A Review of the Status and Harvests Of Fish Stocks in the Sahtu Dene and Metis Settlement Area, Including Great Bear Lake
D.B. Stewart
Central and Arctic Region Department of Fisheries and Oceans Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6
1996
Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2337
Fisheries and Oceans Pêches et Océans Canada Canada Canadian Manuscript Report of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2337
1996
A REVIEW OF THE STATUS AND HARVESTS OF
FISH STOCKS IN THE SAHTU DENE AND METIS SETTLEMENT AREA,
INCLUDING GREAT BEAR LAKE
by
D.B. Stewart1
Central and Arctic Region
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6
This is the 40th Manuscript Report
from the Central and Arctic Region, Winnipeg
1 Arctic Biological Consultants, Box 68, St. Norbert Postal Station, 95 Turnbull Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3V 1L5. ii
PREFACE
This report was prepared under contract for the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6. The Scientific Authority for this contract was Robert W. Moshenko of the Resource Management Division.
© Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1996
Cat. no. Fs 97-4/2337E ISSN 0706-6473
Correct citation for this report is:
Stewart, D.B. 1996. A review of the status and harvests of fish stocks in the Sahtu Dene and Metis Settlement Area, including Great Bear Lake. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2337: iv + 64 p. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
Page 4 A summary of harvest and creel census data for sport fishing lodges on Great Bear ABSTRACT/RÉSUMÉ ...... iv Lake, NWT...... 53 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 FORMAT ...... 1 5 Licences to take fish from the Sahtu Dene Fish harvests ...... 1 and Metis Settlement Area for scientific Sahtu except Great Bear Lake Basin ...... 2 purposes issued by the Department of Great Bear Lake Basin ...... 3 Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Central and Sport fishing lodges ...... 4 Arctic Region, to DFO (1990-94) and non- Fisheries research licences...... 5 DFO (1985-94) researchers ...... 59 DISCUSSION...... 5 Migratory fish stocks...... 5 Great Bear Lake sport fishery ...... 6 LIST OF APPENDICES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 7 REFERENCES...... 7 Appendix Page PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS...... 15 1 Fish species reported from the Mackenzie River drainage basin within the Sahtu LIST OF FIGURES Dene and Metis Settlement Area ..... 60
Figure Page
1 Map of the Sahtu Dene and Metis Settlement Area showing major river drainage basins and communities .... 17
2 Key to the names of selected Mackenzie River tributaries in the Sahtu Dene and Metis Settlement Area...... 18
3 Sport fishing lodges and outposts on Great Bear Lake, and the management areas used by DFO for the lake trout sport fishery ...... 19
4 Areas of Great Bear Lake fished by guests of the sport lodges ...... 20
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Harvests of fishes from the Sahtu Dene and Metis Settlement area, except Great Bear Lake drainage basin, by community and waterbody ...... 21
2 Harvests of fishes from Great Bear Lake, NWT ...... 40
3 Harvests of fishes from tributaries of Great Bear Lake, NWT ...... 48 iv
ABSTRACT et des stocks de poisson du bassin hydrographique du Grand Lac de l'Ours de manière distincte; les Stewart, D.B. 1996. A review of the status and renseignements pertinents ont éte présentés en harvests of fish stocks in the Sahtu Dene ordre alphabétique selon le nom géographique, puis and Metis Settlement Area, including Great l'espèce visée. De plus, on présente un résumé des Bear Lake. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. dernières recommandations du MPO concernant la Aquat. Sci. 2337: iv + 64 p. gestion de la pêche et des stocks, accompagné d'une liste de références. Le document comprend This document was prepared to assist the également des renseignements sur les camps de Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) and the pêche sportive et sur les permis délivrés par le MPO Sahtu Renewable Resources Board to co-manage à des fins scientifiques pour la région visée par fisheries in the Sahtu Dene and Metis Settlement l'entente, et ce, depuis 1985. Area. It reviews information on stocks of fishes that are harvested for subsistence, commerce and sport Mots clés: Arctique; fleuve Mackenzie; delta du in the Settlement Area, including Great Bear Lake. Mackenzie; Territoires du Nord-Ouest; The information is current to February 1995. It is gestion de la pêche; pêche de subsistance; summarized in tables that are organized pêche commerciale; pêche sportive; hierarchically by community, waterbody, and then statistiques sur les prises. species. Fisheries and stocks in the Great Bear Lake drainage basin are treated separately and organized alphabetically by geographical name and then species. Recent recommendations by DFO concerning management of the fisheries or stocks are summarized, with a list of pertinent references. Information is also provided on sport fishing lodges operating on Great Bear Lake, and on Scientific Licences issued by DFO since 1985 for research in the Settlement Area.
Key words: Arctic zone; Mackenzie River; Northwest Territories; fishery management; subsistence fishing; commercial fishing; sport fishing; catch statistics.
RÉSUMÉ
Stewart, D.B. 1996. A review of the status and harvests of fish stocks in the Sahtu Dene and Metis Settlement Area, including Great Bear Lake. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2337: iv + 64 p.
Ce document a pour objet d'aider le ministère des Pêches et des Océans (MPO) et le Conseil des ressources renouvelables des Sahtu à gérer conjointement la pêche dans la région visée par l'entente conclue avec les Métis et les Dénés du Sahtu. Il contient des renseignements sur l'état des stocks de poissons capturés à des fins sportives, commerciales et de subsistance, dans cette région, qui comprend le Grand Lac de l'Ours. Ces donées sont valides jusqu'en février 1995. Au moyen de tableaux, on en fait la synthèse de manière hiérarchique, selon la localité, le cours d'eau, puis l'espèce visée. On a abordé la question de la pêche 1
INTRODUCTION stock data organized alphabetically by geographical name and then taxa. One of the provisions of the Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement which These tables summarize information from was approved by Order in Council on 23 June 1994, studies directed towards the assessment and was the establishment of a Renewable Resources management of commercial and sport fisheries. Board (hereafter Board). This seven member board, They do not summarize other scientific research with equal representation of the Sahtu Tribal Council directed towards a more general understanding of and Government, plus a chairperson, was appointed the aquatic environment. To bridge this gap, brief in November 1995. It is charged with making all lists of general aquatic studies are provided, below, decisions about wildlife management in the Sahtu for the Settlement Area and Great Bear Lake basin. Dene and Metis Settlement Area (Settlement Area) Resource maps in the Northern Land Use (Fig. 1), including those on many matters formerly Information Series (NLUIS), which were produced controlled by the federal Department of Fisheries between 1974 and 1976 by the Lands Directorate of and Oceans (DFO), the Canadian Wildlife Service, the Department of Fisheries and Environment, are and the territorial Department of Renewable also useful general references. They are referred to Resources. These decisions remain subject to in text by number (e.g. NLUIS 96M) and are review by the appropriate Minister of the available from the Surveys and Mapping Branch of Government of Canada or Minister of the the Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources in Government of the Northwest Territories. Ottawa.
The purpose of this work is to provide the Board and DFO with a summary of the present FISH HARVESTS (TABLES 1 to 3) status of fish stocks harvested in the Settlement Area (Fig. 1). These stocks are harvested for Each fishing location is identified by its subsistence, commerce and sport, mostly by Sahtu proper geographical name (Canada 1980; NLUIS), Dene and Metis beneficiaries of the land claim and a latitude and longitude. In some cases, a local agreement and by visiting sport fishermen. In name or geographical feature is also included in recognition of its unique management requirements brackets. The map coordinates were taken from and importance as a sport fishery, this report treats Schedule V of the Northwest Territories Fishery the Great Bear Lake drainage basin separately from Regulations, from the source of the data, or the rest of the Settlement Area. determined from 1:250,000 scale topographical maps. The published and unpublished sources of information in this summary were identified by The quota and harvest years are the same searches of bibliographic databases and published as the federal government fiscal year (e.g. the 1995 bibliographies, and by discussions with people quota extends from 1 April 1995 to 31 March 1996). knowledgeable of fisheries resources in the region. They are not the normal calendar years. The bibliographic databases searched were the Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Unless otherwise indicated, the harvest Arctic Science and Technology Information System statistics are for commercial fisheries and in (ASTIS), and the Department of Fisheries and kilograms round weight. A round weight is for a Oceans library database, WAVES. DFO files were whole fish, while a dressed weight is for a fish with also searched for unpublished information. the viscera and gills removed. It was not always possible to separate the harvests by species for mixed species fisheries, or to determine how the data were collected. In some instances the FORMAT commercial harvest data are from export or local sales records, in others from survey questionnaires. The summary is presented in tabular form, The former tend to be conservative as they do not with the fishery data organized hierarchically first by estimate culls and personal use. The latter are community and then by waterbody and taxa. The prone to survey biases that can lead to over or under objective of this is to enable the Board and DFO to estimates of the harvests, and to double counting of quickly review the data on a community or species fish harvested for sale or subsistence. In most years basis. Data from the Great Bear Lake drainage these data are incomplete as not all active fishermen basin are treated separately, with the fishery and reported their harvests (L. Anderson, pers. comm.). 2
Likewise, species may not always be correctly been included together with a brief summary of the identified, particularly the whitefishes and ciscos. study results. Care, then, must be taken when interpreting these data. For each waterbody with harvest data, the table identifies the species harvested and provides the harvest quota(s), the most recent harvest data, Sahtu except Great Bear Lake basin a summary of stock status if available, and a list of pertinent references. Species are treated separately Information on the harvests of freshwater if they have separate quotas. For each waterbody fishes from waterbodies in the Settlement Area, without harvest data, the table summarizes and excluding the Great Bear Lake drainage basin, is references the results of pertinent fisheries research. summarized in Table 1. The communities, in the The number of species reported by these studies order they are discussed are: Colville Lake, Déline precludes listing them individually for each (formerly Fort Franklin), Fort Good Hope, Fort waterbody. Species reported by the studies Norman, and Norman Wells. Waterbodies fished by examined are listed in Appendix 1 for selected their residents, or in the vicinity, are listed waterbodies. This listing is intended to support the alphabetically for each community. Where several comments in Tables 1 to 3. It is not the result of an species are harvested at a waterbody, they are listed exhaustive review of the literature on species' alphabetically by common name. The Latin occurrences. scientific name for each species is given in Appendix 2. Waterbodies in the Coppermine, Hornaday, and All site specific harvest data located during Nahanni river drainage basins that could not be this work for the Settlement Area, except Great Bear assigned to a particular community are discussed Lake basin, are summarized in Table 1. Non-site following the community summaries. specific community harvest data have also been included, where available, for comparison. Treble Where a waterbody is fished by more than (1996) has summarized the pre-1990 community one community, cross references have been harvest data in detail for subsistence and included to avoid repetition. Cross references to commercial fisheries of the lower Mackenzie River. waterbodies within the same community section are indicated by "see above" or "see below"; those to The harvest quotas are derived by various waterbodies within another community section are methods, and some more closely reflect the stock indicated by the community name and waterbody status than others. The quotas of active commercial (e.g. see COLVILLE LAKE--Anderson River). and sport fisheries are reassessed annually by DFO. If information from the harvesters or from sampling Included in Table 1 are those waterbodies suggests that the fishery is not sustainable then the that have a record of commercial, subsistence or quota is adjusted downward. If that information sport harvest, or are listed in Schedule V of the suggests under-utilization then it may be adjusted Northwest Territories Fishery Regulations. There upward, in the case of a commercial fishery, or be have been few commercial fisheries for export sale kept as is to improve the quality of the fishery, in the in the Settlement Area, so few of its waterbodies case of a trophy sport fishery. The experimental have a record of harvest or stock assessment. This quotas, in square brackets, are interim quotas is in marked contrast to the Nunavut Settlement assigned for the purpose of obtaining samples from Area, where many stocks of anadromous Arctic a fishery. In the past, experimental fisheries were charr have been harvested for commercial export known as exploratory or test fisheries. Abbreviations since the 1950's, and for which there are detailed are used to indicate years when a harvest may have harvest records and ongoing stock assessments taken place but that no data are available "(NA)", (Stewart 1994). However, many of the waterbodies and when a waterbody was opened for fishing by for which no harvest data were found do play a vital Variation Order but not fished "(NF)". role in the regional fisheries. They provide critical spawning and nursery habitats for fishes, and The general comments column of the tables support important subsistence and sport harvests. provides a brief summary of the information Studies to predict the potential impacts of pipeline available for each waterbody. It tells whether there and highway developments have documented the is an established or experimental fishery, active or importance of a number of these waterbodies. inactive or in conflict with other fisheries; when it was Where such information exists, the waterbody has last sampled for or by DFO; what is known of the stock status; whether spawning or nursery habitats 3 have been identified in the system; and recent 1974; Slaney and Co. 1974; Jessop and Lilley 1975; recommendations by DFO concerning management Sutherland and Gohlke 1978; McCart 1982; of the fishery. Comments on habitat use and subsistence harvests are summaries of site-specific species accounts of: McPhail and Lindsey 1970; aquatic resource assessment research. Reference Reist and Bond 1988; Reist and Chang-Kue 1996; material pertinent to each fishery is listed in brackets and, and cited in full in the bibliography. reviews of: Doran 1974; Brunskill 1986; McCart General information for communities is 1986; Rosenberg 1986; and Bodaly et al. 1989. discussed under community headings (e.g. Colville Lake general area), whereas site-specific harvest data are discussed under the appropriate waterbody Great Bear Lake basin or Mackenzie Delta management area. The community data are of limited use to fishery Information on the harvests of freshwater managers since the location of the harvest is fishes in the Great Bear Lake drainage basin is unknown. Nevertheless, representative, recent summarized for Great Bear Lake (Table 2), and for community harvest data have been included for its tributaries (Table 3). Within each of these tables, comparison. the information is organized alphabetically by fishery location and then by species. Nearly all of these There are few data available on subsistence harvests were by residents of Déline (formerly Fort harvests in the Settlement Area. Indeed, many of Franklin), or visiting sport fishermen. those described here were documented in the late 1960's to mid-1970's, and their present status and In Table 2, the primary fishery locations are extent have not been documented. Descriptions of the six management areas that DFO has used to the subsistence fisheries can be found in Wynne- manage the trophy lake trout fishery (Fig. 3) Edwards 1947; Bissett 1972; Villiers 1968; Lutra (Roberge and Dunn 1988). Each of these areas has Associates Ltd. 1989; and Rawson Academy of a distinct fishery that relies on local stocks of lake Aquatic Sciences 1990. DFO recently completed a trout--the central area of the lake was not discussed survey of Sahtu communities for information on since no fishery data were found. Fisheries included subsistence fisheries (Taptuna and Low 1995). It in Table 2, have a record of either subsistence, was designed to gather information on usage experimental, or sport harvest--with two exceptions. patterns, the importance of various fish species, A number of experimental fisheries are listed in the fishing locations, and the type of fishing gear used-- summary tables without their ever having been not to estimate harvests. Within a year of its fished. They are included to highlight areas where establishment, the Board will initiate a 5 year harvest there may be an ongoing interest in the commercial study to provide information on harvesting necessary harvest of fishes. Where the location and harvest of for the effective management of fish in the experimental scientific fisheries could be identified, Settlement Area. that information was also included due to the paucity of data available for Great Bear Lake. Sport fishing limits are listed in the annual Sports Fishing Guide for the Northwest Territories. Fisheries included in Table 3, have a record These limits are generally lower for Great Bear Lake, of either subsistence or sport harvest, or are listed in which is managed as a trophy fishery, than they are Schedule V of the Northwest Territories Fishery for other parts of the Settlement Area. Special Regulations--with two exceptions. A number of limitations on sport fishing in the Great Bear Lake experimental scientific fisheries were included to Special Management Area are described below, in direct readers to some of the only published the discussion section. fisheries information for the tributaries of Great Bear Lake. Likewise, a number of subsistence fisheries A more general understanding of the aquatic for which harvest data are not available were environment of Settlement Area, outside the Great included since these are areas where there is Bear Lake drainage basin, can be gained from the: ongoing interest in the harvest of fishes. aquatic resource assessments of: Shotton 1971, 1973; Hatfield et al. 1972; Brunskill et al. 1973 a+b; Dryden et al. 1973; Stein et al. 1973; Jessop et al. 1974; McCart et al. 1974; Schultz International Ltd. 4
For each fishery, the tables identify the The Great Bear Lake Working Group (1985), species harvested and provide the harvest quota(s), which consisted of aboriginal and government the most recent harvest data, a summary of stock members, prepared a thoughtful examination of the status, and a list of pertinent references. Species management issues facing in the Great Bear Lake are treated separately if they have separate quotas. fishery. They recommended a number of management goals and a strategy and process for Few fisheries in the Great Bear Lake consideration in the development of a long-term drainage basin have harvest quotas. Whitefish Lake fishery management program for the lake. (Table 3) is the only area that has been assigned a Yaremchuk (1986) summarized the results of a nine commercial harvest quota, and that fishery is year study by DFO of the sport fishing exploitation of apparently inactive. The experimental quotas, in lake trout on Great Bear Lake. He also described square brackets, are interim quotas assigned for the the nature of the resource and management options. purpose of obtaining samples from a fishery. Based on trends in harvest and biological data, DFO has A more general understanding of the aquatic recommended "total allowable harvests" (TAH) for environment of Great Bear Lake and its tributaries, the sport fisheries for lake trout in each arm of Great can be gained from the: Bear Lake. The quotas of active commercial fisheries and recommended TAH of active sport aquatic resource surveys of: Wong and Whillans fisheries are reassessed annually by DFO. If 1973; Stewart and MacDonald 1978; Sutherland and information from the harvesters or from sampling Gohlke 1978; and Chang-Kue and Cameron 1980; suggests that the fishery is not sustainable then the quota or recommended TAH is adjusted downward. limnological studies of Great Bear Lake by: If that information suggests under-utilization then it Miller 1947; Johnson 1975b+c; and Moore 1980, may be adjusted upward. Abbreviations were used 1981; and to indicate years when a harvest may have taken place but that no data are available "(NA)", and species accounts of: Miller 1946; Miller and when a body of water was opened for fishing by Kennedy 1948a+b; Kennedy 1949, 1953; Healey Variation Order but not fished "(NF)". 1975, 1978; Johnson 1973, 1975c, 1976; and Martin and Olver 1980. The general comments column of the tables provides a brief summary of the information available for each fishery. It tells whether a fishery SPORT FISHING LODGES (TABLE 4) is established or experimental, active or inactive, or in conflict with other fisheries; when it was last Table 4 summarizes information on the sport sampled for or by DFO; what is known of the stock fishing lodges of Great Bear Lake (Fig. 3). Outfitters status; and recent recommendations by DFO operating from communities or with moveable concerning management of the fishery. The camps are not included in this summary, as this discussions of stock status, and any management information is not readily available. The lodges are recommendations, are based on assessments of the listed alphabetically. In a general comment for each Arctic Fisheries Science Advisory Committee lodge are listed its latitude and longitude, operating (Clarke et al. 1989) and discussions with fishery season, guest bed capacity, targeted fish species, managers. Reference material pertinent to each outpost camp locations, recent operating history, fishery is listed in brackets and cited in full in the participation in fishery management studies, and bibliography. pertinent references. Beneath this comment the fish species harvested are listed alphabetically. Harvest There are few data available on subsistence data for each species are listed by year. They harvests in the Great Bear Lake drainage basin. include an estimate of the number of fish killed by Indeed, many of those described here were the sport fishery, the average number of fish caught documented in the 1960's and early 1970's, and per angler hour, and an estimate of the total number their present status and extent have not been of angler days. The sources of these data are documented. Descriptions of these fisheries can be described and referenced in a comments section. found in Osgood (1932), Villiers (1967), Bissett (1972), Morris (1972), Rushforth (1976), Hall (1978), Sport fishing lodges also operate on Colville Great Bear Lake Working Group (1985), Lutra Lake and Wrigley Lake. Neither of these operations Associates Ltd. (1988), Rawson Academy of Aquatic has been monitored for harvest data in the manner Sciences (1990), and Taptuna and Low (1995). of the lodges on Great Bear Lake. Their operations 5
are described briefly in Table 1 (see COLVILLE seasonal basis at known locations. Some of them, LAKE--Colville lake; FORT NORMAN--Wrigley perhaps all, also have discrete spawning stocks. Lake). Consequently, fishermen at a given location and season may be harvesting fish from a number of different stocks. FISHERIES RESEARCH LICENCES (TABLE 5) In terms of Table 1, this means that the Table 5 summarizes information on the harvest data for fisheries in the Mackenzie River and Scientific Licences that DFO has issued to its its larger tributaries do not relate to a single local personnel or to non-DFO personnel since 1985, for population. Rather, they relate to a number of work in the Settlement Area (J.T. Strong, pers. spawning stocks which may be distant from the comm.). These licences permit them to take fish for harvest site. Fisheries in the lower reaches of the scientific purposes. This information is organized Mackenzie Basin, then, directly affect those in the alphabetically by licence holder. The area where the upper reaches, and vice versa. This is also true, but research was to take place, its purpose, and the to a lesser extent, for species that undertake shorter year for which the licence was issued are shown for seasonal migrations such as Arctic grayling, each licence holder. The years refer to the federal longnose sucker, and walleye. This makes it very government fiscal year (see above). The outcome difficult for fishery managers to determine the level of the research is not discussed, but documents of harvest that can be sustained at a particular located are referenced. location by a particular species, and to estimate the harvest pressure on a given fish stock. It also In 1994, DFO began to distinguish between makes it increasingly important that managers studies that take fish for scientific, educational, and understand stock dynamics and estimate stock size public display purposes (J.T. Strong, pers. comm.) (Tallman 1996). Since then, separate licences have been issued for each type of study, and studies that do not take fish The complexities of identifying the individual (e.g. behavioural observations) no longer require a stocks, estimating stock size, and determining the Scientific Licence. These licences are now issued extent to which each is harvested by the various under Section 52 of the Fishery (General) fisheries makes management of this resource in the Regulations. Mackenzie basin extremely difficult. It emphasizes the need for close cooperation between resource management boards in the Inuvialuit, Gwich'in, and Sahtu settlement areas. DISCUSSION DFO and others have undertaken a number In addition to the management concerns of genetic studies of fishes in the Sahtu Dene and typical of northern, inland freshwater systems, Metis Settlement Area for the purpose of stock fishery managers in the Settlement Area face two identification. Bickham et al. (1989), Lockwood and important and fundamentally different management Bickham (1989), Morales et al. (1989), Troy (1989), problems: 1) the migratory fish stocks in the and Dillinger et al. (1992) have studied the genetics Mackenzie River basin, and 2) the trophy lake trout of migratory Arctic cisco in the Carcajou and fishery on Great Bear Lake. Mountain rivers; and Reist (1990, 1996a) broad whitefish from The Upper Ramparts area of the Mackenzie River, and various species at other MIGRATORY FISH STOCKS locations (Reist 1987).
A number of the fish species harvested in Movements of migratory coregonids, Arctic the Sahtu Dene and Metis Settlement Area migrate grayling, burbot, longnose sucker, northern pike, long distances on a seasonal basis each year. walleye, and other fish species have been studied in These movements have important ramifications for the Mackenzie Basin using mark-recapture tagging the interpretation of Table 1 and for fishery experiments (e.g. Hatfield et al. 1972; Stein et al. management in the Settlement Area. Long distance 1973; Jessop et al. 1974; Jessop and Lilley 1975; migrants such as Arctic cisco, broad whitefish, and Babaluk et al. 1996). Radio tags have also been inconnu may be vulnerable to harvest by Inuvialuit, used to follow the seasonal movemements of broad Gwich'in, Sahtu, and Deh Cho fisheries. These and lake whitefish in the Mackenzie delta and basin fishes are predictably available to harvesters on a (Chang-Kue and Jessop 1983, 1992, 1996). 6
Inconnu tagged near Tsiigehtchic, for example, have fishery management should be considered. A been captured a year later 1,104 km upstream in the wealth of information was collected by these large- Liard River (Jessop and Lilley 1975), and broad scale studies, much of which has never been whitefish tagged at Kukjuktuk Creek on the analysed or presented in detail. Such a review might Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula have been recaptured at The provide data useful for the management of broad Upper Ramparts upstream from Fort Good Hope whitefish and other fishes in the Mackenzie River (Chang-Kue and Jessop 1992). drainage of the Settlement Area.
Radio telemetry, sonar, and fishing techniques have also been used together to locate GREAT BEAR LAKE SPORT FISHERY spawning areas for broad whitefish in the Mackenzie River, at The Upper Ramparts and various Since Yaremchuck (1986) summarized downstream locations (Chang-Kue and Jessop information on the Great Bear Lake sport fishery, 1996). there have been a number of changes in its operation. In the past, relocation, bankruptcy, and At present, broad whitefish present perhaps changes in ownership have periodically led to the most important stock management problems in temporary closure of a lodge for a year or so. At the Sahtu Dene and Metis Settlement Area, outside present, the Arctic Circle, Branson's, and Great Bear the Great Bear Lake basin (Tallman and Reist Lake lodges are all temporarily closed (C. Plummer, 1996a; Reist 1996b). They migrate between the pers. comm.). Only Plummer's Great Bear Lake Inuvialuit, Gwich'in, and Sahtu settlement areas Lodge and Trophy Lodge have operated on a regular where they are an important part of the subsistence basis since 1990. harvests. Because of their anadromous lifestyle the migrants are relatively free of the parasite In addition to their own lodge, the Plummers Triaenophorus crassus, which infects whitefish and now manage the Arctic Circle, Great Bear Lake, and lowers their commercial value (Dick 1996). Trophy lodges (C. Plummer, pers. comm.). They own these lodges jointly with the Metis Development Their predictable availability in large Corporation, which is the majority shareholder, numbers and relatively parasite-free flesh, has made under 902848 NWT Ltd.. Negotiations are underway broad whitefish a target for many economic to amalgamate with Branson's Lodge which is now development initiatives over the past 30 years. owned by the community of Déline. When that is None of these has proven to be economically viable completed, Plummers will manage all of the lodges (Stewart et al. 1993; Anderson 1995). The most on the lake and be part owner of the other four recent of these, an experimental fishery by the lodges. They plan to extend their policy of catch and Uummarmiut Development Corporation in the release for large lake trout, and to implement a Inuvialuit Settlement Area, began in 1989 and rotational fishery whereby individual lodges will be operated through 1993 (Treble and Dahlke 1994; closed periodically for a few years to enable the trout Treble and Tallman 1996; G. Fricke pers. comm.). stocks to recover. This fishery and its future development is of particular importance to the management of broad In 1991, to conserve the trophy sport fishery, whitefish stocks in the Sahtu Dene and Metis Great Bear Lake and its tributaries were designated Settlement Area, since it is likely to be targeting a Special Management Area (Northwest Territories many of the same stocks that support the Fishery Regulations). Anglers who wish to fish the subsistence harvest. area require both a Sport Fishing Licence and a Special Management Area Licence. Within this area Recent work by DFO under the Inuvialuit the daily catch limit and the possession limit for lake Final Agreement (Tallman and Reist 1996b) has trout (1 and 2) are lower than the general limits for significantly improved the understanding of these the Northwest Territories. These limits apply to stocks by fishery managers; however, the scale and Great Bear Lake, the Camsell River from Great Bear complexity of the problem is such that it will require Lake upstream to White Eagle Falls, and all other many years of research before the stocks dynamics tributaries of Great Bear Lake from their mouths to are clearly understood. 1 km upstream.
A revisiting of data from the aquatic resource assessments conducted for the Mackenzie Valley pipeline and Dempster Highway, directed toward 7
Prior to 1974, the daily catch and possession kindly provided background information on the Great limits for lake trout at Great Bear Lake, were 5 and Bear Lake sport fishery, and for reviewing the 10 respectively (Yaremchuk 1986). These limits penultimate draft of the Great Bear Lake portions of were reduced in 1974 to 3 and 5, in 1979 to 2 and 3, the manuscript. and in 1991 to 1 and 2. These reductions were implemented to ensure a sustainable fishery for large trophy lake trout (R. Moshenko, pers. comm.) In 1991, the daily catch and possession limits for REFERENCES Arctic grayling and northern pike at Great Bear Lake were reduced from 5 and 10 to 2 and 3. ANDERSON, L. E. 1995. Economic potential of the Mackenzie Delta broad whitefish exploratory The areas of Great Bear Lake fished by fishery. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. guests of the sport lodges are shown on Figure 4. Sci. 2319: iv + 17 p. These areas were originally delimited by Roberge and Dunn (1988) and recently updated by C. ANDERSON, L. E., and P. C. THOMPSON. 1991. Plummer (pers. comm.). They are now somewhat Development and implementation of the greater than those given by Roberge and Dunn angler diary monitoring program for Great (1988), who based their maps on creel census data Bear Lake, Northwest Territories. Am. Fish. from the 1984-5 fishing season. Yaremchuk (1986) Soc. Symp. 12: 457-475. shows fishing as taking place along more of the lake's northern shoreline, and in the middle of Smith BABALUK, J., R. WASTEL, and M. TREBLE. 1996. and Dease arms. These areas are only fished on Broad whitefish T- bar anchor tagging in the occasion. Mackenzie River delta, p. XX-XX. In R.F. Tallman and J.D. Reist (ed.) The Declining total sport harvests in the 1970's proceedings of the broad whitefish and 1980's (Table 4) do not necessarily reflect a workshop: the biology, traditional decline in the fish population. Mostly, they reflect the knowledge and scientific management of effects of decreasing catch and possession limits, broad whitefish in the lower Mackenzie and changes in lodge policy to encourage anglers to River. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (in catch and release trophy fish. press)
BERKES, F. 1990. Native subsistence fisheries: a synthesis of harvest studies in Canada. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Arctic 43(1): 35-42.
Laura Anderson, Ken Chang-Kue, Colette BICKHAM, J. W., S. M. CARR, B. G. HANKS, D. W. Craig, Chris Day, Mary Layton, Dave Moshenko, BURTON, and B. J. GALLAWAY. 1989. Robert Moshenko and Ross Tallman of DFO, Genetic analysis of population variation in Winnipeg; George Low and Fred Taptuna of DFO, the Arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) Hay River; Margaret Treble of the University of using electrophoretic, flow cytometric, and Manitoba; and Cécile Stewart of Arctic Biological mitochondrial DNA restriction analyses. Consultants gave freely of their time and expertise. Biol. Pap. Univ. Alsk. 24: 112-122. They provided much of the information in this report and undertook careful reviews of the manuscript at BISSETT, D. 1972. A preliminary discussion paper various stages. Blair Dunn of DFO, Winnipeg, kindly on domestic fisheries in the Mackenzie prepared the base maps. Gary Carder, Bruce Fallis, Valley. Unpublished report by Economic Lyle Lockhart, Jim Reist, Tom Strong and Dan Staff Group, Canada Department of Topolniski of DFO, Winnipeg; D. Grindlay of GNWT Northern Affairs and National Resources in Economic Development, Yellowknife; Walter Bayha cooperation with the Fisheries Development of GNWT Renewable Resources, Déline; and many Service of Department of Industry and others also provided welcome information and Development, Government of the Northwest advice. Your participation has greatly strengthened Territories. 27 MS p. [copy in DFO Library, this work and I thank you. Winnipeg]
I thank especially, Chummy Plummer of Plummer's Arctic Fishing Lodges in Winnipeg for 8
BODALY, R. A., J. D. REIST, D. M. ROSENBERG, Coregonid migration studies at Kukjuktuk P. J. McCART, and R. E. HECKEY. 1989. Creek, a coastal drainage on the Fish and fisheries of the Mackenzie and Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, Northwest Churchill river basins, northern Canada, p. Territories. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. 128-144. In D.P. Dodge [ed.] Proceedings Sci. 1811: ix + 112 p. of the International Large River Symposium. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 106. CHANG-KUE, K. T. J., and E. JESSOP. 1996. Determination of spawning and BRUNSKILL, G. J. 1986. Environmental features over-wintering areas of broad whitefish with of the Mackenzie system, p. 435-471. In radio telemetry in the lower Mackenzie B.R. Davies and K.F. Walker (ed.) The River, 1982-1993, p. XX-XX. In R.F. ecology of river systems. Dordrecht, The Tallman and J.D. Reist (ed.) The Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk. proceedings of the broad whitefish workshop: the biology, traditional BRUNSKILL, G. J., D. M. ROSENBERG, N. B. knowledge and scientific management of SNOW, G. L. VASCOTTO, and R. broad whitefish in the lower Mackenzie WAGEMANN. 1973a. Ecological studies of River. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (in aquatic systems in the Mackenzie-Porcupine press). drainages in relation to proposed pipeline and highway developments, Volume 1. CLARKE, R. M., L. JOHNSON, G. D. KOSHINSKY, Environmental-Social Committee Northern A. W. MANSFIELD, R. W. MOSHENKO, Pipelines, Task Force on Northern Oil and T. A. SHORTT. 1989. Report of the Development Rep. 73-40: viii + 131 p. Arctic Fisheries Science Advisory Committee for 1986/87 and 1987/88. Can. BRUNSKILL, G. J., D. M. ROSENBERG, N. B. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2015: iv + SNOW, and R. WAGEMANN. 1973b. 68 p. Ecological studies of aquatic systems in the Mackenzie- Porcupine drainages in relation DAWSON, C. 1985. Analysis of fish tissues for to proposed pipeline and highway light hydrocarbon contamination. developments, Volume 2. Appendices. Unpublished report prepared by the Environmental-Social Committee Northern Research Department, Esso Resources Pipelines, Task Force on Northern Oil Canada Limited, Calgary, AB. 7 p. Development Rep. 73-41: 345 p. deGRAFF, D., and P. McCART. 1974. Effects of CANADA. 1980. Gazeteer of Canada. Northwest disturbance on the benthic fauna of small Territories. Ottawa: Department of Energy, streams in the vicinity of Norman Wells, Mines, and Resources. xiv + 184 p. + map. N.W.T.. In P.J. McCart (ed.) Fisheries research associated with the proposed gas pipeline routes in Alaska, Yukon and CHANG-KUE, K. T. J., and R. T. CAMERON. 1980. Northwest Territories. Arctic Gas Biological A survey of the fish resources of the Great Report Series 15(Chapter 4): iii + 32 p. Bear River, Northwest Territories, 1974. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. Manuscr. Rep. 1510: DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS. vi + 59 p. 1991. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Northwest CHANG-KUE, K. T. J., and E. F. JESSOP. 1983. Territories, Volume 1, 1988-1989: v + 59 p. Tracking the movements of adult broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) to their spawning grounds in the Mackenzie River, DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS. Northwest Territories, p. 248-266. In D.G. 1992a. Annual summary of fish and marine Pincock (ed.) Proceedings Fourth mammal harvest data for the Northwest International Conference on Wildlife Territories, Volume 2, 1989-1990: xiv + 61 Biotelemetry, August 22-24, 1983, Halifax, p. Nova Scotia. DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS. CHANG-KUE, K. T. J., and E. F. JESSOP. 1992. 1992b. Annual summary of fish and marine 9
mammal harvest data for the Northwest adjacent areas, N.W.T., 1984-5. Can. Data Territories, Volume 3, 1990-1991: xiv + 67 Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 757: v + 48 p. p. EDT (ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS. TOURISM, G. 1995. Northwest Territories 1993. Annual summary of fish and marine explorer's guide. Yellowknife: Outcrop Ltd. mammal harvest data for the Northwest (see also the volumes for 1988-94). Territories, Volume 4, 1991-1992: xiv + 69 p. ENVIROCON LTD. 1981. A survey of fish rearing areas and hydrocarbon analysis of water DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS. samples from the Mackenzie River near 1994. Annual summary of fish and marine Norman Wells, N.W.T. Unpublished report mammal harvest data for the Northwest prepared by Envirocon Ltd., Calgary, for Territories, Volume 5, 1992-1993: xvii + 104 Esso Resources Canada Ltd., Calgary. 32 p. p. + maps + appendices.
DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS. ESL, and P. McCART. 1986. Assessment of 1995. Annual summary of fish and marine freshwater impacts from the Norman Wells mammal harvest data for the Northwest oilfield development, Part 3. Unpublished Territories, Volume 6, 1993-1994: xv + 80 report prepared by ESL Environmental p. Sciences Limited for the Seakem Group and P. McCart Biological Consultants Limited, DICK, T. 1996. Parasites in broad whitefish, p. for Environmental Protection Service, XX-XX. In R.F. Tallman and J.D. Reist (ed.) Yellowknife, NWT. The proceedings of the broad whitefish workshop: the biology, traditional FALK, M. R., and L. W. DAHLKE. 1974. Data on knowledge and scientific management of the lake and round whitefish, lake cisco, broad whitefish in the lower Mackenzie northern pike, and Arctic grayling from Great River. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (in Bear Lake, N.W.T., 1971-1973. Can. Fish. press) Mar. Serv. Data Rep. Ser. CEN/D-74-1: vi + 52 p. DILLINGER, R. E. JR., T. P. BIRT, and J. M. GREEN. 1992. Arctic cisco, Coregonus FALK, M. R., D. V. GILLMAN, and L. W. DAHLKE. autumnalis, distribution, migration and 1973a. The 1972 sports fisheries of Great spawning in the Mackenzie River. Can. Bear and Great Slave lakes, Northwest Field-Nat. 106(2): 175-180. Territories. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. Ser. CEN/T-73-8: x + 100 p. DORAN, L. D. 1974. Fishes and aquatic systems. Chapter 8, p. 205- 268. In Research FALK, M. R., D. V. GILLMAN, and L. W. DAHLKE. Reports Vol. IV of Environmental impact 1974a. 1973 creel census data from sport assessment of the portion of the Mackenzie fishing lodges on Great Bear and Great gas pipeline from Alaska to Alberta. Slave lakes, Northwest Territories. Can. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Environmental Fish. Mar. Serv. Data Rep. Ser. Protection Board. CEN/D-74-5: v + 28 p.
DRYDEN, R. L., B. G. SUTHERLAND, and J. N. FALK, M. R., D. V. GILLMAN, and L. W. DAHLKE. STEIN. 1973. An evaluation of the fish 1974b. Comparison of mortality between resources of the Mackenzie River valley as barbed and barbless hooked lake trout. related to pipeline development, Volume 2. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. Ser. Environmental-Social Committee Northern CEN/T-74-1: 28 p. Pipelines, Task Force on Northern Oil Development Rep. 73-2: iii + 176 p. FALK, M. R., D. V. GILLMAN, and L. W. DAHLKE. 1974c. Data on the biology of lake trout DUNN, J. B., and M. M. ROBERGE. 1989. Creel from Great Bear and Great Slave lakes, census and biological data from the sport Northwest Territories, 1973. Can. Fish. Mar. fisheries occurring at Great Bear and Serv. Data Rep. Ser. CEN/D-74-4: vii + 39 10
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FALK, M. R., D. V. GILLMAN, and M. M. JESSOP, C. S., K. T. J. CHANG-KUE, J. W. ROBERGE. 1982. Creel census and LILLEY, and R. J. PERCY. 1974. A further biological data from the lake trout sport evaluation of the fish resources of the fishery on Great Bear and Great Slave Mackenzie River valley as related to pipeline lakes, Northwest Territories, 1979. Can. development. Environmental-Social Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 307: v + 22 p. Committee, Northern Pipelines, Task Force on Northern Oil Development Rep. 74-7: xii FALK, M. R., M. D. MILLER, and S. J. M. KOSTIUK. + 94 p. 1973b. Biological effects of mining wastes in the Northwest Territories. Can. Fish. Mar. JESSOP, C. S., and J. W. LILLEY. 1975. An Serv. Tech. Rep. Ser. CEN/T-73-10: vii + 89 evaluation of the fish resources of the p. Mackenzie River valley based on 1974 data. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. Ser. GILLMAN, D. V., and M. M. ROBERGE. 1982. CEN/D-75-6: x + 97 p. Creel census and biological data from the lake trout sport fishery on Great Bear and JOHNSON, L. 1973. Stock and recruitment in Great Slave lakes, Northwest Territories, some unexploited Canadian Arctic lakes. 1980. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 338: Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer v + 24 p. 164: 219-227.
GREAT BEAR LAKE WORKING GROUP. 1985. JOHNSON, L. 1975a. The Great Bear Lake: its Review of Great Bear Lake fishery place in history. Arctic 28(4): 230-244. management goals. Published by Arctic Operations Directorate, Department of JOHNSON, L. 1975b. Physical and chemical Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, and characteristics of Great Bear Lake, Economic Development and Tourism, Northwest Territories. J. Fish. Res. Board Government of the Northwest Territories, Can. 32(11): 1971-1987. Yellowknife. 2 volumes. JOHNSON, L. 1975c. Distribution of fish species in HALL, E. 1978. A report of the potential conflict Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories, with between fishing lodges and outpost camps reference to zooplankton, benthic on Great Bear Lake, NWT. Unpublished invertebrates, and environmental conditions. report prepared by Fish and Wildlife Office, J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32(11): Government of the Northwest Territories, 1989-2004. Fort Franklin, NT. 10 p. [copy in DFO Library, Winnipeg]. JOHNSON, L. 1976. Ecology of Arctic populations of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, lake HATFIELD, C. T., J. N. STEIN, M. R. FALK, and C. whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis, Arctic S. JESSOP. 1972. Fish resources of the char, S. alpinus, and associated species in Mackenzie River valley, Interim Report 1, unexploited lakes of the Canadian Volumes 1 and 2. Canada Department of Northwest Territories. J. Fish. Res. Board the Environment, Fisheries Service, Can. 33(11): 2459-2488. Winnipeg. Vol. 1: xiii + 249 p.; Vol. 2: x + 289 p. KENNEDY, W. A. 1949. Some observations on the coregonine fish of Great Bear Lake, HEALEY, M. C. 1975. Dynamics of exploited Northwest Territories. Bull. Fish. Res. Board whitefish populations and their management Can. 82: 1-10. 11
KENNEDY, W. A. 1953. The morphometry of the Unpublished report prepared By Lutra coregonine population of Great Bear Lake, Associates Ltd., Yellowknife, for the N.W.T. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 10(2): Department of Indian Affairs and Northern 51-61. Development. 2 Vols. [Copy in DFO Library, Winnipeg]. LEE, D. S., C. R. GILBERT, C. H. HOCUTT, R. E. JENKINS, D. E. McALLISTER, and J. R. MARTIN, N. V., and C. H. OLVER. 1980. The lake STAUFFER. 1980-et.seq. Atlas of North charr, Salvelinus namaycush, p. 205-277. In American freshwater fishes. Raleigh: North E.K. Balon [ed.] Charrs: salmonid fishes of Carolina State Museum of Natural History. the genus Salvelinus. The Hague, Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers. LILLEY, J. W. 1975. Aquatic resources data summary for Willowlake River, River McCART, D. 1982. An assessment of the fisheries Between Two Mountains, Hare Indian, resources of the Great Bear and Mackenzie Travaillant and Rengleng rivers, NWT. Can. Rivers in the vicinity of proposed IPL Fish. Mar. Serv. Data Rep. Ser. pipeline crossings. Unpublished report CEN/D-75-6: ii + 29 p. prepared by Aquatic Environments Ltd., Calgary, for Interprovincial Pipe Line (N.W) LOCKHART, W. L., D. A. METNER, D. A. J. Ltd., Calgary. 52 p. MURRAY, R. W. DANELL, B. N. BILLECK, C. L. BARON, D. C. G. MUIR, and K. McCART, P., W. GRIFFITHS, C. GOSSEN, H. CHANG-KUE. 1989. Studies to determine BAIN, and D. TRIPP. 1974. Catalogue of whether the condition of fish from the lower lakes and streams in Canada along routes Mackenzie River is related to hydrocarbon of the proposed Arctic Gas pipeline from the exposure. Canada Department of Indian Alaskan/Canadian border to the 60th and Northern Affairs, Environmental Studies parallel. Arctic Gas Biol. Rep. Ser. 16: 251 No. 61: vii + 84 p. p. + 11 maps.
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REIST, J. DFO, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6.
ROBINSON, N. DFO, Inuvik, NT, XOE OTO.
STRONG, J.T. DFO, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6.
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