Vol. XLI. No. 1 25 Cents a Copy January, 1931

Vol. XLI. No. 1 25 Cents a Copy January, 1931 .., • • • • infinuannuiLainireinthatinthatin haucuhaucainininni • • I I • 4,1, .• • 0.. r , 1, thilartfir I CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD , Volume Numberumber 1 .• CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1931 . . Mexican Food Crops 3 By Dr. 0. T. Barrett

• 41 Along the Aleutian Lands 11 By Dr. T. A. Jaggar, Jr. 1

Some Startling Lights on the Discovery of Australia - - 17 By Sir Joseph Carruthers

Transportation in Hawaii 27 • By Harry Armitage

The Fishery Problems of Hawaii 33 * By H. L. Kelly • • 41 Early Communications Between Hawaii and Japan - - - 43 i By Dr. Tasuku IIarada • . The U.S.S. Whippoorwill Expedition to Pearl and • Hermes Reef 49 • By Dr. Paul Galtsoff t Supplemental Irrigation in Humid America 57

Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, Vol. VI., No. 1 65

• Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union, New Series, No. 131 - - 81

t . * . My Alth-Parifir fRagazittp Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Alexander Young Hotel Building, Honolulu, T. H. • Yearly subscription in the United States and possessions, $3.00 in advance. Canada and • Mexico, $3.25. For all foreign countries, $3.50. Single Copies, 25c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. • • Permission is given to reprint any article from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. TurrolivrifivnlupKiricuunupupurrorrorcur,lunurcurroPupurronvmurroourivrnur • • iC7111C71 • • U Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 3

Tortillas, the staple food of the Mexican peasant

4t. • psi, • mow ,msAr • • • ieJ 11711CM • • •i 7t i 3,81)4r tAillk,Atxj9MMI • l Mexican Food Crops By DR. 0. T. BARRETT, University of Hawaii Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution to a itretretrilf•Artd a a a a a a Witelstailroltit a • hauilit MiNt • a ratirrovuram

I will try to tell you this evening some- ico, and Mexico would be spoiled by the thing about one of the most interesting excess population. What could be done countries in the world, one of the strang- to balance the situation? Being the Al- est countries, a country of paradoxes, mighty, the way He adjusted it was this: contradictions and mysteries. It reminds In order that all the people of the world me of a story the Spanish delight to tell. would not fight to stay there, and just to The Latin Americans are casually sacri- balance things up, He gave Mexico the legious, but not profane. Jehovah was most terrible, awful government in the busy making the world, when it occurred world. But I am not here to tell Spanish to Him that He should make one spot stories, to discuss sociology, or the races that was ideal, so He made Mexico the of one of my favorite countries, so let's most beautiful and ideal country, and proceed to the topic of plants. put there the most beautiful women First let me remind you that climat- in the world, and some of the most won- ically there are really two Mexicos, one derful treasures. He looked it over. It high and dry, and the other low and wet. was perfect. Then He began to reflect There is a sharp line of demarkation be- that it would not do to make one place tween these two climates. One division so thoroughly all-around wonderful, be- has an elevation of between 3,000 and cause everyone would leave every other 4,000 feet, and looks like a desert ; the place in the world and would go to Mex- other is a vast country of dense tropical 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

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1-4 THE MID-PACIFIC 5 jungles, steaming in vapors. I don't who went to the East Indies. In his think there is any other country in the collections he averaged three or four world with such a sharp division of high species a day that were new to him. He and dry, and low and wet. Some clima- later became more closely associated tologists try to show four divisions in with the University of Vermont, which Mexico. The "Tierra Caliente," the institution finally bought his collection, main great lowland section of the coun- the largest private herbarium—some try, is hot, even as hot countries go. It 150,000 specimens ! is the hottest climate imaginable, and the Pringle collected 70 to 100 specimens heat combined with humidity makes one of each kind, and by trading these and more conscious of it. The temperature selling the surplus, he would make from is 85 to 95 degrees, and the humidity is $25 to $30 a day. I made this trip with 95 to 100%. You can never have dry Pringle but was not employed by him, I clothing except during one or two hours went as an entomologist, the second in the morning when there is sunlight, American to be employed by the Gov- and clothing cannot dry in the afternoon ernment of Mexico. The world's first because it rains so much. There are fruit-fly survey was made in 1898, but probably no worse climates that human I won't go into that now. beings can endure than in the "Tierra To continue with the classification of Caliente" of Mexico. the three or four zones of Mexico. Above The "Tierra Templada" is high and the Templada, or temperate belt there is, dry, an elevation running between 3,500 of course, the cold weather zone, with the and 8,000 feet or more. It takes in an vegetation of such climates ; pines and enormous area, more than one-half of oaks, ferns and mosses which extend up the country. Approximately half of the to the freezing zones. There are some country is high and dry and the rest is ten mountains in Mexico that are never hot and wet. The V-shaped piece that without snow. Popocatepetl, Iztaccihuatl, comes down into Central Mexico is over Orizaba, Toluca, etc., as well as a number 1,00o miles long. Mexico covers a tre- of volcanoes around 10,00o to 14.00o feet mendous area—over three-fourths of a in height, in a class with Mauna Loa and million square miles, to which there is Mauna Kea. You can hardly go any- a population of only about 19 people to where in Mexico at any time of the year, the square mile. The foreign population without seeing snow. As I said, Mexico is still small, comparatively. There are is a country of contrasts. around 25,00o Americans and 26,000 As Mexico is for the most part a des- Spaniards. ert country, it should not be expected to I have traveled 22,000 miles through give as many food plants as other coun- Mexico by steam and even more on foot. tries. Not confining myself to any rou- We "hiked" on the average of 15 or 20 tine, I will tell you of Mexico's food miles a day for months on end. I went to crops just as they occur to me. Mexico as associate to C. G. Pringle, You all know of the cacti, of course. probably the greatest botanical collector Although they exist from the Canadian the world has ever seen. Each spring line to Patagonia, Mexico is their real he used to take men from Vermont to camping ground, and in Mexico there help him collect plants, and every year are several thousand species, of which a when he returned he would take home hundred are edible. Probably as many several trunks of herbarium specimens— as two or three thousand of the total and what was left of the boys. Dr. Prin- number are not found outside of Mex- gle knew some 8,000 plants by their ico. The edible varieties either bear botanical names. He collected more edible fruit or have edible joints, species than anyone else except one man "pencas," which make food for human 6 THE MID-PACIFIC

The juicy sugar cane of Mexico is sold to the tourist at the country railway stations

Mexico City is situated in the most fertile oasis in all Mexico. THE MID-PACIFIC 7 beings. Not counting the cacti there is drunk 5o cups a day himself, and that it a long list of food plants of which we, as took 2,000 mugsful to supply his house- scientists, should consider Mexico the hold, composed of his numerous wives home. and servants. They always "foamed" it The next thing that occurs to me is with a "swizzle-stick," a branch of guava the avocado group. I don't like to make with several twigs on the end of it, that, definite statements as to where the avo- when whirled rapidly between the hands cado was first domesticated, but it is at- produced a nice "bead" on drinks. Va- tributed to Central America. Dr. N. L. nilla and savory seeds were used for Britton of the New York Botanical Gar- flavoring the drink, as they have nothing dens discovered a wild fruit which is a but honey to sweeten it. It was probably small avocado, edible but not very palata- rather bitter, but none the less popular. ble, growing wild in Porto Rico. I must However, it was in Mexico that it first watch my step tonight, as we have spe- became an important item of human diet, cialists in that line here with us. Pcrsea whether or not any wild forms of the dryrnifolia is the correct name, this year, plant are now to be found in the Guinana for the Mexican avocado, the one with jungles. leaves that smell good when they are Mexico should have credit also for first crushed. I don't know much about the putting vanilla on the market. Long be- persea leiogyna, which they say is the fore there were any real plantations, va- parent of the best avocados today, but it nilla was harvested in enormous quantities is a Mexican species, I understand. by the Papantla Indians. It was "cured" On the Guatemala frontier, the hard- by the Indians who kept it overnight shelled variety has been grown for ages rolled up in their blankets, which were and down that way is also found P. shie- anything but clean. For many long deana, which has a buttery, rich, well- years that is all the public had for va- flavored meat and a rich milky juice, and nilla, but a few tons went a long way is known as the coconut-flavored kind. because it was expensive. Wild vanilla One of the finest for flavor is a little is only about one-half or one-third as black avocado, an inch by an inch and a strong as the cultivated vanilla. It is half in diameter. It has fibers but a good weak, and not clean, but it still does have avocadoist could work these out. We have the reputation. Those vines run 40 or not yet reached the bottom of the list of so feet up into the trees and then down Mexican avocadoes, but I ought to say again, which makes it the longest orchid something here about the word "avo- in the world, about 8o feet long. There cado." The old Aztec name was "ahua- are two vanillas in Mexico, the big pom- catl" and the Spaniards changed that into pom and the planifolia. "aguacate." Then we made matters If I should say that the "agave," or worse by making up out of that, the new "maguey" plants, from which the Mex- word "avocado." Once we called them ican drink, "pulque" is made are not alligator pears, but now it is a crime to food plants, it would start an argument, call them that, like an old bar-room name. even though pulque is sold in saloons in California is now trying out "Calavo," Mexico, and is the most popular drink and Florida is going one better with the in Mexico City. To supply the saloons in name of "Floridavo." Mexico City it used to require some thir- There are other words that have been ty-two train-loads of pulque every day abused. The Aztec word for chocolate in the year ! is one of them. We could start a dis- There are some Mexican families that cussion on this. The "chocolatl" is sup- hardly ever have anything to eat or drink, posed to have originated in Mexico. A day after day, but a little bread and good old Montezuman is said to have plenty of pulque. You would not think 8 THE MID-PACIFIC a family could be brought up on such a Among my worst experiences when I diet but, I say, that agaves are food first went to Mexico was one about plants. Peons living on some of the enor- "tequila." A man at the hotel said, mous estates have little else, and they "You don't want pulque, come with me. work on it. It contains so much starch Ever heard of tequila, or mescal?" I and sugar and digestible pectins that went with him to a saloon. He said some- with two or three glasses at a meal, as thing to the bartender, who poured some- the Mexicans often take it, they cannot thing that looked like water into a glass, eat much in addition. The "miel" or and the old-timer dashed his down. I fresh sap, is rich in sugar, being around tried to, but when I got my mouth full, 12 to 14% sucrose. that was as far as it got. It choked me. The process of making pulque from Mescal is made from a yucca-like shrub- maguey requires double fermentation. bery plant, the enormous mass of the You may have heard queer stories about central rhizome of which is one and a the fermentation of "agua miel" in that half to two or three feet long, and is full it requires double fermentation which of starch and ferments well. The "te- takes from ten to twenty days for the quila" is distilled from this. Pulque can first fermentation before they get the be distilled in the same way to produce milky, slimy ill-smelling drink for which a similar drink, which is one of the worst one must acquire a taste. Since it takes drinks in the world. so many days to prepare, and there is, One of the unexpected exports I dis- so much difference in the length of time covered in Mexico is "garbanzos." On required for this first fermentation, this one of my first inspection trips in regard means that there must always be a large to the Mexican fruit-fly I stopped at a supply on hand, since if there were any large ranch overnight. The next morn- shortage of pulque in Mexico there would ing I heard some queer noises and upon probably be a terrible revolution. How investigation learned that it was the the manufacturers can tell when the first threshing of chick peas, or garbanzos. fermentation is ready, when there is so This crop was to go to Madrid. The much variation, is one of the mysteries King and the good people of Spain, it known only to the trade, no doubt, for seems, have to buy their garbanzos from you cannot get into the fermenting house Mexico. I said, "Don't tell me anything for love nor money. No tourist has ever like that !" But they said, "You can get been through. I have asked many ques- bad garbanzos from Spain, but all the tions of those in the business, and have good garbanzos come from Mexico." been told that they have a big mother vat Statistics show that Mexican garbanzos carefully guarded by special "capatazes" are sent to Spain to the tune of three or who treat the culture very respectfully. four million dollars' worth a year — a When they are sure that the yeast fer- paradox like sending "coals to New- ments are just right they take a certain castle." The Mexican garbanzo is one of quantity from the "mother" vat and put the largest and richest "beans" grown it in barrels or containers of fresh juice, anywhere in the world, far ahead of the and religiously stir it so that the mother ordinary pea, and they have no superior. yeast is mixed all through the other. 'A No self-respecting Spaniard ever sits few days after these ferments are put in, down to a meal without his garbanzos. out comes the stringy, slimy, stinking Alfalfa I saw first as a field crop grow- mass, the finest drink they make. Only ing near Chapultepec where the Presi- one or two men of the plantation know dents live—when they live. anything about the "mother" fermenta- The average rainfall is 59 inches for tion. If the men in charge of that should the whole country, and the Big Valley, die, it would be hard to find anyone else which you must remember has an eleva- to "carry on." tion of 8,000 feet, has less than 25 inches THE MID-PACIFIC 9 of rainfall and it looks like a desert. Wherever you go in Mexico you hear Why in the world the Aztecs, when they the sound of making tortillas. A good came to Mexico should have picked out tortilla is made from large white grains. a place like that to found a city, no one A solution of strong lye, made from fire knows. They had to build causeways ashes, in which the grains are soaked over- out into the lake to get land to build on. night loosens the hull of the kernel. The In order to start the City of Mexico they hull is dangerous, as it scratches the di- had to build these into the muddy gestive tract. The strong alkali loosens swamps. this hull, and it is rubbed free by hand. The piece de resistance of the Mexican After this is done, it is ground on the people is maize. In the good old days matate, or rubbing stone, like a wash- we thought that Mexico originated Indi- board. Every ounce of it must be ground an corn. But one day a scientific tourist to a fine paste, the finer the better. This walked into a curiosity shop in Peru, and takes time. It is a sticky paste after this, asked about a curious thing two and a and the paste must be patted out into half inches long that looked like a piece cakes six or eight inches in diameter and of dark brown corn. He scratched it about one-eighth of an inch thick, and and was told that it had been dug out of then toasted. Tortillas are eaten hot, the ground. It proved to be a fossil ear with or without butter, and are something of maize. A similar ear, but not fossil- to stick to your ribs. That is the main ized, was found in one of the old mummy food of Mexico, and if there are those graves of the Incas, so Peru has the who think they can change this as the prize for inventing maize. principal food of Mexico, let them go Like many other things, squashes, chili ahead and try to. But they must have peppers, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and something to eat with tortillas. The probably cassava and corn went in two Mexicans have very little meat, but they directions northward from the Tiahu- have 5o kinds of beans. We may think naco district where some eighty kinds we know something about baked beans, of food plants were first domesticated. but how does this sound ? Take rich Some of you may think you have seen black beans, bring them to a boil slowly, maize, but unless you have been to Te- and let them stand overnight. Next morning stir in lard and work it into a huantepec and looked at the 15 to 20- thin paste. Form this lard-bean paste f oot "corn-stalks," you do not know what into cakes and fry it in a pan of hot that crop is capable of. The only kind lard. Serve it with pinochi, which is a that compares with this is grown in the syrup prepared from the best-flavored Canal Zone. There is also a blue, or cane sugar, made from boiling down raw black, Mexican corn, but I have never cane juice. This syrup poured over the seen it in Mexico. fried bean-cakes is another combination It takes six or seven hours every day that "sticks to your ribs." I was almost for the Mexican housewife to prepare an invalid when I first went to Mexico the maize part of the family bill of fare. and it was not long after that that some That does not leave much time, after the engineers asked me if I could speak rest of the day's work is done, to go to Spanish. I tried my Spanish out on a moving pictures and bridge parties ! few Mexicans and they understood me, Some educators in Mexico say that they so I was taken with the engineers as an have been trying to teach the people of interpreter. I protested that I was an Mexico to break away from the "matate" entomologist, but that did not disturb slavery of their life. A machine would them. They said that could remain a free the Mexican housewife from this part of my private life. Weak and sick, drudgery, but that would break up I started on the trip in that terrible cli- Mexico ! mate with ten kinds of mosquitoes that 10 THE MID -PACIFIC

could gnaw right through a mosquito net. ranean countries are smaller than these. To sleep at all I had to have a calico It is said that Cortez planted the old mosquito net. All we had to eat was orange trees of Mexico. The orange tortillas, syrup, coffee and beans. We did trees growing there in pure red clay are not have meat, and as we did not care as good as those in Florida white sand, for jaguars or other cats, and felt preju- and trees loo and, it is said, 200 years diced against eating monkeys, and parrots old, are still bearing. are not good eating anyway, we worked Mexico now exports some $4,000,000 hard for nine or ten hours a day on that of citrus fruits and $14,000,000 of fresh diet of lard-bean cakes, syrup and tor- vegetables, such as tomatoes. tillas. The "jitomate" or "Peruvian cherry," As there are no planks or boards in poha, as it is called here, is a common the wilderness, for a dining table we had Mexican vegetable. The cherimoyer is a buttress of ceiba, or silk-cotton tree, a Mexican. It is a highly perfumed, triangular affair made by cutting two bright-colored, juicy and very delicious sides of a tree trunk, from six to twelve fruit. Wild cherimoyer in the state of inches thick. That was a great experi- Jalisco is endemic. The custard-apple is ence, that trip into the wilderness, but in- common and the soursop not uncommon. stead of succumbing to these conditions, Down in the Tierra Caliente I saw two I got well. After a few months I had fruits I have never seen anywhere else : never been better in my life than I was one, a greenish thing, like a cherimoyer, in that terrible climate. and another somewhat like a date, an inch How many of you have ever heard of in diameter and three or four inches long, sincamas ? A sincama is a native legume and very delicious. I do not know what vine, having large, juicy, turnip-like roots. they are. (Could one be a mangosteen ?) These common and cheap garden vege- They grew in dense jungles. I found tables run from half a pound to a pound only a few. and a half in weight. It is a "mesa" or It is so dark under the 250-foot trees temperate region crop. in the jungles that even on bright sunny Mexico invented rubber. About a mornings the survey stake lines can thousand years ago rubber was used in hardly be seen. Sometimes we had to cut Mexico, long before it was used in down trees, but in order to have a tree Brazil. The tribe of Olmeca Indians fall we had to cut down all the trees who came before the Toltecs, .used to surrounding it, so densely are the tops play a kind of basket ball with large rub- matted together. ber balls, and rings set in parallel stone In that jungle country grows the ceri- walls. No one knows just what became man rnonstera deliciosa, one of the most of the Olmecas when the Aztecs swept odorous fruits in the world. Southern over the face of that good old land. Those Vera Cruz is the home of the ceriman. old Olmecas called rubber "olli." This region in Mexico is also the camp- Another thing they have in Mexico, ing ground of the sapotes. The sapote that you might not expect to find, is the amarillo is an unusually delicious fruit. tejocote or giant thorn-apple, one of the The sapote negro has black fruit. Mex- crataegus species. They grow an inch ico is the only country in the world where and a half in diameter in Mexico, like a you get strawberries every day. Mexico mealy apple. They make a sweetish exports some 48,000 tons of coffee. apple sauce. Chicle, the boiled-down sap of the sapo- There are three fruit orchard sections dilla tree, is an important crop of the in Mexico. Peaches, small but excellent- jungles. flavored apricots, and good figs are found. To conclude I will give a last paradox. Olives from trees three and four feet in For many miles the Balsas river flows diameter. All the olive trees in Mediter- underground in Mexico. THE MID-PACIFIC ii

Some of the Northern Siberians whose distant ancestors may have crossed Bering Straits to become "Americans"

I• Along the Aleutian Is ands I• By DR. T. A. JAGGAR, JR.. Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution

I only know what I have observed channel, Isanotski Strait, between it and about the people of Alaska, having met the peninsula proper. Then comes that some of them in going along that won- extraordinary curved chain between Kam- derful chain of islands extending from chatka and Alaska, a chain of islands the western end of the Alaskan penin- bounded on the north by the Bering Sea, sula to the island of Attu, the western- a shallow ocean, in reality a part of the most settlement of the United States American continent, and on the south by proper, a little village of about forty-seven one of the deepest parts of the Pacific persons, all Aleutian. The Aleutian peo- ocean, where we have four thousand ple are known to you generally as In- fathoms in places, and a very rapid fall dians, but they are not Indians. to the Aleutian trough at the bottom of This Aleutian land consists of some the Pacific, characterized by some of the 300 islands, many of them as big as this greatest earthquakes of the world. Like island, extending west of the Alaskan most of the deeps, it is a place where the peninsula, the largest, larger than Hawaii, fall is still going on. Perhaps there is a big long island, Unimak, with just a still some submarine eruption. Anyway, 12 THE MID-PACIFIC

Dr. Thomas A. Jaggar, Jr., whose explorations in volcanic Alaska seem to bring him as much fame as does his regular work as permanent guardian of Kilauea Volcano and its ever-living lake of fire (Halemaumau) in Hawaii. THE MID-PACIFIC 13 the earthquakes occur in large numbers considerable damage and destruction re- along the line of the ocean deep. sulted, with one life lost in Hilo. After The people of Honolulu probably re- that the sampan owners were ready to call the unsavory reputation I gained a eat from our hands, so when we predicted year ago last March, owing to the fact a tidal wave they went to sea. This seemed that a military banquet at the Royal Ha- to be the same kind of an earthquake, waiian Hotel was knocked on the head and in fact the wave was duly registered through me. The newspapers came out in Hilo. with immense letters to the effect that a People usually misunderstand tidal tidal wave would come that night, and I waves. They are not vast waves that had announced it. come to the coast, mountains high. They I had no intention of anything of the are first outward swings and then mount kind going to the newspapers, but by bad higher. Of course such a wave has con- luck did what always happens when a siderable capacity for doing damage. Any- large earthquake is registered. This way, we were justified in our prediction, earthquake started about 3 :00 p. m. and for the wave did come, but it was small. the seismograph pens were writing im- No one knows why a ridge like the mense arcs, swinging back and forth nine Aleutian Islands with the arch in the di- inches. The swinging kept up from rection of the big ocean has that extraor- three to four hours. dinary curvature. The whole line of active We studied it, and the evidence of the volcanoes in the Aleutian group is on the preliminary tremor indicated a distance of side of the Bering Sea. On the south 2200 miles. We have had a number of side are old, sedimentary rocks with fos- such earthquakes in the past and the indi- sils, which are of the Tertiary age, con- cation was that it came from the deeps just taining leaves of trees and much lignite to the south of the Aleutian Islands. I sent and coal. They are hard rocks, and not word to the harbor-master and the radio soft deposits, as on the Atlantic Coast. station, and it got to the newspapers. The Now this line of islands shows the result was that the officers were ordered characteristic of being lifted on .the side to their posts and the whole populace of the mainland and as one goes farther waited for the tidal wave to come. As a west channels grow wider between them, matter of fact, the wave came. All I said just as we have channels between here and was that this shock, registered at 3 p. m., Hawaii, mostly completely submerged, but should bring the water wave about the floor between west Maui and Hale- four hours later on this coast, if it was akala is raised into land. That sort of coming from the region of the Aleutian thing exists along the west side of the Islands. We had no certainty that it was Aleutian peninsula, of which I am going from the Aleutians. It might have been to show you photographs. It is covered from the Marquesas, but it was about with three hundred lakes that appear to that distance away and the chance of its be uplifted sea bottom. Along the whole making a destructive tidal wave would chain there are folded strata and when I depend on where it came from. If it came speak of the chain I include the Alaskan from the Aleutians it would make a wave peninsula, for that has the same charac- on the eastern side of the Hawaiian teristics, geographically, as the islands. group. The folds lie parallel with the peninsula axis. There are many great brown Alas- In February of 1923 we had a bad one. kan bears. sometimes thirteen feet long. On that occasion we received warning We saw forty in one season. There are and issued notice to the harbor-master. caribou, foxes, wolverines, seals and sea No particular attention was given, and lions, and many land and sea birds. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

One way in which the ancestor of the American Indian may have crossed Bering Straits from Asia.

Along this Aleutian land there are no tions of old came from southeastern Asia, trees. It is a region of many flowering keeping close to land, and worked east- plant s (we collected 125) and lush ward and down the west side of North grasses, and it is these grasses that the America. The Russians who came in the natives use to make those beautiful bas- 18th century and remained until Ameri- kets. These baskets are the softest and can occupation mingled with the Aleut- loveliest of their kind. They are very ex- ians. The characteristics of the race are pensive now, because the younger women partly Mongoloid and partly Athabascan no longer know how to make them. They Indian. We observed, in 1907, that the hold their quality through some remark- young children looked Japanese. The old able characteristics of the Aleutian grass. women and men looked like Indians, the In the making of the baskets, the old women like squaws. Dr. Hrdlicka states ladies take an ordinary pail, wrap news- the Aleutians represent a combination be- papers around it, and turn it upside down. tween the peoples of the North American They spread the grasses free-hand and coast and of Kamchatka, with whatever tie them together in the middle, and admixture there is with Esquimau based weave in the pieces of colored silk for on the previous racial mixture of North making those beautiful roses and patterns America, of which we know almost noth- they put into the woof, the structure pro- ing. According to what authorities there gressing as fast as their fingers can work. are on the subject of the North American The finest are those that still preserve the Indian and the races of North America old Aleut patterns. The trouble is that in general, there are two lines of migra- tourists have gone there and brought tion one being that of the Aleutians with modern magazines, from which they cop- two other islands further west belonging ied patterns. to Russia, Copper Island and Bering Is- The Aleutians who inhabit villages are land, off the Kamchatka coast, separated more or less Mongoloid, because expedi- from Attu by about a hundred miles. THE MID-PACIFIC 15

In these modern days the occasional steamer lands its passengers on the very edge of the illaskan ice drift.

Then one comes to an angle in the con- in all very much Russianized. They are tinental structure with the big southwest- really a fine-looking people. I had a big ern mountains of Kamchatka, which take fellow with me who was the son of the you right into the Kurile islands, the chief at Unalaska, a magnificent looking north group of the Japanese arc. man, but I would not say he was typical, Remember, there is a series of these because many of the other men are small island necklaces : the Aleutian necklace and quite Japanese as to appearance. comes far down, south of fifty degrees. Others look Indian, which is probably the The middle of the chain is almost as far combination present in their blood. Some south as the northern end of Vancouver of their characteristics are like the Esqui- Island ; Vancouver and southeast Alaska maux, in regard to habits of burial and are temperate and well covered with for- things of that sort. ests. I do not know why there are no trees I understand the uplift of land on the in Aleutian land, as they appear in abun- Bering Straits might have permitted land dance on the Alaska peninsula and again migration and the coming of the race from in Kamchatka. There are winds and southeast Asia in canoes following along storms and great conflict of wind currents the shores and occurring at different that keep the climate cool all the year, times. The Bering uplift may have been with abundant snow in the winter, so that some ten thousand years B. C. These ex- the mean annual temperature is low. peditions brought races to America that There may not be enough sunny days in were originally Asiatic. Such is the trend the year to foster the growing of trees. of thought in books by Dixon, Foster, The natives speak a language with a and others who have tried to put together great deal of Russian in it. Their names' what is known of the skull characteristics are very Russian. They have Russian and the habits of the people. Races who priests and belong to the-Russian church, came across in the early days, probably 16 THE MID-PACIFIC before Bering Strait was there, went to almost a part of the North American the Yukon and spread across North continent. It seems this is a ridge caused America in various directions to start the by the piling up of debris and lava, over different strains. There is every reason sedimentary matter which in general lies to think there may have been several such in folds parallel with the curve of the invasions over a long period of time, dat- island arc. ing from perhaps nine or ten thousand I have been trying to get the Federal years B. C. onward. Probably the last government to make a survey of this re- group of adventurers came from south- gion with reference to the economic pos- eastern Asia by way of the Aleutians and sibilities, and I would want to see several went down the Pacific Coast. stations at Unalaska, taken care of by a We used to hear much of a supposed group of men working there summer and single migration, but it seems very prob- winter, in order to learn everything about able now that there was more than one the climate and geography. migration, to account for the increasing I don't think we can say what produced complexity of the aboriginal peoples of that ridge, but it is a mountain-built ridge North America, going all the way back and through it on the north side has to fossil men of the glacial period. come this great volcano heaping which The cause of these necklaces of islands, has continued from the earliest times to with the curvature facing the deeps, is a the present day. How much before that very remote problem of geology today. volcanoes were in existence I do not Why should they be curved in an arc ? know. There might have been some form They are almost perfect circular arcs. of volcanoism dating back to the primi- There are about forty active volcanoes in tive earth. the Aleutian chain. The great brown bear will not attack There are several arcs in the Japanese anyone unless wounded. In most every group, and there is the Sumatra group, case I have heard of where the bear did comprising Java and the Ladrones. It make an attack, it was because he was is possible that they represent something hurt, and could not get away. The men very primitive in the chronology of the globe, about which volcanoism has clus- told me they even took the cubs away tered from time immemorial, but the vol- from the mother bear ; she stood nearby canoes may have quieted with the devel- and tried to coax them back, but did not opment of continental areas inside of the attack the men. They will bluff at it, but arcs, and from them developed the seas. I do not believe the great brown bear will As I have said before, the Bering Sea is usually attack unless wounded.

Just hummocks of ice THE MID-PACIFIC 17

These aboriginal Tasmanians, now extinct, peopled Van Diemen's Land when Captain Cook discovered Australia.

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..x Some Startling Lights on the • 1 4. Discovery of Australia c t By SIR JOSEPH CARRUTHERS C f Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution :ariariAlt• • aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa • • /Ca • • • tiarti zenatini .

It quite true that Captain Cook was out the expedition and pursuing the work sent in 1768 on the mission of observing to be undertaken. transit of Venus in Tahiti, a very im- About that time, and in factduring dung the portant astronomical occoccurrence uponpon whole period of Cook's voyages, eleven which many malculations c in regard to as- years, from 1768 to 1779, when Cook tronomy were based, and naturally died, England was at war, either with checked on the occasions when the transit France or with France and the American Venuss occurs. That, however, was not colonies (the war of Independence) or the main purpose of the expedition. Spain and France.Fr The conseonsequencequence Cook was appointed Lieutenant Com- was that if Cook's vessel met an enemynemy mander of "The Endeavor," the craft war ship, there was a great risk of "The which was selected and fitted for carrying Endeavor" being sunk or captured, thus 18 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 19

ending the expedition. But the nations First of all, let me state briefly the were more chivalrous in those days than gist of the secret instructions, No. 3. This they have been since. It was a common was, that Cook was to make the great thing for maritime powers at war with aim of his voyage, the discovery of the each other to issue letters of protection to so-called southern continent, or as it was enemy vessels which were only pursuing then called, "Novae Hollandae" (New some peaceful task, especially that of ex- Holland) according to the Dutch naviga- ploration and scientific investigation. tors. The point I wish to make is that the Accompanying the secret instructions ostensible main purpose of Cook's first was a set of charts compiled by Dalrym- voyage was the transit of Venus, in which ple, then the hydrographer to the British the whole world was interested. That se- Navy. That chart showed Tasman's dis- cured for him, obviously, the freedom of covery and landing at Tasmania and also the seas from enemy ships or otherwise. of New Guinea. Thus two points, one But when Cook left England toward the north and one south, that Tasman had end of 1768, the Admiralty issued to him reached, were shown. Tasman had marked three separate sets of instructions : a wavy line between these two points in- (1) The sailing instructions—which dicating land to which Tasman gave the were not of a secret character, at any name "Novae Hollandae." So Cook had rate amongst his officers, and after the not only these secret instructions No. 3, voyage were open to anyone. but he had this chart and he was told to (2) A first set of secret instructions find this New Holland, to sail along its which were published with original ac- east coast and take possession of it for counts of the voyage, after the voyage King George the Third of England. was completed. Now, I answer the question,—why was These two documents were known to this secrecy maintained ? To find that out the world from 1770 right down to today. we have to look at the date and the events They have been published and made open current. The date was 1768, the epochal to all readers. year. Just before that year France had But now we come to a third set of in- lost all her American colonies, Canada, structions, viz : Louisiana and Florida, and so on—a (3) The secret orders, P. R. 0. Ad- mighty big loss to her. It was like strip- miralty 2/1332, entitled, "Additional se- ping a woman of all her finery. France cret instructions to Lieutenant James was stripped bare of her colonial posses- Cook, Commander of His Majesty's Bark, sions. Naturally she wanted to get some- `The Endeavor'." thing in their place as an outlet for her These last secret instructions, which surplus population. So she was sending we will call the No. 3 instructions, were ships out to search for this mysterious never published or permitted to be pub- southern continent which the ancients had lished until September, 1929, when the talked about, and which Magellan had Admiralty (which had continuously main- speculated about, as also other Spanish tained strict secrecy and strict control navigators. So France had one or two over the document) released it for publi- explorers sent out to find this mysterious, cation. Then it was released for publica- fabulous land of Bougainville and an- tion in the "Naval Miscellanies" in Sep- other. tember, 1929. Today Spain is a third-class power, and Why were these orders or instructions a poor one at that, but in 1768 she was issued with such secrecy, and why was still one of the great powers of the world ; secrecy so closely observed from 1768 for and was still a great naval power despite the next 160 years ? the licking Britain gave her when the Ar- 20 THE MID-PACIFIC mada was smashed. So Spain, also, was lands in the unexplored seas or oceans of on the look-out for fresh possessions in the world. It was under that Papal Bull the unexplored ocean, the Pacific. In that Columbus's discoveries were turned point of fact, Spain possessed practically over to Spain and that Spain got the the whole of South America, from South- whole of South America. What had oc- ern California right down through Mex- curred in South America was about to be ico to Cape Horn. She was a power to repeated in the whole of the Pacific. be reckoned with in dealing with the mys- Spain claimed every bit of land in the tery of the Pacific and what it contained. newly discovered Pacific, and was sup- Magellan and De Quiros (both -Span- ported by the Papal authorities of that iards) and Sir Francis Drake (the Eng- • time. But, luckily, Spain's maritime power lish Admiral) were the three men who was diminishing. A new power had ap- blazed the trail to the Pacific in the order peared on the horizon—England. Spain mentioned. They found that the Atlantic contested her right in two cases. England and the Pacific were joined together. That had taken possession of the Falkland Is- is to say, that the two oceans met at the lands at the southern end of America. southernmost point of America, really Spain had openly questioned England's at the Straits of Magellan. That was a right to the Falkland Islands, annexed to big discovery. Before that the whole Great Britain in 1765 by Captain Byron, knowledge of the European nations de- grandfather of the poet. War became pended on the mythical and ancient stories imminent with Charles III of Spain who of the Pacific. The Europeans thought ineffectually sought an alliance with Louis that the Pacific was an enclosed sea, not XV of France in pursuance of what was an ocean ; but Magellan, De Quiros and known as the "Family Compact." Spain Drake proved that it was connected with eventually gave way to England's naval the other oceans of the earth. Drake went preparations. But the air was electrical on below the American continent where and bid fair for coming war storms, in- the two oceans met, and right into the volving Great Britain with two European great Antarctic Ocean. Not satisfied with powers and with the American colonies that, he penetrated through the Pacific over the Atlantic. and went home around the Cape of Good Hence there was a necessity for secrecy Hope, so that he went right across the Pa- in the dispatch of the "Endeavor" and the cific. I think it could be very well main purpose of the first voyage had to claimed, then, that of the two races, the be cloaked. British and the Spanish, the work Now we have got the reason. We will done by the English navigataor stood out go a little further. The South Sea Bubble as the greater. It was not the earliest about this time was just being formed. expedition to the Pacific, but it was the Fabulous stories were being started about greatest. the so-called Southern Continent. Dal- Now I come back to another material rymple openly gave out his opinion that point. We cannot realize today that 200 the Great Southern Continent contained years ago, or more, the greatest temporal over 50 million people and must be far power on earth was the Pope of Rome. wealthier than the American colonies. All the real European States were Papal Other writers and speculators said there States, practically, except Russia. Eng- was much treasure in gold and silver, and land was the only Protestant State. The what was prized more highly, the rare Pope of Rome had issued a Papal Bull in spices of the earth. the Middle Ages as arbiter of the desti- A great country to get hold of, that nies of the earth, giving sole dominion and Southern Continent ! power to Spain over all the undiscovered The nation that got the Great Southern THE MID-PACIFIC 21

Continent was made. It was worth going found parts of the Tongan group, Samoa to war for. It was worth fighting for, it and the Fiji Islands, but nothing in the was worth getting. That furnished the nature of a continent. So he returned reason why these secret instructions home again after going thousands of should be cloaked, if war were to be miles through the Pacific, without finding avoided. anything big enough to be called a con- Up to this time the only English names tinent. that come into the picture as navigators In the meantime Holland, and the are Drake and Captain Byron. Only Dutch, came into the picture. They had Drake went a bit into the heart of the Pa- been brave explorers, taking possession cific. But every Pacific explorer or trader of Java and other East Indian Islands of that day went to Robinson Crusoe's and went along that group commencing island, the island of San Juan Fernandez. from the North Cape, Cape York of Aus- The name indicates that it was a Spanish tralia, up to New Guinea and the chain of discovery and it was immortalized in De- islands that included Java, Sumatra and foe's work, "Robinson Crusoe," which Borneo, right up to the Malay Straits. everybody reads. That island was made The Spanish, Torres with De Quiros, had the rendezvous for all ships going into already sailed through Torres Straits. the Pacific. That was their calling sta- The important fact is that Tasman had tion, where they got supplies, water, veg- landed at Tasmania, which he thought to etables, and so on. Suddenly, however, be part of Australia, and sailed north until Spain, who claimed possession of it, start- he came to New Guinea and knew that ed to fortify it, mounted guns and built this was an island because De Quiros and fortifications, landed a garrison and made Torres had found that Australia and New it a naval station. That put the fat into Guinea were not connected and that they the fire. It was a challenge by Spain to were separated by a strait which they the rest of the world that she was going called Torres Strait. Thus Tasman fixed to enforce her rights under the Papal Bull on his chart the two marks, New Guinea and claim everything discovered or undis- and Tasmania, but what lay between he covered in the Pacific. So England, be- did not know, but he marked on his map fore Cook's time, started out to send ex- a long wavy line and called it "Novae peditions along to contest Spain's claims. Hollandae," a mere, though good, guess. Expeditions on good sea-going ships of Now we come to the point when the war. British Admiralty decided to send out an- Thus we note Captain Byron in the other expedition for the purpose of find- "Dolphin," followed by Captain Wallis. ing this fabled Southern Continent, and Wallis found- Tahiti and the Society Is- made it the principal aim of the expedi- lands, and he took possession of them for tion. Thus we come to the document England. Then he found the Wallis which started the expedition under Cap- Group and charted other islands and went tain Cook, the secret instructions No. 3, home by way of the Cape of Good Hope. issued July 30, 1768, signed by Admiral This was about 1740. Then he was next Hawke, Admiral Piercey Brett and Lord followed by Commander Anson and Cap- Spencer. I refrain from reading the tain Carteret with two ships. This salient whole of these secret instructions because fact deserves to be particularly noted, they are very lengthy. If anyone wishes viz : that with him as a junior officer was to read them, they are cited in my book, Captain Piercey Brett. Anson was told just published. Now what do these secret to connect up with Wallis's discovery of instructions contain? I will give the ex- Tahiti and to search south of that for tracts which are relevant to tonight's lec- the Southern Continent. He did, and ture. I quote : 22 THE MID—PACIFIC

41.

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4 44 * 4 , * -.AA' * THE MID-PACIFIC 23

"And whereas there is reason to imag- —it was assumed to be an extension of ine that a continent or land of great ex- the eastern coast of New Holland—but it tent may be found to the southward of was thought possible that Captain Cook the track lately made by Captain Wallis, might be baffled at New Zealand and not in His Majesty's ship the 'Dolphin' (of be able to get over further to the west- which you will herewith receive a copy) ward unless it proved to be one or more or of the track of any former navigators islands, as indeed Cook proved, so it used in pursuit of the like kind ; you are there- these words. fore in pursuance of His Majesty's pleas- "You will also observe with accuracy ure hereby required and directed to put the situation of such islands as you may to sea so soon as the observation of the discover in the course of the trip and transit of the planet Venus shall be fin- take possession for His Majesty, . . . . ished, and observe the following instruc- etc." tions. Then come these important governing "You are to proceed to the southward orders, that Cook was to do all these sub- in order to make discovery of the conti- sidiary things : nent above mentioned, to arrive in the "Without suffering yourself, however, Latitude of 40 degrees S, unless you to be thereby diverted from the object sooner fall in with it : but not having dis- which you are to always have in view, covered it or any evident signs of it in the discovery of the Southern Continent that run, you are to proceed in search of so often mentioned." it to the westward between the Latitude That emphasizes that he was to allow before mentioned and the Latitude of 35 nothing to divert him from the main pur- degrees S until you discover it or fall in pose. Again I want to reiterate that it with the eastern side of the land discov- must be remembered that with these No. ered by Tasman. 3 secret instructions Cook was supplied "If you discover the continent above with a copy of Tasman's chart in con- mentioned either in your run to the south- junction with that of Torres, compiled ward or to the westward as above directed, by Dalrymple. you are to employ yourself deliberately The signature of Piercey Brett to the in exploring as great an extent of the document is very illuminating. His old coast as you can, carefully observing the Commander Anson was still alive, but true situation thereof, both in Latitude aged, while Piercey Brett was in the and Longitude, the variation of the needle, prime of his manhood. He, Brett, was a bearings of the headland, heights, direc- lord of the Admiralty. Both he and An- tion and course of the tides, the currents, son were convinced and openly alleged as depths and soundings of the sea, shoals, the result of their voyage twenty years 3, rocks, etc previous, that the Southern Continent lay "You are also, with the consent of the somewhere between 40 degrees S. Lati- natives, to take possession of convenient tude and 30 degrees S., and that it lay situations in the country in the name of westward of New Zealand. A pretty the King of Great Britain, or if you find good guess when you look at the maps, the country uninhabited, take possession because the southernmost point of Tas- for His Majesty by setting up proper mania is 42 degrees south and Syd- marks and inscriptions as first discoverers ney and Brisbane are from 28 to 35 and possessors." degrees south. That accounts for the It goes on to point out the possibilities specific directions to Cook to go 40 de- that Cook might fall in with New Zea- grees south and then to sail westward land, the position of which was known between the Latitude of 40 degrees and but the land was not known to be an island 35 degrees. The direction was so good 24 THE MID-PACIFIC

The artist's conception of the native Maoris of New Zealand watching the strange giant craft of Captain Cook as it circled their islands. THE MID-PACIFIC 25 that anybody following those instructions cast the deciding vote. Cook ended the would be bound to make the discovery of council by saying : the coast of Australia, where Cook did "Gentlemen, we are going westward, discover it. not eastward." This happened. After the observation The point I wish to make is that it did not make any difference what the council of the transit of Venus, in 1768 or 1769, Cook sailed down south until he got to voted for, as Cook's instructions were Latitude 40 south and then proceeded up definite, not to allow anything to divert him from proceeding on a course west- to the westward, steering to somewhere ward between 40 degrees S. and 35 de- between Latitude 40 degrees and 35 degrees S., which he did, with the result grees, and came to the coast of New Zea- that on the 28th of April, 1770, he landed land. He knew from Brett and Anson at Botany Bay in Australia. He took pos- that Tasman had only just seen the north session, at Kurnell, of Australia for the part of New Zealand and had stayed a day or so on shore and then gone off. It British crown. That is how we got Australia. Not as was indicated to Cook that the probabil- an accident, but by the efforts of the man ity was that the coast of New Zealand who was told to do the job. He carried was not the coast of the Southern Conti- the message to Garcia. He was told to nent but was the coast of an island, so do the job and he did it. That is how we he sailed around New Zealand and be- have inherited Australia. When Cook tween the straits (called Cook Straits) died the British Government gave him no and took possession of the island of New honor in the way of a title, but they gave Zealand for King George III. This his family an unusual thing. The only brought him into January, 1770, perhaps case of its kind that I know of. The 18 months after he had started his voy- British Government furnished his family age. He was beginning to run out of with a coat of arms : a globe with the supplies and the sails were tattered and track of his (Cook's) voyages, a script the cordage needed attention, and the with the words, "Nil Intentatum Rele- provisions were low, so he called a coun- quit" (He left nothing undone), and an cil of his officers, to discuss the question arm with a flag in the hand above it. as to where they should proceed en route for home. Sir Joseph Banks, on the ship Sir Joseph, also, in his address referred with his staff of scientists, was pretty to some information which has never yet well full-up of discovering new islands. been published, which he obtained from He (Banks) did not know of the secret old residents of Wallis Island, lying instructions, his mission being to search southwest of Tonga and Samoa. This in- for botanical species, of which he already formation was that 250 years ago a Chi- had a very large supply. The New Zea- nese junk with from one to two hundred land natives were hostile and he wanted Chinamen aboard was blown out of the to get home, so at the council meeting to China Sea by a typhoon and finally was decide this question, all the scientific stranded on Wallis Island, and there the members of the staff were in favor of go- survivors remained. They intermarried ing home, by the shortest route around with the natives. All the natives today Cape Horn, which meant going to the have slant eyes, the sure Chinese indi- eastward. Perhaps some of Cook's officers cator. Captain Cook was accused of introduc- were in favor of this, too, because the ship needed repairs, and provisions were ing a lot of diseases into the Polynesian Islands, and it was alleged that they were short. Anyway, some of the records show that they were evenly divided at the coun- continental diseases. It is clear from the information that 250 years ago, 100 years cil, so it was practically left to Cook to 26 THE MID-PACIFIC

before Cook was ever there, the Chi- ings and in writings there. Wallis Island nese (from one to two hundred of them) is seldom visited by travellers and little were there. They were not casual visitors is known about it from any publications. for a day, but they made their homes there, raised their families and died there, His authorities for the above facts are and their families inherited all their vir- the leading and only European trader tues, vices and diseases. It hardly seems there, Dr. Bailey, a Harvard University necessary to go further than this to prove graduate doctor who was also the medical that long before Cook's advent a large officer, and a very intelligent and a com- body of Asiatic sailors landed right in paratively educated old native woman of the heart of Polynesia and stayed there high caste now living or staying in Suva, and were in constant touch with Samoa, Fij i. Tonga, Tahiti and other Polynesian The little group consists of two isles, islands. The descendants of these ma- Wallis and Futuna. It belongs to the rooned and shipwrecked sailors show Chi- French and the only white besides the nese features ; and the character language trader is a Catholic priest. The natives of their ancestors is to be found in carv- are Polynesian and speak that language.

. ouwro ws ow . :2 -Arrigiir Fie N ■ I ir:. .• 1

Scene of Captain Cook's Voyages THE MID-PACIFIC 27

vuo 4p,•141mmwpv,m p,m•A, • • 00000 7riplic711K711C7r • • • ipnpriunprrur • • mgmuwit, Transportation in Hawaii By HARRY ARMITAGE of the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Co.

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In allotting this subject to me, I have to assume that it refers to inter-island transportation only, and with this thought in mind, I believe that we cannot do better in giving a short history of the subject, than to go right back to the beginning of recorded events and commence from there. This will not be scientific, but I know a little about the steamboating business. The discovery of the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 by Captain Cook is probably the first authentic record we have of inter- island communication, for we learn from his records that he sighted others of the islands besides Kauai, where he first landed, and we also know that on his second visit he made his long stay at Kealakekua and visited Maui, Oahu and Kauai. There is no question in anybody's mind that before Cook's arrival there was inter-island communication by canoe. The ancient Hawaiian was primarily a dweller A Hawaiian outrigger canoe, a Japanese sam- on the seashore, the best of his food came pan, and an early inter-island steamer, succes- from the sea, and this combination made sive means of water transport in Hawaii. him a most excellent fisherman and developed in him those corollaries, seamanship present-day sextant. You have heard him and navigation. describe the points of departures from You have all heard our friend, Dr. Hawaii-iki which he has established to his Peter H. Buck, the eminent Maori an- own satisfaction, if not to yours, as being thropologist, tell of the voyages that Poly- located on Lanai and Kahoolawe. You nesian mythology claims as having started have heard of the canoe-building industry at some place called Hawaii-iki, little Ha- in Kona in those far-back times and you waii, to Rarotonga, thence to other Pa- probably know that in Waimea Canyon, cific islands, and ultimately ending an era Kauai, there remains very positive evi- of migration in New Zealand. You have dence of the felling of trees, and the heard him tell of what we have in our building and taking out of those forests ignorance called the Mystic Calabash, by canoes of such proportions as are unheard means of which the ancient Polynesians of in these days. did their navigation, and which is no more Is there any reason to doubt, therefore, nor less than the crude beginnings of the that the ancient Hawaiians had inter-is- THE MID-PACIFIC

One of the fleet of Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company's steamers that scarce more than a decade ago was the flag-ship of the fleet. Today veritable ocean liners ply between the island ports. THE MID-PACIFIC 29 land communication, in double canoes if their predecessors, and of a type unsuit- you like, similar to those pictured in his- able for open sea voyages and the weather tories of Cook's Hawaiian Voyages, experienced in our channels, can we won- r i g g e d with three-cornered sails and der that when the "Kalama" was wrecked manned by many paddlers ? at Koloa on January 5, 1856, her sister When Captain Vancouver, in his inter- was withdrawn from service and sent island voyages arrived in Kona, he found back to San Francisco whence she came. two white men there, John Young and You must not think that during this Isaac Davis, who had apparently been period the Hawaiian Islands were depend- left behind by either whalers or traders, ent on these steamers alone. It was de- and that one of them, Isaac Davis, at the cidedly the reverse. Sailing vessels, prin- order of Kamehameha, was engaged in cipally of the two-masted schooner type, the building of a 40-foot vessel in which did the big bulk of the voyaging, and con- Kamehameha intended visiting the other tinued to do it for many long years after- islands of this group. Vancouver dele- wards. I am merely trying to tell you of gated his ship's carpenter to assist ; thus the early attempts to maintain service and was the first inter-island vessel of white give you the background or foundation on construction fabricated, and this was the which our present means of inter-island forerunner of what we have today. communication are built. As a matter of We can imagine very easily that from fact, it was not until about 1910 that the this time until the landing of the mission- last of our island schooners disappeared, aries in 1820, communication was main- and I distinctly remember the last of tained by canoes and such small sail them, the "Concord," "Kamoi" and "Moi boats as were constructed by those white Wahine" operating in and out of Hono- men who for one reason or another were lulu. left behind by their vessels in the same Hawaiian interests, realizing the neces- manner as Young and Davis. sity of reliable communication, and the With the arrival of the missionaries, trend of the times toward mechanically a change took place. The vessels in driven vessels, in 1858 ordered a wooden which they arrived made inter-island voy- steamer built in Boston. "Kilauea," for ages, other vessels were constructed here, such she was named, was of 414 tons bur- and communication of a very casual and den, and arrived here on July 28, 1860. spasmodic nature was maintained. This She maintained a service, and for eleven condition ran along the years until the years operated around these islands, in early '50's, June 24, 1852, to be exact, the face of difficulties and disappoint- when we entered the era of steam with ments to her owners, financially and the arrival of the wooden steamer "Con- otherwise. stitution" of 600 tons burden. Then came About this time, she came under the the "S. B. Wheeler" on November 12, management of Mr. S. P. Wilder and 1853, under the auspices of a California things took a turn for the better. Under company which called itself the Hawaiian his operation she became a financial suc- Steam Navigation Company. Renamed cess, and I am inclined to believe that it the "Akamai," she operated a year, was was from this experience that Mr. Wilder then examined and found unseaworthy, ultimately decided to form the Wilder and eventually broken up. Steamship Company. In 1854, two steamers were placed in Let us digress a moment and study the service, the "Kalama" to Kauai, and the situation in Hawaii at this time. The Is- "Seabird" to Maui and Hawaii. Cumber- lands were a monarchy, had their King, some and costly to operate, small and of their own politics, their own internal insufficient capacity, sidewheelers like problems, no means of defense, no basic 30 THE MID-PACIFIC

In the days when passengers in Hawaii were lifted from the steamer's life boats by crane and derrick. industries, no wealth, and yet, geograph- This working agreement, or rather un- ically, occupied one of the most strategic derstanding, stood the test of time, for it positions in the whole Pacific area. What was only in 1905 that these two gentlemen an impetus to business, what an encour- who had formed their shipping interests agement to capital it must have been when into corporations, amalgamated and oper- the Government of Hawaii, in 1878, con- ated as one unit. cluded a Treaty of Reciprocity with her To go back a little, 1883 saw a charter great and powerful neighbor, the United issued by the Monarchy to Mr. Foster States of America. and associates, granting permission to This had its reflection in shipping, for operate under the corporate name of "In- in that year another of our pioneers in ter-Island Steam Navigation Company, transportation, Mr. T. R. Foster, found- Limited," and 1883 saw a similar charter er of the Inter-Island Steam Navigation to Mr. Wilder and his associates, permit- Company, had a screw s t e am e r, the ting them to operate under the name of "James Makee," built in California ex- Wilder Steamship Company. pressly for service in the Hawaiian Is- Both companies prospered, and numer- lands. ous vessels were built during the course Transportation, as a business, was be- of the next few years, among the familiar coming stabilized, agreements between names being "C. R. Bishop," "Iwalani," owners were being consummated for the "W. G. Hall," "Pele," and "Kaimiloa," benefit of all, as is instanced by the fact the latter famous as the flagship, and in that Mr. Wilder and his interests devoted fact the whole of the Hawaiian Navy, as their attention to serving Hilo, and Mr. well as for her trip to the Samoas as the Foster and his associates looked after the carrier of a mission whose avowed inten- service to and from Kona. tion it was to consolidate the Pacific is- THE MID-PACIFIC 31 lands into one nation, which visionary ern type of machinery. Hawaii can well scheme, it is needless to say, resulted in be proud of her home-owned company. exactly nothing. In addition to, and at the same time, in About this time, in 1883, the Wilder competition with the Inter-Island Steam Steamship Company made what must Navigation Company, companies operat- have been regarded in those days as a ing between the mainland and Honolulu radical departure from all inter-island have extended their services to all the is- transportation precedents, by having lands of the group, thus providing addi- Cramps construct for them at Philadel- tional inter-island service to the residents phia the iron steamship "Kinau," and by of the Territory. all accounts her arrival day, November 1, Hawaii is nothing if not up to date, in 1883, was a red-letter day in the history transportation facilities. Hence, last year of these islands, with flags flying, bands saw the inauguration of the inter-island playing, general jubilation and a general communication by air and the usual vicis- holiday. situdes experienced in pioneering and in- Their rivals, the Inter-Island Steam augurating new methods were faced and Navigation Company, Ltd., countered overcome. with the "Claudine," built in Scotland Two companies were formed ; one has and placed in service in 1890. Again the ceased operations. The other provides celebrations, for bear in mind that the daily service between Honolulu and Hilo, life of these islands is entirely dependent and Honolulu and Maui, and thrice week- on communication with each other and ly between Honolulu and Kauai. On ac- with the outside world, and the Hawaiian count of the enormous area of water, is essentially a seaman. compared with land, over which the And so on, down the next few years, planes operate, amphibions of the very with many of the older steamers still in latest and best type obtainable in the service, new ones being added ; through United States are employed, thus provid- the happy days of the Monarchy ; through ing the maximum of safety. The travel- the days when Hawaii was a Republic ; ing public has patronized the service to then under the regime of the Provisional a much greater extent than was antici- Government, until annexation in 1898, pated, and the company is much encour- when United States administration and aged and intends to keep its equipment laws became effective, thence to 1905. and service up to the minute. Its next That year saw the amalgamation of the step is to endeavor to show the United States Postal authorities the advantages Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company and necessity of daily inter-island mail and the Wilder Steamship Company un- service, and thus to link up the islands of der the corporate name of Inter-Island the group even closer than they are at Steam Navigation Company, Limited. It present. saw the inauguration of our present-day It is a far step from the double canoes company, the only steamship company of 1778 to the airplanes of 1930, but it locally owned and incorporated under the reminds us, in reviewing such develop- laws of the Territory of Hawaii. ment, that we must also look forward. Improvements in vessels and service Nobody can safely predict future trans- followed gradually down the years. The portation developments—we are appar- local company improved the type of its ently in a period of transition. On the vessels until in the last two years they mainland, combination air and railroad, have built and placed in service steamers or air and motor bus facilities are offered, second to none in comfort and appoint- and planes are carrying passengers, mail ments, and powered with the most mod- and express, not only all over the United 32 THE MID-PACIFIC

States, but to Canada, Mexico and South Is there any reason to believe, there- America as well. "Lighter than air" fore, that Hawaii is going to lag behind ? ships, Zeppelins, have crossed the Atlantic With her past record of achievement in and voyaged around the world without transportation that I have just outlined, any great difficulty, gliding or aeroplan- with her business men as far-sighted as ing without mechanical power is being they have proven themselves to be, and practiced and intensively studied, and it is with the hearty spirit of cooperation and reported through the newspapers that a coordination for the benefit of Hawaii Zeppelin service between San Francisco that they have always displayed, I hardly and Hawaii is contemplated. think so.

Even today on some of the rugged coasts of Hawaii the whale boat is used, with native Hawaiian man power, to land passengers through the surf.

THE MID-PACIFIC 33

An ancient native Hawaiian fishpond on the island of Oahu near Honolulu

• •43.•41,•/1.1•14\••11NV11.1.•11M4 I tkVaP)4 I 99999 4 NVILP I MAIP 1.11J4k,•141,1.,1,1,1 45...X!,),•..41)811 • ii7UVIIKJIT7,111171: The Fishery Problems of Hawaii By H. L. KELLY, Hawaii Fish and Game Commission. (Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institute)

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Possibly there is no other place in the these little fish to make it worth while world where commercial fishing is bur- to start for the aku grounds. "Grounds," dened with so many problems as right however, is rather misleading, as aku, here in Hawaii. I believe we have most the ocean bonito, are pelagic fish which all that are common to the work in other roam the ocean lanes at their own free places, besides a number of special prob- will. They are found one place today, lems that are strictly local products. and tomorrow no place at all, or many Among the latter probably the most im- miles from it—if you get my meaning. portant is the bait problem. In most Once I was out with an aku boat for other places the price of bait is fairly three days and nights. The crew, con- reasonable, and as a rule a simple mat- sisting of eight men and the captain, ter to get. Such is not the case in Ha- spent fully half the time catching bait, waii. Here bait must be caught to catch much of it being caught at night, while other bait in order to catch fish ; also it the other half of the time was spent in costs four or five times as much as in searching the wide ocean for schools of aku. Figure for yourselves how much most other places. First it is necessary to catch several time that left the men for eating, sleep- ing, reading papers or going to theaters. thousand nehu or iao. These fish when full grown are about three inches long, In the three days they succeeded in and are usually found in the little bays catching 1,200 pounds of aku, for which and inlets close inshore. They have to they received 5 cents a pound, $60.00. It be caught alive with very fine meshed is a little awkward to divide this by nine nets. The fish must be handled very and three to find out that each man's carefully when transferred from the share was a few cents over $2.00 per seine to water compartments in the row day. However, the men did not have to boat. They are then taken to the sam- go to this trouble, as food, gas, oil and pan, where they are placed in bait-wells, other expenses amounted to more than which are constructed purposely for car- $60.00—so each man's share was noth- rying them alive. Sometimes it requires ing for his three days' work. You can judge from this that catching aku is half a day or more to catch enough of 34 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 35

no sinecure, nor that any great fortunes and few of the men born here will en- are made in this work. In order to make gage in the work. Why ? In the first it pay, the aku fisherman must average place, because the pay is too poor ; second, approximately five cents a pound and because the work is so hard and dan- that is a high price for bait. The aku is gerous, and third, because the people the bait principally used by the deep-sea and the government show no real sym- fishermen to catch ulua, opakapaka and pathy for fishermen as a class—that is, other fish commonly found in the mar- no real effort has been made to improve kets. From this you will see that the conditions for men now engaged in fish- bait question is not only a problem but ing, or to train our own nationals for rather an expensive one for our fisher- the work. We have schools where stu- men. dents can learn the various phases of land Another local problem and one that farming, but we have neglected to do is entitled to serious consideration is the the same for water farming. We need fact that commercial fishing plays a schools to train men in fisheries work. more important part in the welfare of Before this can be done, you and the the Territory than most people seem to other influential people of the Territory think—also that it is banging by a pretty must wake to a realization of the impor- small thread. tance of the work and petition the legis- If the fishermen of Oregon were to go lators to pass the necessary bills and on a strike, or anything happened to appropriations. prevent their bringing in fish, the mar- Undoubtedly the biggest problem, and kets could easily be supplied from Cali- one which is met with every place, is fornia or Washington waters. Or, if for the consumer's belief that fish should any reason, the fishermen of California, sell at a very low price. People, gener- Oregon and Washington all refused to ally speaking, who pay high prices for continue operations, the markets could fruits, meats, vegetables and other com- be supplied with fish from British Co- modities without complaining, will hag- lumbia and Mexico, or the East coast. gle and grouch over the price of fish. But, if our fishermen should go on a My work, as special agent for the strike, there would be no fresh fish for Bureau of Fisheries during the war, took our markets. Fish shipped from the me pretty much all over the United coast, and which has been on ice 8 or States. Wherever I went, east, west, 10 days, is better than no fish at all— north or south, people and papers criti- at the same time we do not relish the cised fishermen and dealers, and not in- thought nor the flavor so well as when frequently charged them with profiteer- it is only a day or two out of the water. ing. Apparently people approved, or at Another thought in this connection is least were resigned, to steadily advanc- the fact that fresh fish is a more impor- ing prices on other food stuff, but they tant item of diet in our climate than it seemed to feel they should be able to is on the coast—especially is this true, buy the particular kind of fish desired considering the greater abundance of at their own price. fruits and vegetables which they have I remember an instance in Yakima to draw on. which illustrates this fairly well. Ya- Not only are we depending on aliens kima is a small town in central Wash- to supply us with fresh fish, but we are ington in the heart of the fruit belt. doing nothing to replace the fishermen, Outside the shopping district, most of who because of old age or death are the yards contained great cherry trees, lost to the work. Each year the number the branches of which were weighted grows less. No more of these men are down with ripe fruit. Plenty had fallen allowed to be brought into the country, to the ground, yet cherries in the stores 36 THE MID-PACIFIC

were quoted at twenty-five cents the which the people of the Bay Cities had pound. refused to buy at five cents a pound, but At our meetings we cooked fish, espe- had roasted me because salmon or hali- cially the cheaper grades. All the but was thirty-five cents. The shad work was done on the stage in sight roe also shipped from' California was of the audience so they could see every selling at $2.00 a pound. Finding detail. Samples were then passed mackerel roe going a begging at thirty around for everyone to taste. Along cents, and it being quite as good as with the demonstration in cooking fish, shad roe, I thought to do the Bostonians we explained about marketing, and an- a favor by showing them how they swered questions relative to the pur- could save $1.70 per pound on roe. chase of fish. After the demonstrators cooked the Almost the first question on the open- roe the Bostonian housewives ate it ing afternoon was asked by a very apparently with great relish. No indignant woman who wanted to know smacking of lips, of course, because why it was she had to pay twenty-five that isn't done in Boston, although cents for salmon, when in former years some I am sure wanted to. They voted it had never been over twenty cents. it the best shad roe they had ever eaten. I replied by stating I would gladly When informed it was not shad roe at give an explanation for the high price all, but mackerel which they could buy of salmon, if she would tell me why I for thirty cents, several of the women had to pay twenty-five cents a pound for said they did not believe me, and stated cherries in a town where so many were they knew it was a trick I was trying to actually going to waste. put over on them to help out the profit- There were a number of reasons why eering dealers. salmon should be higher than cherries. That is just one sample of people's First because it is worth more and costs unreasonableness about fish prices on more to produce. Also our work had the mainland ; not will you find it much been inaugurated especially to teach different here. people to use substitutes for salmon, The people continually complain to which was needed for shipment to our me about the high prices, but never once soldiers and allies across the seas. But have I heard any credit given dealers in spite of this fact, many people in- for some of the low prices. sisted on buying salmon, and became I think you will rarely find roe sell- very angry when it was not on the mar- ing for less than fifty cents on the main- ket, or the price did not suit their fancy. land, yet I frequently buy it here for This was true even when they could fifteen or twenty, and I never remem- buy other kinds, and very fine fish, too, ber an instance where a dealer asked for five and ten cents a pound. over thirty cents. You must admit that Had I received a dollar every time I is pretty cheap for anything as rich and was accused of standing in with profi- delicious as roe. Some of the roe found teering fish dealers, I could have started here I prefer to any shad roe I have a bank long ago. ever eaten. Sometimes it did not seem to me my Practically all the complaints I have accusers had very good grounds for heard came from haoles or Hawaiians their charges, but possibly I was preju- who could really afford to pay the diced. I will cite you an instance and prices asked, forty, or fifty cents a let you be judge. This happened in pound, seventy-five cents at most. I Boston. There I found the good peo- have seen Chinese and Japanese pay ple paying sixty cents a pound for shad $1.00, $1.50 and even $3.50 for fish —shad from the Sacramento River without any grouching, unless it was be- THE MID -PACIFIC 37

cause there were so few pounds to buy. From this you will see that the last I am not sure what the average re- dealer was able to sell his fish at twenty tail price is, but I believe it does not cents or nearly half what the first dealer exceed thirty cents, certainly not over had paid. The first dealer lost a hun- thirty-five cents. I'm not talking about dred or more dollars ; the second also mullet, or the particular kind of fish lost considerable, whereas the third, some individual prefers to buy. . . I'm broke about even. The first two had giving you the average for all kinds. sold considerable fish before the third Surely any reasonable person must got his ; the demand fell off, and he, too, agree that thirty cents isn't high, in had to carry a large portion of his stock fact it is really low for such a fine over two or three days before he was quality of food. able to sell it all. How many ever stop to consider that You can see from this that the dealers fish is an unusually high grade food? occasionally get their fingers burnt, and That it is comparable to game? That this makes them cautious about paying it is a delicacy as well as a health food. any more than they have to. In turn, What do we pay for venison, quail, they have to set a price which will in- wild duck, etc ? It is rare that we have sure their goods moving quickly, other- a chance to buy game, but when we can, wise they will have a loud-smelling mess we usually consider ourselves in big luck on their hands, which will have to be if it does not cost over $1.00 per pound. dumped into an ash can. Why is it that so many people seem This gives you a fairly clear picture to feel that to buy fish cheaply is vir- why fish sold at such low prices prior tually an inalienable right ? to the time of our modern cold storage My answer to this question is that plants. The fact that the fishermen had prior to the development of the cold to sell, and because fish so frequently storage facilities fishermen had to get ran in such large schools that the rid of their catch with the least delay fisherman was able to earn a living by possible. Dealers took advantage of selling for a few cents a pound, pretty this and paid a very low price. The well established the idea in people's reason for doing this was not always minds that fish were and always would dictated by greed. Fish is a perishable be cheap. All doubts were removed and product which the dealer must dispose the idea driven deep into the caverns of of quickly. Fish also frequently run in our brains, when during the war the large schools and one load may follow food administration advertised : "Eat another so shortly that a dealer may Fish—They're Cheap—They Feed Them- find that he, after buying fish at twenty selves." Never were truer words spoken cents, has to compete against others who than "They Feed Themselves." People have paid ten cents or less. saw the truth of that at once. It made a As an illustration of this, a few years deep impression on their minds—a beau- ago, a fisherman made a big haul of tiful picture of one kind of food that akule—about six thousand pounds. He would always be cheap—nor does any- knew this was more than the market one care to erase that lovely picture from could handle, and that if he tried to his mind, so long as someone else does sell it all at one time, he would get a the fishing. low price. He therefore first sent in Game birds and animals also feed about 2,000 pounds, which the dealers themselves, and by the same token, they bid up to thirty-six cents. A half an too, should be cheap. But we know they hour later he sold a second lot for are not. In fact, we know they are twenty-six cents, and a little later he dearer than the domestic fowls and ani- sold the remainder at sixteen cents. mals which we have to buy food for. 38 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID -PACIFIC 39

Why ? Because game is hard to get. cheap, because it would cost a great deal Even when plentiful, it costs time and to catch them. It would take quite a money to get and deliver to the markets. few minutes to lower a baited line down The same is true of fish. They are hard and haul fish up from a depth of six or to get—in fact it not infrequently hap- seven thousand feet. A few miles off pens that the fishermen are not able to shore of Oahu, except towards Molokai, get fish regardless of the price, or how the chart shows soundings from 6,000 hard they try. It costs time and money to 18,000 feet. Fish caught at 1,000 feet, for the fishermen, water farmers, if you and even less, become perfectly help- please, to harvest their crop and deliver less, or actually die long before reach- it to the markets. ing the surface. Therefore they would This is true of fishing on the main- prove easy prey for the sharks which land and other parts of the world. Here frequently take the fast-swimming tuna in Hawaii it costs more to catch fish off the line before the fishermen can than any other place I know about. bring them to gaff. One reason for this is that whereas we Still another reason for the higher have many hundreds of species (over prices here is the fact that in the com- 700), there is no great abundance of paratively little shoal water found about any one kind. You can readily see that the islands there are so many coral it would cost less to harvest a thousand heads and lava outcroppings that nets acres all in wheat, than if the land was or seines can be used in very few places. divided into fifty-acre lots, each with a This makes it necessary to catch prac- different crop. The same principle ap- tically all our fish with hook and line. plies to fishing. Compared to nets or seines, hand line Another reason is that we do not have fishing is a slow, expensive process. a large supply, even when all varieties Tons are taken by the former methods are included. This is due to low fertil- along the California coast in less time ity of the water, or possibly poor pas- than it takes our fishermen to land fifty turage is a better way of putting it. The or one hundred pounds. animal life of the waters depends on There is still another problem which vegetation, the same as the animal life should be considered in a discussion of of the land. Vegetation requires sun- the work here. This is the fact that light. Sunlight sufficiently strong to practically all the fishing is done and stimulate vegetable growth does not controlled by Japanese. This is not extend to any great depth in the water. pleasing to either the Hawaiians or the Shoals, therefore, are necessary for a haoles, who make up the Legislature. luxuriant growth of marine vegetation. However, it is difficult to frame a law to A look at a chart shows that shoals in improve the fisheries which is not bene- these waters are conspicuous by their ficial to the fishermen. non-existence. In fact the depths are In my opinion no people ever lived so great that we are forced to realize who had a more intimate knowledge of that the islands are merely the peaks of fish and their habits and knew so well some very high mountains extending how to catch them as the Hawaiians. many thousands of feet above the floor I am speaking of the older generation, of the ocean. Undoubtedly there are and who undoubtedly were the greatest fish down there, possibly quantities of fishermen in the world. They knew the them, but fish so strangely hideous in habits of the fish, waited until they appearance that we would hesitate eat- would school, or they would induce them ing them—even if the fisherman should to do this by feeding them up for days catch them. However, even if plentiful or even weeks. When the time was ripe and good to eat, they would not be a great haul would be made, and enough 40 THE MID-PACIFIC

fl basket of Hawaiian fish representing a morning's catch of a couple of fishermen taken for everybody to have fish for However, people have blamed them, and many days. To have made another haul because of this it has been hard to get the following day would have been a laws enacted. Any measure designed to waste of time and food. Therefore they help increase the supply of fish of neces- did not bring in more until the fish were sity benefits the fishermen. Therefore, needed. some of the legislators have fought In this way it became a custom to fish measures they believed were framed to only when it was actually necessary— help the Japanese fishermen. I do not and in the course of centuries it became blame the legislators nor do I blame the inherent in the Hawaiians to do the work Hawaiians, and knowing the splendid in this way. It was a proper method service the Japanese fishermen are do- and suited their times perfectly—but it ing, they should not be blamed either. was not suitable for keeping markets Nevertheless, it does make a problem, supplied in modern times. It is no easy the like of which I doubt exists in any thing to change man's nature in the other place. course of only one or two generations ; Statistics gathered by the Fish and therefore, the Japanese already trained Game Division of the Board of Agri- for the work, soon got control of the culture and Forestry during the last five commercial fishing. Naturally the Ha- years indicate that fishermen do not waiians resented this. The haoles have average more than $50.00 a month. sympathized with the Hawaiians, and Checks made by the wardens on the dif- the Japanese have been criticised for the ferent islands have tended to prove this high price of fish prevailing here. figure is approximately correct. Cer- The Hawaiians are entitled to sym- tainly our figures are not off more than pathy, but'it is hardly fair to blame the $10.00 or $15.00 at the most. But, for Japanese for doing a necessary work ; the sake of argument I am willing to no one else would do it, nor is it fair to admit that the average income is $75.00 blame them for the high price of fish. per month. Ordinary laborers working THE MID-PACIFIC 41

4t low tide throughout Polynesia the native is to be found on the coral reefs catching by hand the fish food in the shallow pools in the coral rocks. on the road average close to $100.00. should be. The fishermen simply can- They work only 8 hours a day, have no not afford to give it the attention neces- investment, there is no particular risk sary to insure its reaching the markets attached to their work, nor does it re- in class "A" condition. If we are to quire any special training or intelligence. have a better quality of fish, and most Commercial fishing, on the contrary, does of us do want the very best, that means require intelligence, also years of we must pay more. training if a man is to make a success of People who complain about the high it. The hours are long, and the work price of fish, I feel sure, do not really dangerous to life and property to a high want cheap fish any more than they degree (3 men and 7 boats were lost dur- want cheap milk. I understand it is ing the winter). It is true the money in- possible to buy milk for as little as 8 vested by fishermen in some instances or 9 cents a quart, but I feel sure most does not amount to a great deal, but it in prefer and buy the better grades which many cases runs into thousands of dol- sell at 20 to 30 cents. There are also lars. One of the boats recently built cost cheap fish to be had, if we are willing $20,000.00. How many people do you to take what other people don't want. know willing to invest such an amount We do not care to do this ; on the con- where the risk is so great? Taking all trary, we want the best, and the best these things into consideration, I think costs money, whether it is fish, fowl, any fair-minded person must admit that milk or what have you. the fishermen are very much underpaid. Undoubtedly you all have heard about This is true, and it is for this reason the fish trust and how it boosts the that so often the fish found in the mar- price of fish here. Possibly your in- kets is not in as good condition as it former was a man of intelligence and 42 THE MID-PACIFIC

standing in the community ; also be- I saw no mention of a fish trust to cause he spoke so positively on the sub- account for these high prices, nor could ject you believed all he told you. Per- it very well be charged to the Japanese, haps he was right—at least I make no as at that time Hawaiians out-numbered claim that he was wrong. But have you the Japanese 3 to 1. ever noticed how easy it is for us to According to the above report the believe the thing we wish to believe? fishermen averaged about 17 cents a Especially when it benefits our purse? pound for their fish. Today, according Another question : does it seem logical to the best figures I have been able to that there can be a trust of any com- obtain, the fishermen are not getting modity to which every one is free to over 15 cents. Regarding the retail help himself, and free to sell wherever prices in 1900, according to the report, he wishes at whatever price he wishes? the average was 25 cents. Today, I If there were plenty of fish in these believe it is about 3o, at least not over waters and fortunes to be made by 35 cents. Considering the latter figure catching them, why should hundreds of the correct one, that would mean an in- men with families work for salaries of crease of 40% in 30 years. How does less than $200 a month—some for less that compare with other things—take than $100 a month ? milk for instance ; 25 to 30 years ago the I have been here in fisheries work for prices, according to an officer of the over ten years, and whereas I have Honolulu Dairymen's Association, were heard much about the fish trust, I have 10 and 15; today it has gone up to 20 never yet seen anything with my own and 30, or a 100% increase. eyes to convince me there is one. It is In the same report quoted from, I an indisputable fact that the Japanese noted that the fish inspector was paid a do most of the work, and therefore prac- salary of $60.00 a month, while the as- tically control the fishing; but, as I see sistants received $40.00. Today inspec- it, that is because no one else is willing tors are paid $150.00 to $200.00. to do such hard work and take the risks In other words, if there had been the which they do for such a small return. same advance in fishery work as in other However, possibly I am standing in things, the fishermen would be getting with the fish trust, or possibly I am just not less than 30 cents, and the retail too ignorant to know what's going on. price would average not less than 50 So let's have a look at some one's else cents a pound. The fact that prices figures and hear a higher authority on have not advanced seems to me pretty the subject. conclusive evidence that either there is Permit me to quote from a report by no fish trust here, or it has done a very David Starr Jordan, Warren B. Ever- poor job of boosting prices in propor- mann and John N. Cobb, printed in the tion to other commodities and work. U. S. Fish Commission Bulletin of 1903. In conclusion I want to say that as These men made a thorough investiga- fish is one of the very finest of foods to tion of the fisheries here in 1900. "The be had, as it is very difficult to get and most noticeable feature in this market deliver to the markets in good condition, (Honolulu) is the extremely high price and as it costs a great deal of time and charged for fishery products, exceeding money, besides the lives of many men to any other retail market in the United get it, we should be willing to pay what States and possibly in the world." Again, it is worth. When we do, we will find "But few of the better grades of fish sell ourselves paying a higher price than we for less than 25 cents, some selling for are today, and then one of the biggest as much as 35 cents." This was 30 problems confronting the work will be years ago. solved. THE MID-PACIFIC 43

• 4 MIP4M,IP MM,1_14I / • • • WiTIC:71071 Early Communications Between Hawaii and Japan By DR. TASUKU HARADA, University of Hawaii. (Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution) rerrectretreWOW

A few weeks ago I attended a meeting of the Anthropological Society of Hawaii, at Kahala, and listened to an interesting address by Mr. Stokes, lately of Bishop Museum, who spoke of Japanese culture and its influence on the Hawaiians. This stimulated me to look up records of communications between Hawaii and Japan before the opening of Japan to intercourse with the world. All the papers I shall read this evening are part of the result of my investigations. In the first place, I am going to tell you of a book, a Japanese document in three volumes, a copy of which I have here tonight. This book was discovered some eighteen years ago in Japan by an American resident in Tokyo. The book is called "Ban Tan," meaning in English "Stories of Strange Lands." The discovery of this book has awakened much interest among the Japanese residents of Honolulu. The American who was col- Dr. T. Harada and Dr. R. Nakaseko lecting material in Japan found the document to be a narrative referring to Ha- was driven out to the Pacific by a heavy waii, and as it was not of much use to wind and, disabled, floated f or nearly five him he tried to sell the book to the Bishop months before it was rescued by an Museum. It was in this way that Ex- American whaler. governor Carter learned of the book and A few months later seven of the ten bought it from the collector, who at that sailors were brought to Hawaii, where time was in Los Angeles. they stayed for some time. From Hono- From Mr. Carter I got this book for lulu they were taken by sailing vessel to examination and found the story to be Kamchatka, later to Yezo, and after an written by a Japanese, who had evidently absence of nearly four and a half years, written up the story of a shipwrecked they reached their home. Japanese sailor. This sailor was one of Quoting from the April, 1928, issue of a group of .ten sailors who started for "The Friend" : Yezo, in 1838, in a junk from Toyama "We learn from 'The Polynesian' of on the western coast of Hondo. The junk June 6, 184o, the following item under 44 THE MID-PACIFIC

It is more than probable that in the ages gone by many Japanese fishing junks, such as this, blown far out in the ocean by periodic typhoons, finally found a resting place in the Hawaiian Islands. THE MID-PACIFIC 45 the heading 'Shipwrecked Japanese' : his return, was invited as a guest by a " 'There are in the town, under the group of persons, and one of the number, care of Dr. Judd, four Japanese who whose pen-name was Yutensei, has re- were taken by a whaleship from the corded the reminiscences and reports wreck of a junk, on which they had been given by the guest. The story contained driven about by wind and wave for many in these three volumes may be found in months and suffered great hardships. summary in the April, 1928, issue of "The Their story, which is full of interest, we Friend," printed under the auspices of the hope to receive for a future number from Hawaiian Board of Missions. Dr. Baldwin of Maui, in whose family It is very interesting that the ship which the most intelligent of their number has took them to Kamchatka was captained resided for some time. They are now by the grandfather of former Governor here with the hope of obtaining a passage Carter, whose grandfather on the ma- to their own country, either by way of ternal side was Dr. Judd. Kamchatka, or through the Expedition.' " Here is another story : On the 5th of In a later issue of the same weekly, January, 1841, a company of five fisher- August 1, 1840, Dr. Baldwin gives a long men of Tosa, Shikoku, were engaged in and interesting account of the unfortunate deep-sea fishing on the ocean off the coast shipwrecked men, of what he learned of of their homeland. On the third day the them, and about their country. boat was disabled by a fierce storm, was "I have never before seen a Japanese," driven for a day and night, and landed on says the writer. From this account we a barren isle, unknown and uninhabited. gain much information, which is cor- There they barely survived nearly a half rective of and supplementary to several year, and were finally rescued by an statements in the Japanese document. The American whaler, which took them to whaleship that rescued them was the Hawaii, where all of them stayed, except "James Loper" under Captain Cathcart. the youngest, Manjiro, who was taken by The Japanese junk was the "Choja the Captain to his home in New Bedford, Maru," perhaps 150 or zoo tons. They Massachusetts. In the latter place Man- met at a point about half way between the jiro was taught in school and in a year Island of Japan and the Sandwich Islands. or so he acquired some knowledge of "When all their movable property was English and of elementary studies. In transferred to the whaleship, the junk 1846 he left New Bedford and for some was set on fire ; and it is due to the kind- time labored on whaling ships which took ness and generosity of Captain Cathcart, him to different parts of the Indian and a generosity often met with among sea- Pacific Oceans. In 185o he landed in faring men, to state that not only were California, where he was engaged for these sufferers provided with food and some months in hunting for gold in the necessary clothing, but so far as I could upper part of the Sacramento Valley. learn, were landed here, with all the mov- The next year he returned to Oahu, able property they had saved, including a where he was informed of the death of considerable amount of money, gold and Jusuke, one of the group. Another had silver, coined in shape of parallelograms, learned carpentry and was inclined to make his home on the island. With two which, on escaping the wreck, was put into the care of Captain Cathcart, but others, Manjiro sailed in a trading ship none was reserved by way of compensa- for China, and the three were dropped on the way on a small island, one of the tion." "Ban Tan," or "Stories of Foreign Ryukyu Archipelago, whence they were Lands," is the title of the document, con• transferred to Kagoshima and then to taming information given by one of the Nagasaki. In the last place they were sailors, Jirokichi, alias Eijiro, who, after examined by the Japanese officials and 46 THE MID -PACIFIC

allowed to return home to Tosa after an In another group of sailors, also res- absence of i i years in all. cued by an American trading ship on the Manjiro was later appointed by the way from China to San Francisco, was a Japanese government to various official young man by the name of Hikozo, of positions, was a professor of the English Banshu, who was taken by an American language in a government college in philanthropist to Washington, D. C., and Tokyo, was an official interpreter, and Baltimore, where he was educated for a was commissioned to America and Eu- couple of years, and later became an rope on several occasions. On the way interpreter and secretary for Consul Dole, home from Europe he made a visit to the successor to Townsend Harris, the Captain Whitefield, who rescued the first American Consul General and later group on the unknown isle, and who was Minister to Japan. Hikozo also made a then living in Fairhaven, Massachusetts. stay for a month in the Hawaiian Islands. He also visited his friends in Honolulu. His own story of his life in America, in- Manjiro Nakahama died in 1898, 71 cluding Hawaii, was one of the earliest years old. His son, Dr. Toichiro Naka- publications of the kind. He is said to be hama, is known as a medical professor in the first editor of a newspaper in Japan, Tokyo, has been head of Kaisi Hospital which was published in Yokohama with in the metropolis, and is now retired and the cooperation of Senzo Homura and living in a suburb of the city. Ginko Kishida. To add one more story of the kind : In The above-mentioned episodes, how- 185o a Japanese junk, sailing from Yoko- ever, are but a few of many incidents of suga to Kobe, was disabled by a storm, similar nature that occurred during about and drifted southward from Kishu. The 5o years before 1852. According to a thirteen men on board were finally res- Japanese annal, some shipwrecked sailors cued by an American sailing ship and landed on the North American coast as taken to San Francisco. There those early as 1638. The earliest record, at men were transferred to a gunboat and present, of the Japanese landing on the on the way to China they stopped over in Hawaiian Islands is that of Tsudayu and Hawaii, partly in order to bury one of his company from Sendai, who arrived the Japanese sailors who died on board. here in 1804, or a century and a quarter He is the third of the Japanese who are ago. A partial list of the shipwrecked known to have been buried in Hawaiian Japanese landing on Hawaii, as far as soil, the other two being Jusuke and the record goes, stands chronologically as Heishiro, at Kaneohe and Honolulu, re- follows : spectively. Besides those three, another Men one, Toraemon, died on Oahu, it is be- Time Left Men Date Drifting Japan Saved Note lieved. 1804 4 Tsudayu and party from Sendai In 1852 they were taken to Hongkong 1832 10 or by an American gunboat, just before the 11 months 9 4 Landed at Waialua, Oahu 1833 3 Wrecked on coast, brought arrival of the American fleet under Com- to Honolulu 1834 5 months 3 From Owari, Japan modore Perry, who conceived the idea of 1839 5 months 10 7 From Toyama 1840 6 months 3 Bound for Yedo, disabled 1841 taking them on board as a pretext for 9 days 5 5 Manjiro and others from going to Japan. But those Japanese, ex- Tosa 1841 3 Sentaro and others cept one, were taken care of by a Japan- 1841 2 From Nishinomiya, near Kobe ese who had also been shipwrecked, but 1847 5 months 9 9 From Osaka 1850 From Hidaka, Kii who was at this time an employee of a 1850 2 months 13 13 From Yedo 1852 49 days British merchant. (The one Japanese 4 4 Picked up by Isaac Howland The list shows at least that there was who was left on board the American gun- no lack of communication between the boat was taken by Perry at the time of two islands, though in haphazard ways, his expedition to Japan.) before the dawn of the new era. It is THE MID-PACIFIC 47 48 THE MID-PACIFIC

only natural to surmise that there might months it began to be mentioned as a have occurred many more such events sacred gift of the gods and a pledge of that left no record. victory to him who possessed it." It is Because of the strict exclusion policy true that the students may not put much of the Tokugawa government the re- historical value on these legendary stories, turned sailors were afraid to tell of the but is it not highly probable that those countries abroad. In fact many of them legendary tales might have grown from were prohibited from spreading any in- tangible events of by-gone ages ? formation relating to foreign lands, and Let us turn now from the legends to some were practically imprisoned for the the facts. It was at the time of the rest of their lives. Moreover, most of around-the-world trip of this same King those sailors, being illiterate, found themselves utterly unable to leave rec- Kalakaua, and during his short stay in ords of their experiences. Tokyo, that he had a heart-to-heart audi- In "The Legends and Myths of Ha- ence with the Emperor of Japan, when his majesty proposed a matrimonial alli- waii" by King Kalakaua, is told a re- ance between the thrones of Japan and markable event that occurred in 1258, Hawaii. The proposal was to marry a namely, the second appearance in Hawaii young prince of Japan to Princess Kai of a vessel bearing people of a strange ulani, his niece, and the heir to the throne. race, "white, with bright shining eyes." "The Emperor received his suggestion They first made a landing near Makapuu with excellent humor and politeness, but Point on the island of Oahu more than a declared that it would require much re- hundred years before, but it is not men- flection, since it would be a startling de- tioned that they remained in the country; parture from Japanese traditions." Soon however, it is probable that they soon re- after the return of the party to Hawaii. embarked. "The second was a Japanese an Imperial Chamberlain of Japan was vessel that had been dismantled by a ty- sent by the Emperor and respectfully de- phoon, driven toward the North Ameri- clined the matrimonial proposition of the can coast until it encountered the north- King. This is the story, according to Mr. west tradewinds and then helplessly blown Armstrong, a cabinet member and a com- southward to the coast of Maui." The panion in the journey, who published it vessel was wrecked off the coast, and in his book, "Around the World With a the people, three men and two women, King." There is no doubt that the real were rescued by the chief of Wailuku, motive of the King was more political who later married one of the two women, than matrimonial. It is believed further- the sister of the captain. Her marriage more, that he made at the same time a was followed by the marriage of the other proposition to the Emperor to ally Pa- woman to a native chief, and of the three cific countries, including Hawaii, and to men to the maidens of good families. form a united front against occidental The woman who became the wife of the aggression. It is said that a document, chief of Wailuku became "the progenitor an official English translation of the of a family, which for generations showed Imperial rescript of Japan courteously the marks of her blood, and the descen- declining the proposition, has been pre- dants of the others were plentiful there- served in the territorial archives. (See an after, not only on Maui, but in the neigh- article by the Japanese consul-general, borhood of Waimanalo on the island of Akamatsu, on the subject, published in Oahu." A long sword, accidentally pre- Nippu Jiji, No. 10,087, January 1, 1929, served by the captain, attracted much at- and an article by Y. Ibari in the Asahi, tention, for no such terrible iron knife monthly magazine published in Tokyo, had been seen by the natives. "In a few July, 1929.)

THE MID-PACIFIC 49

How the search is made at Hermes Reef for the pearl and edible oysters there

PCYTICYZICATUTIC717,,IPTIC7trUI The U.S.S. Whippoorwill Kxpedi- tion to Pearl and Hermes Reef By DR, PAUL G \LTSOFF, United States Bureau of Fisheries Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution • aaaaa • • Itatiractr•■ aaa • • alYN iI trimItriA • • trctrrAVVIYONIWAVIAWINIVI4 • i •

In 1819 the English whale ship Pearl uncharted and unknown, was marked by sailed from England in pursuit of whales, this accident and called "Pearl and Her- visiting Honolulu in 1820 and 1821. In mes Reef." 1822 she returned to Honolulu for sup- Little or no attention was given this plies, and on September 8th sailed from little group of reefs for many years, as Honolulu for Japan. Eighteen days later they were not thought to be of particular this ship went aground on one of the value. Now it is interesting to look into reefs not far from Midway Island. She the history of the place which is forming had been cruising with a sister English the subject of further investigation. III whale ship Hermes. When the Hermes In the year 1854 King Kamehameha saw her consort in difficulty she went to issued a proclamation of neutrality, and render aid, and on this eventful day, in in this proclamation he listed all the is- the open Pacific, two ships met disaster. lands coming under his crown, including The reef on which they went aground, Pearl and Hermes. Two years later, 50 THE MID-PACIFIC

when the government at Honolulu for a survey. Companies dealing in pearls some reason addressed the minister or became interested in the new source of commissioner of the United States, the supply and asked the Bureau of Fisheries plenipotentiary of France, and the min- to give information. There was no inf or- ister of Great Britain, stating the names mation available, but after two years a and positions of the islands and reefs survey was authorized. It was feasible to coming under the crown of Kamehameha, authorize this expedition only because this little lagoon was not mentioned. It the Navy Department consented to give came to the public view again in 1859, the use of the minesweeper Whippoorwill when Captain Brook, of the U. S. N., for six weeks, and the Bureau of Fisher- made a survey. It is very interesting to ies had a few thousand dollars that could look into his report, in which he describes be used. So the combined efforts of the it, and gives the longitude and latitude. different departments were necessary to He says there were twelve islands in the carry out the expedition which was just lagoon, some of them covered with coarse completed a few days ago. grass and trees, and that fish and turtles It probably will be of interest to the were in abundance, and then he adds, "I local people to know that when the Pearl took possession of the island," apparently and Hermes Reef was discovered, one of in behalf of the United States govern- the members of the original ship ment. Pearl was James Robinson, carpenter's mate. It is remarkable to note his mention of As both ships were wrecked, he super- trees. We found no trees on the island vised the building, out of the wreckage, except those planted a few years ago. of a little vessel which the castaways In the year 1867 the ship Laconda called Drift which was successfully ma- made a rather thorough survey of the neuvered back to Honolulu. From what lagoon, and prepared a little chart which I was able to ascertain, nobody perished was published by the U. S. Navy. This in the disaster. He and his mate, Law- chart gives full information about the place. rence, both from England, remained in Honolulu, and engaged in building schoon- In 1923 the Tanager expedition visited ers and boats for kings and princes. They the Pearl and Hermes Reef and stayed a were very successful, and when he died he couple of days. Mention was made of left half a million dollars. the main island, inside the lagoon, called When the present survey of the Pearl South East Island. Nobody paid much and Hermes reef was organized, one of attention to the group until in 1927 Cap- the main purposes was to ascertain the tain Anderson, employed by one of the extent and abundance of the pearl oyster companies here, was fishing in the lagoon banks. There is probably a sentimental and found pearl oysters. Then Captain reason attached to the purpose. Certainly Anderson, skipper of the Schooner Lana- kai, the pearl oyster beds are found in many formerly a German trading vessel places in tropical regions, but this is the under the name of Hermes, brought the first record of one being found in the ter- pearls back. In later years the Lanakai ritory of the United States. Besides, was bought by Mr. L. A. Thurston, Cap- from what could be learned from local tain Anderson was engaged in the pearl people, the pearl oysters represent a con- oyster industry on an extensive scale, and siderable resource. Also, very little is the reef became prominent. known about the lagoons and islands of Correspondence between Honolulu and the Pacific, so it was not only to study the Washington began, and requests were oysters but to enlarge the investigation made that the federal government make and make oceanic investigations of tem- THE MID-PACIFIC 51

perature, distribution, of chemical com- pedition, and my young friend, Fred Rep- position of the waters, fauna, the reef pun. I am glad to say I made no mistake itself, how it grows, matures, etc., that the in the selection. Our little party studied expedition was organized. and enjoyed the company of each other, The material collected during our five and worked together very nicely. weeks' stay is very abundant, and it would On the 15th of July the Whippoorwill, take a year, probably, to work it out sci- under the command of Captain Nelson, entifically. I want to mention one fact, sailed from Honolulu. The trip between however ; very few people realize the ex- Honolulu and the reef was uneventful. tent of the Hawaiian archipelago. When The ship was almost overloaded, carrying we talk about the Hawaiian Islands we about 2,000 pounds of scientific equip- think of the group of larger islands, but ment, forty drums of gasoline, a pile of the whole archipelago extends nearly lumber to build signals, two tanks in 1500 miles. Pearl and Hermes reef is ap- which we planned to bring live oysters proximately 1100 miles from Hawaii. back, a huge ice box loaded with seven- About seventy-six miles to the northwest, teen tons of ice. A minesweeper is not from Pearl and Hermes Reef is Midway, supposed to be away from its base for a little better known because it is a cable such a long time, so, to provide the sup- station. plies it was necessary to have additional When I was put in charge of the expe- ice. This problem was solved by Captain dition by the order of our commissioner, Nelson, by building this huge refrigerator, I gave considerable thought to the type of and as a result our fresh supplies lasted men that should go with me. It is easy until the final week. Five days later we to say, "I want this man, that man, and approached Pearl and Hermes. The Cap- the other man," but funds are limited. tain did not want to enter at night into I could not take scientists from Washing- these treacherous and practically unchart- ton because the funds available would not ed waters, so the ship was slowed down cover the expense involved, so I had to and we spent the night making no more rely on a local force. I thought we must than four or five knots. Early in the have men first who liked outdoor life, and morning we saw what looked like four or would not mind working under somewhat five rocks sticking up from the ocean, unusual conditions, and men whose per- which were the houses built a few years sonal characters were such that it would ago by the company that operates the make life on a small island pleasant for Lanakai. We saw the foam in circles, everyone. which marks the water breaking across As to the study of pearl oysters, which the reef. We steamed along looking for was one of the main purposes of the in- the entrances according to the small chart. vestigation, I was very fortunate in find- It was not the intention of Captain Nel- ing two excellent Filipino divers. Due to son to get into the lagoon. We saw the the peculiar conditions of this type of breakers and sand bars on the other side work, no instruments can be used in of the lagoon. studying pearl oysters. One cannot use a Gradually we turned to the north, dredge or mechanical device to bring up where, in a section about sixteen fathoms pearl oysters, but must rely on human be- deep, we made anchorage. It took about ings. Divers are the main instruments in two hours to get into the lagoon, and we the study of pearl oysters, so Polo and approached the largest island, called the Leo were engaged. I invited Mr. North- South East. We examined the buildings rup Castle, who had been to the Pearl and and returned to the Whippoorwill to make Hermes Reef previously, to join the ex- preparations. 52 THE MID-PACIFIC

The seal is found from Alaska to the southern continent and makes himself at home on Hermes Reef.

Early next morning our thirty-foot The first day in camp nearly ended in boats, loaded to capacity with all sorts disaster. Two boats arrived, and myself of things, drums which Captain Nelson and party, plus cook and mess boy, and was anxious to get off the Whippoorwill one of the sailors detailed to work on the because of the danger of ignition, lum- island were left. The captain's boat went ber, and our personal things, landed on back to the Whippoorwill. Going outside the island. There were several buildings, the reef the sailing was heavy, and some- the cottage built for the captain, a dining thing happened to the magneto. About room or mess hall, and one or two others. five o'clock in the evening the engine We selected the one which looked most died. The boat was in the distance, prob- convenient, established a laboratory, and ably ten miles from the ship, and the of- fixed up our personal quarters. We anx- ficers supposed, if the boat did not arrive, iously looked for water because on these that the captain had decided to stay on islands there is often no supply. We saw the island, and we thought the boat was three large tanks. One had a capacity of with the Whipporwill. The captain was 20,000 gallons, but it leked. The reason powerlessly drifting toward the ocean. for its leakage was the topic of conversa- There was nothing left but to take the tion for many evenings, and whether it two oars and pull toward the Whippoor- leaked from top or bottom. Fortunately, will, which they did, and finally succeed- the two other tanks were full of water. ed in reaching her. That experience The water did not look very attractive to taught us to be more careful, so immedi- us, being full of maggots, feathers of ately a little radio station was established birds, etc., but still it was water. We de- on the island, enabling us to communicate pended on this water for keping clean but with each other, and every boat was sup- for drinking we obtained water from the plied with signals, because there was al- Whippoorwill. ways a chance of getting aground. It is THE MID-PACIFIC 53 a great satisfaction to state that no acci- determine our position, because there is dents of any importance occurred during just the small faint line of the outside the whole survey. reefs marked by the breakers, and no After the property was transferred and buildings except those mentioned ; the la- the camp established we began our work goon itself is twenty miles long and by considering the conditions on the is- twelve wide. It is a maze of coral reefs. land. I was interested in learning whether We were never able to keep a chart of there were mosquitoes there. I asked our course, and if we did not zigzag we everyone, but was assured that mosquitoes would run aground forty-five times a day. and other insects could not live on little Fortunately, the reefs are fragile, and islands swept by trade winds. We did not there is no difficulty getting off. find mosquitoes but there were plenty of We were assisted greatly by Captain insects. Unfortunately I took only two Nelson and crew. All the observations pints of Flit and I wished I had taken and determinations of the position of the two barrels. The islands, as you know, islands were made by him. It was neces- are a bird refuge or reservation, and sary to build a series of signals, and it plenty of birds are found there. When we was for that reason that we took lumber arrived, there were plenty of young alba- with us. Most of the islands are located tross and more dead albatross, filled with at the southern end of the lagoon, with disagreeable insects. There was a little very few in the north. These signals are beetle that had a nasty habit of regular tripods with flags. About twelve going everywhere. Our suitcases, linen, signals were built on the island. The etc., were full of them. Apparently there main signal was built on one of the south- was no possible way of preventing this eastern islands, and its position was deter- insect from getting into your things, al- mined very carefully by Captain Nelson. though it did not bite. There was a tre- He corrected the position of this island mendous amount of moths. Every time I as given by the Tanager. The difference began to develop films they would fly in was in longitude and amounted to approx- great numbers, get into my ears, nose, imately three and a half miles. It was and eyes. They were not attracted by the necessary to do some work in the extreme strong light, but a dim light made them north of the lagoon and for that reason desperate. I think many of the films we Nelson moved with all his instruments to lost should be charged up to them. There one of these islands. I took with me my were flies everywhere, so our supply of tent and equipment. I knew we could use Flit was exhausted in two days. There the buildings but thought we should have was also a little hopping spider. I do the tent. When I made the purchase the not know its name, but it was a nice little salesman said the tent positively would thing, and we always liked to watch it not leak. The only night it was used, un- catch flies. Every evening each spider fortunately, was very wet. It began to killed ten or fifteen flies. pour and the tent, which was of the um- Outside these little inconveniences, I brella type, with a canvas floor, began to should say life on the island was rather leak, and as Captain Nelson said, it leaked comfortable. We began work, and I everywhere but at the bottom. I stayed should like to speak a little of the type of about one hour and decided to join the work. If you want to make an investiga- party on the beach trying to build a fire. tion it should be on the quantitative basis. We took a couple of gallons of gasoline We wanted to know the distribution of but it would not burn. It was a very dis- beds, coral reefs and other qualities of the agreeable night. lagoon. I had no chart and nothing to After these signals were erected and 54 THE MID-PACIFIC

positions carefully established, it gave me feet. The outside of the slope is made a chance to determine my position when of large corals which stick up like a real studying. The lagoon was twelve miles forest. Most of the oysters live between wide and the visibility was poor ; often these corals. Each day we would go from we could see only three miles. It was one station to another, with an average necessary to build wire signals and put of two hours for each station. When we them in the middle of the lagoon, and in were engaged in this work the navy crew the shallow water, so these signals, thirty- used to anchor in deeper water, and en- five feet high, with a platform midway, gage in fishing. There was an abundance were built ashore, then placed in our mo- of blue fish, yellow fish, striped fish, and tor boat, carried to the middle of the la- fish of every imaginable shape and form. goon and placed in the shallow water. So the time was spent. It took the whole This operation was gracefully and nicely of Sunday to classify and label our speci- carried out by Captain Nelson. mens and put them in alcohol. After these signals were put up, it We decided to count the number of was easy to determine the position of my reefs in the lagoon that could be seen stations, marked by buoys. When the from our boat, and at one count made it captain and his crew worked on their in- thirty-five. You can always tell them be- vestigations, I began, with my crew, to cause of the discoloration of the water. study the lagoon itself. It was rendered On top of the lagoon it is always a much difficult because we went blindly, the land lighter color. Some of them are just a chart not affording much help. Going by repetition of the Pearl and Hermes Reef compass, we were unable to determine itself, quite small, measuring about three the distance because we were never able hundred feet in diameter. Others were to steer on a straight course. I was greatly elongated and extended three or four assisted by our two Filipinos, who had miles. That was our routine work, and previously been in the lagoon, one of them besides paying attention to the oysters in for seven months. I began with the idea the coral reefs we collected everything of finding the distribution of the oyster we were able to find, shells and star- beds. Buoys marked 1, 2, 3, etc., were fishes, "sunflower" varieties, supposed to dropped. We would get a sample of the be poisonous. Sharks were plentiful, five oottom for further investigation, and de- and six feet long. Once as we were div- termine the diatoms and other compo- ing and collecting oysters I saw a shark nents of the bottom. Temperature read- asleep under the coral reef. I watched ings were made. Then the signal was given her for a few minutes, then poked her to begin diving operations. Fred and I with an oar. It was necessary to give moved about in the little skiff while the three or four whacks before she awak- two Filipinos were diving. They would ened. After all this work was done we swim for one hour, heads in the water, used to come back to camp about five and eyes protected. Whenever they saw o'clock in the evening, and if we had oys- oysters they would go to the bottom and ters we would make biological investiga- gather them. A record was kept of the tions. The real work lasted until six, time consumed, and the number of oysters when we had dinner, and observations obtained. were made of the temperature of the The mechanical diving suits are useless. water. Sometimes at night we would en- Imagine yourself in a place about the size gage in fishing because many specimens of this room, very shallow, sandy bot- come up at night which do not appear in tom, average depth of a few feet. Out- the daytime such as crabs, shrimps and side it goes down with a slope, to sixty baby squid. Striped eels would appear in THE MID-PACIFIC 55 the lights thrown on the water from our to measure distances. Then the fish lantern. would swim around it and whenever I was My conclusions are based on observa- able to see them I took shots. As the tions made in hundreds of different sta- camera carries only fifty feet of film it tions in the lagoon. The pearl oyster is necessary to reload and repeat the oper- beds are badly depleted, and if this re- ation. One day we were gratified to see source is not protected in a year or two a big ulua swim toward the camera, a fish the pearl oysters of the reef will be a weighing about sixty-five pounds. I was thing of the past. Altogther we collected much impressed by its eyes, which looked about 470 oysters. We brought 320 alive very suspicious. It swam before my cam- and opened 150 for examination. I would era and looked into my eyes, but kept say about ten per cent contained pearls. going. After that a shark appeared, but Most of them are small but there is the unfortunately did not stay long. The chance, if a large number are opened, of ulua chased it. We also photographed the finding very good pearls. divers going after the oysters. Captain Anderson told me that during We lived in close proximity with the his operations he has found 20,000 pearls. birds, the group being a bird reservation. One of the best was sent to Paris and the When we arrived we saw quantities of owner has refused $5,000 for it. young albatross. They presented a pitiful Besides the pearl oysters the lagoon appearance, unable to fish or obtain food, abounds in fish. I was very much inter- the parents having left them. These al- ested in seeing the big turtles and en- batross were possibly hatched late in the joyed catching them. They provided fresh season. If for some reason the albatross meat ; turtle steak often appeared on our egg is destroyed, the female lays another. menu and we enjoyed it. We enjoyed The albatross we saw were apparently seeing the big skates, "flatfish," which from the later edition, and the parents were black and swam very gracefully did not care to stay to provide them with through the water. Unfortunately our food. We tried to feed them on mullet, harpoons were poorly made. When our but even then we had to open their first skate appeared there was much ex- mouths and put the food down their citement, and our harpoon was lost. Then throats, otherwise they would not swal- the Filipinos made some very good har- low. By the time we left, nearly all were poons. One day, on going to the place dead. where the skates were expected, a big The booby birds presented a beautiful fish was sighted. Unfortunately it was sight. They have a noble attitude and the end of a hard day's work, and every- look directly into your face. We saw body was a little sleepy. When the skate wonderful frigate birds, which make their was sighted we had no time to fasten the nests in the tops of the small shrubbery. line properly, so the fish and harpoon got Then there is the shearwater. This bird away. lives in the holes it digs. Every night We spent three or four days trying to they come from the holes and begin to make underwater pictures with a water- moan, practically all night through. The tight camera. We went to the outer reefs first night it disturbed me a great deal. for underwater photographs. The idea When we walked around, the birds would was to attract first a number of fishes. fly up, keeping some six inches over our Someone would spear a number of fish heads. They were so numerous we re- and that would attract thousands of gretted that we did not have umbrellas others. I would set my camera, which for walking. took time under water, as it was necessary There were also the seals which pre- 56 THE MID-PACIFIC

sented a beautiful sight. They kept in radio sets, and crowds, would be at a loss groups or families and the same seals there, but all our party was able to appre- were always to be found on the same is- ciate the beauty of the spot. The most lands. There was a baby seal with beau- beautiful clouds always played over the tiful black fur. When we petted it the lagoon. It is really nothing but water of mother would bark furiously. The Fili- different colors but because of the re- pinos were afraid of seals, but did not flection of the water, the clouds are green. mind the sharks. Once we dropped our I have often watched the sunset, looking lantern into the water, and the Filipino for the green light which we saw once or diver agreed to go down in the diver's twice. We watched the rainclouds com- helmet. Early next morning one of the ing and when our water was low we Filipinos went down. Presently he came hoped the rain would come. Somehow, shooting back from the water with no it would go everywhere else and leave our helmet. He said a big seal had touched island dry. him in the back. Life in the lagoon is filled with interest We wanted to bring a seal back, and and mystery. Every day we saw some- kept one on the Whippoorwill for about thing new, and we all enjoyed the oppor- ten days ; as he would not eat, we took tunity to be close to nature, and as stu- him back. It was strange, because he dents, to understand how and why things became very tame, and when we left him are as they are. and the boat began to move he followed About six weeks later, we left Pearl the boat. We saw him again and he ap- and Hermes and went to Midway Island, peared different from the other seals. He which was probably in the beginning just was tame, and did not mind being petted. a small sand bar of the lagoon. By hu- The life of the seals is remarkable. man activity it has been made into a little They have no natural enemies, and ap- paradise. I asked several people in Wash- parently are most content. They are ington what sort of a place Midway is, twelve feet long, sometimes, and snore and was informed by one that it is "God- loudly when taking a nap. When we forsaken place, a sand bar and nothing touched them they jumped like human be- else. It rains and it is cold there." When ings disturbed in sleep. They fought we entered the lagoon, saw the large amongst themselves, apparently the males trees, and were greeted by practically the resenting efforts to trespass into the entire population, and invited to visit the boundaries of family relations. We saw place, we saw a real paradise, palm trees, many with vicious scars and wounds in ironwood trees, gardens and everything the back. green. That shows that human efforts, When the work was over and we were properly applied, can convert barren packing our things to be shipped back to places into places worth living in, and it the Whippoorwill, I began to think what seems to me the islands scattered be- I would say if anyone asked me if Pearl tween Midway and Hawaii deserve more and Hermes would be a nice place to live. attention. It seems to me it would be I came to the conclusion that it depends worth while for any government experi- on the person and point of view. Those ment station or organization to send fauna whose interests are bound up in movies, to make it a place worth living in. THE MID-PACIFIC 7

What irrigation, does to a desert in Northwest America

lUricinK.70.7071 • • %QM • • • • .

Supplemental Irrigation in Humid • 14 k America • By DR. CLARKE CAPEN t • Read before the Fifth National Irrigation Congress at Phoenix, Arizona a Val■ o • • 1- • •tria• a geMia• ttslt• • aa- tiNVia•ficronarounia • • int • oN • • ILlIM

The subject which the honorable com- right time, or in just the right proportion mittee of this Congress has assigned to for diversified crops. In one the rainfall me is "Irrigation in Humid America." is sufficient, but a large portion of it falls This assignment was probably due to the at a time when crops are not growing. fact that I was the first, I believe, to in- Again, the various crops which may be troduce irrigation on any large scale in produced in a given region need water in humid regions, and have therefore done various proportions, and each at a differ- some work and had some experience ent time. All this may be remedied by along this line. The term which I have, Supplemental Irrigation, which is the ap- however, heretofore used in describing plication of water to the crop just at the this work is "Supplemental Irrigation." right time and in just the right propor- That term so aptly characterizes this tions. You will readily see, therefore, that work that I find myself indisposed to I have indicated what is practically a new abandon it. The expression "Humid science in agriculture which will have to America" is one of degree only, for all be worked out in its details by the agri- America is humid in some degree, vary- cultural scientist and the practical farmer. ing from a rainfall of two to fifty inches. However, we know enough already of No part of the continent, however, is hu- practical agriculture both in the drier and mid in the exact degree and at just the more humid regions to enable us to make 58 THE MID -PACIFIC

a fair beginning from the outset. My irrigated meadows near Edinburgh, Scot- first assumption, therefore, is that there land, where the lands which are described is no part of the earth's surface where the as being originally worthless and a sandy rainfall is so exactly proportioned that it waste, are yielding almost incredibly un- may not be profitably supplemented by der a system of sewage irrigation. And the application of water artificially to any as stated by Professor King, "There can given crop. That is to say, there is no be no question, however, but that the crop that may not be increased in quan- larger yields here secured are due more tity or improved in quality by this means. to the water than to the fertilizers added In a little book recently published by to it. Professor King, entitled "The Soil," I "The Craigentiny meadows, 200 acres find the following table with reference to in extent, yield five cuts of grass aggre- the amount of water which is necessary gating from 5 to 7 tons per acre, between for the production of dry product : the first of April and the end of October, Dent corn, 309 pounds of water to each which are sold to cow keepers for from pound of dry product. Flint corn, 223 $80 to $150 per acre, the farm of 200 pounds of water to each pound of dry acres turning in to its owner every year product. from $15,000 to $20,000 gross." It is also Red clover, 452 pounds of water to said that the milkmen acknowledge that each pound of dry product. they cannot get any milk-producing food Barley, 2392 pounds of water to each to compare with this grass for the same pound of dry product. amount of money. On the Myremill farm Oats, 522 pounds of water to each near Maybole, Scotland, seventy acres in pound of dry product. Italian raygrass are said to have produced Field peas, 477 pounds of water to each seventy tons of green weight per acre, or pound of dry product. 4,900 tons, the market value of one crop Potatoes, 422 pounds of water to each exceeding by a large sum the first cost of pound of dry product. the irrigating plant. It is said that this Rye, 353 pounds of water to each same land before being treated in the pound of dry product. manner described, would barely pasture With reference to the increased pro- five sheep, or one bullock, to the acre, but ductiveness of soil to which has been under the system of irrigation which was applied all the water which it can use, established it was easy to keep twenty Professor King makes the following state- sheep or five bullocks to the acre. ment : "On a moderately fertile soil the You will please observe that the writer has grown maize, supplying it with amount of water which a corn crop will water just as rapidly as it could use it to consume in producing the maximum yield the best advantage, and found as an aver- of four times the average crop is thirty- age of two trials that took during the four inches, or nearly the entire amount growing season of one-third of the year of annual rainfall in Wisconsin and Illi- the equivalent of thirty-four and three- nois. What enormous possibilities lie, tenths inches to produce a yield, when therefore, in the application of water to calculated for an acre, more than four crops even in the regions where the rain- times a field crop grown under the best fall is usually deemed sufficient. We seem natural conditions of rainfall in Wiscon- to have reached a time when the compe- sin." In other words, that a soil to which tition of other countries in relation to is given all the water it can use, will pro- food products exported is so great that duce four times an average product. This we must find some means of cheapening will prepare you for the remarkable state- production, or it will no longer pay to ment which is published by Storer with export our products. Suppose that the reference to the productiveness of the wheat farmer can produce sixty instead THE MID-PACIFIC 59 of twenty bushels per acre, or the corn mile. And, notwithstanding the fact that farmer one hundred and fifty instead of both were subsequently irrigated exactly fifty, it at once becomes possible to export alike, the plants on the part which had not grain and at a good profit even at the the irrigation before planting never came present low prices. It is, moreover, a fact to the same perfection, nor was the yield too well known to need comment here, so abundant by half as in the other por- that the time in the life history of the tion lying alongside. Failing to make the plant at which water is applied is very start just at the right time in its life, the important. Study of both animal and plant never fully recovered the loss, even plant growth has demonstrated that there though subsequently placed under the are periods when one part grows faster very best conditions for growth. We and more surely than any of the others. may, therefore, summarize that not only For example: the early period of the life is the amount of product made possible of the plant is that in which it is "rooting by supplemental irrigation enormously itself," as we say, in the soil. That is to increased, but the proper and timely say, that it is physiological in the plant physiological growth of the plant may be to develop its root part most rapidly in insured. Now as to the element of uncer- its infancy, just as it is physiological for tainty of crop. the brain of a child to develop with far Let us ask ourselves this question— greater rapidity from its second to its which among the legitimate occupations of seventh year than at any other period of men is so much the subject of chance as its life. Again there comes a period of that of the farmer ? He makes his in- the year at which root and branch seem vestment in lands, teams, stock, imple- to take a rest, as it were, and almost the ments, seed, labor, and the skies may be entire physiological activity of the plant as brass and the earth as a furnace until be exerted in the development of the all his hopes are blasted. It is said "there fruit. So well known is this fact to irri- is scarcely an acre of ground under culti- gators that they are not only very careful vation in North America that would not to provide water just at this period to aid produce more and better crops if there these activities, but they are careful not was at hand an abundant water supply. to supply it in excess lest the fruit burst Usually, there are several dry spells dur- as a result of its dissipation, or at least ing each year that cause serious injury to be deteriorated in quality through excess the crops. (The seasons of drought and of water. An experience of our own well the seasons of too much rain constitute illustrates the importance of this. A plot three out of every five, giving the farmer of ground was set apart for early cab- three bad crops to every two good ones.) bages. The irrigator was a Californian by How much more certain and satisfactory birth, who had never seen a crop raised would the farmer's life be if he could without irrigation. He proceeded to irri- plant with the assurance that every crop gate before planting, just as he was wont would be an abundant one, not for five to do in California. A heavy rainfall of years, but for five times five years with- three inches occurred. The foreman of out a break. This is what may be accom- the truck gardens became alarmed and plished by utilizing the surplus waters stopped the irrigation before we had fin- upon the earth or the hidden stores within ished. The land was then plowed and it. How often it happens that even if the planted, all at the same time. A month rains come they do not fall just at the later one could distinguish the difference right time. The long drought and the between the plants on the ground which heat have stunted the plant or procrasti- had, and those which had not, been irri- nated its growth until too late for it to gated, and mark the irregular boundary develop into a perfect one. In this justly line between each at a distance of half a dreaded time the farmer who can irrigate 60 THE MID-PACIFIC

fl bit of Roosevelt Lake, the .waters of which will make a million acres of desert blossom like a rose garden. is master of the situation. I think I will not be clean, if the impurities contained be able to show that water reasonably are such as will not injure the crops or accessible and in sufficient quantities is of are such as will benefit them. Of course, more value than more land. In other brackish or salt water could not be used, words, that if you had to sell one-fourth but the water that runs in the streams, or one-third of your land to establish a pond waters, well waters, spring waters good irrigation plant, you would be the or storm waters, all answer the purpose richer in the outcome. well. Those who are so fortunate as to A part of what I shall say next will have ponds, springs or running streams seem elementary to those familiar with need have but little difficulty in obtaining irrigation in arid regions, but as this ad- the necessary water supply. The need of dress is mainly intended to interest farm- irrigation in humid regions is not felt to ers of the humid regions not yet familiar such a degree as to lead to the hope that with the art of irrigation, it becomes any extensive system of irrigation ditches pertinent. will be laid out through our valleys, as First : What is necessary to the raising might readily be done if the need was of crops by irrigation ? more urgent, but which, I believe, would Water, soil, air, sunshine. As the two pay well even under present conditions. latter are beyond our control, we will con- Irrigation in humid regions will undoubt- fine ourselves to the former. And first, edly be individual rather than cooperative with reference to water. It makes but in character. What, then, are the means little difference what kind of water is by which an individual or at most, two or used. It does not need to be clean water. three individuals acting together, may se- On the contrary, it is better that it should cure to themselves an irrigation plant ? In THE MID-PACIFIC 61 a very few cases this may be done by point required. At this rate, the cost of building a dam across a stream and di- delivering 100,000 gallons, the amount verting the waters into a channel, which necessary to irrigate one acre, was about will be carried around on the higher 30 cents, or for two irrigations, about 60 ground and utilized by those owning the cents per acre. You see, therefore, that land farther down the stream, as is done the expense is not great. This is rather a in Colorado. But, in the main, I take it. higher cost than is usual, for the reason irrigation in the humid regions will be that we maintain a pressure of fifty used by horticulturists and garden or pounds, thus requiring high-pressure truck farmers, and in this case only tracts pumps, which are more expensive to oper- of from ten to forty acres will be irri- ate than low-pressure pumps. If your gated. In these cases the water will have farm is located on the bank of a stream, to be raised, probably by some form of or if you have an inexhaustible well, you pumping machinery. can well afford the expense. The farmer, The question first to be determined is even if he has but a small surplus of the question of the amount of water sup- water, cannot afford to fail to use it for ply. If you have only water for your the purposes of irrigation, for not only stock or house, you might just as well does he derive the benefits of increased drop the subject at once. To irrigate even products, but the use of the water im- a few acres will require water by the proves his soil. hundreds of thousands of gallons. But The valleys of the Nile and the this need not alarm you, for by means of Ganges, reckoned the two most fertile improved and comparatively inexpensive valleys of the world, have been tilled pumping machinery, it is now found pos- without interruption for thousands of sible to deliver water at a very small cost. years with no other fertilizer than that Our irrigation required from 100,000 to which is derived from the waters of these 200,000 gallons per acre. A rainfall of rivers. one inch of rain covering one acre of I hear some one ask the question, why, ground requires 27,154 gallons. As at if water in such large quantities is so es- least two inches of water is necessary for sential, are not marshes more produc- even a light irrigation, approximately tive? It is just as essential that too much 55,000 gallons per acre are required for water be avoided as too little. Too much this. Eight inches, or 220,000 gallons, water chokes and hinders plant growth. will give two good wettings, which is Assuming that your soil is fully saturated, usually all that is needed. More water that you have given it all the water it will can be used to advantage, as a seventy per take, then about one-third of this must cent saturation by bulk, it is estimated, pass off before the air and sunshine can will give the highest results. The amount get in to do their work in warming up and of water used per acre seems to vary setting in motion the delicate processes much with different users through econ- or molecular changes, as they are called, omy or wastefulness ; also in various which makes the plant growth. countries. Professor King found he could Probably the simplest and most inex- use 34 inches for the season in Wiscon- pensive of the appliances for raising sin. In California the amount runs from water is the windmill. A i6-foot wind- 772 to 20 inches ; in Colorado 22 inches ; mill connected with a storage reservoir in India 48 inches. In Italy 4 inches are will raise water enough for the irriga- used for a wetting. I think 8 inches a tion of about to acres. You will observe safe estimate for the season in Illinois. that I have said that such a mill must We found that it cost us about three- be used in connection with a storage res- tenths of a cent per thousand or $3 per ervoir. The windmill would not have a million gallons to deliver the water at the sufficient capacity to deliver the amount 62 THE MID-PACIFIC

of water needed if the water was wholly bolized filler, they will last a long time used during the time the pumping was in the ground ; and the first cost is small, going on. A reservoir with a capacity of not exceeding 12 or 15 cents per foot for several million gallons may be constructed a six-inch pipe. The best pipe, of course, at a comparatively small expense, and into is the cast iron pipe. Cast iron lasts this reservoir the windmill pumps much longer in the soil than either throughout the year, filling it up and af- wrought iron or steel. In our work, we fording a supply which will be drawn off use the best grade of cast iron pipe, laid during the irrigation season. For details entirely below the frost line, using 3, 4, of constructing such reservoir see Wil- and 6-inch pipe. The cost was about zo cox's little work on "Irrigation Farming." cents per foot for 3-inch, 25 cents for fl- Probably, however, the most economi- inch, and 3o cents for 6-inch pipe. There cal method of delivering water is by is now in the market a spiral steel weld means of the centrifugal pump. This pipe which is doubly asphalted, and is pump will raise water to a height not said to last very well. This undoubtedly exceeding fifty feet, at a cost of not to ranks next to the cast iron pipe in dura- exceed zo to 3o cents per million gallons. bility, and is considered sufficiently strong These centrifugal pumps are geared or for all purposes of irrigation. It is much constructed so that they can be operated easier to lay, as the sections are flanged either by steam or gasoline engines. The and are bolted together. I have recently operation of the gasoline engine is sim- been offered this pipe at zo cents per foot pler and somewhat more economical than for the 6-inch. The usual estimate of the operation of a steam engine, but, in cost for this pipe is 3o cents to 32 cents my opinion, a steam engine outfit would per foot, laid. I think it well to lay all be more economical to the average farm- pipe below the frost line. er or horticulturist, for the reason that How to apply water. In our work we it can be used for other purposes at other used only the ditch and flooding methods. times of the year ; especially can the In both cases the water was conveyed in boiler be used for heating in the winter large ditches meandering in conformity season and for the operation of machin- with the contour of the ground, running ery. It has always been a matter of sur- of ttimes by very circuitous routes to the prise to me that the farmer and the hor- points described. There it was diverted in- ticulturist make so little use of steam. A to furrows made by what is called a "mid- small engine can be purchased for $150, dle break" or "double mold board" plow, which will not only run his pumping ma- between the rows of corn, potatoes, and chinery during irrigation, but in the cabbage, or whatever the crop ; or by the winter season can be used for cutting and flooding method it was spread out over a grinding feed and innumerable other pur- leveled space, io to 15 feet in width, with poses. With a No. 4 Rotary pump about ridges 6 to 8 inches high thrown up to 600,00o gallons of water per ton of coal separate those spaces from each other, was raised by Professor King to a height and occasional cross ridges if the descent of 26 feet. If a ton of coal costs not of the ground was too rapid. The slope more than $2 this would be at a rate of .3 of the land must be constantly kept in of a cent per thousand gallons, or exactly mind, and it is best always to begin at the cost to us at the Hospital. the lowest point and work backwards. With reference to piping. In the West, In irrigating our orchards, we run a fur- wood pipes are much used. They are row on each side of each row of trees made both by boring out solid logs of and allow the water to run slowly through wood, and by banding together staves. this furrow. Two irrigations are all that If these pipes are well made, and thor- are needed in this climate, one early in oughly painted inside and out with a car- the spring and the other just as the fruit THE MID -PACIFIC 63 begins to ripen. When the trees are purposes, consisting of about 15o acres. small we run this furrow close, and far- The board after some deliberation gave ther and farther away as the trees grow its consent, and we proceeded to lay larger. about 4,000 feet of water mains out into With reference to soil. No doubt the farm. As there was some delay in many of you have the general impression, completing the work, our irrigation was which I had to begin with, that some soils not begun until some time in June, 1895. may be irrigated while other soils are not We had in the meantime, however, suitable to irrigation. The fact seems to planted a portion of the land to fruit be that nearly every variety of soil is trees and berries, and the remainder was suitable to irrigation if properly han- planted to vegetables. As soon as the dled. Some soils irrigate better than pipe-laying was completed the water was others, yet nearly every soil is bettered by turned on and irrigation of the entire it. As a rule, the finer the soil, the better tract begun. The following results show the grain; such soils hold water much the profitableness of the undertaking : better than coarser, sandy soils. While Beets, 4 acres, 1,960 bushels at 30c $ 588.00 clay soils are somewhat difficult to work Cabbage, 15 acres, 1,498 bbls. at under irrigation, it is from them that the $1.00 1,498.00 Cauliflower, 3 acres, 81 bbls, of best results have been obtained. On the heads at $1.50 121.00 other hand, even a sandy waste may be Cucumber, s/4-acre, 184 bush. at 60c 110.00 redeemed by irrigation. Lettuce, %-acre, 191 bbls. at $1.00 101.00 Crops to irrigate. While, as I have be- Water and Muskmelons, 7 acres, fore intimated, it is in horticultural and 16,000 at 3c 480.00 Onions, 3 acres, 245 bbls. at 75c 183.75 truck gardening that the best usefulness Peas, 5 acres, 259 bush. at $1.25 323.75 of irrigation is to be found in humid re- Radishes, 3 acres, 304 bbls. at $2.00 603.00 Tomatoes, 6 acres, 1,350 bush. at 30c 408.00 gions, yet any crop may be largely in- Turnips, 15 acres, 3,036 bush. at 30c 910.50 creased by irrigation. I trust that you Potatoes, 25 acres, 3,000 bush at 30c 900.50 will not forget that successful irrigation Greens, 21/2 acres, 500 bbls. at 25c 125.00 Rhubarb, 1/2-acre, 261 bush. bbls depends in part upon successful drain- at 30c 130.50 age. It is just as important that you afford an opportunity for the surplus Total (901/2 acres) $6,478.40 water to pass off from the soil as it is Or a product of the value of seventy- that you furnish abundant water for it. one dollars and fifty-seven cents ($71.57) Now, as to the history and practical per acre. results of our work at Kankakee. The While it is conceded that this does not years 1892 and 1894 were marked by an show an excessively large yield, it must almost utter failure of the garden crops be borne in mind that it is far greater of the Illinois Eastern Hospital for the than the average yield in the regions Insane. As something near ninety acres around about during this season, and were planted to garden in each of those that, as before stated, the irrigation was years, the loss not only deprived the in- begun very late in the season. Moreover, mates of the institution of fresh vege- the ground was newly broken and had tables to the degree desired, but was a never before been used for vegetables. great financial loss to the institution. The cost of laying the pipe was about Having the year previous remodeled the $1,500—or about $io per acre. The land water system of the institution and much before these pipes were laid would be increased its capacity, in the spring of regarded as high-priced for agricultural 1895 I suggested to the Board of Trus- purposes at Sioo per acre ; it now has a tees the extension of our water mains producing value to the institution of $5oo into the garden and into certain lands per acre. During the year 1893-94, the which it was proposed to use for garden institution purchased from 4o to 5o car 64 THE MID -PACIFIC loads of vegetables each year, but dur- My conviction is that irrigation has a ing the year 1895 it did not purchase any much larger future in those portions of vegetables whatever, except potatoes, for the country where the rainfall is reason- its 2,50o adult persons fed daily. Add to ably large than even in the dry regions— this the pleasure and satisfaction to be larger just in proportion as the amount of derived from having an abundance of water which can be utilized is greater. fresh vegetables constantly for our ta- In closing, I desire to call attention to bles, and I think that we have demon- a most interesting fact that seems to be strated the results that are in a high de- proven by the experience of irrigators in gree satisfactory. reclaiming sand wastes and other experi- The season of 1896 has not afforded mental work, viz., that when water in so good an opportunity to test the value sufficient quantities is obtainable, the of our plant as the preceding one. The quality of the soil becomes one of much rainfall, beginning quite early in the sea- less importance than under ordinary con- son, was abundant throughout, at times ditions. It would seem to be a fact that, so excessive as to be phenomenal and combining the five elements, a seed or unusual. We irrigated a portion of our plant, air, sunshine, water and earth, even earliest planted crops with excellent re- if the latter be a mere surface of sand sults so far as the starting of growth or disintegrated rock, the life of the plant was concerned. The results obtained will be sustained, growth ensue and from our gardens in the season of 1896 humus will soon accumulate in the soil. were as follows : This is probably due to the fact that in Beets, 31/2 acres, 2,132 bush. at 30c $ 639.60 the presence of sunshine, water and air, Cabbages, 121/2 acres, 1,600 bbls. at 80c 1,280.00 the plant has the power to extract suf- Carrots, 4 acres, 1,967 bush. at 25c 491.75 ficient nutriment from the air and to be Cauliflower, 1 acre, 73 bbls. at $1.00 73.00 able to break up, through the aid of Cucumber, 3/4-acre, 380 bush. at 60c 228.00 Greens, 1/2-acre, 77 bbls. at 50c 38.50 molecular activities of the sunshine, even Onions, 21/2 acres, 600 bush. at 60c _ 260.00 particles of sand and rock, and abstract Parsnips, 21/4 acres, 2,008 bush. at 35c 702.80 from them the balance of nutriment re- Potatoes, 29 acres, 2,116 bush. at 28c 592.48 quired. By returning its body, or a por- Peas, 314 acres, 4871/2 bush. at 80c._ 390.00 Radishes 31/2 acres, 811 bush. at 75c 608.25 tion thereof, to the soil in the form of Salsify, 11/2 acres, 419 bush. at 40c 167.60 humus, it soon transforms it into condi- Sweet potatoes, 4 acres, 549 bush. at 40c 210.60 tions suitable for the growth of higher String beans, 3 acres, 440 bush. at and higher forms of plant life. What- 60c 264.00 ever be the explanation—and I trust our Tomatoes, 5% acres, 2,500 bush. at 40c 1,000.00 scientists will explain it better than I Lettuce, 1/4-acre, 250 bush. at 75c 187.50 have done—it seems to be a fact that Watermelons, 21/2 acres, 8,047 at 5c 402.75 Turnips, 3% acres, 1,379 bush. at 25c 344.75 even a worn-out soil, such as is found in Turnips, 2d crop on this ground, the older parts of Virginia, may be made 131/2 acres, 5,679 bush. at 25c 1,410.75 to produce surpassing crops by the aid Total acreage 84 acres, $9,410.33. Average Der acre. $112.03. of supplemental irrigation. VOLUME VI JANUARY-MARCH, 1931 NO. 1

JOURNAL

OF THE Pan-Pacific Research Institution A Periodical Record of Investigations Bearing on Problems of Food Production, Distribution, Conservation and Consumption, as well as on Public Health, and Race and Population Problems as Related to the Countries Bordering on the Pacific.

HEALTH LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE DOMINION OF NEW ZEALAND

By Mary Lambie, Department of Public Health

A Paper Presented at the Second Pan-Pacific Women's Conference Held in Honolulu, August, 1930, Under the auspices of the Pan-Pacific Union

AT PRESENT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT HONOLULU, HAWAII BY THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

More frequent publication as acceptable material is contributed. 2 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION Health Legislation and Administration in the Dominion of New Zealand By Mary Lanzbie, Department of Public Health I. HEALTH LEGISLATION. ACTS ADMINISTERED BY THE DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH, NEW ZEALAND. Health Act, 1920. Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1926. Food and Drugs Act, 1908. Dangerous Drugs Act, 1927. Poisons Act, 1908. Quackery Prevention Act, 1908. Cemeteries Act, 1908. Nurses and Midwives Registration Act, 1925. Social Hygiene Act, 1917. Medical Act, 1908. Medical Practioners Act, 1914. Masseurs Registration Act, 1920. Plumbers Registration Act, 1912.

II. HEALTH ADMINISTRATION. A. ORGANIZATIONS CONTROLLED AND FINANCED BY THE STATE. 1. HEALTH DEPARTMENT. a. Division of Public Hygiene. b. Division of Hospitals. c. Division of Nursing. d. Division of Maternal and Infant Welfare. e. Division of School Hygiene. f. Division of Dental Hygiene. g. Division of Maori Hygiene. 2. MENTAL HOSPITALS DEPARTMENT. 3. EDUCATION DEPARTMENT. B. ORGANIZATIONS CONTROLLED AND FINANCED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES WITH STATE SUPERVISION AND SUBSIDY. 1. HOSPITAL BOARDS. 2. LOCAL, AUTHORITIES. C. ORGANIZATIONS CONTROLLED AND FINANCED BY VOLUNTARY BODIES WITH STATE SUPERVISION BUT No SUBSIDY. 1. PRIVATE HOSPITALS. 2. INDUSTRIAL *D. ORGANIZATIONS CONTROLLED AND FINANCED BY VOLUNTARY BODIES WITH GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY BUT No SUPERVISION. 1. PLUNKET SOCIETY. 2. ST. JOHN AMBULANCE ASSOCIATION. 3. WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE FARMERS' UNION. E. ORGANIZATIONS CONTROLLED AND FINANCED BY VOLUNTARY BODIES WITH No STATE SUBSIDY OR SUPERVISION. 1. RED CROSS SOCIETY. F. HEALTH INSURANCE. G. VITAL STATISTICS. (See New Zealand Year Book.) *Section D. appears in the Proceedings of the Second Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 3 II. HEALTH ADMINISTRATION. A. Organizations Controlled and Financed by Government Departments.

1. HEALTH I)PARTMENT The creation of a Public Health System in New Zealand dates back to 1872 when the first Public Health Act was placed on the Statute Book of the Colony. But as the population of the country increased the machinery of this Act and its amendment passed in 1876 became inadequate, consequently in 1900 an improved measure came into force. The most important features of this Act were the constitution of a Department of Public Health under the control of a Minister of the Crown, and the appointment of a Chief Health Officer and Sanitary In- spectors. During the subsequent years many changes occurred in the population of the Dominion and in its distribution, new facts in relation to preventive medicine came into being and it became increasingly evident that there was need for a clearer definition of the relative duties of the various bodies dealing with Health matters. These facts were some of the causes which led to the passing of the Health Act, 1920. In the Health Act, zg2o, the control of Health matters is vested in a Department of State known as the Department of Health, which is directed by a member of the Executive Council known as the Minister of Health. To assist the Minister of Health, a Board of Health was appointed representing the Crown, the Health Department, the various local authorities, the Medical Profession, and the Sanitary Engineers to act as an advisory body and under certain conditions may exercise mandatory powers. The Functions of the Department of Health are set out as follows : a. The advising of local authorities in matters relating to public health. b. The prevention, limitation and suppression of infectious and other diseases. c. The promotion and carrying out of researches and investigations in relation to matters concerning public health, and prevention or treatment of disease. d. The publication of reports, information and advice concerning public health. e. The organization and control of medical, dental and nursing services so far as such services are paid for out of public moneys. f. Generally the taking of all such steps as may be desirable to secure preparation, effective carrying out and coordination of measures conducive to the public health. The staff of the Department include the Director-General of Health who is a Medical Practitioner with special qualifications in Sanitary Science, his Deputy who is similarly qualified, Directors of the Divisions of Public Hygiene, Hospi- tals, Nursing, Maternal and Infant Welfare, School Hygiene, Dental Hygiene and Maori Hygiene, and such number of Medical Officers of Health, Inspectors of Health, medical practitioners, Nurses, and other officers as may be required. The Divisional Directors at Headquarters, work through and with the Medical Officers of Health. The Dominion is divided into six Health districts, each of which is under the charge of a Medical Officer of Health who must be a medical practitioner with special qualifications in sanitary science. These officers are responsible for the due observance of all enactments and regulations relating to public health, and act as advisers of the local governing bodies in matters affecting public health. They undertake personal directions relating to quarantine, infectious diseases, housing, water supplies, drainage, the provision of pure food, etc., and exercise in general control and supervision over all other branches of Departmental activity. The work of the various Divisions of the Department may now be touched in more detail: a. The Division of Public Hygiene. The functions of this division include the supervision of those activities which relate to public health in the more restricted sense of that term, viz.: Public water supplies, drainage and refuse removal, housing, notification and control of infectious diseases and industrial diseases, quarantine, the purity of food and drugs, and control of offensive trades. While 4 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION the Health Act throws on the local governing bodies, the responsibility of providing health services, it recognizes that these bodies in a young growing country such as New Zealand are for the greater part not yet strong enough to provide all the machinery required for securing the best results. For this reason the Medical Officers of the Health Department stationed in the various large Health Districts act as advisers of the local bodies although not actually their Officers. Certain duties remain wholly under the control of the Health Department. These duties are chiefly the notification and control of infectious diseases, the quarantine of overseas ships and securing the purity of foods and drugs. It is thought that these matters should remain in the control of the Central Department until the population of the country so increases that they may be economically administered by the local authorities. Infectious and contagious diseases: The Health Act deals specifically with three classes of disease in regard to which medical practitioners and others have certain duties. These classes are Notifiable Infectious Diseases. Non-Notifiable Infectious Diseases. Notifiable Non-Infectious Diseases. A Schedule of these different classes is gazetted and can be altered from time to time by the Governor-General in Council. In regard to notifiable infectious disease, the duty of notification of its occurrence rests on the Medical Practitioner, a fee being payable thereon. If there is no medical attendant the occupier of the premises is required to notify if he suspects the presence of infectious diseases in any occupant of the place. Power to enter premises on suspicion of the existence of notifiable disease is given to the Medical Officer of Health, who may order the removal of the patient to a hospital. In regard to all infectious disease the Act provides penalties against those who do not take due precaution to prevent the spread of the disease. Extension regulations have been gazetted for the conservation and promotion of public health. Under these regulations the duties of medical practitioners, Inspectors of Health, and Undertakers are defined in regard to notifications, and the measures to be taken by medical men by local authorities in the event of outbreaks of certain diseases and the occurrences of epidemics are set out. Quarantines: Power is given to proclaim places of inspection quarantine grounds and quarantine stations. Quarantine stations have been established at the chief ports of entry. All ships arriving from overseas are liable to quarantine and also every ship, on board which any infectious disease or suspected infectious disease has broken out, or been discovered, which has arrived from any infected place in New Zealand or other country. Food and Drugs: The sale of foods and drugs and their inspection is dealt with under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act and the Health Act. This Act provides for the analysis by the public analyst of any article of food or drink or of any drug which may be sold, offered for sale, or exposed for sale, or for inspection of any place where there is any food or drug intended for sale. Stringent regulations are provided for the prevention of adulteration of food, drink or drugs and for the inspection of places where such things are manufactured and packed. b. The Division of Hospitals. The Division of Hospitals is concerned with the administration of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act. The staff consists of a Director and such number of assistant Inspectors as enable adequate inspection of the buildings and close supervision of the conduct and business management of the institutions. The New Zealand Hospital system will be dealt with in another section. c. The Division of Nursing. This Division is under the control of a Director who is herself a registered nurse and midwife. Its functions are to exercise a general supervision over all measures relating to the training, examination and registration of nurses, midwives and maternity nurses. This necessitates frequent visits of inspection to all types of Training Schools in addition to a general oversight of the nursing staff of these Institutions. The training and registration of nurses, midwives and maternity nurses is governed by the Nurses and Midwives Registration Act, October, 1925. This Act provides for a Board consisting of the Director-General of Health or his Deputy, the Director of the Division of Nursing (who is Registrar of the Board) a registered medical practitioner, a registered nurse and a registered midwife ; the last two to be appointed by the New Zealand Trained Nurses Association or a similar body. There are at present 36 Training Schools for Nurses. These are all public hospitals which undergo frequent and regular inspections by officers of the Department of Health. At present there are 6,596 nurses on the New Zealand Register who have completed a three years' training and passed the State Registration Examination. In the same way definite requirements are laid down as to the course of training both theoretical and practical to be undergone by maternity nurses and midwives before they can sit for the State Registration Examination. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 5

The length of training for an untrained woman as a maternity nurse is one year. To become a midwife, she must practice as a maternity nurse for a year witnessing twelve cases and then return to a training school for an additional four months. For a nurse who has her general training, the length of training is six months to qualify as a maternity nurse, or eight months to qualify as a midwife. At present there are 2,881 Midwives and 1,169 Maternity Nurses on the Register. Post Graduate Nursing: Education is also assisted by this Division in the conduct of a Nurses Post Graduate Course which is held annually in conjunction with Victoria Uni- versity College, N. Z. University for the training of nurses in Hospital Administration and teaching and Public Health Nursing in addition to Refresher Courses which are arranged for nurses interested in these subjects as well as for those engaged in maternity work. The Director of this Division is directly responsible for the staffing and control of all nurses in the employ of this Department which includes Nurse Inspectors, District Nurses for the Maoris, and all Hospitals governed by the State, i.e., the seven State maternity hospitals, two Sanatoria in the North Island, King George •V. hospital at Rotorua and the Neuropathic Hospital at Hanmer, besides arranging the Nursing staff for the Hospital at Samoa and the Cottage Hospitals in the Cook Islands controlled by the Government Depart- ment of External Affairs. As the Director is also the Matron-in-Chief of the Army Nursing Service, the duty of arranging Nursing Sisters for all military camps is carried out by this Division as well as maintaining the register of the Army Nursing Reserve. d. The Division of Maternal and Infant Welfare. Maternal and Infant Welfare work in New Zealand is founded on cooperation between the Department of Health, the Hospital Boards of the Dominion, the medical profession and a voluntary organization known as the Royal New Zealand Society for the Health of Women and Children, or to give it its more familiar name, the Plunket Society. A consulting obstetrician, Dr. Jellett, acts in an advisory capacity in regard to the training of Maternity Nurses and Midwives, the conduct of Maternity Hospitals and other various problems of maternity. An Inspector of Hospitals who works in close cooperation with the Consulting Obstetrician is concerned with the inspection of Private Hospitals, particularly in regard to methods of technique in maternity work and the prevention of puerperal sepsis. This same officer also undertakes the inspection of the State Maternity Hospitals and the many public maternity hospitals or maternity wards, under the control of the Hospital Boards. The Medical Officers of Health exercise a general supervision over the work of midwives through their staff of Nurse Inspectors, and with their assistance and that of the Inspector of Hospitals keep a close control over the conduct of the many private Hospitals in the Dominion. The State administers and maintains seven maternity hospitals in the larger towns of the Dominion known as St. Helen's Hospitals with the Ante-Natal clinics held in conjunction with them. These are designed not only to ensure facilities for training midwives and maternity nurses, but also to provide skilled assistants for wives of working men at the moderate fee of 30/- per week or fl for ten days' attendance as a district case. Each Institution is in charge of a Matron who is a generally trained nurse with special training and experience in midwifery with a staff of Sisters similarly qualified. A part-time private practitioner is in attendance daily. The total number of deliveries at St. Helen's Hospitals last year was roughly 2,400 with a mortality rate of 2.1 per 1000 deliveries, proving the excellent work being done in these hospitals. The total number of Maternity Hospitals in the Dominion is: 7 State maternity hospitals. 59 Maternity hospitals or maternity wards attached to public hospitals. 212 Private maternity hospitals. Roughly out of 28,000 births in New Zealand last year 16,700 took place in maternity hospitals. Ante-Natal clinics are steadily increasing in number and what is more satisfactory still, the number of attendances at each clinic is increasing as well as the number of visits per patient. These clinics are entirely free of charge. A feature of their work is the supplying of sterilized maternity outfits for patients who are going to be confined in their own homes, the number of these outfits being supplied is also on the increase emphasizing the regard being paid to a more general acceptance of asepsis in obstetric practice. In view of the fact that maternal mortality in rural districts compares unfavorably with that in urban districts particularly as regards eclampsia, the need of the extension of these clinics as an organized method of giving systematic and skilled Ante-natal care to expectant mothers is necessary. Total No. of Ante-natal Clinics--22. Total No. of attendance last year--2o,74o. It is gratifying to note that a definite improvement has been recorded in the last few years in which Ante-natal clinics have been established and other steps taken to ensure healthy children being born. Most countries of the world during recent years have become alive to the great problem 6 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION of maternal mortality and morbidity, and looking for a lead as to what methods provide the best solution their eyes are naturally turned to those Scandanavian countries—Holland and Denmark—where the mortality rates are the lowest in the world. There practically all normal labors are conducted by Midwives so that you find Dr. Jellett, the well-known obstetrician, stating in his last annual report to the Director-General of Health of New Zealand: "That the time is coming if it has not already come, to consider if the interests of the public and of the medical profession will not be best served by handing over the management of normal labor to Midwives. By so doing it may be possible to ensure that the wholly underpaid obstetrical work of the medical profession will, at any rate be directed into the channels in which it is essential, to the exclusion of those in which it is not." Among the recommendations of the recent Commission of Enquiry held in England regarding a National Maternity Service are ones to the effect that adequate ante-natal and post-natal medical supervision should be obtained for every mother with the conduction of normal labor by adequately trained midwives under medical supervision who must be referred to where abnormalities arise. It is to such a scheme that Dr. Jellett refers. As a means of further safeguarding the mother and baby, additional attention is to be paid in New Zealand to the training of medical students. The Government of New Zealand have given £50,000 to build a new up-to-date Obstetric Hospital in Dunedin attached to the Medical School which is situated in that town. To ensure that the staffing of this Department in the University has sufficient funds to obtain the best man possible for the Professorship, which will be vacant this year owing to the retirement of the present Professor, the women of New Zealand have made an urgent appeal to the general public and obtained the sum of £40,000, which, carrying a Government subsidy of pound for pound, will provide a sufficiently large sum to endow this Chair. Thus it is hoped with the training of doctors, midwives and maternity nurses being improved, the adequate inspection of maternity work and the extension of the ante-natal service, the results will be such that will bring the maternal statistical rate of New Zealand into line with that of our infantile statistical rate. Maternity Allowances. The National Provident Fund provides a payment of to any member of the fund of at least 12 months standing upon the birth of a child to such member. This payment is made from a special Government grant for this purpose. No part of the cost of the maternity allowance is borne by the contributor himself. Maternity allowances are granted by the Government to members of any approved Friendly Society on approximately the same conditions as to members of the Provident Fund. e. Division of School Hygiene. School medical work in New Zealand is carried out by the Division of School Hygiene which is responsible for the supervision of all measures for safeguarding the health of school children and for ensuring a satisfactory environment at school. The Service aims at securing for each child three complete physical examinations during his school life, but special examinations are carried out when parents, teachers or the School Medical Officers consider them necessary. Children found to be suffering from defects are kept under observation until the necessary treatment is obtained. It is recognized that medical treatment must be available for every child in need of it and that adequate provision must be made for the ill-nourished and neglected. Mentally backward and feeble-minded children are given special consideration, arrangements being made for their entrance to special schools, special classes, or other institutions as circumstances indicate. The work of the service is also being extended to include the examination of the pre-school child, all children attending free Kindergartens being medically examined when possible. The School Medical Service works in close cooperation with the Child Welfare Branch of the Education Department and it also cooperates with the officers of this Department in the supervision of school buildings and sanitation. Though all newer schools make special provision for ventilation, there has been in recent years a strong movement in favor of open- air schools and many of the recently erected buildings are of that type. School Medical Officers are responsible for the medical examination of all candidates for entrance to the teaching profession. Until 1926 the work of the Division was confined to the State primary schools comprising approximately some 300,000 pupils, but as the result of the Medical examination of entrant teachers indicated the desirability of examining candidates and giving vocational guidance at an earlier stage of their educational career arrangements have been made by which all applicants to the teaching profession are examined one or two years before the termination of their secondary school life. By this means unsuitable candidates are rejected when they are able to devote themselves to preparing for another means of livelihood. The results of examination have amply demonstrated the necessity of the work of inspection. Though it has been clearly shown that the average of defect found in New Zea- land children is less than in countries of older civilization, still there is a great deal to be achieved and the work of the service is essentially preventive and educational. This latter is particularly important as the object is to instruct the pupil while at his most impression- able age, as to the essential principle of correct living. Many thousands of pamphlets giving JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 7

advice in simple language on health topics are distributed annually and many popular lectures on health matters are given by the School Medical Officers and nurses in various districts to teachers, parents and children. If defects are found the practice of the School Medical Officer is to notify the parents of their existence, the choice of medical attendants being left entirely to the parents. If the parents are unable for financial reasons or are too apathetic to obtain the necessary advice and treatment, it is the duty of the School Medical Service to see that it is carried out. A great number of operations for minor defects are carried out at the public hospitals throughout New Zealand. When the parent, either from home ties or physical disability is unable to take the child to the hospital for necessary treatment the School Nurse is available for undertaking this duty. In cities the percentage of treatment obtained is from 80% to 90% of the number recommended for it, but in the country where facilities are fewer it is much less. It is the aim of the Service to secure the interest and cooperation of the parents, as it is realized that only in this way can the work be made effective. In pursuit of this aim, parents are invited to be present at the examination of their children, an opportunity of which the majority avail themselves gladly. Nutrition Classes and Health Camps. For the benefit of children suffering from sub- normal nutrition special classes have been established at several school,. The daily regime for children in these classes is supervised, special attention being given to the character of the food, the amount of rest taken, the time spent out of doors, etc. A successful feature of the work for the benefit of delicate and undernourished children has been the holding of annual Health Camps. The great improvement in physical and mental vitality of the children attending such camps affords evidence of their value. Goitre Prevention. It was realized some years ago that goitre was unduly prevalent in some parts of New Zealand, and to the School Medical Officers was entrusted the duty of carrying out a survey throughout New Zealand, in order to ascertain the distribution of the disease ; the Professor of Preventive Medicine, Otago Medical School, acting in cooperation. in the schools of those areas where goitre was found to be endemic preventive and curative treatment was inaugurated, with beneficial results. Iodized salt is now available for use in these endemic areas, and children in other areas who suffer from goitre are to be referred to their own medical advisers. The Control of Infectious Disease in the school is also a matter for which the school medical officer has to assume responsibility. This entails much routine work in close cooperation with the Medical Officer of Health. The School Medical Officers in the course of their duties have made special studies of various aspects of child welfare as follows : An enquiry into the condition of rural school children. An enquiry into the incidence of tuberculosis among children of New Zealand. An investigation into the physical growth and mental attainment of New Zealand school children was carried out in cooperation with the Education Department. The following figures cover the work of this Division last year : Number of School Medical Officers (full time) 12 Number of School Medical Officers (part time) 2 Number of School Nurses 32 Number of schools inspected 1,563 Number of notifications sent to parents 46,363 Number of parents interviewed 11,876 Number of children examined 107,689 Number of visits paid to homes by Nurses 15,019 f. The Division of Dental Hygiene. This Division undertakes the dental treatment of school children. It has as its Director a registered dentist and is staffed by dental surgeons mostly on the administrative and instructional side, and by dental nurses. The latter are specially trained by the Department to undertake the treatment of children's teeth. Their training covers a period of two years' intensive study, specially adapted for the work they have to perform. After qualifying they are appointed to take charge of the School Dental Clinics estab- tion of State Dental Nurses to service under the Department of Health. Each Dental Clinic serves a certain group of schools and the duty of the dental nurse is to render the younger children of these schools dentally fit as far as possible and maintain them in that condition. The treatment is largely standardized, the work of the dental nurse being limited to the treatment and filling of diciduous teeth, the filling of permanent teeth when the pulp is not involved, extraction with local anaesthetics and prophylactic treatment. The work is organized on certain definite lines and both the operative work and the organization are subject to frequent inspections by the supervising dentists. In attacking the problem of dental caries the policy of the Department is a preventive one. In order to prevent the development of extensive dental caries all efforts are in the first place concentrated on the youngest children in the schools, that is to say, on the children in the infant classes, whose ages are from 5 to 8 years.. These children are then kept under 8 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION dental observation as they progress through the school being re-examined as far as possible every six months. Whenever the written consent of the parents is given, the attendance of the children at this clinic is a matter of school routine. The attendance of children under school age, that is from 2% years to 5 years, is encouraged. It enables the operators to detect and remedy the defects earlier and it has the great advantage of bringing the dental nurses in contact with the parents. Additionally a great deal of propaganda work is carried out in the form of leaflets, colored posters, children's stories and exhibits. The Dental Service was only inaugurated in 1921, and its growth has been exceedingly rapid though it would have been greater but for the fact that only thirty nurses can be released from the Training School each year, and there are always some depletions from the Service in addition to the new clinics to staff. The figures for the last year are: Number of registered dental officers 8 Number of dental nurses 74 Number of dental clinics 86 Total number of operations including fillings and extractions 322,610 • g. Division of Maori Hygiene. This Division, which has as its Director a registered medical practitioner of Maori blood, possesses expert knowledge of the language and customs of the Maori race. Its functions are to advise and assist medical Officers of Health in their work amongst the. Maori people and generally to supervise all measures aimed at promoting the welfare of this section of the community. The Director of the Division supervises and directs the work of the Maori Health Councils. The Medical Officers of Health are responsible for the state of health of Maoris living in the Health District over which they have charge. They keep in close touch with the Maoris by means of their ordinary staff of Health Inspectors and District Nurses also through part-time Medical practitioners who are subsidized to treat indigent Maoris, in districts where they are numerous. Maori Health Councils were inaugurated to act in an advisory manner with respect to matters relating to the Health of the Maori inhabitants of the district and shall have such powers and duties in this relation as may be approved by the Director-General of Health. Every Health Council may (with the approval of the Department of Health) direct that any village Committee appointed shall carry out such sanitary works and enforce such by-laws relating to health and sanitation as the Health Councils may specify. Any moneys provided for such work may be subsidized at a rate not exceeding pound for pound by the Government. The North Island is divided into 20 Maori Council districts and the South Island into 4. Each district has a council consisting of seven members of the Maori race. Each and every settlement within such a district has its Village Committee consisting of not more than five and not less than three members of each settlement. These Committees have definite statutory powers and work under their respective by-laws under the jurisdiction of the Maori Council. This system constitutes a most valuable organization in the event of infectious disease or other difficulties arising. Medical Treatment and Care of the Maoris. The Government accepts first responsibility for the extra institutional care and treatment for the Maoris and for this purpose have a staff of District Nurses placed at various stations throughout the North Island wherever the community of a district contains a large percentage of the race. To assist these Nurses in their contact with the Natives, i.e., to understand their customs and language (English is now very general, though old people will be found who do not understand it), the majority of these Nurses have a Maori assistant who lives with them; in some cases the Nurses themselves are educated Maori girls who have their General and Midwifery Certificates. The District Nurse's work lies in supervising the pas or villages within her district as to their general sanitation, whether there is any sickness and giving bedside care to cases not suitable for Institutions. In addition she supervises the health of the school children, carries out typhoid inoculation campaigns and acts as a health educator among the race. Close touch is thus maintained by these personal visits and by the use of propaganda material in the form of leaflets in their own language and in English dealing with such subjects as the feeding of infants, preventive treatment of typhoid, tuberculosis, scabies, etc., which are circulated freely. Natives who require institutional treatment are admitted to the Public Hospitals in the ordinary way. They have, however, an inherent dislike of hospitals and if it had not been for the very fine work of these District Nurses who have such a large influence over them, the health of the race would not be what it is today. For instance, typhoid fever used to be one of the worst scourges of the Maori race, but now, due to improved sanitary conditions, the installation of public water supplies, the widespread adoption of inoculation of anti-typhoid vaccine and the necessary supervision, a wonderful improvement has been brought about and the widespread outbreaks of the past are now almost unknown. The Maori is acknowledged to be the finest section of the Polynesian races in both physique, intelligence and character. The result of their first contact with Western civilization was deterioration and progressive shrinkage of population. However, as a result of JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION the steady improvement in sanitary conditions and personal hygiene the death rate has largely decreased and the Maori health improved. A steady increase in the Maori population has been shown for the last decade. 2. MENTAL HOSPITALS DEPARTMENT. The Mental Hospitals Department is a separate State Department under the control of a Minister of the Crown who at present is the Honorable Minister of Health. The chief administrative officer is the Director-General of Mental Hospitals who is a registered medical practitioner with special qualifications and experience in psychiatry. Under. the Director is his Deputy with similar qualifications and experience and such Superintendents of Institutions as may be required with special qualifications, in addition to medical officers, nurses, attendants, etc., as are necessary to carry on the work of the Department effectively. There are seven Public Hospitals (Mental) in the Dominion maintained wholly or in part out of the public revenue. There is also one. Private Hospital licensed for the reception of the mentally afflicted. The number of patients at the end of 1927 was 5,673 consisting of 3,147 males and 2,526 females. Voluntary Inmates. Persons laboring under mental defect but capable of understanding the meaning of the procedure may seek admission to a mental hospital as voluntary boarders. If a voluntary boarder should, after admission, show mental defect sufficiently pronounced and sustained to render it improper to classify him any longer as such, application for reception order is made to a Magistrate. Committal of Patients to Mental Hospitals. By an amendment to the Act under which these Hospitals are administered, patients may now be admitted to a Mental Hospital in the following manner : The patient is examined by two Medical Practitioners who give medical certificates to the effect that the patient is now suitable for a Mental Hospital. A relative then makes application to the Medical Superintendent for admission of the patient. Within 24 hours of the arrival of the patient at the Mental Hospital the Medical Superintendent must furnish the Local Magistrate with a report on the mental condition of the patient and whether he thinks the patient should be committed or not. The Magistrate then visits the patient and signs the order of committal. This procedure saves the patient being taken near a Court to obtain the approval of a Magistrate before his committal and does away with that association of the Mental Hospital with a Court and Prison in the patient's mind. Psychiatric Clinics. To aid as diagnosing and observation centres Clinics have been established at the Out-Patients Departments of the Christchurch, Dunedin, Auckland and Wellington General Hospitals. These clinics are staffed by visiting specialists from the Mental Hospitals and are used as a consulting centre by private medical practitioners as well as for patients and their friends coming voluntarily for advice ; in addition discharged patients from the Mental Hospitals may report there for observation purposes. Mental Defectives. In 1928 an Amendment to the Mental Defectives Act the definition of the term "Mentally Defective Person" was amended to include—Persons socially defective —that is, persons who suffer from mental deficiency associated with anti-social conduct, and who by reason of such mental deficiency and conduct require surpervision for their own protection and in the public interest. Further, a Special Board was set up which will be concerned with promoting the welfare of such mentally defective persons as are not classified either as "Persons of unsound mind," or "Persons mentally infirm," in accordance with the new definition of the term "mentally defective person." The Board consists of the Director-General of Mental Hospitals and Chairman of the Board, the Director-General of Health, the Director of Education, the Controller of Prisons. A medical officer on the staff of the Mental Hospitals Department to be appointed on the ground that he is possessed of special psychiatric training and experience; two other members at least one of whom shall be a woman. The Functions of the Board shall be: a. To cause to be compiled a register containing the names of all mentally defective persons in New Zealand who not being persons of unsound mind or persons mentally infirm may in the opinion of the Board be classified under the principal Act as "idiots" or "imbeciles" or "feeble-minded" or "epi- leptics" or "socially defective." b. To secure that proper provision is made for the supervision of persons whose names are for the time being on the register and where any such persons are detailned in institutions under the principal Act, to assist in such manner as to the Board seems fit in the conduct of such institutions in the best interests of the inmates. c. To hold inquiry from time to time with reference to the mental state and circumstances of all persons whose names are duly submitted to it for purposes of such inquiry, and to determine in respect of such person whether or not his name should be placed on the register. 10 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

d. To hold such other inquiries to give all such other decisions, awards, determinations, recommendations and consents and do all such other acts and things as are by this Act provided for as may be otherwise lawfully required of it or as may in its opinion be necessary for the effective administration of the principal Act and this Act. e. To make provision for the establishment and conduct of such psychological clinics as may be necessary for the purposes of this Act, each such clinic being under the immediate direction of a qualified psychiatrist. Various other provisions are made by this Act such as the manner in which names are to be forwarded for placement on the register, the right of appeal to any registration, and the establishment of special institutions to be used exclusively for registered persons. 3. THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT. The Child Welfare Act of 1925 provided for the creation of a special branch of the Education Department to be known as the Child Welfare Branch. The Act was passed to make better provision with respect to the maintenance, care and control of children who are specially under the protection of the State and to provide generally for the protection and training of indigent, neglected and delinquent children. One section of the work of this Division may be considered under this Health Section report, that of Infant Life Protection. The work is carried out under the supervision of trained nurses who are fully qualified in the care and feeding of infants and young children. A great many infants dealt with under this system are illegitimate. In order to provide for the greater protection of infants of un- married mothers and for the assistance and guidance of the mothers themselves, there is provision for Child Welfare Officers, on being notified of such births, to investigate each case and to render such assistance as is required, either in placing the child in a suitable foster-home or in advising the mother in the matter of affiliation proceedings or in assisting her in obtaining employment, etc. In addition, the officers of this section supervise all infants and young children under the age of 6 years, who are living apart from their parents, and make inquiry for the information of Magistrates of all applicants for the adoption of children and for widows' pensions. B. ORGANIZATIONS CONTROLLED AND FINANCED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES WITH GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY AND SUPERVISION. 1. HOSPITAL BOARDS. The Hospital system of New Zealand presents some unique features and for this reason the detailed survey which follows may prove of interest. The early history of the hospital system of New Zealand is obscure. It is known, however, that some institutions were maintained entirely by the Govern- ment, whilst others were given subsidies ranging up to pound for pound and even higher on voluntary contributions. In 1884 there is record of fifteen hospitals maintained entirely by the Government at an annual cost of £43,639 and twenty-two receiving subsidies to the extent of £10,531. In the Hospitals Act of 1885 Hospital Districts were constituted and the system of local control was thus established, apparently for the first time. Under this Act money raised by levy, whether for capital or for maintenance purposes, carried a Government subsidy of pound for pound. A definite weakness of the 1885 Act, however, was the fact that there were several bodies dealing with hospitals and charitable aid matters in the same district. The Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1909. The Act of 1909, a much needed re- form, was passed after a parochial but natural opposition on the part of those bodies who were superseded. This Act which set up one Hospital and Charitable Aid Board for each district was amended from time to time and finally consolidated in 1926. Hospital Districts. At present the Dominion is divided into 45 hospital districts. Each district is controlled by a Board of not more than 20 nor less than 8 members who are elected by the Hospital District, i. e., Borough Councils, Town Boards, County Councils, and Road Boards or a combination thereof. The representation of a Board is apportioned to a mean between the population and the value of the rateable property in the contributory district. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 11

The representatives of a contributory district retire at every general election of the local authorities of that district and their places are filled by an election held at the same time as such election. In the case of combined districts, the election is held on the date of the election of the principal local authority. The Chairman of the Board holds office for two years certain tenure. Functions of Hospital Boards. Subject to inspection and a modicum of Government control, a board is responsible (a) for the management of hospitals and outdoor medical nursing service and (b) for the administration of charitable relief. In the larger districts a Board is provided with: A base hospital. An infectious diseases hospital. Annexes or ward for consumptive patients, incurable stages. A consumptive sanatorium. Incipient mental wards. An old people's home. A maternity ward or hospital. Secondary hospitals. Cottage hospitals, and District nurses and midwives. The Act provides that Boards may unite to establish institutions. This has been done more particularly in the case of sanatoria for patients suffering from tuberculosis as few Boards are large enough to maintain a sanatorium for their own district. The District Nurse is a most important adjunct to the New Zealand Hospital system. For •the most part these nurses are sent to the more remote country districts where their services as nurses and midwives are much sought. It is by means of the services of such officers that it is hoped to bring the backblocks more in touch with the hospital system of which the District Nurse is the outpost. Cottages are provided for these nurses, not only for them to live in, but with an extra room or so which can be used for maternity cases, or in which emergency cases can be treated until they can with safety be forwarded to the secondary or base hospital of the district. Revenue. The revenue of Boards is derived from (a) payments by persons relieved (roughly one-fourth of the hospital expenditure) ; (b) voluntary contributions (roughly one twenty-fifth). The resulting deficit, (roughly three-quarters of the expenditure) is raised by means of (c) a levy on the contributing local authorities, and (d) a Government subsidy thereon. In addition to the above, there are a few hospitals which are possessed of small endowments. Levies. The Hospital Board has no power to strike a rate though the levy struck by the Board constitutes a debt payable by the corporation of the authority to the Board and may be recovered in court. If any local authority considers the levy excessive it has the right to appeal to the Minister in charge of the Department who may cause a commission to be set up to enquire into the circumstances and report to the Minister whose decision is final. The local authorities may pay the levy out of their ordinary revenue or strike a special hospital rate. At the commencement of each financial year a Board makes its estimates of expenditure and after deducting therefrom all its estimated revenue, e. g., rents from endowments, patients, voluntary contributions and subsidies thereon, raises the remaining balance by means of a levy on the contributory local authorities and Government subsidy thereon. The Minister's approval is required to the estimates. Subsidies. Government subsidies are now granted at the rate of : for every fl of voluntary contributions including devises and bequests; £1 for every 11 levied on the contributing local authorities to meet capital expenditure; on a scale averaging fl for every levied on the contributory authorities to meet expenditure other than capital expenditure. It will be seen from the above that the Government pays half of the deficit in the Hospital Budget before voluntary contributions are taken into account, whilst the rates pay the other half, after voluntary contributions and subsidy thereon are taken into account. It is to be ratepayers' interest, therefore, that voluntary contributions should be as high as possible but it makes no difference one way or another to the Consolidated Fund. Every claim for subsidy must be accompanied by a statutory declaration made by the Chairman of the Board verifying a statement of all material particulars and the Board's accounts are audited by the Government Auditors. The granting of subsidy is at the discretion of the Minister, and, though this discretion has been freely used in regard to voluntary contributions, subsidy has never been curtailed on levies or local authorities for maintenance purposes. Patients Payments. Most of the Boards have adopted a uniform fee of 9/- per diem for adults with 4/6 for children and for members of Friendly Societies where lodges guar- antee their fees, reducing on writing off the charge in the case of those who are unable to pay. In some cases of the larger hospitals where many specialized departments are now at the service of the patients it has been found necessary to increase this fee to 12/- per diem and 6/- for children. Departmental Control. Hospitals are administered by the Department of Health under the direction of the Minister of Health with thb Director-General of Health as the chief 12 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

executive officer. This officer is assisted as regards hospitals by the Director of Hospitals, the Director of the Division of Nursing, Inspecting Accounts, Inspecting House Manager, Technical (i.e., Architectural), Inspectors, etc. The Department has considerable powers in respect of inspection both of institutions and of books and offices. The Director-General can also direct Boards to erect institutions where he considers them necessary and to make all requisite provision for the sick and needy. No capital expenditure exceeding £250 in amount can be undertaken by a Board without Ministerial approval. So far as possible the Department acts in an advising capacity only exercising its prerogative where it is evident that grave abuses are intended or have taken place. There has been a steady increase in the use made of the public hospitals by the general public partly due to the many specialized departments supplied at these hospitals which are not available at those of a private character, and partly due perhaps to economic conditions. This increased use of public hospitals by people who cannot be classed among the destitute has brought the question of the extension of the present hospital system of New Zealand into a general community one before the general public and the medical profession recently. At present in New Zealand the latest figures for 1928 are : Number of persons treated 75,708 Proportion for 1000 of population 53.29 Beds available 7,849 Proportion per 1000 of population 5.52 2. LOCAL AUTHORITIES. Local Government throughout New Zealand is exercised by a number of local authorities constituted under various Acts of Parliament. These Acts provide for the creation of districts over which the local authorities exercise jurisdiction. Different types of district are distinguishable, each type being identified with a specific function or group of functions. Geographically the Dominion is divided into 129 counties, which comprise its total area. Administratively, boroughs and independent town districts, which are contained within the areas of the several counties, are regarded as separate units. From an administrative point of view, therefore the fundamental districts are for urban communities divided into cities, and town boards, and the rural areas into counties and road boards. The largest of these bodies are represented by four cities, and apart from these the populations are too small to permit of complete local government in health matters. For this reason the Medical Officers of the Health Department stationed in the various large Health Districts act as advisers of the local bodies- although not actually their officers and thus these bodies are saved the expense of appointing their own Medical Officer of Health. In certain emergencies the Gov- ernment Medical Officers, when authorized by the Minister or the Board of Health, may act on behalf and at the expense of the local authorities. In very special circumstances the Governor-General may direct that the Department of Health take over from a local authority all its sanitary duties and powers and administer the district at the expense of that local authority. In regard to sanitary inspection, although the local, authorities are compelled to appoint an adequate staff of trained inspectors, they may as an alternative con- tribute to the cost of a Departmental inspector who will then act for the time being as the officer of the local authorities. This system has been adopted very widely by the rural and the smaller urban authorities where, owing to sparsity of population, there is not enough sanitary work to occupy the full time of a local inspector. The Department therefore has a considerable number of sanitary inspectors whose time is chiefly occupied in administering sanitary duties for the local bodies. The sanitary authorities are required to pass by-laws dealing with sanitation but they also have the option of adopting the model regulations prepared by the Department which can be brought into force in any sanitary areas as the Minister of Health may direct. Sanitary Works. Include water supplies, drainage refuse, collection and disposal, public sanitary conveniences, mortuaries and so on. These have to be provided by the local governing bodies. To aid them in this their sanitary works come within the scope of the Public JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 13

Works Act which confers on local bodies certain powers as to borrowing money and various rights to acquire land and so on. The Board of Health has power to require local bodies to carry out necessary sanitary works. Penalties are provided against persons polluting water supplies or streams passing through towns. The Medical Officer of Health can prohibit the use of water supplies which are dangerous to health. Nuisances. It is specifically the duty of local authorities to deal with nuisances—which include a list of conditions which are "dangerous to health and offensive," but it is permis- sible for the Medical Officer of Health or any other person to lay information concerning such conditions. Following on an order from a Magistrate if the owner of the premises does not abate this condition the local authority or M. O. H. may carry it out at the owner's expense. Buildings. The Act makes the usual provision for adequate water supply, privy accommodation and disposal of waste water in regard to dwellings. Local sanitary authorities are empowered to deal with insanitary buildings. Offensive Trades. A list of trades classed as offensive trades is gazetted. Before any of these or any cattle saleyard is established it is necessary to get the consent of both the local authority and the M. 0. H. By-laws. To enable local authorities to carry out their duties in regard to sanitation, they are given very wide powers as to the passing and enforcing of by-laws. These by-laws require to be .submitted to the Department of Health, but it is not essential to get the approval of that Department. Such approval is not necessary since the Governor-General may frame regulations applying to any special district or any of the matters as to which a local authority may make sanitary by-laws, and such regulations override the by-laws. C. ORGANIZATIONS CONTROLLED BY VOLUNTARY OR PRIVATE BODIES WITH Gov- ERNMENT SUPERVISION BUT No SUBSIDY. 1. PRIVATE HOSPITALS. The Private Hospitals Act is now embodied in the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1926, which provides for the licensing, management and inspection of private hospitals. All such institutions must be licensed and every application for a license must be accompanied by a statement giving full descrip- tion of the house proposed to be used, number of patients and class of cases proposed to be received. The license shall state whether it is in respect of a lying-in private hospital or a surgical and medical private hospital, or if for both classes of cases, and no private hospital may be used for any purpose other than that in respect of which the license is granted and purposes reasonably incidental thereto. For every private hospital there must be a resident manager either the licensee or some person appointed by the licensee and in every case the manager must be a legally qualified medical practitioner or a registered nurse in the case of a surgical and medical hospital, or a registered midwife in the case of a lying-in hospital or a registered nurse and midwife or a registered nurse having as resident assistant a registered midwife in the case of a hospital licensed for both purposes. No license may be granted in respect of a house not previously licensed until such house and annex buildings have been approved by the Director-General of Health and no addition may be made to any private hospital until it has been approved. No license may be granted until the character and fitness of the applicant have been proved satisfactory, and the license must be renewed on January first of each year. In every private hospital there must be kept a register of patients showing particulars as to name, age, abode, date of reception of each patient, date when such patient left, and the event of death, the date thereof, name of medical practitioner attending, and such other details as may be prescribed. Inquiry may be made at any time as to the management and conduct of any such hospital and if such inquiry prove unsatisfactory the license may be revoked. Private hospitals in New Zealand are of two distinct types ; those managed as for public institutions of the like nature, a specially qualified medical practitioner and trained nurses with midwifery certificates being appointed for the purpose. 14 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Private hospitals in New Zealand are of two distinct types : those managed by religious bodies such as the various orders of Roman Catholic Sisterhoods, Anglican Church sisterhood and Maternity Homes by the Salvation Army, and those managed and owned by private persons either medical practitioners or nurses. In no case are any of these hospitals Training Schools for Nurses as hospitals run for gain are not recognized as Training Schools under the Nurses and Midwives Registration Act of New Zealand. The total number of private hospitals licensed in the Dominion is 327, of which 63 are medical and surgical hospitals, 48 are medical, surgical and maternity institutions and 216 maternity institutions only. 2. INDUSTRIAL. Under the Factories Act the health of workers in factories and their environment is under the observation and inspection of officers of the Labor Department in conjuction with the Medical Officers of Health. In the same way under the Mining Act the health of miners and their environment is under the observation of officers of the Mines Department in conjunction with the M. 0. H. Several privately owned mines have medical associations among the miners and employ a resident medical practitioner who has right of private practice in addition to his salary. In the same way a few sawmills have interested the local hospital Board to employ a district nurse in their vicinity so as to attend to minor accidents and emergencies. Two factories, Bryant May Bell & Co. and the W. D. & H. 0. Wills Cigarette factory, each employ a trained nurse to attend to the health of their female workers. Industrial hygiene as far as trained medical and nursing staff is concerned is in its infancy in New Zealand partly owing to the fact that New Zea- land's population is small and the country's industrial field is so far limited to the output of primary products. E THOSE ORGANIZATIONS CONTROLLED AND FINANCED BY VOLUNTARY BODIES WITH No GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY OR SUPERVISION. 1. RED CROSS SOCIETY IN NEW ZEALAND. The activities of the Society in the Dominion are divided into two sections. Section No. 1, dealing with wartime matters concerning the treatment and convalescence of ex-service men. During the war period, the society devoted its attention exclusively to the care of sick and wounded soldiers. Moneys were raised and forwarded through the British Red Cross Society, England, to be used for this purpose. Hospital ships were equipped and special comforts were furnished those transports on which our nurses and soldiers were returning, being no longer fit for active service. Every town throughout the dominion had its Red Cross committee working for the common cause, contributing in money and goods £1,348,876 at a cost of administration of 1% per cent. When hostilities ceased, and our forces began to return, military hospitals were established for those in need of further treatment. The society from its funds established Red Cross clubs and recreation rooms, that the hours of those convalescing might be made brighter. Further, it spent £20,000 in buildings and equipment to facilitate the training in vocational and occupational subjects of ex-service men whilst under treatment. Per this medium the men were enabled to turn their hours of convalescence to profitable use in preparation for their discharge into civil life. Many of the men as a result of their training were able to take up entirely new vocations on their discharge, their physical impairment resultant upon their war service, having precluded their re-entry into their pre-war vocations. Instructional classes, which embraced woodwork, carpentry, architecture, engineering, accountancy, beekeeping, poultry raising, leather and basket work, agriculture, bootmaking, etc., were in charge of qualified teachers, who produced wonderful results and made no mean contribution to the solving of the problem of rehabilitating of the soldier. Whilst under treatment the men were regularly visited at the respective institutions, comforts in the form of tobacco, cigarettes, fruit, cakes were distributed. Concerts, entertainments and picnic outings were promoted. Cinema performances are carried out twice weekly, and everything done in enhancing the comfort and welfare of the patients. As is to be expected, JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 15

the volume of this work has diminished in comparison with that of the earlier post war period, but there yet remains much to engage the society's attention, there being even today approximately 3,000 soldiers in hospital. On the comfort of these cases we are spending nearly £9,000 per annum, according to the latest available figures. Wherever the men are being treated, there the service of the Red Cross is felt. From our funds we have purchased properties in Auckland, Wellington and Dunedin, and con- verted them into convalescent homes at which ex-service men suffering more or less permanent disability are being cared for. These homes are maintained by us, and on an average there are twenty-five cases being treated in each of them. The staff of each comprises one matron, four nurses, three hospital aids, one cook, one orderly and two charwomen. Apart from the maintenance of the patients, we are spending £2,000 per annum on the comfort of the men. The staff of the homes is selected from nurses and V. A. D.'s who had war service. The foregoing work is financed from moneys raised by voluntary effort during the war period by members of the society. The response made to appeals on the part of the people of New Zealand at that period was most generous, and is sufficient to enable us to continue our work on the present scale for another ten to fifteen years. This then, briefly, is a resume of the work which in the past has been and is being carried on, on behalf of the sick and wounded soldiers. Section No. 2. Peacetime Work. Recognizing the importance of continuing in peace what has been achieved by the Red Cross in war, we embarked upon peacetime work. In 1919 the New Zealand branch of the British Red Cross Society affiliated with the League of Red Cross Societies, now embracing 54 nations. In common with these societies, briefly our programme is : a. Improvement of health. b. The prevention of disease. c. The mitigation of suffering throughout the world. That there is a tremendous field of work circumscribed by these three objects, in every country there can be no gainsaying. For our peacetime work we are dependent upon membership subscriptions, donations, entertainments, bazaars, and various other ways of raising money. The work we are doing in various parts of the dominion, is briefly as follows: 1. Instruction in home nursing, first aid, hygiene and sanitation. Approximately 2000 per annum securing certificates of proficiency in these subjects, members showing a healthy expansion year by year. This work is in charge of qualified nurses, of whom there are at present six in our employ. Two holding their diplomas from International Red Cross Nursing at Bedford College, London. These nurses are operating in Wellington, Canterbury, Otago and Taranaki. Cooperating with the nurses are committees who visit such cases as are in need of relief, distributing food, clothing and like comforts. 2. Voluntary Aid Detachments. From those qualifying at our classes detachments for voluntary service are formed. The personnel of these detachments with their training constitute a valuable auxiliary to the state health department in times of epidemic, or national emergency. These ladies also visit business girls in the city, living away from home, who are sick, take a book or flowers to them, and befriend them in any way possible. 3. Ladies Auxiliaries. We have these auxiliaries who meet regularly to collect, renovate and repair clothing among families in indigent circumstances. These ladies are also ready for any emergency. To estimate the volume of work which these ladies do, is a very difficult matter. 4. Unemployment Relief. We have special committees attending to this work. Their function is to deal with those cases who through sickness or physical impairment are handi- capped in the economic struggle, bringing them into contact with firms and private individuals having light work to offer. 5. Civilian Blind. The society acts in an advisory capacity to the Jubilee Institute on behalf of the civilian blind. Cases are registered and contact is maintained with them. They are assisted in many ways, socials and picnic outings are promoted for the blind at regular intervals. Wireless sets have been purchased and installed. 6. Health Lectures. These are carried out by members of the B. M. A., other professional men and women cooperating. No charge is made for admission, the lectures are well attended and are always fully reported in the press so that many thousands are reached who do not attend. The object of these lectures is to quicken a keener hygienic conscience in the public. 7. Medical Comforts. Sick room equipment, invalid chairs, etc., and other medical comforts are kept on hand, and loaned out at a small fee, or free to special cases in need. 8. Hospital Cafeteria. In Wellington we have established a cafeteria at the general hospital. Ladies attend to this service voluntarily, which comprises serving refreshments to out- patients and others, attending for treatment. A .small charge is made to those able to pay. Profits from this venture are devoted to promoting the welfare of the patients at the hospital. The society stocks, staffs and runs the cafeteria. 16 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

The foregoing is but a brief epitome of the wide field of social service carried on by the Red Cross in New Zealand. There are no set rules or regulations laid down, it being considered expedient to accord a flexibility which will permit respective centres to develop a programme which will conform to local needs. We preserve a sympathetic and helpful attitude toward all organizations concerned with humanitarian objects and ideals, cooperating with them whenever and wherever possible. The Red Cross is non-governmental, non-political and non- sectarian, ministering unto all, irrespective of class, color or creed. F. HEALTH INSURANCE. Health insurance in New Zealand is not a national policy as in Great Britain, but there are various means by which individuals in the country may make provisions for themselves and their families in times of sickness. These may be grouped under the following headings : 1. The National Provident Fund. This fund was established by Act in 1910 and is administered by a board composed of the minister of finance as chairman and four members appointed by the Governor-General, one of whom is the superintendent of the fund. This system is open to any person between the ages of 16 and 50 years residing in New Zealand whose average income during the three years prior to joining has not exceeded £300 per annum. There is no medical examination on entry, and the method of joining is extremely simple, the applicant having merely to fill in a form at a postal money order office, a local office of the fund, and pay a first weekly contribution. a. Maternity benefit of £6 already referred to under the heading of maternal welfare. b. After contributing for five years an allowance, after three months' incapacity to work, of 7/6 per week for each child of a contributor under 14 years of age is payable independent of any allowances due from friendly societies. No contributions payable while in receipt of incapacity allowance. c. After contributing for five years an allowance on the death of a contributor of 7/6 per week for each child under 14 years of age and 7/6 per week for the widow so long as any child is under 14 years of age. d. On reaching the age of 60 a pension of 10, 20, 30 and 40 shillings per week according to the scale of contribution. The receipt of a pension under the national provident fund Act does not affect a person's claim to the old age pension under the pensions act. During 1927 maternity allowances aggregating 143,526 were paid out in addition to £8,610 by way of allowances to widows and children; £7,952 by way of refund of contributions on account of death, £17,619 on retirement and £2,941 in respect of incapacity. 2. Friendly Societies. Legislation dealing with friendly societies is contained in the friendly societies act. Provision is made for the registration of all societies and branches with a central government officer entitled the registrar of friendly societies, and also for the general oversight by the government of the administration of the funds of the societies. At the end of 1927 there were 1,015 lodges, courts, etc., registered as friendly societies with a membership of nearly 100,000. Benefits are allowed for sickness, funeral expenses and orphans, the total funds held at this period being £3,526,717. Membership contributions averaged £1.16.10 per member and sickness benefits paid averaged £6.13.8 per member sick or £1.5.10 when averaged over all members, while funeral benefits represented 6/11 per member. 3. Private Insurance Companies. Several insurance companies carry a sick benefit for policyholders and two companies operating in New Zealand supply a district nursing service in addition. G. VITAL STATISTICS. (See New Zealand Year Book.)

BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all in bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative effort for the advancement of the interests common to the Pacific area.

CONTENTS

New Series No. 131, January, 1931

Ideals of the Pan-Pacific Union 2

Widely Varied Agricultural and Industrial Exhibits Proposed by the Pan-Pacific Union 3

Prince Tokugawa Dedicates the Pan-Pacific Clubhouse at Honolulu 7

Women of the Pacific Plan Forward 11

Native Culture of Samoa Dying from Contact with World - - 12

Travel in Asia 15

What Official Washington Thinks of Honolulu 16

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

HONORARY PRESIDENTS President of the United States Herbert Hoover Former Prime Minister, Australia S. M. Bruce New Zealand The Prime Minister President of China Chiang Kai Shek. Dr. A. C. D. de Graeff Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies W. L. Mackenzie King Former Prime Minister of Canada Prince I. Tokugawa President House of Peers, Japan King of Siam His Majesty, Prachatipok President of Mexico P. Ortis Rubio President of Peru Don Augusto B. Leguia President of Chile Don Carlos Ibanez. Governor-General of Indo-China M. Pasquier HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENT Dwight F. Davis Governor-General of the Philippines OFFICERS IN HONOLULU President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington Former Governor of Hawaii Honolulu Director—Alexander Hume Ford

HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1931 AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly unofficial Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and, most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is following up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establishment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area—land and sea. Added to this, will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who inhabit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the good will of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropriations and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its location at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advancement of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance international justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems, including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and, if possible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peoples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material resources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men together who can under- standingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understanding and cooperative effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advancement, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of interracial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3 Widely Varied Agricultural and Industrial Exhibits Proposed by Pan-Pacific Union (Honolulu Advertiser)

Plans are already in progress for inten- he represents some organization. It is sive activities at the new Pan-Pacific desired to confine it to men who are clubhouse ( formerly the University club) really earnestly and continuously inter- when the building is taken over in Janu- ested in this proposed work, men who will ary by the Pan-Pacific organizations. stay with it and work for it, week by There will be daily luncheons conducted week, month by month, year by year. by the several social and civic clubs. A Many of the proposed exhibits it is be- new group, the Haole Civic club, is un- lieved will inspire other men and organi- dertaking an extensive pr o g r a m for zations to take up some one project and acquainting those of all races here with put it through. the possibilities of new business ventures. Okra Culture In an invitation to those asked to coop- "The junior scientists of the Pan- erate, Director Alexander Hume Ford, of Pacific Union experimented in planting the Union, has issued the following state- and caring for many kinds of okra. It ment : was developed after a few years that cer- "For some years the Pan-Pacific Union tain kinds of okra will bear prolifically in in the old Castle & Cooke building main- Hawaii for nearly a year without replant- tained the only permanent agricultural ing, as against five or six months a year and industrial exhibit organized in Ha- on the mainland. An okra canning fac- waii. Later this was moved for a year tory is now projected on one of the to Bishop Square. Portions of the exhib- islands where this most healthful of all its sent by Australia and other Pacific vegetables may be canned for at least countries are still stored away in Hono- eleven months a year. No lost time—a lulu, as are later exhibits not yet opened. steady industry. May there not be many For Visual Demonstration such small industries that may be begun "With the opening of the old University here, with a wonderful sunlight advantage clubhouse as a home of the Pan-Pacific over the same industry in other lands ? civic organizations, it is proposed to once The pineapple is one example. May not more visually demonstrate to the peoples starch be another ? Let's try it. A score of Hawaii the uses that may be made of of years ago one man had a large foreign their products, and to indicate to them by trade built up in taroina, taro flour, and actual exhibits from week to week some the preserved products of our Hawaiian of the new industries that might well be root, with a factory here to put our taro established here. The Pan-Pacific Union in form to fill the demand for it created and its research institution have been abroad. Since then dehydration has made interested in this work from time to time remarkable progress and the time may for a score of years, sometimes with suc- now be truly ripe for putting a Hawaiian cessful results. hospital food that has no equal on the "A group of earnest men is now being market. organized that is deeply interested in the Coconut Milk study of new industries for Hawaii, espe- "At the first meeting some years ago cially those small industries that may be of the scientists of the Pan-Pacific begun with a few men, perhaps from each research institution, it was brought out of our leading races. No one will be urged that the milk of the young coconut has the to join this group, no one asked because same constituents as human mother's 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN milk, and may be used as such. Two of from furniture and flooring to curios our ex-Hawaiians now in the Philippines, (now turned out in Japan and sent back have built a factory there and are supply- to us). ing condensed mother's milk (from the "3. Oriental foods grown in Hawaii, young coconut) to the world and with their values and the methods of their great success. That factory should be preparation for the table. The Chinese here. pea is an excellent example of a vegetable "The Pan-Pacific research institution introduced from the Orient. brought the leading ichthyologists of the "4. Water color work in miniature Pacific together in Honolulu a few years produced by Hawaiian artists for the holi- ago, and they returned to their home lands day trade, and as permanent art sou- to send the spat of oysters and clams to venirs of these islands. Hawaii where they have been successfully Pressed Flowers planted and bred. Some of these men "5. Pressed flowers of Hawaii. At return to us next summer. the recent Maui county fair there were Seaweed a Possibility books of pressed flowers that suggested "In Japan millions of dollars' worth of a small i n d u s t r y. In Jerusalem the seaweed is dried and eaten, a food rich in `American Colony' largely supports itself iodine. Why not a limu industry here? by collecting the wonderful flowers of the In California factories turn seaweed and Holy Land and pasting them on cards kelp into the best cattle food in the world. telling something of the flowers. Why "Almost every day ideas for possible not such a small industry in Hawaii? A new industries in Hawaii are thrown off. wonderful exhibit can be worked up, and Why not collate these and see which may here is a suggestion for the Outdoor Cir- be utilized for creating employment for cle—an exhibit in pressed form of the our new university graduates and others ? floral improvement it has made in Hono- "Mr. Rebel and the chamber of com- lulu—a miracle in color. merce, as well as the Pan-Pacific Union, "6. An Australian miniature exhibit have done some good work in this direc- of its canned products. This is now stored tion. Why not every man and organiza- at the Pan-Pacific Research institution tion take an interest and spread the good and is ready for exhibit to suggest what work? may be done in the canning of our prod- "A group of workers is planning to ucts. Mr. Dole once stated that when illustrate their regular discussions at the sufficient mangoes of equal size and flavor Pan-Pacific club building with the idea were grown here he would consider can- that each of these exhibits will remain on ning the product. The Philippines can public view for a week that they may be mangoes and with proper grafting we studied by luncheon or other groups of might begin a considerable industry here. every race or peoples interested. Parker Ranch Exhibit Projects Listed "7. Parker Ranch exhibit, showing "Here are some proposed weekly exhib- the kinds of butter, cheeses and preserved its at the Pan-Pacific clubhouse sugges- dairy products, are already here in Ha- tive of new industries that may be estab- waii. Examples of apples, peaches, and lished in Hawaii—or demonstrating the the many temperate zone fruits grown on value of existing industries and pointing the upper elevations of the Parker Ranch out how they may be improved or ex- might be shown at this or a subsequent panded. exhibit. The Cooper Ranch on Oahu has "1. Shellfish introduced into Hawaii, shown what can be done even at sea and edible shellfish that may be profit- level. Small but delicious apples are ably introduced. grown on this ranch. "2. Hawaiian koa wood products, "8. An exhibit from Cooper Ranch, PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5

showing the kinds of alligator pears and and preserves (South Carolina house- other fruits that may be grown commer- wives sold a million dollars' worth of these cially on this island. the year after the war, and this is becom- "9. The termite and the manufactured ing one of the great home industries for fluids that destroy it. women in the Philippines). 31. Artificial Eucalyptus Show flowers, made in Hawaii. 32. The minia- "10. The eucalyptus introduced from ture Japanese garden, in art and in reality. Australia-an exhibit showing how some 33. Korean grass, its uses and care (it of this species provide wood for telephone costs 75c a foot in Hawaii, and can be poles, crossties, etc., that brings the for- raised here to perfection). 34. Exhibits est owner a better income than pineapples of native Hawaiian handicrafts. 35. The grown in the same vicinity for the same ti plant (of every kind) and its possibil- area. ities. 36. Hawaiian coral. 37. A minia- "11. Fish foods of Hawaii and the ture school garden exhibit. 38. A fashion possibilities of small fish ponds for exhibit. 39. Weaving material made in family use. Hawaii. 40. Model airplane exhibit. 41. "12. Dried f o o d s sold in Oriental Fads and fancies exhibit. 42. Refrigera- stores, and their uses and preparation for tion in Hawaii. 43. Food fish exhibit, the table. Can we imitate this process showing actual monetary and diet value of commercially in Hawaii ? each. 44. Exhibit of grasses and cattle "13. Indigenous food plants of Ha- food grown in Hawaii, and exhibit of waii in general. 14. The taro in partic- those that might be grown here. 45. Alli- ular and all its food possibilities in every gator pear exhibit. 46. Fruit exhibit. form. 15. Hawaiian starch, the best in 47. University of Hawaii exhibit. 48. Lan- the world. 16. Exhibit of Hawaiian- tern shade and film exhibit. 49. Model made tiles and Hawaiian cement products. miniature dairy exhibit. 50. Bottled bev- 17. Hawaiian forest products. 18. Agri- erage exhibit. 51. Bakery exhibit. 52. cultural food from Molokai. Hawaiian candy exhibit. 53. Dried vege- Freezing Experiments table exhibit. "19. The newer methods of sharp All Invited to Join freezing and examples of Hawaiian foods "These are but a few of the suggestions treated by this method (instant freezing). for the weekly exhibits. Suggestions for 20. Foodstuffs imported from California others will be eagerly welcomed. Already compared with Hawaiian food stuffs. a number of enthusiasts are at work on 21. An Hawaiian photo exhibit. 22. An these proposed exhibits, and the Pan-Pa- Hawaiian curio exhibit. 23. A flora ex- cific Union is often able to aid from its hibit, showing potted plants and how to storage warehouse of past exhibits, so care for them. 24. Exhibit of Korean that improvements in methods may be handicrafts in Hawaii. 25. Exhibit of clearly demonstrated. school art work, with demonstrations as "Those who are really earnestly inter- to how some of these may become of com- ested in joining such a study group, to mercial value. 26. A sugar cane exhibit. put before the peoples of all races in Ha- 27. A pineapple exhibit. 28. Rice in its waii the possibilities of developing new heavy forms of preparation as food. 29. industries, are cordially invited to join. An exhibit showing the food value that an You may so help prepare the way for our acre may produce in beans, rice, potatoes, chamber of commerce and other business yams, taro, etc., and an acre producing organizations to select the most promising the utmost value in balanced food prod- of these projects and make them paying ucts for the human. realities, giving new employment to mem- "30. An exhibit of homemade jams bers of our community." 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, from a photograph taken in England half a century ago and kept in a Honolulu family for fifty years. Prince Tokugawa, in the late seventies, went to England to be educated. He is dressed here ready to be presented to Queen Victoria. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7 Prince Tokugawa Dedicates the Pan-Pacific Clubhouse, at Honolulu

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, lei-laden, as guest of the first luncheon given at the Pan-Pacific Club House in Honolulu; he is seated next to ex-Governor Wallace R. Farrington, President of the Pan-Pacific Union.

On December 4th, in Honolulu, Prince the city and all visiting Masons will be Iyesato Tokugawa was the guest of the made affiliated members of the Club dur- Pan-Pacific Union at a luncheon given ing their stay in Hawaii. at the old University Club, this the first It is expected that the weekly or preliminary step to take over this excel- monthly luncheons of the Chinese Civic lent club building as a home for the Pan- Club, Hawaiian Civic Club, Filipino Pacific Club, and all of the affiliated inter- Civic Club, Japanese Civic Club, as well racial organizations in Honolulu that are as luncheons of the Honolulu Business working for the public welfare. So far Women's Club, the Outdoor Circle and some thirty or forty civic and welfare the Pan-Pacific Women's Association organizations have affiliated with this and a share of a number of other kin- movement and there is a large member- dred organizations will be held here. ship of individuals who pay $10 mem- The Pan-Pacific Forum will hold its bership per year. Plans are now pro- luncheons and meetings at the Pan- gressing for making all of the first-class Pacific Clubhouse, the Amateur Athletic passengers on the trans-Pacific steamers groups interested in the holding here of members for the day in Honolulu. For the Pan-Pacific Olympic games will make this the Pan-Pacific Clubhouse is most the club their headquarters, holding their excellently located, opposite the Iolani meetings and luncheons there. The Pan- Palace, at the corner of Hotel and Rich- Pacific Lions will make this their home, ards Streets. as well as the Artists, the Trail and Owing to the generosity of several in- Mountain Club, the Rowing Association, dividuals, members of the medical pro- the Teachers' Round Table, the Nurses' fession, as well as all engineers visiting Association, the Footlights Club, the 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

American Legion, the different State of all the Japanese may send us another clubs. Many other such organizations to hang by that of the United States, will utilize the facilities of the Clubhouse. sent to us by President Harding. Re- Those who are interested in the work of member that the great Hirohito came to the Pan-Pacific Union anywhere in the his throne on Christmas night and he world are invited to call at the Clubhouse took for his era name the word Taisho, when in Honolulu and make it their head- which means Enlightening Peace. At quarters. The Pan-Pacific Union will once he belonged not only to Japan but have offices there with members of the to the entire Pacific and to the whole staff to receive visitors. world. At the reception to Prince Tokugawa Next again is the emblem of the great the directors of the Pan-Pacific Union South American republic presented to were present. Acting for the Princess us by her then President, one of the David Kawananakoa, the Hawaiian Civic greatest, kindest and most progressive Club, through its ladies' committee, dec- and patriotic men South America has orated Prince Tokugawa with royal ilima ever produced. Around the hall are flags leis and sang Hawaiian songs and per- presented by Presidents and Premiers of formed Hawaiian dances for His Excel- Pacific lands. Three of our American lency. The honorary chairman was Hon. Presidents have voiced in writing their Raymond C. Brown, the Acting Gov- approval of a friendly unofficial meeting ernor, and the meeting was turned over here of the Presidents and Premiers of to the Hon. W. R. Farrington, President Pacific lands. Even our guest of honor of the Pan-Pacific Union, by ex-Gov- has intimated that he would gladly attend ernor Walter F. Frear. Both of these such a gathering. Today we have our distinguished men spoke words of wel- first official gathering in what we hope come and this was followed by a brief will hereafter be our Pan-Pacific Club- address by the Director of the Pan-Pa- house to house all the racial and civic cific Union, who said : clubs of Hawaii. It is a dream that must "Friends, we are under three flags come true that in time this whole block today, the flags of three continents. The facing the Palace of by-gone kings will first flag ever presented officially to the be the site of a great Pan-Pacific Union Pan-Pacific Union was the silken banner built and maintained by all the govern- sent to us a decade ago by Prince Iye- ments of the Pacific—to that end we have sato Tokugawa, our guest of honor. It worked. A Pan-Pacific Union, a Pan- hung first over the gathering in Japan American Union, a Pan-Asiatic Union of the visiting U. S. Congressmen and and a Pan-European Union. Then the the Cabinet of Japan, Prince Tokugawa real safe Parliament of the World that I presiding. It was the evening of the day hope will hold the first meeting here on that the Pan-Pacific Association of Japan these grounds, in the future palatial home was organized at the Peers Club, Ameri- of the Pan-Pacific Union, for here in our can Senators and Representatives uniting ocean named Peaceful by a foreign in- with the great statesmen and nobles of truder, must be begun the real League of Japan in electing Prince Tokugawa to Nations of the World. head the Pan-Pacific Association in Dai I trust that you, Prince Tokugawa, Nippon. The flag was presented officially now that Presidents of my own country on the steps of our capitol building to have given voice to the hope, supported then Governor Farrington by Consul- by other Presidents and Premiers of General Yada. The flag is of silk and is Pacific lands, that they may all meet here falling apart—we must hereafter keep it to become personally acquainted with under glass. Perhaps Prince Tokugawa each other, that you, Your Excellency, may request for us that the great head will help to give that great dream a move PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 forward and that in time there may be a here as well as in mainland, when he real Pan-Pacific Union of our govern- visited the United States as one of the ments and peoples about this, our ocean, leading delegates from Japan to that the peaceful waters, where your great epoch-making Disarmament Conference Emperor on our great Christmas Day at Washington during 1921. sent forth an edict that his reign should The Prince is now on his way back to be known as one of Enlightening Peace. Japan from his tour of the world, in- Let us unite and fulfill his desire, the cluding his participation in the interna- desire of the civilized world." tional convention of parliamental repre- Following the address by the Director, sentatives at London, and also in the the Consul-General of Japan, the Hon. international convention of the Red I. Shibata, spoke briefly as follows : Cross movement at Brussels. "Mr. Chairman, Prince Tokugawa, The pleasure of this occasion is even Ladies and Gentlemen: doubled today, when, in the presence of It is my lifelong privilege today to such an outstanding Pan-Pacific person- voice the sincerest greeting of welcome, age as Prince Tokugawa, the Pan-Pacific in behalf of the Japanese residents of Union is dedicating this beautiful hall and this Territory, to the most distinguished its premises as the new headquarters of guest of the day, Prince Iyesato Toku- this union as well as the center for many gawa. affiliated organizations in this commu- Permit me to say that Prince Toku- nity. gawa is, as you all know, one of the most I am confident that the event of this outstanding characters of our nation today will mark as a long step toward ad- day. I say, OUTSTANDING, not only vancement of international• peace and because of the noble lineage he holds and friendship which the Pan-Pacific Union its vital relation to the history of our has been forwarding during the last two nation, but also and largely because of decades under the most energetic leader- the most valuable services he is now ren- ship of its Director, Mr. Ford. dering toward bringing about interna- May I again express my profound tional understanding and peace, particu- sense of Aloha to Prince Tokugawa, and larly American-Japanese friendship. also to the Pan-Pacific Union, under Time will not permit even to enumerate whose kind auspices we are gathered here various capacities through which Prince today. I thank you." Tokugawa is forwarding the cause of After the welcome for the Japanese, international peace, as well as the na- Prince Tokugawa replied, in substance : tional integrity of Japan. Suffice to men- "It is my great pleasure to be here as tion that beside being the President of the guest of the Pan-Pacific Union the House of Peers of Japan for nearly again. I am very happy to be with you three decades, he is closely allied with today as president of the Pan-Pacific Japan-America Society, Institute of Pa- Association of Japan. More than ten cific Relations, Red Cross movement in years ago, Mr. Alexander Hume Ford, Japan, as well as with many kindred or- on his way back to Honolulu from China ganizations. brought me a letter of introduction from His untiring effort in the Pan-Pacific my son, who was stationed at the Japan- movement is seen in this most kind affili- ese Legation in Peking. That was the ation and his keen interest in the work beginning of my present contact with of the Pan-Pacific Association of Japan, this Union, and I was somewhat respon- which, as you know, was organized by sible for the formation of the Pan-Pacific our Mr. Alexander Hume Ford in Japan. Association and Clubs in Japan. We have The Prince will be most kindly re- Pan-Pacific Clubs in Tokyo and Osaka membered by his many American friends that are growing in size and importance. 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Having come from Honolulu, it is now that various enterprises are on foot to fitting that this city should be the center bring about such happy results. of the Pan-Pacific Union, for this city is In conclusion, let me say that I am really the Crossroads. I need hardly say very happy to be here and, in saying that the future of all Pacific countries is "Au revoir," I desire to wish you all great. They are destined to work to- good luck. I must say that when I pre- gether, to know one another better and to pared this speech I never expected to develop the spirit of mutual cooperation. hear such flattering remarks from the I sincerely hope that the Pan-Pacific Union and its affiliated organizations in chairman ; also the references to my son the countries concerned will continue to were all too flattering." function and do good work under the en- Some 250 of the most distinguished thusiasm of my good friend, Alexander leaders of all races in Honolulu, support- Hume Ford. ers of the Pan-Pacific Union, were pres- It was on my return from the Wash- ent at the luncheon which was given in ington Conference that I was in Hono- honor of Prince Tokugawa. At the lulu in 1922, and since that time many guest table were seated Acting Governor new developments have been going on, R. C. Brown, ex-Governor Frear, ex- and it is confidently hoped that the efforts Governor W. R. Farrington, General of Pacific countries will be centered in Lassiter, Admiral Stirling, Mayor Wil- framing more far-reaching schemes for son, Walter Dillingham, the Consuls of peace. Pacific countries and the British Consul. In the countries I have visited during At other tables were many outstanding my trip, I have been very happy to realize leaders of all races in Hawaii,

At the speaker's table, Pan-Pacific Club, Dec. 4th, 1930, ex-Governor Farrington and Prince Tokugawa, wearing leis; General Lassiter and the Japanese Consul General, I. Shibata, next. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11 Women of the Pacific Plan Forward (From "The Chinese Recorder," Shanghai, November, 1930) By GERALDINE TOWNSEND FITCH

The second Pan-Pacific Women's Con- the United States after the conference. ference was held at Honolulu, August I alone have returned to tell the tale ! 9-23, 1930, under the auspices of the How can one foreign woman in the city Pan-Pacific Union. One's interest in of Shanghai reach the 250 millions of such a conference is divided between women in China? Now that a perma- personalities and program. Among the nent association of Pan-Pacific women outstanding women who attended were : has been organized, it is incumbent upon Dame Rachel Crowdy, chief of the it to find some means (whether by travel Social Questions and Opium Traffic scholarships from a foundation or other- as section of the League of Nations ; Dr. wise) to make the delegation actually more nearly equal Anna Cox Brinton of the Chair of well as theoretically in order that the purpose of future con- Archaeology, Mills College, California, ferences may not be defeated. who was International Project Director Nevertheless the women of the Pa- for the section on education in the con- cific as represented at this gathering reference ; Miss Jean Begg, leader of 'the solved to work for the following meas- New Zealand delegation and Interna- ures in their countries tional Project Director for Social Serv- To reduce infant and maternal mor- ice, an expert in girls' work and general tality by aiming to secure high stand- secretary of the Auckland Y.W.C.A.; ards of efficiency on the part of those Mrs. Bertha K. Landes, former and only mayor of the city of Seattle, attending childbirth. woman To remove legal disabilities from the Washington ; Dr. Kameyo Sadakata of St. Luke's Hospital, Tokyo, who repre- child born out of wedlock. The recognition of both parents as sented the Japanese Women's Medical Association and chaired the section on having equal rights in the guardianship Health ; Senora Consuelo de Aldag, of children. To extend and improve the system of Mexico's sole delegate at the conference ; children's courts and have a woman in and, of course, many others. In theory every country bordering on attendance. To determine nationality without dis- the Pacific is entitled to twenty-five dele- crimination on the grounds of sex. gates. Practically the countries who need the conference most had too few To promote the welfare of indigenous delegates to gain what they should from peoples. such an international gathering. The To see that jury duty is open to United States, Honolulu and Australia women electors on the same basis as for approximated a full delegation and men. thereby dominated the situation. The To have the importance and need of Oriental and Latin American countries, getting qualified women into govern- having few delegates, were inadequately mental office recognized. represented and were almost wholly To have methods of conciliation and without arrangements to report back to arbitration adopted universally between . the women of their several countries. nations to the complete exclusion of war. To support the investigation of the For instance, China had four delegates —three were from the one city of Nan- League of Nations in the traffic in king. All three of them were going to women and girls in Oriental countries. 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

To support the League of Nations' arts of native peoples be fostered. Child Welfare Committee and the Insti- A self-perpetuating Pan-Pacific Wom- tute of Cinematography of Rome in en's Association was organized with their studies to improve films shown. provisional by-laws and the decision to To see that film production, advertise- hold conferences not oftener than every ments and exhibitions on trans-Pacific two and a half years, nor less frequent- liners, railroads, travel bureaus and in ly than every five. Conferences will be theatres conform to national laws. held in the different countries of the as- To have the system of block and sociation, but it was voted to hold the blind booking of films stopped. next in Honolulu in 1933. The import- To urge the professional group in ant thing for China is that she have ap- charge of pre-natal and welfare clinics proximately her full representation at to develop an appropriate educational that time—not only that women may technique. return to all parts of the country to re- To see that the work of experts be export and inspire, but also that China tended in pre-school education with ac- may make her own peculiar contribu- companying programs for parent education. tion to the creative discussion and pool- ing of international intelligence possible To see that the creative and expressive in such a conference.

Native Culture of Samoa Dying From Contact with World By CHARLES E. HOGUE

Now that Uncle Sam has taken Ameri- and as far as is known to the Samoans can Samoa into his fold, what is he going to do about it? who conferred the honor, one of the only two men not of Polynesian blood who For the past 29 years the venerable have ever officially been elevated to the gentleman has been evincing an avuncular rank of Honorary High Chief of Samoa. interest in the affairs of these five princi- Others Honored pal islands and their myriad tiny satellites Other non-Polynesians have been given down in the South Seas, but now he is honorary names by the Samoans, notably confronted with the task of treating the Robert Louis Stevenson who was known group as a full-fledged member of his im- to them as "Tusitala" (Teller of Tales) mediate family. Just how he is to go and whose mantle has now fallen on the about it to his own satisfaction and the shoulders of Lorrin A. Thurston, and happiness of the Samoans is a problem Frank L. (Daddy) Kern, who was that is not capable of solution overnight. dubbed "Tulafala" (Orator) by his His experience during those 29 years friend Tufele, governor of the island of past will not prove to be infallible guide Manua and former resident of Hilo, but posts to the future, for methods appli- it remained for Cartwright and Albert F. cable to a semi-dependency under depart- Judd of Honolulu, and Dr. Peter Buck, a mental absolute rule will hardly be practi- Maori scholar, member of the New Zea- cable for the government of a free Amer- ican people. land parliament and a member of the Bishop Museum staff, to receive titles Go slow, be moderate, and act with help- through formal ceremony which gave ful understanding, is the course recom- them complimentary dominion over sta- mended by Bruce Cartwright, scientist, ted areas of Samoan soil. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13 Pan-Pacific Research Institution, 1931 Public Illustrated Science Course Friday Evenings For 1931 the Illustrated Science Lec- during the year and set aside for use at tures following the weekly science the Conference. Mr. Lund will have dinner at the Pan-Pacific Research In- charge of this work, and the lecture stitution in Honolulu will deal almost course at the Pan-Pacific Research In- entirely with phases of the approaching stitution will be largely practice work Pan-Pacific Agricultural Conference to toward the Conference. The following be held in Honolulu during August, is the Public Lecture Course at the Pan- 1931. Pacific Research Institution : A committee of three of the outstand- Lectures With Illustrations and ing scientists in Hawaii is in charge of Exhibits-1931 the program and agenda for the Con- ference : Dr. Royal N. Chapman, Chief Friday Evening at Eight of the Experiment Station of the Ha- 1. Possibilities of a Miniature Agri- waiian Pineapple Growers' Association cultural Fair—A. S. T. Lund. at the University of Hawaii, who at- 2. Possibilities of an Hawaiian Fish tended the First Pan-Pacific Food Con- and Game Exhibit—H. L. Kelly. servation Conference, representing the 3. The Life of the Turtle and Terra- University of Minnesota; pin in Hawaii—Northrup Castle. Mr. H. P. Agee, Director of the Ha- 4. Shellfish of Hawaii—J. M. Oster- waiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Sta- gaard. tion, who headed the local committee in 5. The Food of the Hawaiian—Eben charge of the First Pan-Pacific Food Low. Conservation Conference and at that 6. The Importance of the School Gar- Conference organized the International den—Hon. W. R. Farrington. Sugar Technologists' Association ; 7. The Making of a Miniature For- Dr. Frederick G. Krauss, University estry Exhibit—Theodore Zschokke. of Hawaii, who also took a prominent 8. Our Forests and Forest Products part in the First Pan-Pacific Food Con- —Charles S. Judd. servation Conference and who for some .9. The Sugar Industry in Hawaii— years has been acting chairman of the With Model Exhibit—H. P. Agee. Pan-Pacific Research Institution under 10. The Pests that Attack Sugar the presidency of Dr. David Starr Cane, and their Parasites—Otto Swezey. Jordan. 11. The Diseases of Sugar Cane and Dr. Krauss' assistant at the Univer- their Eradication—J. P. Martin. sity of Hawaii, Mr. A. S. T. Lund, who 12. The Pineapple Industry—R. N. also attended the First Pan-Pacific Food Chapman. Conservation Conference from the Uni- 13. The Insects, Nematodes and versity of Minnesota, will have charge Pests, Including Diseases that Attack of the preparations for the Miniature the Pineapple—R. H. Van Zwalenburg, Agricultural, Fair at the Conference in and G. H. Godfrey. August. Many of these exhibits will be 14. Rice in Hawaii, Its Story—Fred- assembled at the Pan-Pacific Clubhouse erick G. Krauss. 14 PAN-PACIFIC U NION BULLETIN

15. Taro and the Breadfruit-Gerrit 34. Introducing New Plants to Ha- Wilder. waii. 16. Insects of Hawaii (an exhibit)- 35. Animal Industry in Hawaii. Edwin Bryan. 36. Animal Forage and Grasses-L. 17. The Termite in Hawaii (an ex- A. Henke. hibit)-E. M. Ehrhorn. 37. Animal Parasites and Diseases. 18. Quarantine Against Plant Pests 38. How the Schools May Help in a and Diseases (an exhibit)-L. A. Whit- Miniature Agriculture Fair-Kilmer 0. ney. Moe. 19. The Search for Parasites-D. T. 39. How Kamehameha Students and Fullaway. the Aggie Club May Aid the Miniature 20. Cold Storage and Sharp Freezing Fair-G. Olmstead. -Fritz Sohlmann. 40. Leading Students to Agriculture 21. Control of the Fruit Fly by Low -M. F. Ambrose. Temperature-O. C. McBryde. 41. Plant Pathology in Hawaii-O. 22. Dehydration, with Exhibits-B. N. Allen. F. Hulse. 42. Latest Phases in Plant Physio- 23. The Value of Food Content- logy-C. P. Sideris. Carey D. Miller. 43. Plant • Genetics, How Methods 24. Fruits and Nuts of Hawaii- May Be Shown at a Fair-Dr. Collins Willis T. Pope. and A. J. Mangelsdorf. 25. Oriental Crops of Hawaii-H. L. 44. Soil Types and Their Improve- Chung. ment-O. C. Magistad and F. E. Hance. 26. Cultivated Forage Crops of Ha- 45. New Zealand's Food Products- waii-J. M. Westgate. Dr. Peter Buck. 27. Pictures of Agriculture in Hawaii 46. Australia and Her Aboriginals- -R. J. Baker. S. D. Porteus. 28. Ancient Peoples of Central 47. America-T. T. Waterman. Agriculture in Latin America- Thomas Sedgwick. 29. Distribution of Plants by Board of Forestry-W. Holt. 48. Food and the People in Japan- 30. Landscape Gardening - Richard Dr. T. Harada. Tongg. 49. China's Need in Agriculture-Dr. 31. Exhibiting the Fruits of Hawaii S. C. Lee. -Willis T. Pope. 50. Food in the Philippines-C. Ligot. 32. The Bean and Sweet Potato Crops 51. Poultry Diseases and Their Con- _ of Hawaii, Their Nutritive Value Per trol-C. M. Bice. Acre Compared to Taro and Rice-The 52. Effects of Mineral Deficiency on Ideal Well-Balanced Acre of Food-J. Physical Characteristics of Plants-Dr. M. Westgate. Bean. 33. Water Relation to Plants-H. A. 53. Toxic Plants of Hawaii - S. Wadsworth. Parmelee. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15 Travel In Asia By MADAMOISELLE LAFUGIE (French artist) (Before the Pan-Pacific Club of Toyko)

It is a great honor and a great happi- on the paper. They laughed so much ness for me to be introduced to a gath- that all the priests wanted to sit for me, ering of persons coming from so many and always invited me to the important of the Pacific countries, whose minds Buddhist ceremonies in the temples. are united in the knowledge of Asia and These temples are wonderful, of such a whose hearts have the same love for size that 800 priests can assist in the Asiatic genius. ceremonies. The temples are full of For I am an Asiatic traveler, and I statues of Buddha, in wood carving or think I have nearly forgotten the sort of bronze, 150 feet high, and it is impos- , life I used to live in Paris. sible to see their heads and jewelry lost I have been traveling extensively in Asia during the last five years, crossing in the darkness under the roofs. by land on ponies, on yaks, on ele- I have never seen such happy, cheer- phants, on native pirogne, the wild ful people, nor such dirty people. They mountains, deserts, and forests, of India, never wash and surely they don't know Thibet, Burma, Siam, Cambodia, Yun- the name of soap. They are very hos- nan, and China. pitable, and always invited me to visit The most extraordinary records of their houses, offering me awful tea and scenery I possess are from Thibet. I butter, the best drink for Thibetan peo- had to cross, during the summer of 1926, ple. The tea is boiled during two hours, the Himalayas from Kashmir to Lad- and they add afterwards a big piece of dakh, northwest Thibet, to a point south butter and some salt. of the Panin in the Korakorum glaciers, I traveled on ponies. All my bedding, living in a tent during six months, on my boxes containing food, were carried the eternal snows, with passes of 20,000 on mules and yaks, and for days and feet high to cross. In 1927 I went back days I walked on the roof of the world again to Thibet by way of Sikhun, and at an altitude of 15,000 to 19,000 feet. I arrived in Gyantse after twenty-seven The scenery is marvelous, unique in the days' march. I stayed there three world—heavy, desertlike, imposing—no months, doing several paintings of Thi- trees, no grass, only rocks, sand, and the betan life. infinite. Before starting from India I had been I am not yet at the end of my tour told that the Thibetan people would not through the world. I am very anxious allow me to make sketches, that they on the way home to visit the States and are so wild that they have never seen to add to my memories and my collec- foreigners and would be afraid of me. tion of paintings the alluring landscapes But I was an artist, and during my two of California and the grandiose magnifi- journeys in Thibet they never refused to cence of the cities of America. But in a sit for me and to put their seals with corner of my heart I shall preserve a their names on my drawings. They friendly thought for lovely Japan, which were so happy to recognize their faces so charmingly welcomed a French artist. 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN What Official Washington thinks of Honolulu By EMMETT A. CHAPMAN Division of Regional Information, Department of Commerce

Honolulu, with its frontage of sandy cent in surplus, 26.5 per cent in resources, beaches and its background of snow- 41.3 per cent in number of clients, and capped mountains whose lower reaches 28 per cent in loans and discounts. An and valleys are blanketed with pineapple outstanding gain was also shown during and cane fields, is one of the most pic- the year in savings accounts. turesque cities of the Pacific. Promena- Port facilities at Honolulu are modern ding on well-kept, palm-shaded streets in all respects and adequate for present are to be found representatives of every needs. Improvements and additions are Pacific race, many of whom affect adapta- made annually to keep pace with the port's tions of their national costumes that lend increasing traffic. A total of 824 ships color and romance to the busy island city. of 6,918,866 tons called at Honolulu in Approximately one-third of Hawaii's 1928—an increase of 60,000 tons over 348,767 population lives in the city of the number for the preceding year. Lines Honolulu and one-half resides in the running between the mainland and Hono- county of Honolulu, which includes Ho- lulu are adding new ships annually to care nolulu city. There is also a considerable for the increasing traffic, both freight and tourist population which makes its head- passenger, and more trans-Pacific vessels quarters at this city. are arranging their routes to include Ho- Commercially, Honolulu is important nolulu as a port of call. During 1928 the as a distribution center for the whole Malolo, a fast passenger and freight liner island group. The bulk of shipments with a cruising speed of 21 knots, was from the mainland aggregating $75,000,- added to the fleet running between the 000 to $80,000,000 in value annually, is island metropolis and the mainland, great- received at this port and transshipped to ly increasing the facilities for passengers. other sections of the islands, and agri- Inter-Island traffic services also are being cultural products, principally sugar and improved by the addition of ocean-going pineapples, and other commodities, val- tugs and barges and combined freight and ued at $100,000,000 per annum, are gath- passenger vessels. An attempt is being ered at Honolulu for shipment to the made to stimulate inter-island tourist States. Hawaii's trade with foreign travel by the establishment of modern countries, amounting to $9,500,000 worth hotels at points on outlying islands. of imports and $2,000,000 worth of ex- Honolulu anticipates an increasing tour- ports per annum, also is handled largely ist trade. During 1928 a record total of at the port of Honolulu. 20,000 visited the islands for varying Honolulu, the financial center for the lengths of time. Considerable success island group, has a number of large banks has been attained in catering to this trade, and trust companies which serve adequately the island's needs for banking and authorities believe its possibilities are facilities. Honolulu's banking institutions unusually good. Facilities for handling were especially prosperous in 1928. In- visitors are being improved and increased creases were reported by 12 banks, as rapidly, not only by the construction of follows-8.6 per cent in surplus, 5.7 per modern hotel buildings and the addition cent in resources, 4.3 per cent in deposits, of inter-island sightseeing vessels, but and 6.2 per cent in loans and discounts— also by building surfaced roads to national while 11 trust companies recorded in- parks and other points of scenic or his- creases of 8 per cent in capital, 16 per toric interest. ADVERTISING SECTION 1

THE MID-PACIFIC

Fiji Island fishing canoe

on a mat in a cool RUPERT BROOKE IN THE PACIFIC loveliness. You lie Samoan hut, and look out on a white sand under the high palms, and a gentle I shall go out and wander through the forest paths by the grey moonlight. sea, and the black line of the reef a mile out, and moonlight over everything, Fiji in moonlight is like nothing else in floods and floods of it . . . And then this world or the next. It's all dim among it all are the liveliest people in colors and all scents. And here where the world, moving and dancing like it's high up, the most fantastically- gods and goddesses, very quietly and shaped mountains in the world tower mysteriously, and utterly content. It is up all around, and little silver clouds sheer beauty, so pure that it's difficult and wisps of mist run bleating up and to breathe in it—like living in a Keats down the valleys and hillsides like lambs world, only it's less syrupy—Endymion looking for their mother. There's only without sugar. Completely unconnected one thing on earth as beautiful ; and with this world. that's Samoa by moonlight. That's ut- From "The Collected Poems of terly different, merely Heaven, sheer Rupert Brooke, with a Memoir."

Suva, Fiji, is on the route of the ton passenger steamer Tofua. A grand Canadian-Australasian Royal Mail Line tour of the Pacific taking in all these from Vancouver to Honolulu, Suva, places, and also Wellington (N. Z.), Auckland and Sydney. Samoa is in- Rarotonga (Cook Is.), Tahiti, and San cluded in the Fiji-Tonga-Samoa round Francisco, can be arranged. Theo. H. cruise of the Union S. S. Co.'s 4500- Davies & Co. are the Honolulu agents. ADVT. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Moana Hotel at Waikiki The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., score of years, which speaks for itself. maintains the splendid tourist hotel at Both transient tourists and permanent Waikiki Beach, the Moana, facing the guests are welcomed. surf, as well as the Seaside family hotel near by, and the palatial Royal At Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restau- Hawaiian Hotel, with its golf links at rant, at Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Waialae. Child's Hotels and Apartment Service accommodations are masters at getting you settled in real homelike style. If you wish to live in town, there is the Child's Blaisdell Hotel in the very heart of the city, with the palm garden restaurant where everything is served from a sandwich to an elegant six-course dinner. If we haven't the accommodation you desire, we will help you to get located.

The City Transfer Company, at Pier 11, has its motor trucks meet all incoming Famous Hau Tree Lanai steamers and it gathers baggage from every part of the city for delivery to The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- the outgoing steamers. This company lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach receives, and puts in storage until needed, at Waikiki." Include Jack London's excess baggage of visitors to Honolulu Bungalows and House Without a Key. and finds many ways to serve its patrons. Rates from $5.00 per day to $115.00 Honolulu is so healthy per month and up. American plan. that people Clifford Kimball. don't usually die there, but when they do they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number Vida Villa Hotel and cottages are on the King street car line above Thomas 1408, and he arranges the after-details. If you are a tourist and wish to be in- Square. This is the ideal location for terred in your own plot on the mainland, those who go to the city in the morn- Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- ing and to the beach or golfing in the range all details for interment in Hono- afternoon. The grounds are spacious lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the and the rates reasonable. This hotel has Pacific for any other, but if you must, let been under the same management for a your friends talk it over with Williams. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3 OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY

Leaving Honolulu daily at 9 :15 A. M. given you three hours for luncheon and our modern gasoline motor cars take sightseeing at this most beautiful spot. you on a beautiful trip around the lee- You arrive at Honolulu at 5 :27 P. M. ward side of Oahu to Haleiwa. The train leaves Haleiwa, returning to No single trip could offer more, and Honolulu at 2:52 P. M., after having the round trip fare is only $2.45. SEE OAHU BY RAIL

Lewers and Cooke, Ltd., 1 wilei Yard

Lewers & Cooke, Limited, have, since They are also agents for many build- 1852, been headquarters for all varieties ing specialties, Celotex, Colormix, Bish- of building material, lumber, hollow tile, opric Stucco, corrugated Zinc, Los cement, brick, hardwoods, oak flooring ; Angeles Pressed Brick Company prod- as well as tools of the leading manu- ucts and architectural Terra Cotta, facturers, wall papers, Armstrong lino- leums, domestic and oriental rugs, and David Lupton Sons Company, Steel the superior paints made by W. P. Fuller Windows, the Kawneer Company line, & Co. and prepared roofings and roofing tile. ADVT. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

THE WORLD'S MOST DELICIOUS PINEAPPLE Canned Hawaiian Pineapple is con- cooking. It is identical with the sliced sidered by epicures to possess the finest in quality and is canned by the same flavor in the world. Because of exceed- careful sanitary methods. ingly favorable conditions in soil and Many tasty recipes for serving Ha- climate, and remarkable facilities for waiian Pineapple in delicious desserts, canning immediately the sun-ripened salads and refreshing drinks are sug- fruit, the Hawaiian product has attained gested in a recipe book obtainable with- a superiority enjoyed by no other canned out cost at the Association of Hawaiian fruit. Pineapple Canners, P. 0. Box 3166, Crushed Hawaiian Pineapple is meet- Honolulu. Readers are urged to write, ing favor because of its convenience in asking for this free book.

FERTILIZING THE SOIL Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the islands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5

MODERN BANKING IN HONOLULU

S. M. DAMON BLDG., HOME OF BISHOP FIRST NATIONAL BANK

The S. M. Damon Building pictured above is occupied by the Bishop First National Bank of Honolulu, successor to The Bank of Bishop & Co., Ltd., (established 1858,) The.First National Bank of Hawaii at Honolulu (established 1900,) the First American Savings Bank, and the Army National Bank of Scho- field Barracks, which were consolidated on July 8, 1929. "Old Bishop," as the bank is still called, is one of the oldest west of the Rocky Mountains, and has capital funds in excess of $5,500,000, and deposits in excess of $30,000,000. Mr. A. W. T. Bottomley is chairman of the Board, and President.

home The Bank of Hawaii, Limited, incor- to its other banking facilities. Its porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, business office is at the corner of Bishop substantial growth of the islands since and King streets, and it maintains the period of annexation to the United branches on the islands of Hawaii, States. Over this period its resources Kauai, and Oahu, enabling it to give to have grown to be the largest of any the public an extremely efficient Banking financial institution in the islands. In 1899 a savings department was added Service.

ADVT. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. A DVT, THE MID-PACIFIC 7

Home of illexander & Baldwin, Ltd.

Anyone who has ever visited the Ha- Ltd. ; Baldwin Packers, Ltd.; The Mat- waiian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing-named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd. ; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York ; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 3o years by & Marine Insurance Co.; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., who are Insurance Company, Limited ; The Com- staunch supporters of all movements monwealth Insurance Company ; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company ; American Al- The beautiful new office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was ,erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd. ; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd. ; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are : W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands ; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors ; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd. ; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co.; Kahuku Plantation Company ; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd. ; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd. ; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, Asst. Treas- tation ; and also Kauai Pineapple Co., urer ; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer. ADVT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

CASTLE & COOKE

The Matson Navigation Company, of the Hawaiian Islands. It acts as agent maintaining the premier ferry service for some of the most productive plan- between Honolulu and San Francisco, tations in the whole territory and has have their Hawaiian agencies with been marked by its progressive methods Castle & Cooke, Ltd., and here may be and all work connected with sugar pro- secured much varied information. Here duction in Hawaii. It occupies a spa- also the tourist may secure in the folder cious building at the corner of Merchant racks, booklets and pamphlets descrip- and Bishop Streets, Honolulu. The tive of almost every part of the great ground floor is used as local passenger ocean. and freight offices of the Matson Navi- Castle & Cooke, Ltd., is one of the gation Company. The adjoining offices oldest and most reliable firms in Hono- are used by the firm of their business lulu. It was founded in the early pioneer as sugar factors and insurance agents ; days and has been a part of the history Phone 1251.

C. BREWER & COMPANY

C. Brewer & Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Olowalu Company, Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 9

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company in the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons.

The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the where they have been since June 1. 1925. Alexander Young Building, on Bishop The lumber yards are located at Ala street, make office equipment their spe- Moana and Ward Streets, where every cialty, being the sole distributor for the kind of hard and soft wood grown on the National Cash Register Co., the Bur- Pacific Coast is landed by steamships roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal that ply from Puget Sound, and other Construction Co., the York Safe and Pacific and East Coast ports. Lock Company and the Underwood Bergstrom Music Company, the lead- Typewriter Co. They carry in stock ing music store in Hawaii, is located at all kinds of steel desks and other equip- 1140 Fort Street. No home is complete ment for the office, so that one might in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano at a day's notice furnish his office, safe and a Victor talking machine. The against fire and all kinds of insects. Bergstrom Music Company, with its big Allen & Robinson have for genera- store on Fort Street, will provide you tions supplied the Hawaiian Islands with with these ; a WEBER or a Steck piano lumber and other building materials that for your mansion, or a tiny upright are used for building in Hawaii ; also Boudoir for your cottage ; and if you paints. Their office and retail department are a transient it will rent you a piano. are in their new quarters at the corner The Bergstrom Music Company, Phone of Fort and Merchant Sts., Honolulu, 2294. ADVT. 10 THE MID-PACIFIC

Honolulu as Advertised

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 1850; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency. The Mellen Associates, Successors to The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- The Charles R. Frazier Company, old- tion supplies the pure milk used for est and most important advertising children and adults in Honolulu. agency in the Pacific field, provide Ho- It nolulu and the entire Territory of Ha- also supplies the city with ice cream waii with an advertising and publicity for desserts. Its main office is in the service of a very high order. The or- Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku ganization, under the personal direction streets. The milk of the Honolulu of George Mellen, maintains a staff of Dairymen's Association is pure, it is writers and artists of experience and rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- exceptional ability, and departments for ciation has had the experience of more handling all routine work connected than a generation, and it has called with placing of advertising locally, na- upon science in perfecting its plant and tionally or internationally. The organi- its methods of handling milk and de- zation is distinguished especially for livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- originality in the creation and presenta- tomers. tion of merchandising ideas. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- Men of almost every Pacific race are mercial printing plant, where all the de- employed by this firm, and the men of tails of printing manufacture are per- each race seem fitted for some particular formed. It issues Hawaii's leading even- part of the work, so that quick and effi- ing newspaper and publishes many elab- cient is the loading and unloading of orate editions of books. vessels in Honolulu. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

On Hawaii and Maui

Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam The First Trust Company of Hilo oc- Navigation Company dispatches its pala- cupies the modern up-to-date building tial steamers, "Waialeale" and "Hualalai," adjoining the Bank of Hawaii on Keawe to Hilo, leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Street. This is Hilo's financial institu- Tuesdays and Fridays, arriving at Hilo tion. It acts as trustees, executors, audit- at 8 A.M. the next morning. From Hono- ors, realty dealers, guardians, account- lulu, the Inter-Island Company dispatches ants, administrators, insurance agents, almost daily excellent passenger vessels and as your stock and bond brokers, You will need the services of the First to the island of Maui and twice a week to Trust Company in Hilo whether you are the island of Kauai. There is no finer a visitor, or whether you are to erect cruise in all the world than a visit to all a home or a business block. of the Hawaiian Islands on the steamers of the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Hawaii Consolidated Railway, Ltd., Company. The head offices in Honolulu Hilo, Hawaii, the Scenic Railway of are on Fort at Merchant Street, where Hawaii, one of the most spectacular every information is available, or books trips in the world, thirty-four miles, costing nearly $4,000,000; it crosses 10 on the different islands are sent on re- sugar plantations, 150 streams, 44 quest. Tours of all the islands are ar- bridges, 14 of which are steel from 98 ranged. to 230 feet high and from 400 to 1,006 Connected with the Inter-Island Steam feet long, and many precipitous gorges Navigation Company is the world-famous lined with tropical trees, and with wa- Volcano House overlooking the everlast- terfalls galore ; sugar cane fields, vil- ing house of fire, as the crater of Hale- lages, hundreds of breadfruit and coconut trees and palms along the way, maumau is justly named. A night's ride and miles of precipices. W. H. Huss- from Honolulu and an hour by auto- man, general freight and passenger mobile, and you are at the Volcano agent. House in the Hawaii National Park on the Island of Hawaii, the only truly his- The Haleakala Ranch Company, with toric caravansary of the Hawaiian Islands. head offices at Makawao, on the Island of Maui, is as its name indicates, a There are other excellent hotels on the cattle ranch on the slopes of the great Island of Hawaii, the largest of the mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 group, including the recently constructed feet above the sea. This ranch breeds Kona Inn, located at Kailua on the Kona pure Hereford cattle and is looking to Coast—the most primitive and historic a future when it will supply fine bred district in Hawaii. cattle to the markets and breeders in Hawaii. Building on the Island of Hawaii.— The Hawaiian Contracting Company The Paia Store, which is conducted maintains working offices at the great by the Maui Agricultural Co., Ltd., is Hilo pier, where all steamers discharge managed by Fred P. Rosecrans. This their freight for Hilo and the big island. is one of the very big plantation de- This concern, with branches throughout partment stores in Hawaii. Every con- the Territory, has for its aim building ceivable need of the housekeeper or for permanency. It contracts for build- homemaker is kept in stock. The store ings and highway construction, having a covers an area of more than a city corps of construction experts at its com- block in a metropolitan city, and is the mand. In Hilo, Frank H. West is in department store adapted to the needs charge of the company's affairs. of modern sugar plantation life. ADVT. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC Business in Honolulu

attractive features of its new quarters is the Safe Deposit Vaults, which are the largest, strongest and most convenient in the Territory.

The Pacific Engineering Company, Ltd., construction engineers and general contractors, is splendidly equipped to handle all types of building construction, and execute building projects in minimum time and to the utmost satisfaction of the owner. The main offices are in the Yokohama Specie Bank Building, with its mill and factory at South Street. Many of the leading business buildings in Honolulu have been Youngsters on Surfboards at Waikiki. constructed under the direction of the Pacific Engineering Company. The International Trust Company, Wright, Harvey & Wright, engineers with offices on Merchant street, is, as in the Damon Building, have a branch its name indicates, a really Pan-Pacific office and blue print shop at 855 Kaahu- financial organization, with leading manu Street. This firm does a general American and Oriental business men surveying and engineering business, and conducting its affairs. Its capital stock has information pertaining to practical- is $200,000 with resources of over ly all lands in the group, as this firm $500,000. It is the general agent for has done an immense amount of work the John Hancock Mutual Life Insur- throughout the islands. The blue print ance Company of Boston, and other in- department turns out more than fifty surance companies. per cent of the blueprinting done in Honolulu.

The Henry Waterhouse Trust Co., The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., Im- Ltd., was established in 1897 by Henry porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- Waterhouse, son of a pioneer, incor- ing automobile dealers, have their offices porated under the present name in 1902, and store in the Alexander Young Mr. Robert Shingle becoming president, Building, at the corner of King and and Mr. A. N. Campbell treasurer of Bishop streets, and their magnificent the corporation. The company now has automobile salesroom and garage just a paid-up capital of $200,000 and a sur- in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. plus of an almost equal amount. The Here one may find almost anything. spacious quarters occupied by the Henry Phone No. 6141. Waterhouse Trust Co., Ltd., are on the corner of Fort and Merchant streets. The Chrysler Four and Six-Cylinder Cars, the culmination of all past ex- The Bishop Trust Company, Limited, periences in building automobiles, is is one of the oldest and largest Trust represented in Hawaii by the Honolulu Companies in Hawaii. It now shares Motors, Ltd., 850 S. Beretania street. with the Bishop Bank its new home on The prices of Four-Cylinder Cars range Bishop, King and Merchant Sts., known from $1200 to $1445 and those of the as the S. M. Damon Building, jointly Six from $1745 to $2500. The Chryslers owned and occupied by the Bishop are meeting with remarkable sales rec- Trust Company, Ltd., and the Bank of ords as a distinct departure in motor Bishop & Co., Ltd. One of the many cars. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 13

The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with There is one East Indian Store in Ho- a power station generating capacity of nolulu, and it has grown to occupy spa- 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and cious quarters on Fort Street, No. 1150 power service to Honolulu and to the Fort, Phone No. 2571. This is the head- entire island of Oahu. It also maintains quarters for Oriental and East Indian its cold storage and ice-making plant, curios as well as of Philippine embroid- supplying the city with ice for home eries, home-made laces, Manila hats, consumption. The firm acts as electrical Oriental silks, pongees, carved ivories contractors, cold storage, warehousemen and Indian brass ware. An hour may and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- well be spent in this East Indian Bazaar plies, completely wiring and equipping examining the art wares of Oriental buildings and private residences. Its beauty. splendid new offices facing the civic center are now completed and form one The Royal Hawaiian Sales Co., of the architectural ornaments to the city. with agencies in Honolulu, Hilo and Wailuku, has its spacious headquarters Bailey's Groceteria is the big success on Hotel and Alakea streets, Honolulu. of recent years in Honolulu business. This Company is Territorial Distributors The parent store at the corner of Queen for Star and Auburn passenger cars. and Richards Streets has added both a They are Territorial Distributors also meat market and a bakery, while the for International Motor Trucks, Delco- newly constructed branch building at Remy service and Goodyear Tires. Beretania and Piikoi is equally well equipped and supplied, so that the The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., with housekeeper can select all that is needed spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- in the home, or, in fact, phone her tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for order to either house. the Ford car. All spare parts are kept in stock and statements of cost of re- The Rycroft Arctic Soda Company, pairs and replacements are given in ad- on Sheridan Street, furnishes the high vance so that you know just what the grade soft drinks for Honolulu and amount will be. The Ford is in a class Hawaii. It manufactures the highest by itself. The most economical and grade ginger ale—Hawaiian Dry—from least expensive motor car in the world. the fresh roots of the native ginger. It uses clear water from its own artesian well, makes its carbonated gas from Hawaiian pineapples at the most up-to- date soda works in the Territory of Hawaii.

A monument to the pluck and energy of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the City Mill Company, of which he is treasurer and manager. This plant at Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a flourishing lumber and mill business.

ADVT.

14 THE MID-PACIFIC

Wonderful New Zealand

Scenically New Zealand is the world's wonderland. There is no other place in the world that offers such an aggrega- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are in every way more magnificent and awe- inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. New Zealand was the first country to perfect the government tourist bureau. She has built hotels and rest houses throughout the Dominion for the benefit of the tourist. New Zealand is splendidly served by the Government Rail- ways, which sell the tourist for a very low rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel on any of the railways for from one to two months. Direct information may be secured by writing to the New Zealand Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Wellington, New Zealand. A Maori Mother and Child SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY

South Manchuria Railway Company Cheap Overland Tours

Travellers and Tourists journeying Modern Hotels under the South Man- between Tokyo and Peking should churia Hotel Company's management are travel via the South Manchuria Rail- way, which runs from Antung to Muk- established on foreign lines at Mukden, den and passes through magnificent Changchun, Port Arthur, Dairen and scenery. At Mukden the line connects Hoshigaura (Star Beach). with the Peking Mukden Line and the Main line of the South Manchuria Rail- Illustrated booklets and all informa- way, running from Dairen to Chang- tion post free on request from the South chun, where connection is made with Manchuria Railway Company. the Chinese Eastern Railway for Har- bin. DAIREN The ordinary daily trains have sleep- Branch Offices : Tokyo, Osaka, Shi- ing accommodation. Steamer connec- monoseki, Shanghai, Peking, Harbin tions between Dairen, Tsingtao and and New York. Shanghai by the Dairen Kisen Kaisha's excellent passenger and mail steamers. Cable Address : "MANTETSU" or Wireless telegraphy and qualified doc- "SMRCO." CODES : A.B.C. 5th, 6th tors on board. Ed., Al., Lieber's, Bentley's and Acme.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 15

The Los Angeles Steamship Company visitors are welcomed to the gardens at maintains a weekly palatial fast steam- all times. Adjoining these gardens are ship service between Honolulu and Los the wonderful Liliuokalani gardens and Angeles. Its steamers also visit Hilo, the series of waterfalls. Phone 5611. Hawaii, permitting a visit to the Vol- cano. This is the tourist line par excellence to Hawaii, and through tick- Burgess & Johnson, Ltd., now occupy ets may be booked in any city of the their new building at the corner of King United States. Stopovers in Honolulu and Alakea Streets. Here are displayed by Australasian and Oriental travellers the machines for which they are agents, may be made with rebookings from Ho- —the New Hupmobile Century Eight, nolulu to Los Angeles by this line. as well as the Marmon, both outstanding cars that are becoming better known and used in Hawaii. The Matson Navigation Company, the The firm still maintains its repair shop pride of Hawaii, maintains regular- on Beretania Street, but at the new loca- weekly ocean greyhound service be- tion on King and Alakea the new dis- tween Honolulu and San Francisco. It play rooms located at the very cross- has recently inaugurated a Honolulu, roads of Ho!:olulu's human traffic offer Portland, Seattle fast steamer service a tempting invitation to anyone to enter and is building new palatial greyhounds and examine the latest there is in auto for its San Francisco, Honolulu, Aus- cars. tralasian passenger and freight service. Honolulu Paper Company, Honolulu's Benson Smith's pharmacy is located leading book and stationery store, is at Honolulu's business corner, Fort and close to the heart of the business district, Hotel Streets. Here the prescriptions located on the ground floor of the Alex- of the medicos are carefully prepared ander Young Building on Bishop Street and here all the latest magazines may be between King and Hotel Streets. Here procured. Sodawater and candies may one may obtain all the latest fiction, be enjoyed at Benson Smith's, Hono- travel, biography and books relating to lulu's oldest and most reliable drug Hawaii and things Hawaiian. store. Honolulu Paper Company is distributor for Royal Typewriters, both Standard and Portable, Marchant Cal- Jeff's Fashion Company, Incorporated, culators and Sunstrand Adding Ma- at Fort and Beretania Streets, is Hono- chines. A complete line of steel office lulu's leading establishment for women furniture carried by the company pro- who set the pace in modern dress. At vides for the needs of Honolulu business "Jeff's" the fashions in woman's dress houses. in Honolulu are set. Here the resident and tourist may outfit and be sure of The Office Supply Co., Ltd., on Fort acquiring the latest styles. "Jeff's" has street near King, is, as its name denotes, its branch and a work shop in New the perfectly equipped store where every York City. kind of office furniture and supplies are on display. This is the home of the Ishii's Gardens, Pan-Pacific Park, on Remington typewriter and of typewriter Kuakini Street, near Nuuanu Avenue, repairing. Offices are completely out- constitute one of the finest Japanese tea fitted at quickest notice. The Company gardens imaginable. Here some wonder- also maintains an up-to-date completely ful Japanese dinners are served, and stocked sporting goods department.

ADVT. 16 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Outrigger Canoe Club at Waikiki is the only surfboard riding club in the world. It is open to monthly membership to tourists and visitors.

Gray's By-the-Sea is the wonderfully The Sweet Shop is the name of the located seaside hotel at Waikiki where leading downtown popular-priced res- the very best sea bathing is right at the taurant, opposite the Young Hotel on door ; you put on your bathing suit in Hotel Street and adjoining the Central your own room. The rates are moderate, Y. M. C. A. On the street floor is the and in the main building all are outside main restaurant, soda and candy coun- rooms. There are a number of cottages ter, while downstairs is the cozy "Den," on the grounds. You should visit Gray's popular as a luncheon meeting-place for Beach first. American plan, excellent clubs and small groups that wish to cuisine. confer in quietude.

The Pleasanton Hotel, at the corner of Dominis and Punahou Streets, was The Consolidated Amusement Com- the home of Jane Addams during the pany brings the latest drama films to Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. It in- Hawaii to provide evening entertain- vites the delegates to all the confer- ment. Its leading theatres are the New ences called by the Pan-Pacific Union to Princess on Fort Street and the palatial correspond. There are spacious cot- Hawaii Theatre nearer the business dis- tages on the grounds, tea roms and trict. Those and the outlying theatres wide grounds. The rates are reasonable, served by the Consolidated Amusement either American or European plan. The Company keep the people of Honolulu Pleasanton is a pleasant home while in and its visiting hosts entertained, Honolulu. matinee and evening. Phone for seats.

ADVT. •