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Influence of Human Activities on Water Quality in Two Rural Catchments – Understanding the Drivers and Relationships for Effective Restoration

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Influence of Human Activities on Water Quality in Two Rural Catchments – Understanding the Drivers and Relationships for Effective Restoration Desalination and Water Treatment 206 (2020) 10–21 www.deswater.com December doi: 10.5004/dwt.2020.26629 Influence of human activities on water quality in two rural catchments – understanding the drivers and relationships for effective restoration Włodzimierz Kanownika, Agnieszka Policht-Latawieca, Jolanta Dąbrowskab,* aDepartment of Land Reclamation, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland, emails: [email protected] (W. Kanownik), [email protected] (A. Policht-Latawiec) bInstitute of Building Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland, email: [email protected] Received 26 July 2020; Accepted 2 October 2020 abstract The article presents an evaluation of 12 physicochemical parameters of water in two rural streams in the south-eastern part of Poland. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the impact of human activities on water quality in the studied catchments was carried out. Factor analysis allowed the observation of similarities and differences in physicochemical composition of water of the two catchments. Based on factor analysis of water of catchment areas of the Żyłka and Dopływ z Wiktorca streams, 77.6% and 85.2% of total variance was described by only three factors. Despite the higher propor- tion of arable land in the Żyłka catchment area, the water here is of very good quality, whereas in the catchment area of the Dopływ z Wiktorca, human-related activities have a significant impact on insufficient water quality. The analyses carried out are essential for effective water management and for the creation of targeted mitigation and remediation plans. Keywords: Water quality data; River monitoring; Adaptive management; Water reclamation; Factor analysis; Climate change 1. Introduction of anthropopressure are highly visible in urban catchments, where residential, commercial and industrial buildings The quality of surface water and groundwater is the and traffic routes predominate [18,19]. Agricultural land result of various catchment characteristics [1–8]. These are use plays an important role in shaping the chemical com- mainly geological factors (rock composition and mineral position of groundwater and surface water [20]. Fertilisers solubility) and meteorological conditions that determine reaching waterbodies and organic matter flushed from the the hydrochemical background and the amount of water fields are concentrated in a relatively small amount of flow- changing over time and space [9–12]. However, it is human ing water [21,22]. This often makes water quality poor in activity that is the most significant: land use–land cover areas with intensive farming. change in the catchment area with negative effects on soil Observed climatic changes result in significant and erosion and surface runoff rates, as well as the utilities rapid transfer of nutrients to surface water as well as sector and municipal management ensuring that the needs increase in aquatic ecosystem productivity. This requires of the population are met, influence the unsatisfactory eco- water managers to take additional protective measures. logical and chemical state of the water [13–17]. The effects The necessity to further limit nutrient loads contaminating * Corresponding author. 1944-3994/1944–3986 © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Desalination Publications. This is an Open Access article. Non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is prop- erly attributed, cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way, is permitted. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted. W. Kanownik et al. / Desalination and Water Treatment 206 (2020) 10–21 11 water and to take into account threats accelerated by cli- of the system, its drivers and relationships – affects the mate change must be recognized by water managers in res- effectiveness and costs of further actions. In step 4, water toration plans [23–25]. quality data collection and analysis appears again as the In order to implement an integrated water management basis of evaluation of restoration effectiveness. strategy that will make full use of technical measures [26–31] Preventing the eutrophication of water requires first and the natural capacity of a catchment area to cope with of all an understanding of the processes of migration and pollution – environmental carrying capacity [32–35] – it is transfer of nutrients and their quantification in individ- necessary to know the sources and loads of pollution, as well ual catchments, followed by a sustainable management of as the methods and tools to study the relationship between water resources on a local, regional and transborder scale water quality and catchment characteristics. Many authors [46]. For most small catchment areas, there is neither regular stress that measures to improve water quality should be water quality monitoring nor hydrological measurements. strongly linked to spatial planning [36–41]. Evaluation of such catchments for adaptive management is The basis for effective water quality management is hampered, requiring a special selection of statistical meth- conceptual understanding – of the system, its drivers and ods for environmental data collected on an irregular basis, relationships. The most common approach used here is or the use of indirect methods based on remote sensing adaptive management, understood as “learning to man- and geospatial analysis [28,47,48]. age by managing to learn”. The process consists of five Various approaches, methods and tools have been steps: (1) Input data and information (including monitor- proposed in literature for analysing the quality of water ing of water quality), (2) assessment (evaluation of river resources in catchment areas [42,49–52]. Due to the diver- health), (3) river restoration plan, (4) implementation of the sity of various catchments’ characteristics, their geographical plan using adaptive management strategy and (5) reporting location, threats to water quality, the type of water qual- (Fig. 1). Management goals should be achieved in a cost - ity parameters tested, the set of methods and tools needs effective manner [25,42–45]. to be adapted each time. A very good example of a resource remediation The aim of the study is twofold: (i) to extract and recognize approach that can be transferred to other case studies is the factors or origins responsible for water quality using the monitoring and adaptive management process used multivariate statistical methods, (ii) to assess the influence for the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage and of human-related activities on the quality of surface water Assessment (NRDA) restoration plan. The authors described as the basis for planning mitigation and remediation actions. steps 2–5 from the above-described approach: injury assess- In the article, the results of tests of selected param- ment, restoration planning, restoration implementation eters in water flowing out of the catchment areas of the and reporting. An adaptive management feedback loop Żyłka and the Dopływ z Wiktorca streams in the years is included in the phase of restoration implementation [42]. 2010–2013 were compared. These years were crucial for The collection of data from monitoring and assessment water quality, since Poland, as a member state of the EU, (steps 1 and 2) is a starting point for the restoration plan had been trying to achieve good status in all bodies of sur- and its implementation (Fig. 1), however, as many authors face water and groundwater by 2015 in accordance with emphasize, for small catchment areas monitoring is very the Water Framework Directive. Two small catchments with limited, and thus step 2 – assessment – is often incomplete different anthropogenic factors occurring in their area and burdened with errors. An incorrect assessment of the were selected for testing. The Żyłka stream catchment is condition of the catchment area – a poor understanding of agricultural and forest character, while the Dopływ z Fig. 1. Monitoring and adaptive management framework for river restoration [42–45]. 12 W. Kanownik et al. / Desalination and Water Treatment 206 (2020) 10–21 Wiktorca catchment is, apart from agricultural and wooded of the Shapiro–Wilk test [54,55] and the inequality of lands, also covering areas belonging to the industrial and variance determined by the Fisher Snedecor test [56–58]. utilities sector. Anthropogenically transformed, small catch- To identify the sources of supply and origin of sub- ment areas have a small hydrological inertia, therefore the stances shaping the physicochemical composition of stream impact of external factors is almost immediately visible water, factor analysis (FA) was carried out [59–61]. At the and causes high variability of water quality indicators [53]. initial stage of analysis of physicochemical indicators, out- liers were rejected. The values of indicators not showing normal distribution were normalized using transforma- 2. Materials and methods tional functions. Due to different units of the examined indices, before the analyses started, the variables had been 2.1. Data pretreatment standardized. The prepared data set was subjected to FA Water quality indicators selected for the study have a with varimax rotation method, which reduces the ambigu- significant impact on the degradation and eutrophication
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