Cardiff School of Sport DISSERTATION ASSESSMENT PROFORMA: Empirical 1
Student name: Yasmin Bernadette Leung Student ID: 09002230
Programme: SC
Dissertation title: Technique Analysis of a Place Kick in Rugby Union
Supervisor: Huw Whiltshire
Comments Section Title and Abstract (5%) Title to include: A concise indication of the research question/problem. Abstract to include: A concise summary of the empirical study undertaken. Introduction and literature review (25%) To include: outline of context (theoretical/conceptual/applied) for the question; analysis of findings of previous related research including gaps in the literature and relevant contributions; logical flow to, and clear presentation of the research problem/ question; an indication of any research expectations, (i.e., hypotheses if applicable). Methods and Research Design (15%) To include: details of the research design and justification for the methods applied; participant details; comprehensive replicable protocol. Results and Analysis (15%) 2 To include: description and justification of data treatment/ data analysis procedures; appropriate presentation of analysed data within text and in tables or figures; description of critical findings. Discussion and Conclusions (30%) 2 To include: collation of information and ideas and evaluation of those ideas relative to the extant literature/concept/theory and research question/problem; adoption of a personal position on the study by linking and combining different elements of the data reported; discussion of the real-life impact of your research findings for coaches and/or practitioners (i.e. practical implications); discussion of the limitations and a critical reflection of the approach/process adopted; and indication of potential improvements and future developments building on the study; and a conclusion which summarises the relationship between the research question and the major findings. Presentation (10%) To include: academic writing style; depth, scope and accuracy of referencing in the text and final reference list; clarity in organisation, formatting and visual presentation
1 This form should be used for both quantitative and qualitative dissertations. The descriptors associated with both quantitative and qualitative dissertations should be referred to by both students and markers. 2 There is scope within qualitative dissertations for the RESULTS and DISCUSSION sections to be presented as a combined section followed by an appropriate CONCLUSION. The mark distribution and criteria across these two sections should be aggregated in those circumstances
CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd
CARDIFF SCHOOL OF SPORT
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS)
SPORT COACHING
2013-4
TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS OF A PLACE KICK IN RUGBY UNION
(Dissertation submitted under the discipline of PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS)
YASMIN BERNADETTE LEUNG
09002230
NAME: YASMIN LEUNG
STUDENT NUMBER: 09002230
SCHOOL OF SPORT
CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY
TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS OF A PLACE KICK IN RUGBY UNION
Cardiff Metropolitan University Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd
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Word count: 7335
Name: Yasmin Bernadette Leung
Date: 20/03/2014
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The University owns the right to reprint all or part of this document.
Contents Page
Page Declaration Contents Page List of Tables List of Figures Acknowledgements i Abstract ii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction 2 1.1 Rugby Union 2 1.2 Place Kick 3 1.3 Technique Analysis 4 1.4 Aim of the Present Study 4
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.0 Review of Literature 6 2.1 Rugby 6 2.2 Place Kick in Rugby Union 6 2.21 Conversion Kick 7 2.22 Penalty Kick 7 2.3 Technique Analysis 8 2.31 Qualitative Analysis 8 2.4 Stages of a Place Kick Technique 10 2.41 Preparation 10 2.42 Approach 10 2.43 Contact 11 2.44 Follow Through 11 2.5 Negative Aspects of a Place kick Technique 11 2.6 Existing Literature 12 2.7 Present Study 15
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Methodology 17
3.1 Participants 17
3.2 Ethical Consideration 17 3.3 Procedure 17 3.4 Data Analysis 17 3.41 Quantitative 17 3.42 Qualitative 18
3.5 Reliability, Validity, Trustworthiness 18
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
4.0 Results 20
4.1 Technique Break down 20 4.11 Phase Analysis 20 4.12 Temporal Analysis 29 4.13 Critical Features 31
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 5.0 Discussion 34 5.1 Technique analysis 34 5.11 Player 1 Model 34 5.12 Player 2 Model 35 5.13 Player 3 Model 35 5.14 Player 4 Model 36 5.15 Player 5 Model 37 5.16 Player 6 Model 37
5.2 General Discussion 38 5.3 Players vs Model 39
5.4 Future research 41
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 6.0 Conclusion 43 6.1 Conclusion 43
Reference Appendices
List of Tables
Page
Table 1 Six nations kicking statistics 12
Table 2 ESPN Top point scorers 13
List of Figures
Page
Figure 1 Kicking tee 7
Figure 2 Player 1 stages of a place kick 21
Figure 3 Player 2 Stages of a place kick on left side 22
Figure 4 Player 2 Stages of a place kick on right side 23
Figure 5 Player 3 stages of a place kick left side 24
Figure 6 Player 3 stages of a place kick right side 25
Figure 7 Player 4 stages of a place kick 26
Figure 8 Player 5 stages of a place kick 27
Figure 9 Player 6 stages of a place kick 28
Figure 10 Movement time 29
Figure 11 Steps to kick 30
Figure 12 Biscombe and Drewett (2010) model of a place kick 31
Figure 13 Step-by-step breakdown of the place kick technique 32
Figure 14 Open Body Position 41
Figure 15 Closed Body Position 41 Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my dissertation supervisor, Huw Whiltshire, for the help and support he has given me throughout the dissertation process.
i
Abstract
Place kicking is a method for score points in the sport of rugby union.
There are two types of place kicks:
penalty kick (occurs after a referee penalises a team) conversion kick (which takes place after a try has been scored)
Example of rugby posts
To score points the ball must be kicked in between the two upright posts and over the crossbar.
The place kick is one of four methods of scoring in rugby union:
conversion penalty kick drop goal try
The following study analysis six international place kickers.
During the study, videos of the players were gathered and analysed. The main analysis technique applied was observation analysis:
looking at the qualitative aspects of the kicks looking at phase analysis, temporal analysis critical features.
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Player 2 and 3 had two kicks one from each side of the pitch while players 1, 4, 5 and 6 only had one kick each.
Each kick was broken down to see each step of the place kick technique.
The kicks were analysed next to the Biscombe and Drewetts (2010) model of a place kick that is available to coaches and players.
In the results summary it shows that the kicks observed followed the model - however some aspects of the model can be adapted to help improve the technique. Through further research and a more advanced model, a deeper analysis of the place kick can be obtained.
Questionnaires could be useful to gain information about how the kicker perceives their own kicks.
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CHAPER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This dissertation examines the technique of place kicking in rugby union, and how players and coaches can improve kicking technique in order to produce better results.
Place kicking in rugby union is the practise of kicking for goal. IRB (2012) explains the objective is to kick the ball through the posts to score points.
Biscombe and Drewett (2010) states that kicking wins games, therefore through performance analysis, this document investigates how movement patterns can generate a higher success rate in place kicking.
This section introduces the technique analysis of a place kick in rugby union, looking at the game of rugby union, place kicking and technique analysis.
Finally, the objectives of the study are highlighted.
1.1 Rugby Union
‘The object of the Game is that two teams of fifteen or seven players each, observing fair play according to the Laws and sporting spirit, should by carrying, passing, kicking and grounding the ball, score as many points as possible, the team scoring the greater number of points being the winner of the match’ (IRB, 2013)
The IRB (2013) states the basic objective of the game, however, if a person that had never watched a game and had no rugby union knowledge went out to coach a team by what IRB states, realistically the game would not look anything like the game the population sees today.
The object of the game is to score more points than the opposition. A simple objective but the sport is rarely that straight-forward. A team scores by running, catching the ball, passing the ball backwards and placing the ball in the try zone.
Yes it seems simple; however, rugby union is a complicated game.
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The game starts with the ball being kicked from the half-way line into the opposition’s half (it must travel more than 10 meters). The ball is then contested and, once a team has the ball, they aim to go forward. By then the opposition will put pressure on the attacking team as they are contesting to retrieve the ball.
There are four different ways in which a team can score points:
Scoring a try (five points). Conversion after scoring a try (two points). Place kick (three points). Drop goal (three points).
1.2 Place Kick
According to Ross (2013) place kicking is one of the hardest skills in rugby union – but it is a technique that can be improved to produce better results.
With constant practice and determination it can be turned into a powerful aspect of the game. Biscombe and Drewett’s (2010) states that accurate kicking wins games, if a team possesses a good place kicker and has a high accuracy, that player can be an important member to the team. Renner (1997) explains that when taking a place kick in rugby, it is judged upon whether or not the kick was successful, therefore looks at the accuracy of the kick.
‘Comes from a lot of hard work and a lot of sacrifice, since being a 12 year old coming down here, putting in the hours and dedication’ (Halfpenny, n.d)
Welsh professional rugby player Leigh Halfpenny is one of the world’s most accurate place kickers - he finished the 2013 Six Nations rugby tournament with 76 points and a 81% success rate. He identifies the importance of the hard work, time and
3 dedication he has put into practice since a 12 year old to become an international goal kicker.
1.3 Technique Analysis
Performance analysis according to Veale et al (2007) has been developed into a tool that is important to investigating movement patterns. With information gathered from performance analysis, it offers coaches further knowledge that may be used to generate a higher success rate.
“Performance analysis has been integrated into the modern era of rugby, to provide objective feedback to both coaches and players” (Long and Hughes, 2004).
Performance analysis is used to provide feedback about performance, and can be used to analyse another’s team’s performance and identify their strengths and weaknesses. For example, if a team has a good and accurate place kicker the goal for the opposition team is not to concede penalties within that player’s kicking range, therefore reducing place kicking opportunities (and possible points) for the opposition.
1.4 Aims of the present study
The key area of the study is to analyse the place kick technique in comparison with technical models that are available to coaches and players.
Trough this method we can gain further knowledge about the skill and how to perform/improve the kicking technique.
Can a more accurate place kick model help coaches improve the place kick technique and therefore improve results?
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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.0 Review of Literature
In rugby, place kicks are used to score points - whether it is from a penalty kick or a conversion after a try has been scored.
This literature review aims to provide further information on the technique of a place kick and provide justification for the present study.
2.1 Rugby
Over the years, the game of rugby union has evolved.
Biscombe and Drewett (2010) talks about the first game of rugby that was played at a public school in England, how it was a recreational pastime, and how, in 1845, the first set of ‘Laws of Football’ were produced.
The game was far less complicated. Today a typical length for a rugby union game is 80 minutes, but initially matches varied in length, with over 50 players on unequal sides - it was eventually reduced to 15 players a side.
Williams (2002) identifies how the International Rugby Board announced that the game would become professional in 1995.
2.2 Place Kick in Rugby Union
IRB (2012) explains that the rugby ball is placed in an upright static position - today you will see place kickers use a kicking tee to keep this static position - from here the kicker will attempt to successfully kick the ball between the two uprights of the goal posts and over the crossbar.
Paudlo, Granatelli, Ruscello and D’ottavio (2013) explains that the place kick is one of three possible ways to score points in rugby.
However place kicking is very difficult skill to coach – it is regarded as a specialist skill similar to a free throw in basketball or a penalty in soccer. If a team possesses a
6 good place kicker with an accuracte technique that can produce a long kick, they will be able to attempt a penalty kick from a greater distance.
Figure 1 Example of a kicking Tee
For a place kick is ball is placed on the floor – the majority of players will use a kicking tee (figure 1) to support/stabilise the ball.
Biscombe and Drewett (2010) explains that the majority of international teams have a specialist place kicker. The professional ‘kicker’ will train diligently and practice kicking regularly. Former England international rugby player Jonny Wilkinsion was renowned for his dedication to place kicking training - his training sessions often involving two (or more) hour kicking-sessions.
Professional rugby teams will often employ specialist kicking coaches.
According to Anderson and Sidaway (1994), a place kick can be improved by specialist training, which is based on the real knowledge of deep analysis of the technical skill.
There are two types of place kick in rugby union - penalty kick and conversion.
2.21 Conversion Kick
Hickey (2006) stated that a conversion kick is worth two points, and is taken after a try has been scored, it is up to the place kicker how far from the goal line they want to take the kick, however the kick has to be in line with where the try was scored, and at least 10m out from the try line.
2.22 Penalty Kick
Louw (2006) states that a penalty is awarded for various offences. A player may take a penalty place kick towards goal, punt kick, take a scrum or tap the ball when a penalty is awarded. Often the captain and the kicker will discuss whether or not the
7 penalty kick is achievable, and from there the option of a place kick can turn into 3 points.
Kicks being taken in front of the goal post are seen as the easiest of kicks because the angle is easier to judge. The further out wide, the greater the angle and distance which increases the kick’s difficulty. Another factor apart from angle and distance is the weather conditions. When the ball leaves the tee, there are certain factors which can change the flight of the ball, for example if it’s a windy day it can affect the ball trajectory, or if the wind is blowing towards the kicker the distance can be affected.
2.3 Technique analysis
Lees (2002) states that technique analysis is a term used in order to understand the way in which sports skills are performed. Through this it will give a greater understanding and a baseline on how to improve the skills being performed.
O’Donoghue (2010) explains that technique analysis is used to assess the mechanical features of the technique and how the skill is performed. Technique analysis can be used to identify ‘if the skill is being performed correctly’. It can provide in-depth detailed analysis of mechanical aspects and identify the areas that require attention.
2.31 Qualitative
Knudson & Morrison (2002) defines qualitative technique analysis as
“systematic observation and introspective judgement of the quality of human movement for the purpose of providing the most appropriate intervention to improve performance.”
Lees (2002) identifies the advantage of using qualitative analysis and how it can be used by a wide range of people.
Qualitative analysis is the primary method of improving a movement by observation.
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There are three main stages to the analysis which are:
Phase Analysis Temporal Analysis Critical Features
Phase analysis is a descriptive process, which breaks down a movement. Bartlett (1999) believes that the phase analysis skill can be split into three main phases which are:
Preparation Action Follow-Though
For example Biscombe and Drewett (2010) uses phase analysis as it looks at the preparation before the kick, the approach/contact which will be the action of the place kick and the follow-though.
Temporal analysis looks at the timing of a movement and the sequence of the skill.
Adrian and Cooper (1995) discuss temporal analysis and how it relates to the timing and rhythm of the skill, for example, in the action of a place kick the hips turn first in order to generate more power behind the kick.
Arend and Higgins (1976) defined critical features as being a part/phase of a movement that can be adjusted the least to achieve the goal, for example, a starting point of a kick. If the kicker keeps on pulling the kick wide to the right of the post, a simple step inwards to reduce the kicking angle may be the critical feature.
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2.4 Stages of a place kick technique Renner (1997) explains that, although learning what to do is important, to develop the skill it is important to plan.
To be able to learn the technique of a place kick it is important to know what part of the technique to develop first.
The accuracy of a place kick is important as it adds points onto the score sheet and puts pressure on the opposition. By analysing the technical aspect of the place kick it gives a baseline on the model of a place kick.
Biscombe and Drewett (2010) identifies four main stages of a place kick, preparation, approach, contact and follow though.
2.41 Preparation
The first stage is placing the ball on the ground, usually supported by a kicking tee to support the ball. The tip of the oval shaped ball should be aimed at the target - in this case between the posts.
Renner (1997) explains that the starting spot for the run up may be different for each individual. Leg length and approach angle will also differ between each individual, therefore each individual should adopt their own starting position. When in the starting position it is essential to relax, and focus on a focal point beyond the posts.
2.42 Approach
Depending on the starting spot, an individual’s approach will differ depending on their personal preferences. The majority of place kicking models/guides suggests approaching at a slow steady speed, moving into the ball with rhythm and balance, focusing on the contact point of the ball.
Crocoran (1999) explains the non-kicking foot is planted facing the direction of the target about 20cm away from the ball - this will help keep the balance of the player. Once the non-kicking foot is planted, the hip should begin to rotate which will bring the kicking leg forward giving power in the movement. At all times throughout the movement is it essential to keep the head down and focus on the contact area of the
10 ball. If the head is lifted when performing the movement the contact with the foot and ball may not be as clean.
2.43 Contact
The contact with the ball is important as this will determine the movement of the ball.
The kicking leg is straightened and makes contact with the instep or the top of the big toe. Throughout the movement the body weight should be forward and over the ball.
2.44 Follow through
The kicker’s head must be kept down after the kick (the follow through), until the movement is completed. The follow through is the phase that helps direct the kick, therefore when kicking through the ball, the leg and toes should be pointing in the direct of the posts - this will allow the ball to follow the same flight.
Crocoran (1999) mentions some key coaching points:
Player needs to relax. Have a smooth steady approach toward the ball. Keep the head down and extend the follow through
The main errors and common faults are as follows:
Eyes drift away from the contact point of the ball. The non-kicking leg may be to close or too far from the ball, which will make the player off balanced. The leg not following through the ball or swing too far.
2.5 Negative aspects of a place kick technique
Everyone is different therefore a place kicking technique can change from person to person. A technical model is produced as guidance, however if a coach uses a model on a player that has good accuracy, it may disrupt the players kicking technique.
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The effectiveness of the place kick model will differ from one player to another.
2.6 Existing Literature
In the 2013 Six Nations (European international rugby tournament) the kicking statistics revealed an average of 11 attempted place kicks per game in 15 games – of those 8 were successful scoring kicks.
The IRB (2013) statistics shows that 159 place kicks were taken in the 2013 championship, with only 123 successful kicks. This meant that teams missed 100 points overall (an average of 16.6 points per team) which could make a difference to results.
Table 1 shows that between 2003 – 2014 statistics show that there has been a decrease in try scoring in the Six Nations. In the 2003 tournament 74 tries were scored compared to only 37 in 2013 and 2014. This is a significant decrease of 50% less tries. On average 2.5 tries was scored per match in 2013 with an average of 6.3 of penalty place kicks. This is consistent with Biscombe and Drewett’s (2010) statement that kicking wins games.
Table 1 Six nations kicking statistics
Total Conversion Penalty Total Total Place Conversion Penalty Kicks % Penalty % Year Attempts % Conversion Kick Place Kicks Attempts Successful Kicks Place Successful Attempts Kicks Successful Kicks 2003 74 55 74% 90 65 72% 164 120 73% 2004 68 43 63% 92 69 75% 160 112 70% 2005 71 47 66% 101 67 66% 172 114 66% 2006 60 45 75% 95 73 77% 155 118 76% 2007 62 50 81% 93 86 92% 155 136 89% 2008 50 42 84% 103 83 81% 153 125 82% 2009 52 34 65% 98 75 77% 150 109 73% 2010 47 36 77% 110 83 75% 157 119 76% 2011 49 38 78% 96 81 84% 145 119 82% 2012 40 34 85% 94 77 82% 134 111 83% 2013 37 29 78% 122 94 77% 159 123 77%
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Table 2 contains information regarding the top point scorers in rugby union. New Zealand’s Daniel Carter is the leading point scorer with 1442 points. Of those, 1279 points (88.7%) were gained from place kicking. Carter averaged 13 points per game with place kicks.
Table 2 ESPN Top point scorers
Ra Conver Place Conv Pen Total Name Year Matches Points Tries Penalties nk sions kicks points Points points
D. 2003- 1 100 1442 29 257 255 499 498 750 1248 Carter 2013
J. 1998- 2 Wilkinso 97 1246 7 169 255 424 338 765 1103 2011 n
N. 1991- 3 91 1090 11 131 248 379 262 744 1006 Jenkins 2002
R. 2000- 4 130 1083 16 176 202 378 352 606 958 O'Gara 2013
D. 1989- 5 Doming 76 1010 9 133 213 346 266 639 905 2003 uez
S. 1998- 6 110 970 7 160 198 358 320 594 914 Jones 2011
A. 1995- 7 Mehrten 70 967 7 169 188 357 338 564 902 2004 s
M. 1984- 8 72 911 17 140 177 317 280 531 811 Lynagh 1995
P. 1997- 9 Montgo 102 893 25 153 148 301 306 444 750 2008 mery
England’s Jonny Wilkinson scored 1246 points with 1103 points (88.5%) coming from place kicks - averaging 11 points per game from place kicks.
If a game of rugby is close, the difference of a kick can win the game. For example in the England v Wales 6 Nations game in 2005, the Welsh were behind 8 points to 9 with 77 minutes on the clock. Wales were awarded a penalty and with only 3 minutes left (rugby matches last for 80 minutes), and with only 1 point deficit, they decided to attempt the place kick. The appointed kicker (Gavin Henson) duly succeeded with
13 the kick and Wales went on to win the match. The momentum and confidence they built from winning this close match saw them win the championship that year.
Padulo et al (2013) completed a study of the place kick in rugby. The aim of the paper was to study the kick from the front of the try line and at 40 meters distance. The research proved that, through technique analysis, coaches can better their understanding of the place kick technique and can coach it from start to finish.
Jurie (2013) completed a study which estimated the success probability of a rugby goal kick. Variables such as distance, type of kick and pressure were factors that can affect the success rate of a kick.
Bilderand Loghin (1997) study aimed to determine key factors that affected the success of a field goal in American football. The main factor they found was the distance in which the kick took place. The study also highlighted that if a team were behind and a kick could let take them into the lead, they found that the kicks were more likely to be missed. Data also covered kicking at a team’s home ground to kicking away from home - however there were lesser significant in the success rate.
Biscombe and Drewett (2010) book looked at the steps on a place kick. It focuses on ‘round the corner’ kick and within the chapter it gives scenarios of what may happen, and how to correct any problem - for example if the fault is the ball being kicked along the ground, it explains that the foot/ball contact is too high up on the ball. To improve this they recommend aiming at the sweet spot which is roughly about a third of the way up on the ball.
Renner (1997) has a chapter that looks at the place kick of an American football. It is an in depth analysis that looks at every aspect of the place kick, and identifies that not one kicker has the same technique. It looks at how, as a player, you can generate the place kick that is suitable to your preferences - for example, the importance of the approach distance is highlighted with 3 yards backwards from the football identified as the optimum distance. However is does take into consideration that the approach distance can be shortened for players that have more muscular strength and power.
Although much research is available on different aspect of the kick, ultimately each individual is different and the information given may not suit some individuals.
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If a coach is teaching the place kick technique to a player who has a technique that can be deemed successful (i.e. high average success rate), if the coach attempts to change how the player kicks it can become a disadvantage and their success rate could fall.
Therefore it is important to pin point what aspect needs improving without changing the whole technique.
2.7 Present Study
This study will use a model of a place kick as guidance, and it will be compared to the each player’s kicking technique.
It is important to research the technique of the place kick because kicking is a dominant method of score points in rugby union - therefore it is crucial that the place kick is accurate.
There are steps in place to get the best outcome to a kick through effective technique, however, every kicker has their own individual preferences on how they kick a ball.
The main key area is preparation - the kicker will be concentrating on various aspects such as:
Their goal (win the game), aims (scoring the points) and objectives (kicking the ball through the posts). Approach - very important as this is where concentration can be lost. Contact - crucial because if you do not hit the ball in the right area it will affect trajectory and power/distance. Follow through - this guides the ball to where it needs to go.
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CHAPTER 3 METHOD
3.0 Methodology
The aim of this study is to:
Examine the technique of a place kick in competitive rugby union games in comparison to an existing place kick model.
This study uses mixed methods to try and gain a greater understanding of the place kick technique. Methods include video footage where the players are at the competitive stage, and qualitative data will gain in-depth data as to how the place kick is performed.
3.1 Participants
The participants were six professional international rugby union kickers, varying from the northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere.
The youngest player in the study is 24 years of age with the oldest at 36 years.
3.2 Ethical Consideration
As the project was deemed to fall into a category that did not require ethical approval, as the data set resided in the public domain, there were no need for any ethical consideration.
3.3 Procedure
There have not been any studies looking at the model of a place kick, therefore there was no information regarding what guidance the study should follow.
Available video footage of the places were limited in respects to the variety of angles available to analyse. All the footage gathered were from competitive game.
The study looked at one place kick from four of the players, and two place kicks from various positions for two of the players.
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3.4 Data Analysis
3.41 Quantitative
The movement time was recorded using broadcast footage from dartfish, a performance enhancing sport video training application.
The analysis used slow motion to get the accurate starting movement after the placing of the ball. Total execution time was gathered and inputted into excel to create a graph, thus giving a clear output of the results.
3.42 Qualitative
Using dartfish each player was analysed in slow motion, this enabled the footage to be broken down into more frames in order to get more accurate results. Pictures of each step were captured and saved. By using the step-by-step method the qualitative observation analysis was easier, therefore the data analysis can be more in-depth and accurate.
3.5 Reliability, Validity, Trustworthiness
For any research project to be successful, reliability and validity is essential.
Reliability is essential as it prevents errors happening in the research. Hernon and Schwarts (2009) explain that reliability is put out there to see if the method can be done the same each time it is used. The method is reliable as it is simple
It is important for research to be valid as it allows the results to be more accurate; validity asked the question ‘is the research measuring what it claims to be measuring’.
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CHAPER 4 RESULTS
4.0 Results
This section of the study uses qualitative data analysis to compare each place kick and what steps are involved in the movement.
Temporal analysis is included when it looks at the timing of the movement and sequence.
Critical features will help compare the place kickers to the model of Biscombe and Drewett (2010) and help adjust the model if required.
4.1 Technique Break down
Breaking down the skill into phases allows a step-by-step picture of a place kick. Place kicks are broken down into different phases so that it is clear to see what the place kicker does throughout the movement.
4.11 Phase Analysis
The following looks at eight snapshots highlighting the place kicking techniques of six different players - each having a unique style of kicking
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Phase analysis 1: Player 1
Player 1 stages of a place kick. Kicker (Jonathon Sexton, Ireland) is right footed.
Figure 2.0 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8
Figure 2.9 Figure 2.10
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Phase analysis 2: Player 2
Player 2 stages of a place kick from the left hand side of the posts. Kicker (Leigh Halfpenny, British & Irish Lions) is right footed.
Figure 3.0 Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5
Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7
Figure 3.8
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Phase analysis 3: Player 2
Player 2 stages of a place kick from the right hand side of the posts. Kicker (Leigh Halfpenny, British & Irish Lions) is right footed. Figure 4.0 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9
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Phase analysis 4: Player 3
Player 3 stages of a place kick from the left side of the posts. Kicker (Daniel Carter, Canterbury Crusaders) is left footed.
Figure 5.0 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5
Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Figure 5.8
Figure 5.9 Figure 5.10
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Phase analysis 5: Player 3
Player 3 stages of a place kick from the right hand side of the posts. Kicker (Daniel Carter, New Zealand) is left footed.
Figure 6.0 Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3 Figure 6.4 Figure 6.5
Figure 6.6 Figure 6.7 Figure 6.8
Figure 6.9 Figure 6.10 Figure 6.11
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Phase analysis 6: Player 4
Player 4 stages of a place kick. Kicker (Dan Biggar, Ospreys) is right footed.
Figure 7.0 Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3
Figure 7.4 Figure 7.5
Figure 7.6 Figure 7.7
Figure 7.8 Figure 7.9
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Phase analysis 7: Player 5
Player 5 stages of a place kick. Kicker (Rhys Priestland, Scarlets) is right footed.
Figure 8.0 Figure 8.1
Figure 8.2 Figure 8.3
Figure 8.4 Figure 8.5
Figure 8.6 Figure 8.7
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Phase analysis 8: Player 6
Player 6 stages of a place kick from the left hand side of the posts. Kicker (Felipe Contepomi, Argentina) is a right footed kicker.
Figure 9.0 Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2
Figure 9.3 Figure 9.4 Figure 9.5
Figure 9.6 Figure 9.7 Figure 9.8
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4.12 Temporal Analysis
Temporal analysis can cut the technique down further by looking further into the technique of a place kick.
The results of the temporal analysis gives us an average overall movement time.
The movement time is recorded:
Kicker’s first movement from the starting position
Moment kicker’s foot touches the ball.
Figure 10 Movement Time
Time 4
3
2 3.63 3.33 3.17 3.23 Seconds 2.76 2.76 1 2.43 2.07
0 P1 P2 L P2 R P3 L P3 R P4 P5 P6 Players
As indicated in Figure 10 (above), movement time varies from each place kicker. The amount of steps were recorded as it gives an indication of the sequence towards the ball.
Player 5 (Rhys Priestland) had the quickest movement time from the first movement until the contact of the ball (2.07 seconds), with player 3’s (Daniel Carter) left hand side kick having the longest time of 3.63 seconds; the overall average time between the players is 2.92 seconds.
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Player 2 (Leigh Halfpenny) had the same time on both sides of the pitch, whilst players 3 (Daniel Carter) had a slight variation between left hand side (to the posts) and right hand side kicks.
Figure 11 The amount of steps it takes for a kicker’s non-kicking foot being planted (last impact with floor before kicking foot makes contact with ball).
8 Steps to kick
6
4 Steps
2
0 P1 P2 L P2 R P3 L P2 R P4 P5 P6
The amount of steps gives and indication of how far the players are from the ball and what sequence they take from the starting position.
The longest amount of steps it took a player from the starting position to the placement of the non-kicking foot is player 3 (Daniel Carter) with 7 steps.
Player 5 (Rhys Priestland) and 6 (Felipe Contopomi) have the lowest with 5 steps in total. The remaining players each took 4 steps in total.
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4.13 Critical Features
Figure 12 Model starting at the approach phase - Biscombe and Drewett (2010)
Approach ball at slow steady speed Plant non-kicking foot beside all with long last stride Keep head down Hold left arm out for balance Keep kicking leg extended Make contact with instep or top of big toe on sweet spot Keep weight on non-kicking leg Keep head down after kick Punch kicking leg through ball towards post Kicking foot follows through along ball flight and finished in like with trajectory
Biscombe and Drewett (2010) model of a place kick is simple, and gives the key aspects to the technique. However by comparing the place kicks to this model there is information that can be added to produce a more in-depth model of a place kick (i.e. exact step-by-step model).
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Figure 13 Step-by-Step Breakdown of the Place Kick Technique
Sequence 1 Starting Position 2 Movement (slow steady pace) 3 On last step for balance Left arm raised 4 Right arm out 5 Long Last Stride 6 Non kicking foot planted 7 Weight on non-kicking leg 8 Kicking Leg Swings 9 Left arm moves across the body 10 Leg extended 11 Contact with ball 12 Punch kicking leg through 13 Follow through
Figure 12 is a simplified model of the place kicking technique. It groups together the technique into stages but doesn’t look at the sequence involved in the place kick.
Figure 13 produces limited information however the step-by-step sequence is clear - therefore it gives a more precise overlook of the technique involved in place kicking.
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CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION
5.0 Discussion
The purpose of this study was to:
Analyse the place kick technique in rugby union Compare it to the Biscombe and Drewett (2010) model Can a more accurate model be produced? Is there a difference in technique depending on which side of the pitch it is taken from?
5.1 Technique analysis
Each of the six players identified in this study has a different technique.
By analysis the kicking techniques it is clear that each player’s technique is unique - there are many variants that can change how the place kick looks.
5.11 Player 1 Model
The starting position of player 1 (figure 2.0) identifies a tall body with a narrow parallel stance. The movement begins when the right heel is lifted slightly (figure 2.1).
In total there are five steps from the starting position to the planting of the non-kicking foot. The first forward step (figure 2.2) is a small step with the left foot, with the next two steps being normal size (figure 2.3, 2.4).
Step four is a greater step and turns into a stride (figure 2.5).
The long last stride before the planting of the foot, whilst the left arm is raised (figure 2.6) this allows the player to maintain balance throughout the movement.
The non-kicking foot is planted, with the right hand raised to keep balance when the right foot begins to swing through (figure 2.7).
With the players weight on the non-kicking leg (figure 2.8) the player has an extended leg, with the left arm back across the body.
The player keeps his head down at all times throughout the movement, even after foot has made contact with the ball (figure 2.10).
In total player 1 took 2.43 seconds from the first initial movement to the contact of the ball (figure 10).
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5.12 Player 2 Model
Player 2 has an open body starting position with a wide parallel stance.
In total player takes 5 steps to the ball – the first is a straight forward movement to the direction of the ball with the left foot (figure 3.1, 4.1).
The first and second (figure 3.2, 4.2) steps are normal length, with step three (figure 3.3, 4.3) and four (figure 3.3, 4.4) being a longer stride.
During his long last stride the left arm is held out to keep the player’s balance (figure 3.5, 4.5).
The left foot is planted (figure 3.6, 4.6) and the right arm rises to keep the balance central, this marks the start of the kicking leg swing. The weight is shifted on to the non-kicking leg and the kicking leg is extended and contact is made with the ball (figure 3.7, 4.7).
The left arm comes back across the body in the kicking motion, and the follow through occurs (figure 3.8, 4.9). The head is kept down at all times during the movement.
The timing it takes from the initial movement to the contact with the ball is 2.76 seconds. In comparison to the left and right sided kick, both kicks are very identical (figure 3, 4).
5.13 Player 3 Model
Player 3 starting position (figure 5.0, 6.0) has a narrow parallel stance, his and body are facing away from the posts.
It takes seven steps in total to get from the starting position to the ball, with the movement of the first step (figure 5.1, 6.1) going sideways with the right foot opening up the body.
The left foot (figure 5.2, 6.2) crosses over in from of the right food for the second step and step three involves bringing the right foot across (figure 5.3, 6.3).
Step four brings the left foot across to meet the right foot (figure 5.4, 6.4), with the right foot, the he takes a small step (figure 5.5, 6.5).
Step six is a stride (figure 5.6, 6.6).
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With the last stride (figure 5.7, 6.8) the player raises his right arm to keep his balance and he swings the kicking leg through.
The right foot is planted and his weight is transferred to his non-kicking leg (figure 5.8, 6.9).
The right arm comes back across the body as contact is made with the ball with an extended leg (figure 5.9, 6.10).
The last piece of the movement is the leg follow through (figure 5.10, 6.11).
In figure 5 and 6, throughout the movement the player keeps his eyes on the ball - his head is not lifted until the movement is finished.
It took the player 3.63 seconds from the initial movement to make contact with the ball on the left hand side, with the right hand side being slightly quicker with a time of 3.33 seconds.
5.14 Player 4 Model
Player 4’s starting position is facing the ball with a parallel stance (figure 7.0).
It takes five steps to reach the ball, with the first movement being a backward step (figure 7.1) with the left foot.
The right foot then takes the first forward movement (figure 7.3) and step three sees a high knee lift (figure 7.3).
As the thirds step is planted, the left arm starts to raise to keep the player balanced.
The fourth step is longer (figure 7.5), and the left arm is raised as the final stride starts (figure 7.6).
The next sequence is a long last stride and the start of the left leg swing (figure 7.7).
With the planting of the non-kicking leg, the weight is transferred on to the non- kicking leg and the left arm coming back across the body and contact with the ball - with an extended leg (figure 7.8).
The kicking follow through is the last movement seen in figure 7.9.
Throughout the movement player 4 keeps his head down at all times.
The total time it takes from the initial backwards movement to the contact with the ball is 3.17 seconds.
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5.15 Player 5 Model
The starting position of player 5 shows that his left foot is in front with his right foot resting on the tip of its toes (figure 8.0).
In total it takes four steps to reach the ball.
The first motion is a forward step with his right foot (figure 8.1) and step two brings the left foot in front (figure 8.2). The third step (figure 8.3) is a quicker movement to the last two steps.
The beginning of the last stride shows the left arm coming up to keep the player’s balance (figure 8.4)
The last long stride includes the planting of the non-kicking foot, along with the beginning of the leg swing towards the ball (figure 8.5).
The weight is transferred on to the non-kicking leg, with the left arm coming back across the body as contact is made with an extended leg (figure 8.6).
The follow through (figure 8.7) shows the leg being is punched through the ball.
Player 5 keeps his head down and eyes on the ball throughout the movement.
In total, the player takes 2.07 seconds from the initial movement to the contact of the ball.
5.16 Player 6 Model
Player 6 starting position has a parallel shoulder with apart stance (figure 9.0).
The total amount of steps it takes to get to the ball is four.
The first movement see his right foot comes towards the left foot and bring the feet together (figure 9.1).
The first forward movement can be seen in figure 9.2 with the left foot leading.
The third step is longer, and the left arm comes up to keep balance (figure 9.4).
The last step is a long stride, and the planting of the non-kicking foot takes place figure 9.5), with the left arm out and the right foot starts to swing through towards the ball.
The weight gets transferred on to the left foot and contact is made with the ball with an extended leg (figure 9.6).
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The left arm comes back across the body and the kicking leg is punched through the ball, followed by the leg follow through (figure 9.7).
The head is kept down through the entire movement.
Player 6 takes a total of 3.23 seconds from the initial movement to the contact of the ball with the foot.
5.2 General Discussion
The study shows that each player has his own unique place kicking style.
For example, the majority started with a parallel foot stance, however player 5 has one foot in front of the other.
The movement of all players are different, whether it is a straight forward movement towards the ball, a backward movement then forward, side movement or a simple step, each kick is different from each other.
The pace of the movement may have different speeds slow/medium/fast which will vary for each place kicker.
The more movement away from the ball will result in greater movement time, for example:
PLAYER 3 had the longest time (3.63 seconds) and also the greatest amount of steps (seven) and the movement was sideways then forward. This was because his kick had a greater distance to travel than the others.
PLAYER 5 took only four steps and had the quickest movement time (2.07 seconds) as the movement was straight forward towards the ball.
PLAYER 6 had the second slowest time (3.23 seconds) but only took 4 steps. This was due to the pace of the movement - he took one step then paused before resuming towards the ball.
A player’s kicking technique does not vary depending on which side of the pitch the kick is taken from - this can be seen in the techniques of players 2 and 3.
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5.3 Players vs Model
Overall Biscombe and Drewett (2010) model of a place kick can be applied to each kicking technique; however the model does not provide a detailed breakdown of the stages involved in place kicking.
There are aspects of the model that can be adapted and suited for learning technique analysis aspect for coaches to improve the kicking technique of a place kicker.
Each kicker shows all the elements Biscombe and Drewett (2010) mention in their model of a place kick - but the model does not go into detail regarding how the body moves - for example, when the kicking leg starts to swing, the player has an open body position and when the follow through finished the body is closed. Other information such as hip movement and timing are not discussed in the model.
For this study it was difficult to analyse the technique thoroughly because only one camera angle was available which meant that the study was unable to see all features.
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The following could be adopted as a detailed place kicking model:
Starting Position
The player must adopt a starting position that suites them Keep head down at all times Concentrate on where the foot make contact with the ball
Each player is different therefore each player will adopt their own preferred starting position. Keeping the head down at all times is important, if the head it lifted at any point, there is a high chance that the foot-ball contact will not be clean.
Movement
The player will adopt their own movement style, it may be straight forward movement towards the ball, a step backwards then forward, or it can be a side way movement. Movement must be a smooth transaction The speed of the movement starts of slow and increases as the player gets close to the ball
The movement will be the same each time a place kick is taken - regardless of distance from the posts.
If the movement does not feel comfortable to the player, it may disrupt the smooth transaction of the kick and concentration may be lost.
Last step is long (stride) At the start of the last step, left arm is raised (right foot kicker) or right arm is raised (left foot kicker) for balance Non-kicking foot is planted alongside the ball for stability Open body position (figure 14) Weight transferred onto non-kicking leg Hip rotates Leg swing Kicking leg extended Contact made with ball Follow-through in the direction of the target Close body (figure 15)
The arm is raised to keep the balance of the player so they do not fall over. The hips rotate as it gives more power into the kick.
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Figure 14 Open body position
Figure 15 Closed body position
5.4 Future research
As identified previously, there was only one camera angle available for each kick therefore future research should gather data using a variety of cameras which will enable the study to see the kick from different angles.
A more accurate analysis of the technique of a place kick should also record data from the moment the kicker has the ball in their hand. This will give an in-depth look of the whole technique from the preparation phase to the follow through.
Further quantitative data should be considered in any future studies i.e. exact distance from the ball, distance from the posts.
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
6.0 Conclusion
This section recaps on the study and provides an overview of the results, in addition, the research question will be discussed and provide an outcome.
6.1 Conclusion
The aim of this study was to analysis the place kick technique in rugby union in a competitive game of rugby.
The analysis was compared to the Biscombe and Drewett (2010) model of a place kick. It attempted to find out if the place kicking model can be adapted, or a new model could be created to better the knowledge of coaches and player to improve the performance.
The study used qualitative observation analysis, which allowed the place kick to be broken down into different stages.
By breaking down the technique it better enables coaches and players to identify which area of the kick that may need developing, therefore helping them to improve their knowledge and understanding of the place kick technique.
A model of a place kick was used in comparison to the observational analysis to identify if there were any significant differences in the technique. This showed all kicks having the same elements of the kick as what the model described. When comparing the model to the kicks there are other aspects that can be added to the model to allow coaches and players more information on the technique.
The study found that the research question is supported by the results.
A new model was created to further the knowledge of athletes and coaches to better their teaching/ performance of the goal kicking technique. This model provided a more in-depth technique breakdown and identified the correct sequence of the place kicking stages.
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APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Ethics Status