Environmental Impact Assesment of Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 www.arpapress.com/Volumes/Vol35Issue1/IJRRAS_35_1_02.pdf

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT OF DAMIETTA HARBOUR AIR POLLUTION

Tamer Elgohary Civil Engineering Dept., Engineering college, Heliopolis university, New Cairo, Egypt E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Air pollution in any urban region is one of the major problems that threats people health and harms its economy. Commercial trade in ports is one of the most important pillar of any country income such as Egypt and port air pollution can expose that source to serious damage as a result of bad labours health. Cargo operation in any port depends on the labours effort that can be effected negatively by any pollutant source in their environment, Also cargo operations itself inside the port can be assumed as a point source of air pollutants beside ships emissions, So an intensive study was achieved in order to find out the relation between cargo operation and air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, mono carbon oxide and suspended solids. Also a group of conclusions and recommendations were deduced at the end of this study to overcome its negative side effects, A monitoring system was suggested to detect any similar circumstances in order to mitigate its impact.

Key Words: Damietta Harbour Air pollution, ports, cargo Operations, EIA, mitigation Processes.

1. INTRODUCTION The nature of Egyptian environment in form of arid dessert that surrounding the Nile valley and cause dry winds to carry air pollutants such as dust. Also the growing industrial activities, gas excavation processes, vehicles engine fuel combustion and rice straw burning can form a good source of air pollution. The main negative of air pollution is exposing people health to illness because air pollutants attack human respiratory system and the immune system, Also air pollutants can be assumed to be one of the most carcinogenic materials which encourage cancer diseases to be appeared in people. This situation will be reflected on general health and on the ability of exerting efforts in any Fig 1. NNMAP ( Damietta city) commercial activity such as harbour cargo operation.. The air quality in Egypt is monitored by Egyptian ministry of state of environmental affairs that collect air samples by the help of its recording stations of the Egyptian national network (NNMAP). The Egyptian national network was established in 1999 and has 54 stations which are distributed along Egypt map including Damietta city as shown in fig (1) [1]. Damietta city is one of the major cities in Egypt due to its industrial activities, its growing commerce and its large commercial harbour. Damietta harbour links Nile river branch ( Damietta branch) with the Mediterranean sea, Also the harbour considered to be important gate for export local industrial products such as furniture, petrochemicals and liquefied gas. Many air pollutants such as Sulphur dioxide ( So2), Nitrogen dioxide (No2), Carbon mono oxide (co) and suspended material (Mp10) were studied in order to find out its negative impact on the cargo operation inside harbour environment, That was achieved by collecting air samples from recording station in Damietta city[1].

2. EIA OF AIR POLLUTANTS Each one of the previous mentioned pollutants has a significant effect that was explained briefly in the following table (1) [2].

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

Table 1. The environmental impact assessment of air pollutants.

Pollutant The impact Environmental Element

type

Air

Soil

Social

Water

Health

Biological Biological Environment

Sulphur Dioxide /lungs ability to breath will be negatively (SO2) Large Poor Poor Large Non Large affected after it exposed to sulfur dioxide, Also it will

reduce oxygen level in the surrounding air. Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide.is responsible for itching in eyes, skin (NO2) Large Poor Poor Large Non Large burning, breathing discontinuous and sensation of vomiting. The Exposure to high level of nitrogen dioxide will cause sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle and forming fluids inside the lung. Also it will reduce oxygen level in the surrounding air. carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide in air will force the body to replace (CO) Large Poor Poor Large Non Large oxygen in red blood cells by carbon monoxide and that will lead to death. It can cause permanent headache, pain in chest, body fatigue and sensation of uncomfortable in stomach. Also it will reduce oxygen level in the surrounding air.

Suspended . particulate Suspended particulate matter can cause permanent matter( Large Poor Poor Large Non Large mutation in blood DNA, heart stroke and respiratory MP10) system cancer. Also it will reduce oxygen level in the

surrounding air.

3. THE CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS OF THE ALGORITHM

Now, we prove that pk is the descent direction. According to the property of the descent direction, we only need to T verify pgkk 0 , that is,

T T T gskk1 2 pk g k (1  k1 ) g k  k  1 s k  1  g k   g k  0, k  1. g 2 k therefore, pk is the descent direction.

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

Lemma 3.1([12]) Suppose x0 is the initial point, and xk1  x k k p k . Where pk is obtained by the algorithm 2.2, and k satisfies the Wolfe line search condition, then

2  T  pgkk (3.1)  2  k 0 pk

T 2 From (2.7), we can get pkkk g g  , then (3.1) is equivalent to the following formula

4  gk  2  k0 p k .

In order to ensure the good convergence of the algorithm and prove the convergence of the algorithm, we need to assume several conditions.

n Assumption 1 The level set xRxx ,   0  is bounded, where x0 is the initial point.

Assumption 2 In a convex neighborhood N of the level set  ,  x is continuously differentiable, the gradient gx  satisfies the Lipschitz condition, that is, the existence constant L  0 satisfies

gxgyL   xyx  yN ,, . (3.2)

Assumption 3 Assume that function  x :RRn  is a uniformly convex function.

Theorem 3.2 Suppose the objective function satisfies the Assumption 1, 2, and 3, xk  is generated by the algorithm

2.2, then we have limgk  0 or liminf0gk  . k k

Proof Assume that for any k there is gk  0 , then according to  x is a uniform convex function, we can obtain

TT 2 sk y k s k g k  g k1    s k . (3.3)

Because pk is the descent direction, there is pk  0 . From (2.6), (2.8) and ( 3.2 ), we can obtain

ykkkk gs11 g   k TT sk yxxs kkkk gk 2    11

y g s g k k11 k k syT 2 kk  sk

y g s g k k11 k k  s 2 k  sk

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

Lsgsgkkkk 11 22 sskk

L 1 gk1    sk

that is,

L 1 gk1 k    sk

Therefore, form (2.7), we can obtain

gskk1 pggskkkkkk111  g 2 k1

LL11 gggkkk111  L 1 12. gk1 

L 1 Let  12, then the above formula is equivalent to  pg22 kk11，

Therefore, form Lemma 3.1, we can obtain

4  2 gk1 gk1   2 , kk00p k1

So, liminf0gk  . k

Next, we prove that the global optimal solution of function  x is the global optimal solution of objective function fx().

* Theorem3.3 x is the global optimal solution of the constrained problem (2.1). The penalty factor    , if xk ~ is a sequence of solutions of function (x) , then any cluster point x of xk  must be the global optimal solution of the constrained problem.

Proof Suppose be a cluster point ofxk  , then there is the convergence subsequence converges to . And we may suppose that the convergence sequence is xk  . According to is the global optimal solution of function  x , we can obtain

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

 ()()()().xxfxDx% *** 2 (3.4)

Since x* is a feasible point for the constrained problem, therefore * Dx( ) 0 ,  and ( )x% ( f ) x , * (3.5) that is  fxDxfx()()().%%* 2 (3.6)

When    , ( 3.6 ) means Dx( )% 0  , so ~x is a feasible point . ~ Next, let’s prove that x is the global optimal solution. According to (3.6) and Dx( ) 0k  , we can obtain f x( f )% x ( )  when . On the other hand, because x%is feasible solution, and x* is global optimal solution, then there are f x( f ) x ( )  %, therefore, we can obtain f x( f )% x ( ) * .

4. RESULTS OF OXYGEN LEVELS The normal percentage of oxygen in air atmosphere is approximately of 20.9% and this level is the most appropriate level for our human body but if this level changed it will effect on human health as follow [3]:

a. If oxygen level in air atmosphere falls to 17%, it will cause decreasing of the eyes ability of night vision, Also it will cause heart beat to be accelerated. b. If oxygen level in air atmosphere is between 14-16%, it will cause heart beat to be accelerated, muscles ability to produce effort will be decreased and respiratory system will be negatively affected. c. If oxygen level in air atmosphere is between 6-10%, it will cause sensation of vomiting, decreasing of body ability to exert effort and sensation of unconsciousness. d. If oxygen level in air atmosphere is less than 6%, it will cause uncontrollable movements, respiratory spasmodic dysphonia and death at the end.

Reducing of oxygen level in surrounding air will affect on people working rate in a such confined space and their physical activity will also be decreased as a result of that. The oxygen deficiency cause poor blood which can thicken the blood and decrease its ability to flow easily. Also the pressure in the arteries will be increased and lead the heart to be failed at the end. The effect of oxygen deficit in air can be shown in fig (2).

FIG 2. The results of Oxygen levels

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

5. DAMIETTA RECORDING STATION DATA The recording stations data were for different pollutions were collected from year 2009 to year 2015 and published in the Egyptian ministry of state of environmental affairs annual reports[1] as shown in following figures from fig (3) to fig (6). Air Quality Limit values according to Law no.4 for Egypt (1994) compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline values is shown in Table (2) [4].

FIG 3. The monthly average of So2 through January 2014 For different stations including Damietta

FIG 4. The monthly average of No2 through January 2014 For different stations including Damietta

FIG 5. The monthly average of CO through January 2014 For some stations including Damietta

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

FIG 6. The monthly average of MP10 through January 2014 For different stations including Damietta

Table 2. Air Quality Limit values According to law no.4 for Egypt (1994) compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality values[4]. Pollutant Type Time Maximum Limit Value

WHO Egypt

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 1 hour 500 (10 min) 350 24 hours 125 150 Year 50 60 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 1 hour 200 400 24 hours - 150 Year 40-50 Ozone (O3) 1 hour 150-200 200 8 hours 120 120 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1 hour 30 000 30 000 8 hours 10 000 10 000 Black Smoke (BS) 24 hours 50 150 Year - 60 Total Suspended Particles 24 hours - 230 (TSP) Year - 90 Particles <10 ppm 24 hours 70 70 (PM10) Lead (Pb) Year 0.5-1,0 1

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

6. DAMIETTA HARBOUR DESCRIPTION Damietta port is one of the most Egyptian ports due to the importance of its location. It is located in Damietta city 10 Km of Damietta Branch, Also the port is connected to the Egyptian road and railway network. The harbour connected to the Nile river (Damietta Branch) by a 4.5 km long channel of 5 m deep and 90 m width. Damietta Is considered to be First Class trans-shipment Port because it can accommodate the new generation of large container vessels due to its deep draft 14.5 m. Also vessels can enter and leave the harbour at any time without any restrictions, For this reason vessels transiting the Suez canal can use Damietta harbour without any deviation which saves a lot of time for main liners. The Harbour is protected from the sea area by two break water, The western break water is 1640 m long and the Eastern break water is 738 long. There is also barge channel consists of two ports one is 1350 m that links the barges dock to the sea and other is 3750 m that links to the dock to the Nile branch. The area of the barge dock is FIG 7. Damitta port master plan 250 x 250 m and it is equipped with a berth of 250 m long where water depth is 5 m deep. The rotation dock diameter is 500 m and its depth is 14.5 m in front of the containers berth and 12 m in front the general cargo berths as shown in fig (7) [5].

7. PORT OPERATION DATA The port operation data for total weight handling containers traffic according to Damietta port authority annual reports can be shown as a example from year 2009 to year 2014 can be shown in fig (8). Also total weight handling cargo from year 2009 to year 2014 can be shown in fig (9) [6].

Fig 8. The total weight handling containers traffic from year 2009 to 2013

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

Fig 9. The total weight handling cargo traffic from year 2009 to 2013

8. RELATIONS BETWEEN HARBOUR LABOURS EFFORTS AND AIR POLLUTION According the Egyptian ministry of state of environmental affairs annual reports[1[ and Damietta port authority annual reports[6] the relations between harbour total annual cargo and air pollution during 9/2013 to 12/2016 were concluded in form of charts as shown from fig (10) to fig(13).

Fig 10. Relation between SO2 and total annual cargo in Damietta port

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

Fig 11. Relation between NO2 and total annual cargo in Damietta port

Fig 12. Relation between MP10 and total annual cargo in Damietta port

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

Fig 13. Relation between CO and total annual cargo in Damietta port

9. DAMIETTA PORT RESULT ANALYSIS  As shown in fig (10) the total annual cargo increased from 15 ×10 6 to 27 ×10 6 tonnage while sulphur dioxide decreased until Sep 2014, After that sulphur dioxide increased until Sep 2015 causing total annual cargo to be decreased. From September 2015 to march 2016 the total annual cargo and sulphur dioxide were increased then from march 2016 to December 2016 both of them were decreased. We can assumed that there was good monitoring system until Sep 2014 and that provided a good environment for wok so the total annual cargo has achieved a great jump and the vessels emissions negative effect were eliminated, On other hand we found that the sulphur dioxide was increasing again and decreasing according to the total annual cargo which means that the monitoring system inside the port was failed to decrease the vessels emissions. The emissions are within the permissible limits.

 As shown in fig (11) the total annual cargo increased from 15 ×10 6 to 27 ×10 6 tonnage while Nitrogen dioxide decreased until Sep 2014, After that Nitrogen dioxide increased until Sep 2015 causing total annual cargo to be decreased. From September 2015 to December 2016 the total annual cargo increased and Nitrogen dioxide decreased. We can assumed that there was good monitoring system until Sep 2014 and that provided a good environment for wok so the total annual cargo has achieved a great jump and the vessels emissions negative effect were eliminated, On other hand we found that the Nitrogen dioxide was increasing again until September 2015 which means that the monitoring system inside the port was failed to decrease the vessels emissions but after that the monitoring system took control and the emission was decreased. The emissions are within the permissible limits.

 As shown in fig (12) the total annual cargo increased from 15 ×10 6 to 27 ×10 6 tonnage while suspended solids decreased until Sep 2014, After that suspended solids increased until March 2015 causing total annual cargo to be decreased. From March 2015 to December 2016 the total annual cargo and sulphur dioxide were increasing and decreasing together. We can assumed that there was good monitoring system until Sep 2014 and that provided a good environment for wok so the total annual cargo has achieved a great jump and the vessels emissions negative effect were eliminated, On other hand we found that the suspended solids was increasing again and decreasing according to the total annual cargo which means that the monitoring system inside the port was failed to decrease the vessels emissions. The emissions are not within the permissible limits.

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

 As shown in fig (12) the total annual cargo increased from 15 ×10 6 to 27 ×10 6 tonnage while carbon monoxide decreased until Sep 2014, After that carbon monoxide increased until March 2015 causing total annual cargo to be decreased. From March 2015 to December 2016 the total annual cargo and Carbon monoxide were increasing and decreasing together. We can assumed that there was good monitoring system until Sep 2014 and that provided a good environment for wok so the total annual cargo has achieved a great jump and the vessels emissions negative effect were eliminated, On other hand we found that the Carbon monoxide was increasing again and decreasing according to the total annual cargo which means that the monitoring system inside the port was failed to decrease the vessels emissions. The emissions are within the permissible limits.

10. THE PORT OF LONG BEACH The Harbour of the City of Long Beach in California state is considered to be the second-busiest container port in the United States, after the Port of Los Angeles. The harbour is acting as a major gateway for the United States –Asian trade, the Harbour area is about 13 km2 of land with 40 km of waterfront of Long Beach city. The Port of Long Beach is located 40 km south of downtown Los Angeles as shown in fig (14). The income of the port is approximately US$100 billion each year from trade, Also provides a jobs for more than 316,000 people in California state. The long beach port adopted Green Port Policy since year 2005 to reduce the growing pollution by constructing a framework for improving air quality to create a sustainable port culture[7].

FIG 14. Long Beach port master plan

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

According to port authority annual report a group of graphs were plotted between different pollutants and the total annual cargo as shown from fig (15) to fig(18).

Fig 15. Relation between SO2 and total annual cargo in Long Beach port

Fig 16. Relation between NO2 and total annual cargo in Long Beach port

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

Fig 17. Relation between MP10 and total annual cargo in Long Beach port

Fig 18. Relation between CO and total annual cargo in Long Beach port

11. THE LONG BEACH PORT RESULT ANALYSIS  As shown in fig (15) the total annual cargo increased from 68 ×10 6 to 77 ×10 6 tonnage while sulphur dioxide decreased until year 2014, After that sulphur dioxide increased until year 2015 causing total annual cargo to be decreased. From September 2015 to march 2016 the total annual cargo and sulphur dioxide were increased then from march. We can assumed that there was good monitoring system until year 2014 and that provided a good environment for wok so the total annual cargo has increased and the vessels emissions negative effect were eliminated, On other hand we found that both of the sulphur dioxide and the total annual cargo were decreasing from year 2014 to year 2016 which means that the monitoring system inside the port was working efficiently although the port cargo operations was not well. The emissions are within the permissible limits.

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

 As shown in fig (16) Nitrogen dioxide was decreasing and increasing according to the total annual cargo from year 2010 to year 2016 which means that the monitoring system inside the port was failed to decrease the vessels emissions. The emissions are within the permissible limits.

 As shown in fig (17) suspended solids was decreasing and increasing according to the total annual cargo from year 2010 to year 2016 which means that the monitoring system inside the port was failed to decrease the vessels emissions. The emissions are not within the permissible limits.

 As shown in fig (18) carbon monoxide was decreasing and increasing according to the total annual cargo from year 2010 to year 2016 which means that the monitoring system inside the port was failed to decrease the vessels emissions. The emissions are within the permissible limits.

12. COMPARISON BETWEEN DAMIETTA PORT AND LONG BEACH PORT We compared between the two ports according to its total annual cargo we found out that the total annual cargo for port Damietta is decreased and then increased through out the years with slight difference from 2010 to 2016 with regular rate, On other side if we looked at Long Beach port we will find out that the total annual cargo was incresed through out the years from 69 ×10 6 to 77 ×10 6 tonnage from 2010 to 2014 with regular rate then it decreased again to reach 68 ×10 6 tonnage at year 2016 as shown in fig (19), This situation show that the long Beach port failed to achieve regulator progress in its total annual cargo while Damietta port was able to maintain its changes with slow rate. For air pollutants we found that Damietta port monitoring system was effective until September 2014 but after that the system failed to keep its good performance while Long beach port failed to control the pollutants except for the SO2 emission.

Fig 19. Total annual cargo for both ports

13. MITIGATION PROCESSES 13.1 Damietta harbour existing monitoring system Damietta Port established an environmental Observatory as a monitoring station, The Observatory is linked with the Egyptian environmental monitoring network and it is considered to be the first port monitoring station. It is located on an area of 180 square meters. The observatory is aimed to monitor air quality inside the harbour; It contains measuring and meteorological monitoring devices to measure air quality in the port each hour, Also portable devices for monitoring air pollutants such as noise, ventilation, Illumination intensity, car exhaust and heat stress. Also temperature, humidity, wind speed direction and the direction of air masses are measured[5].

13.2 The Required monitoring system (Modified one instead of the existing)

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

That can be achieved by adopting a group of procedures to insure clean port air quality as follow: a. Environmental Ship Index ESI The World Ports Climate Initiative (WPCI) set a ships key indictors called the Environmental Ship Index (ESI) to distinguish the ships that reduce air emissions. Also The ESI evaluates the amount of nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide that is emitted by a port ships to form perfect indicator of the environmental level inside the sea as shown in fig (20) [8].

Fig 20. Environmental Ship Index ESI processes[8] b. Monitoring air pollution in real time Monitoring air quality in real time will include reporting air quality each day, tracking historical trends, showing the Port pollution reduction progress and comparing air quality with clean air standards c. Health risk assessment methodology The Health risk assessment methodology consists of Issue Identification, hazard Assessment, exposure assessment and risk Characterization, At the end The main purpose of the risk assessment process is to provide the best possible information to support effective risk management decision-making. The framework is shown in Figure (21) [9].

Fig 21. Health risk assessment methodology Framework[9]

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

d. Technical procedures That will include Emulsified fuel, Locomotives with idling control, Locomotive drives, Light freight wagons, Use of low sulphur-diesel, Diesel particulate filter (DPF) and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Also the ports technical procedures will include Seawater scrubbing, electric Engines for tug boats, Hydrogen Injection in the diesel engine of harbour machines, Electric Machinery inside port land area and Electric cars and trucks. Another technical methods such Gas-fuelled forklifts, Ultra-low-sulphur diesel, Using Fuel Cells for ships and Liquefied natural gas (LNG) as ship fuel[10]. e. Organizational measures Organizational measures inside port will includes Energy efficiency, Energy management system, Efficient coordination of the processes of loading and unloading of ships, Awareness raising and training of employees[10].

14. CONCLUSIONS The following facts were noticed in Damietta port: a. The sulphur dioxide inside Damietta port decreased until Sep 2014 was under control because there was good monitoring system and that provided a good environment for wok so the total annual cargo has achieved a great jump and the vessels emissions negative effect were eliminated, On other hand we found that the sulphur dioxide was increasing again and decreasing according to the total annual cargo which means that the monitoring system inside the port was failed to decrease the vessels emissions. The emissions in all cases within the permissible limits. b. The Nitrogen dioxide inside Damietta port decreased until Sep 2014 was under control because there was good monitoring system and that provided a good environment for wok so the total annual cargo has achieved a great jump and the vessels emissions negative effect were eliminated, On other hand we found that the Nitrogen dioxide was fluctuating up and down according to the total annual cargo which means that the monitoring system inside the port was failed to decrease the vessels emissions. The emissions in all cases within the permissible limits. c. The suspended solids inside Damietta port decreased until Sep 2014 was under control because there was good monitoring system and that provided a good environment for wok so the total annual cargo has achieved a great jump and the vessels emissions negative effect were eliminated, On other hand we found that the suspended solids was increasing again and decreasing according to the total annual cargo which means that the monitoring system inside the port was failed to decrease the vessels emissions. The emissions for the most of the time are not within the permissible limits. d. The carbon monoxide inside Damietta port decreased until Sep 2014 was under control because there was good monitoring system and that provided a good environment for wok so the total annual cargo has achieved a great jump and the vessels emissions negative effect were eliminated, On other hand we found that the carbon monoxide was increasing again and decreasing according to the total annual cargo which means that the monitoring system inside the port was failed to decrease the vessels emissions. The emissions in all cases within the permissible limits. e. A comparison between Damitta port and Long beach port has been achieved and we found that the Long Beach port failed to achieve regulator progress in its total annual cargo while Damietta port was able to maintain its changes with slow rate. For air pollutants we found that Damietta port monitoring system was effective until September 2014 but after that the system failed to keep its good performance while Long beach port failed to control the pollutants except for the SO2 emission. f. Mitigation processes for air pollution inside Damietta port will include establishing a sufficient monitoring system include many actions such as Environmental Ship Index ESI, Monitoring air, pollution in real time, Health risk assessment methodology, Technical procedures and Organizational measures, All these actions are necessary to insure good quality air inside the port.

IJRRAS 35 (1) ● April 2018 Elgohary ● Damietta Harbour Air Pollution

15. Recommendations a) Control the emissions of sulphur dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide and suspended solids to be within the acceptable range in Damietta port. b) Constructing sufficient monitoring system inside Damietta port to detect any pollutants emissions violation and to mitigate its negative effect. c) Activate the environmental Law no.4 for Egypt (1994) to control surrounding urban and industrial area emissions which contribute in ports air pollution. d) A study of air pollution effect on cargo operation inside port said port. e) A study of air pollution effect on cargo operation inside port Suez port..

REFRENCES [1]. EEAA, Air quality Monitoring Reports, Environmental Information and Monitory Program-Environment Quality Sector( 2010-2016). [2]. T. Elgohary, M. El Bisy, air pollution in ports and its effect on cargo operation (Alex harbour as case of study) (IJARET) Volume 6, Issue 9, Sep 2015, pp. 14-25. [3]. [OSH Academy occupational safety & health training-Oxygen deficiency. [4]. Law number 4 of 1994, promulgating the environmental law presidential decree, Egypt (1994). [5]. Damietta Port Authority website-www.apa.gov.eg . [6]. Damietta Port Authority – General Department of Information Center report-operation status reports (2010- 2016). [7]. Long Beach Port Authority, Environmental Planning Division – Air Quality Monitoring Program at the Port of Long Beach Annual Summary Reports, Calendar Years (2010-2016). [8]. Environmental Ship Index ESI, web site: http://esi.wpci.nl/Public/Home [9]. Government of western Australia department of health, Port Hedland Air Quality Health Risk Assessment for Particulate Matter Environmental Health Directorate, January 2016. [10]. NABU, working paper clean air in ports ,October 2014