseHEALTH characteristics AND POTENTIAL were FASCISMseen in more exagger- group studied by the questionnaire and clinical • 965 T.A.T.few,healthwomentechniques, often histories stories, more casual, oftenFrenkel-Brunswik whereappeared remarks mentioned many to about be characters quitehealth healthand similar Sanfordproblems, suffered (38) in spitefound of the fact that their were related to certain themes in theto those of the low scorers. These that the high-scoring andaphysical punishmenteffectdents. extended thatOnwell-being thehigh-scoring forby basis thestrong because ofdata thesehostile women furnished they data, impulses. arecharacteristically a tentativeunconsciouslyby the This Clinic interpretation hypothesis show afraid mutilating injuries and acci- group. In the Langley concern about their ofwas being made hurt to the wasas confirmed XII),portedofaPorter few the that the more patient'sClinic thehypothesis, or tendency women, less statement casual developed references to remarksfocusof complaint. on to but physicalone's often Intensive physical formed study thecondition most emphasized on the basis of earlier findings (Chapter symptoms were not confined to of several cases sup- in this par- part mentionedhimselfalsoticular represents way against tendenciesnot the becomingonly way expresses Similarly,intowards which aware strongdepressed someof large unconsciousof the feelings. "normal" (castration) The subjects data in the over-all sample a person with a very constricted ego defends areas of his emotional life. on the low-of theanxiety study but jects,someoffeelingsscoring character however,degree Clinicof inferiority structure under patientsthese conditions tendencies foundand confirmed guilt commonly of andappeared inner thedepression orhypothesisin outerlow stress. that In the "normal" to be relatively mild, while some scorerswere andconsistent would appearwith a typeto tendencies toward sub- tionshipsthroughshedof theadditional XIII.Clinic between Also, patientslight ethnocentrism ourupon, weredataThus, the stronglyincapacitated dynamic the and material borepersonality hypotheses byfrom them. the Clinic group supported and, in some instances out our hypothesis that the rela- variables would advancedbe essen- in Chapters IX wasinthattially pathological somestudied, the same of andthese formsfor recalling personality"normal" andTaking degrees. major and thetrends forconclusions evidence psychologicallywould, from in from the the earlier variousdisturbed chapters, techniques with disturbed group, appear which our group groups, but we can categoricalstereotyped,highmake and the low rejectionfollowing conventionalizedscorers. of generalThe everything high formulation thinking scorers reminding have and regarding actingrigid, them constricted ofthe personalities, and theircharacter violent andstructuretheir of own repressedas shown by their 966isundifferentiated:impulses. narrow. TheirIt is as egos theirif they appear range can experience ofto experience,be not • THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY only veryonly constricted the one conventionallybut also quite correct emotionally and intellectually, attitudeprobablysuddenlywhichdenied, oris or emotioncompletely derivesoverwhelmsif another infrom anyincompatibleimpulse the given ego.fact breaks thatIn with part, the situation. Everything else is suppressedthrough, it oris experiencedthe asconception something of theimpulses self, and thisemerging high degree from repression of ego-alienness which trembling,theironeexample,are solow-scoring children. primitive the and ways various Theand, woman, in two which physical high-scoringon two women especially in the women, so very hostile. the other, expressed their ambivalencemanifestations whichhigh-scoring they did women not recognize on the one hand, and had "spells" of excitement, Compare, for towards convincesuchas habitualdren.expressions attacks, The the impatience low-scoringinterviewerthe of other rage. andhad andwoman inabilityhad themselves the was to give One woman actually choked impulse butquite could aware control of rejecting it. Both her tried child, to of her enoughthat love they to the "really" child. lovedShe recog- their chil- her children during high-scoringandnizedbuttional hoped thetenderness idea effects that mothersthat after ofand a hermother, therapy devotionwere behavior not unless she forable on would shetheto her children. In these, and in all of the is utterlyadmit depraved, anychild, deviation can tried feel fromto anythingmakebe the able upconven- for to beit at a timesbetter mother. The other tocases thesuchofkeep countercathexes, oflike. asthe high channelization Theunacceptable scorers, T.A.T. it storiesand into that of milder thisthe high and scorers more seemedimpulses as if the completely person's ego out had of consciousness, usually prevented modifications of the impulse, adult forms,showed sublimations the ego's andconstriction bybeen means able Thegence,andotherto lack repressedstories with groups of differentiationofexcellent impulsescrime (see Chapter and appeared particularly XIV). in Thevery vocabularies,punishment told stereotyped, very much unimaginative like those of high scorers clearly.stories Even of the subjects low scorers of high wereprimitive, intelli- much crude forms, giving rise stories. in richerseemedimpulses.ofhad emotions experiencedin content to Besides play and anda thatinlarger this oftenhimself he channelization, rolehad less orinfound primitive, throughlow scorers as relatively mature ways of expressing sublimationsempathy and with intellectualization others a wide rangegiving evidence that the personexpressed in their intellectual his toand sucharesolve artistic dominated as their hostile interests, neurotic byrejectiveness, castration theirIt is attitudesour retentiveness,general towards impression that the problems by intellectual analysis and anxiety and more often show anal character high scorers, more than the low scorers, and anal reaction formations.their The work, and their attempts understanding. traits particularlylast trend was men—also found to seembe to have strong PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL particularly strong in the women. High scorers—differently organized in the personality than but repressed passive-dependent FASCISM 967 isdesires, themen'sandare expressedcasein but passivitythe with thesefear thedirectly ofandappear lowbeing dependency scorers. to rejected be in a very in interpersonal relationships, in probably'Whereas is mainly in the a lowreaction scorers to their these extreme tendencies personalized way, theoften high-scoring seek protection from this the desire to be loved castrationtionshipanxietylow(including scorers. in anxiety.to a this motherly The womanT.A.T.'s) The relevant high-scoringwoman,This as aand bringsinformationperson. but the firstusmen to comesthe problem of without having a very differentiatedpsychiatricinterpersonal interviews. relationships The frequency in high and from the detailed case studies rela- ing;withturant-dependentinvery thoughtheirwhich personal lives the often low asway. quitewell scorerstype. asdisturbed, The indiscussed same Furthermore, the low scorers' their fantasies, often were of a tendencythey tendwas alsoto behave shown toward in theirtheir relationshipsoccu- to others was relationships, as expressed combined nur- others in a strik- lessinterpersonalpationaldominance-submission. personal, interests relationshipsmore (social conventional, 5.service, Isof high scorers there any evidence that one of physician, psychologicaland more often counselor). expressed in terms the two groups, at the opposite ex- appeared to be much weaker, The of tremeshaveregardingrelationshipresults of been the reportedpossible advancedE between scale, onrelationships was ethnocentrismthroughoutby more people this betweenseverely ethnocentrismdisturbedwho were than more andthe other? mentalor less Is ill familiarbook.and Some,psychosis? with usually Two those kinds strongly of hypotheses there ahealthinter- the estedlow-scoringableconstriction,descriptions in from fighting a mental-hygienesubjects ofproj prejudice, high ectivity, scorers.do not have self-deception, have pointBecause these focussed their attentionof view onand the because of the fact thatthese our includecharacteristics so many to variables any great extent, etc.)the usually considered unfavor- personality (e.g., tallyconclusionspringtricdifference disturbed ideology from has in their ideologypeople,ofbeen the neurotic drawn high those is thenscorers thatconflicts, explained opposed to prejudice are theis based"normals."highly on irrationalprejudiced attitudes people are simplywhile men- the ideology of the "normal"by the hypothesis that the ethnocen- which in turn Thelow scorerspression,oftendeviate is"socially developedmore anxiety, from maladjusted" and the inadequacy—all Others,culture and however,pattern seem to have pointed out that entirely in a rational, reality-adapted manner. characteristicof their of aenvironment. popular conception Theyof ourare twomore groups,suffer more the low from scorers feelings of de- prejudiced968of the neurotic are the pattern. "normals" According because tothey this hypothesis, then, people THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY are well adjusted in their culture. who are tremesandtureThey oftento have whichof theagainst taken Ethey scale overmany conform. Bothis the a of "normal," ofprejudices the Thethese cultural low hypothesesthe scorers,along othermores, with an who assume"abnormal" other rebel ideologiesthat against group.one oftheir ofOurthe theparents groupsinves- scoring at the are psychologically ill. cul- ex- disturbedcannottigationchological say shows people in disturbanceswhat that will proportions.one beBut is found likely inthere the in It to arehigh, theeven find moremiddle low,suggestspeople basic andquartiles. with thetheoreticalmiddle possibility quartiles reasons that although the for objecting more or less severe psy- to both of the most we tirelythatirrationalsumesabove independent prejudiced hypotheses.that qualities "rational" people of in deeper-lyingThe ethnocentric behavior, think first one,"emotionally" in personalityideology, commonly contrast some towhereas dynamics. found"irrational" individuals in unprejudiced liberal Finding behavior, have thought, obviousconcluded people is en- as- ratherconditioned,tions.capacitythink Ourthan "rationally"—that results fora tonegative rational a indicate,greater functioning,(distorting, oris, however, lesserwithout inhibiting) degree,in beingthat which the influencedby needsway emotionalrole, andis bypart affects theirdispositions. of whatneeds play and The a person thinks is always a positive we and emo- directions.tativelyirrationalityaverage,others different have in has thecalled beenin low the a Wefound than strongtwo must ingroups to ego.the some object high Whileand degree impelsscorers,even ego in morestrength the both;it mustindividuals strenuously however, be emphasized in it antipodalto is the secondthat of the above seems higher, on the quali- moreasiswithhypotheses—which allour psychic tooconforming results common disturbance—becauseand andinothers equatesthe more social show, "adjusted"conformity sciences that itethnocentric represents toas with thewell psychicprevailing individuals health, pressures nonconformityare frequently and ideas as in everyday life. It is true,a way of thinking which to healthever,approximatingofmaintain our to (aculture. see concepta thoroughly normality Thesethe involving behavior- individuals behavioristic, (in this inner and external integration,areideology-demands nondynamic thus sense) sublimation, as conception identical of the and culture. withof thethe psychic like)indi- How- more "normal" in the sense of is portantonlytions,bevidual. in be responseneedse.g., Ifachieved good in of the totheexternal face atan individual; tremendous environment of adjustmentsevere beingsuppression inner which is "well-adjusted" toexpense. besufficiently orpsychologically denial The "cost" ofgratifies under self-expression, of healthy,other adjustmentthe condi- it most im- must can to tionrebelliousmost to high external scorersand nonconforming forces has been and demonstratedinner behavior demands. must throughout That also they be this understoodmay book. occur, Similarly, inthough rela- PSYCHOLOGICAL ILL HEALTH AND POTENTIAL FASCISM 969 group,showingwith(Parts different the IIvarious San and meanings, Quentin III). degreesWhat, group in of both disturbance, then,(Chapter democratic can XXI),we is say shownand and regarding authoritarian the by over-all data our from studypersonalitiesoriginal the sample Clinic question of the relation evidence,andtainnoof ethnocentrismreally psychoseshypotheses conclusivepresented in based theto throughout answerthevarious on degree (i) is E at thisquartiles of hand, psychologicalbook, we for regarding can, the however,Clinic disturbance? personality group; try to and character-makeAlthough (2) cer- our data regarding the incidence of neuroses the Isticsin presentedtiles,the of proportionhigh with and in a dropTables low of scorers.frompsychoses Asthe pointed high going middle out from in to Sectionthe the low high Dto ofquartile.the this high chapter, middleThe figures we quar- found are a consistent increase and 4(XXII). Because of the small numbers of centrism.relationshipmorethiscases result insevere each Thewere between disturbancequartile, possible found severitythisto reasons be thantrend generally ofneurosis, whyis mental not there valid,statistically disturbanceone were and could iffewer significant.psychosis say (psychosis) psychotics that isthere Supposing regarded andinis athe ethno-slight asthatex- a andspeculationethnocentrismtreme research. high quartileon It ourand seemed findingshaveneurosis?Is toalready alland Theof presented been us, following who discussed. onlydiscussed discussion to stimulate and madeisthere furthermeant formulations asdiscussion a mere a relationship between ethnocentrism and psychosis, anti- towardssonalityaboutdevelop the neurotictrends character psychotic in disturbances. the structures manifestations, highIn scorers of (See high which whilealso and Simmel, wouldthelow low scorers, make spite scorersiii.) ofthemthat seemedthe there morefact towerethat prone tend we per- more tofound some low scorers with very disorganized strongerhighandcountercathexesmuch weak scorers egos—thatmore egos still successfully(among gave and is, the theythemto impressiongreater appeared dueat least tocapacity relatively one thatto us schizophrenic), the forto lowbe sublimationless able scorers extensive to handle comparisonhad and relatively repressions theirother impulses withmodifica- much the and totions. consistentingswereother Also, thanmuch people, theon with more conventionslow whereas the shallowscorers formation the appearedandand interpersonal founded stereotypes.of neurotic capable less relationships traits onTheseof personalmore rather character genñine ofthanexperiences the trends with relationshipshigh the scorersare and forma- more feel- 970 THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY toandtion earlythe thelessof type psychotic geneticinhibition overwhelming of character sources ones. of aggressions Infound ofto pathological thesethe mostego. trends which commonlyJust forms,are, exactlyare we then these cannotamong what turned tendencies thesay. upon deeper Perhaps theare dynamics the low scorers is a very self; or the less alien clue tiated,derednalized—thoughearly relationshipsthe and ego's completely development. often to parentsdisturbing—conscience.In isolated the highleadThe from scorers,egoto strong aremains large extensive identifications portion rather repressions primitive, of the and deeper a and countercathexes have undifferen-well-inter- layers. hin- Whenwithdrawalsymptoms.shocked.closer the to unresolved consciousness,This In from more may reality, leadextremeunconscious themerely denial, ego,form, to totally projections,conflicts however,strong unprepared, anxieties become it andmay other leadwith intensifiedfeels topsychotic or overwhelmed without and manifes- somaticcome depersonalization, and individualstations.individuals.thequently grip Given lack on achieve reality, thea sufficiently productiveness, a which sense areofsupporting "comfort" more the capacity characteristic environment, and for "adjustment"; love, of highlyand,the anti-authoritarian in buttimes they of stress,fre- ethnocentric