DOCSLIB.ORG

Thermal Maturity Modeling of Organic-Rich Mudrocks in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thermal Maturity Modeling of Organic-Rich Mudrocks in The THERMAL MATURITY MODELING OF ORGANIC-RICH MUDROCKS IN THE DELAWARE BASIN USING RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL A Thesis by TELEMACHOS ANDREW MANOS Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Chair of Committee, Nicholas Perez Committee Members, Franco Marcantonio Brent Miller Head of Department, Michael Pope August 2018 Major Subject: Geology Copyright 2018 Telemachos A. Manos ABSTRACT Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material (RSCM) is an emerging tool to investigate the peak temperature organic-rich sediments experience during burial and exhumation. Previously, peak temperature and maturity have been commonly determined using vitrinite reflectance (%Ro), but results may be affected by user bias, organic material composition, hydrogen-index, and pressure suppression. Thermal maturity of organic material is an important factor in determining source rock viability, and RSCM presents an alternative technique to constrain peak temperatures that is not affected by issues that may alter %Ro results. This study investigated the viability of RSCM thermometry against %Ro and pyrolysis on well cuttings retrieved from Permian through Ordovician intervals of the Delaware Basin in West Texas, assessing peak temperatures and paleogeothermal gradients. New RSCM results from this study demonstrate that the western portion of the basin experienced higher peak temperatures than equivalent depths in the eastern portion of the basin by up to 100oC, which is consistent with existing vitrinite reflectance measurements. This study also reconstructs the paleogeothermal gradient profile of the basin center by incorporating 11 wells in Reeves and Loving County, including wells which have intersected igneous intrusions. Geothermal gradients at times of peak temperature are 40-45oC/km in the east and up to 72.5oC/km in the west. Higher geothermal gradients in the west correspond to areas with poor agreement between RSCM and vitrinite reflectance. Reconciling the differences between methods requires elevated heat flow, which may ii have been supplied by mid-Cenozoic intrusions and regional heat flow associated with the Rio Grande Rift. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair Dr. Nicholas Perez, for his continued guidance and mentorship throughout my graduate work at Texas A&M University. His high standards and ambitious drive modeled my expectations of a young professional at Texas A&M University, helping me consistently push my limits as a researcher and critical thinker. I would also like to thank the faculty at Texas A&M who contributed discussion to the topic, Dr. Jim Markello, Dr. Mike Pope, and Dr. Brent Miller; the staff at the Texas Oil and Gas Institute, Dr. Brian Casey and Dr. David DeFelice; and the basin modelers at the Chevron Center of Research Excellence, Dr. Mauro Becker, Dr. Irene Arango, Dr. Tess Minotti, Dr. Barry Katz, Dr. Andrea Romero, and Dr. Norellis Rodriguez. Finally, thanks to the fellow graduate students in Dr. Perez’s research group who helped spearhead a new research team, specifically Vicky Gao, Clyde Findlay, and Maria Pesek. Their encouragement and assistance greatly aided in overcoming the many obstacles that comes with venturing into new territory. iv CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES Contributors This work was supported by a defense committee consisting of Dr.Nicholas Perez, Dr. Brent Miller of the Department of Geology & Geophysics and Professor Franco Marcantonio of the Department of Oceanography and Department of Geology. The Raman Spectrometer, training, and decomposition software used for peak- temperature analysis was constructed and written by Professor Emmanuel Soignard at the Arizona State University Leeroy Eyring Center for Solid State Science. Thin sections were generated at National Petrographic Laboratory. %Ro and Pyrolysis Rock-Eval was contracted through Geomark Research Ltd. Maps of gas-oil ratios were constructed with assistance from a fellow graduate student Vicky Gao, and well correlations were completed with assistance from Dr. Brian Casey at the Texas Oil and Gas Institute and Nate Naylor at Texas A&M University. All other work conducted for this thesis was completed by the student independently. Funding Sources This work was supported by a Graduate Student Research Grant from the Geological Society of America, Grands-in-Aid funding from the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, a scholarship from the Permian Basin Area Foundation, a scholarship from the West Texas Geological Society, a scholarship from the US Army Reserves, startup funding from Dr. Nicholas Perez, and a fellowship from the Berg- Hughes center for Petroleum and Sedimentary Systems. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………… ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………… iv CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES…………………………………… v TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………… vi LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………… viii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………….. x 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 Current Thermal Maturity Indicators…………………………………… 4 1.2 Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material as an Emerging Method.............................................................................................. 5 1.3 Limitations of RSCM……………………………………………………. 9 2. BACKGROUND GEOLOGY…………………………………………………… 12 2.1 Delaware Basin………………………………………………………….. 12 2.2 Stratigraphy………………………………………………………………. 12 2.3 Exhumation History……………………………………………………… 15 2.4 Thermal Characteristics………………………………………............... 15 2.5 Igneous Intrusions in the Delaware Basin…………………………….. 17 3. METHODS………………………………………………………………………… 22 3.1 Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material (RSCM)………… 22 3.2 Collection Regime……………………………………………………… 24 3.3 Peak Fitting and Data Decomposition……………………………….. 25 3.4 Sampling Regime……………………………………………………… 27 3.5 Data Plotting……………………………………………………………. 29 3.6 Vitrinite Reflectance……………………………………………………. 31 3.7 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis……………………………………………………. 31 4. RESULTS……….………………………………………………………………… 33 4.1 Calibration Wells………………………………………………………… 33 4.2 RSCM and Vitrinite Reflectance Compatibility……………...………. 33 4.3 Vitrinite Reflectance Interpolation…………………………………….. 36 vi 4.4 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis…………………………………………………….. 37 4.5 RSCM Data Points……………………………………………………… 38 4.6 RSCM Uncertainty……………………………………………………… 41 4.7 RSCM Surfaces…………………………………………………………. 42 5. DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………… 44 5.1 RSCM Peak Temperatures Contrasted with %Ro Temperature Estimates………………………………………………………………… 44 5.2 Comparison with Pyrolysis Rock-Eval………………………………… 45 5.3 Trends in Peak Temperature…………………………………………… 46 5.4 Comparison of Trends between RSCM and %Ro…………………… 48 6. BASIN MODELING……………………………………………………………….. 52 6.1 Introduction to Basin Modeling…………………………………………. 52 6.2 Model Inputs……………………………………………………………… 53 6.3 Cold Case – Lineberry Evelyn #1……………………………………… 54 6.4 Hot Case – Texaco #1-29………………………………………………. 53 6.5 Rifting Style………………………………………………………………. 59 6.6 Igneous Intrusions………………………………………………………. 61 6.7 Additional Sources of Heat…………………………………………….. 65 6.8 Cretaceous Overburden Removal…………………………………….. 66 6.9 Peak Temperatures over Time………………………………………… 68 7. CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………….. 72 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………….. 75 APPENDIX…………………..………………………………………………………... 98 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1. Gas oil ratios from lateral production of the Wolfcamp formation in the Delaware Basin of West Texas…………………………………………………… 3 2. Cartoon illustrating virtual energy states of molecules when elevated by photon absorption………………………………………………………………….. 6 3. Illustration detailing the transformation of amorphous carbon to ordered graphene sheets with increasing temperature………………………………….. 7 4. Map showing the Delaware basin location and stratigraphy, with well location and study area indicated………………………………………………… 14 5. Events illustrating the link between change in magmatic composition and regional tectonics…………………………………………………………………... 19 6. Map showing the location of known igneous intrusions in the Delaware Basin region………………………………………………………………………… 20 7. Thin section plain polarized light view showing opaque macerals illuminated in a carbonate matrix, with the laser focus position in red…………………….. 24 8. The raw Raman spectra are initially corrected for background fluorescence by subtracting a linear function connecting the lowest points at 1100cm-1 and 1800cm-1……………………………………………………………………….. 26 9. Peak-fitted Raman spectra showing evolving peak parameters with increasing depth and temperature……………………………………………….. 28 10. Worksheet showing individual peak-temperature measurements from Woodford sediments in Tenney Gerald E. #1 well at 1840m TVDSS………... 30 11. Depth/temperature profiles and 1σ errors for each well analyzed with RSCM……………………………………………………………………………….. 34 12. RSCM temperatures as determined from eq. 1 and eq. 2 diverge for measured samples of less than 150oC…………………………………………... 35 13. Maps of interpolated vitrinite reflectance values, showing depth to 0.8% maturity (left) and the vitrinite gradient from 0.8-2.8% (right)…………………. 37 14. Maps showing the depth to RSCM values of 120oC (left) and the peak temperature paleogeothermal gradient (right)…………………………………... 42 viii 15. Plot of %Ro measured vs. RSCM %Ro equivalence…………………………… 45 16. %Ro, Pyrolysis, and RSCM results (converted to %Ro) plotted against depth from the Tenney, Gerald E. #1 well……………………………………………… 47 17.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 199503-81.Pdf
    1981 ANNUAL REVIEW OF ACTIVITIES Institute of Ocean Sciences ----. �\�� / 1981 ANNUAL REVIEW OF ACTIVITIES Institute of Ocean Sciences PATRICIA BAY, SIDNEY, B.C. ..... Government Gouvernement I ....,.. of Canada du Canada For additional copies or further information, please write to: Department of Fisheries and Oceans Institute of Ocean Sciences P.O. Box 6000 Sidney, British Columbia, Canada VsL 4B2 Contents DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS 7 Director-General's Foreword 9 Hydrography 11 Field Hydrography 13 Chart Production and Distribution 16 Tidal and Current Surveys 18 Engineering Services 20 Oceanography 23 Ocean Physics 25 Coastal Zone Oceanography 26 Frozen Sea Research 32 Offshore Oceanography 36 Numerical Modelling 42 Remote Sensing 44 Computing Services 45 Ocean Chemistry 47 Ocean Ecology . 53 Ocean Information 56 Ships 59 Management Services 63 DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT 67 Atmospheric Environment Service 69 Canadian Wildlife Service 71 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, MINES AND RESOURCES 73 Earth Physics Branch & Geological Survey of Canada 75 Chief Scientist's Foreword 75 Seismological Service 76 Earth Structure by Seismic Methods 78 Geothermal Studies 79 Gravity 81 Geodynamics 82 Geomagnetism 83 Geological-Geophysical Studies 86 Paleontology 87 Sedimentology 87 APPENDICES I. Contracts Awarded during 1981/82 93 II. Publications 95 III. Permanent Staff, 1981 103 11 [ II : : ( [I Director-General's Foreword One of the tasks of Ocean Science and Surveys Pacific is to respond to problems arising in the development of natural resources that require hydrographic and oceanographic knowledge for their solution. In 1981 OSS Pacific became involved in two major projects of this type both of which will require substantial effort for the next 3 - 4 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Ridge Subduction and Slab Window Magmatism in Western North America
    Cenozoic to Recent plate confi gurations in the Pacifi c Basin: Ridge subduction and slab window magmatism in western North America J.K. Madsen*† D.J. Thorkelson* Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada R.M. Friedman* Pacifi c Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research, Department of Earth and Ocean Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada D.D. Marshall* Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada ABSTRACT Keywords: tectonics, magmatism, geochro- and temporally complex and spans Paleocene to nology, forearc, slab window, ridge subduc- Miocene time. The most spatially and tempo- Forearc magmatic rocks were emplaced in tion, western North America, Cordillera. rally coherent portion is the eastward-younging a semicontinuous belt from Alaska to Oregon Sanak-Baranof Belt in southern to southeastern from 62 to 11 Ma. U-Pb and 40Ar-39Ar dating INTRODUCTION Alaska (Bradley et al., 1993; Haeussler et al., indicates that the magmatism was concur- 1995; Bradley et al., 2003). The age progres- rent in widely separated areas. Eight new Forearcs are typically amagmatic with low sion has been attributed to the passage of an conventional isotope dilution–thermal ion- heat fl ow (Gill, 1981); however, subduction of a eastwardly migrating ridge-trench-trench triple ization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) U-Pb mid-ocean ridge imparts a thermal pulse into the junction related to the subduction of a mid-ocean zircon ages from forearc intrusions on Van- forearc, which may result in near-trench mag- spreading ridge in Paleocene to middle Eocene couver Island (51.2 ± 0.4, 48.8 ± 0.5 Ma, 38.6 matism (Marshak and Karig, 1977; DeLong et time (Hill et al., 1981; Bradley et al., 1993; Sisson ± 0.1, 38.6 ± 0.2, 37.4 ± 0.2, 36.9 ± 0.2, 35.4 al., 1979; Sisson et al., 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • ISJS 5.07.Qrk
    ISJS Newsletter 34 (1), 2007, pp.21-33 21 The Triassic-Jurassic transition at Kunga Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada Louise M. Longridge1, Elizabeth S. Carter2, James W. Haggart3, Paul L. Smith1 1Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, 6339 Stores Road, Vancouver, British Columbia,V6T 1Z4, Canada; [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Geology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, 97207-0751, USA; [email protected] 3Geological Survey of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6B 5J3; [email protected] 1. Introduction If radiolarian sequences are not selected as the pri- Several stratigraphic sections in the Queen Charlotte mary standard, then we propose that they should be con- Islands of British Columbia, Canada contain exceptional- sidered as a secondary standard and that the Kunga Island ly well-preserved radiolarian faunas that cross the section be designated as a parastratotype in order to better Triassic-Jurassic boundary (TJB). In particular, a section characterize the Triassic-Jurassic transition. In some cir- at Kunga Island shows a dramatic turnover of radiolarians cles, parastratotypes are also known as auxiliary reference that could be used to define and constrain the TJB to with- sections. In addition to radiolarians, the Kunga Island in one metre, a precision that is greater than any other fos- sequence permits the calibration of time scales based on sil group. The Kunga section was originally proposed as a ammonites, radiometric ages and, indirectly, with the car- GSSP candidate for the base of the Jurassic by Carter & bon isotope curve. The aim of designating any stratotype Tipper (1999) and again by Haggart et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Geochemistry and Geochronology of Eocene Forearc Magmatism on Vancouver Island: Implications for Cenozoic to Recent Plate Configurations in the Pacific Basin
    GEOCHEMISTRY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY OF EOCENE FOREARC MAGMATISM ON VANCOUVER ISLAND: IMPLICATIONS FOR CENOZOIC TO RECENT PLATE CONFIGURATIONS IN THE PACIFIC BASIN Julianne Kathleen Madsen BSc. Hons. Earth Sciences The University of Victoria, 200 1 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Earth Sciences O Julianne Madsen 2004 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2004 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Julianne Kathleen Madsen Degree: M.Sc. Earth Sciences Geochemistry and geochronology of Eocene forearc magmatsim on Vancouver Island: Title of Thesis: implications for Cenozoic to Recent plate configurations in the Pacific Basin Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Doug Stead Professor Simon Fraser University Dr. Derek J. Thorkelson Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Simon Fraser University Dr. Daniel Marshall Associate Professor Simon Fraser University Dr. Richard Friedman Research Associate (PCIGR) University of British Columbia Dr. Stephen T. Johnston External Examiner Associate Professor Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria Date Approved: December 2,2004 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users.
    [Show full text]
  • Petroleum Geology Features and Research Developments of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Deep Petroliferous Basins
    Pet. Sci. (2015) 12:1–53 DOI 10.1007/s12182-015-0014-0 REVIEW Petroleum geology features and research developments of hydrocarbon accumulation in deep petroliferous basins Xiong-Qi Pang • Cheng-Zao Jia • Wen-Yang Wang Received: 26 September 2014 / Published online: 3 February 2015 Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract As petroleum exploration advances and as most the burial depth. (5) There are many types of rocks in deep of the oil–gas reservoirs in shallow layers have been hydrocarbon reservoirs, and most are clastic rocks and explored, petroleum exploration starts to move toward deep carbonates. (6) The age of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs is basins, which has become an inevitable choice. In this widely different, but those recently discovered are pre- paper, the petroleum geology features and research pro- dominantly Paleogene and Upper Paleozoic. (7) The gress on oil–gas reservoirs in deep petroliferous basins porosity and permeability of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs across the world are characterized by using the latest differ widely, but they vary in a regular way with lithology results of worldwide deep petroleum exploration. Research and burial depth. (8) The temperatures of deep oil–gas has demonstrated that the deep petroleum shows ten major reservoirs are widely different, but they typically vary with geological features. (1) While oil–gas reservoirs have been the burial depth and basin geothermal gradient. (9) The discovered in many different types of deep petroliferous pressures of deep oil–gas reservoirs differ significantly, but basins, most have been discovered in low heat flux deep they typically vary with burial depth, genesis, and evolu- basins.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Queen Charlotte Basin Petroleum Situation with Other Offshore Basins5
    British Columbia Offshore Hydrocarbon Development Appendix 7: Comparison of Queen Charlotte Basin Petroleum Situation with Other Offshore Basins5 1. COOK INLET (ALASKA) The following information is extracted and reworked in part from Magoon, (1994) and Thompson et al. (1991). Overview Geographically, Cook Inlet on Alaska’s southern coast is bordered to the northwest by the Alaska-Aleutian Range and Talkeetna Mountains, and the Kenai Peninsula-Kenai Mountains on the southeast (Figure 14). Discovery of the first field was in 1957 at Swanson River, and the subsequent history of petroleum exploration and geology in the area has been discussed by numerous studies (e.g., Magoon and Claypool, 1981; Magoon and Egbert, 1986; Magoon and Kirschner, 1990). Hydrocarbon production is from six oil fields (Trading Bay, McArthur River, Middle Ground, Granite Point, Beaver Creek, Swanson River) and three gas fields in upper Cook Inlet. Oil fields occur near the basin margin, where Tertiary reservoir rocks unconformably overlie Middle Jurassic source strata (Figure 22.3). Several accumulations are also in Oligocene-Miocene sandstones within thrust faulted Pliocene anticlines (similar to Queen Charlotte Basin). Total petroleum resources (produced and remaining) in Cook Inlet are 2.2 Bbbl of oil and 10 Tcf of gas (Magoon and Kirschner, 1990). The largest accumulations are the McArthur River oil field (570 Mbbl) and the Kenai gas field (2.3. Tcf), both of comparable magnitude to largest fields predicted for Queen Charlotte Basin (Hannigan et al., 1998). Exploration is based on a two-part geological model of Magoon and Claypool (1981): 1) Burial and maturation of Jurassic source rocks occurred during Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, followed by updip migration of hydrocarbons into conglomerate and sandstone reservoirs of Oligocene age; 2) Hydrocarbons remobilized during Pliocene and Pleistocene deformation, filling new traps created in faulted anticlines and upturned stratigraphic pinchouts.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Map of Baranof Island, Southeastern Alaska
    Geologic Map of Baranof Island, Southeastern Alaska By Susan M. Karl, Peter J. Haeussler, Glen R. Himmelberg, Cathy L. Zumsteg, Paul W. Layer, Richard M. Friedman, Sarah M. Roeske, and Lawrence W. Snee Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3335 2015 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2015 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/. To order USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Karl, S.M., Haeussler, P.J., Himmelberg, G.R., Zumsteg, C.L., Layer, P.W., Friedman, R.M., Roeske, S.M., and Snee, L.W., 2015, Geologic map of Baranof Island, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3335, 82 p., 1 sheet, http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3335. ISSN 2329-132X (online) ii Contents Abstract .........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Petroleum Resource Potential of Queen Charlotte Sound Within the Scott Islands Marine Wildlife Study Area
    Petroleum Resource Potential of Queen Charlotte Sound within the Scott Islands Marine Wildlife Study Area. Report prepared for University of Victoria (UVic) – Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources (MEMPR) Partnership Program Dr. Torge Schuemann Dr. Michael Whiticar School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria 2007 Table of contents I Table of contents 1 Executive summary...........................................................................................................................1 2 Technical summary...........................................................................................................................2 2.1 Input ..........................................................................................................................................3 2.2 Methods.....................................................................................................................................6 2.3 Results.......................................................................................................................................6 2.3.1 Tertiary sourced petroleum system...................................................................................8 2.3.2 Mesozoic sourced petroleum system ..............................................................................11 2.4 Recommendations...................................................................................................................13 3 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Isotopic and Geochemical Evidence for a Recent
    ISOTOPIC AND GEOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR A RECENT TRANSITION IN MANTLE CHEMISTRY BENEATH THE WESTERN CANADIAN CORDILLERA by Christian D. Manthei A Prepublication Manuscript Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2009 1 Abstract New petrologic, geochemical and isotopic data are reported from a suite of mafic dike and lava flow samples collected from sites within the western Canadian Cordillera. Samples range in age from Eocene to Quaternary, and document a significant transition in mantle chemistry that occurred sometime after 10 Ma. Eocene to late Miocene basalts emplaced as dikes within the Coast Mountains Batholith contain abundant hornblende, are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE; Ba, Rb, K), have negative high field strength element (HFSE; Nb, Ta) anomalies, and were likely derived from lithospheric 87 86 mantle ( Sr/ Sr = 0.70353 – 0.70486; εNd = +2.5 - +5.7). By contrast, Quaternary lava flows have lower LILE concentrations, positive Nb-Ta anomalies, and were likely 87 86 generated by upwelling asthenosphere ( Sr/ Sr = 0.70266 – 0.70386; εNd = +7.4 - +8.8). A regional comparison of numerous mafic rocks from western Canada that are also Eocene to Quaternary in age indicates that the transition in mantle chemistry after 10 Ma was pervasive and widespread, and was not limited to the present study area. This transition occurred c.a. 40 Ma after the cessation of Cordilleran arc magmatism in central British Columbia, suggesting that large-scale transitions in mantle chemistry beneath magmatic arcs may occur on the order of tens of millions of years after the final subduction of oceanic lithosphere, in this case as a result of lithospheric thinning by continental extension.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence for Underthrusting Beneath the Queen Charlotte Margin, British Columbia, from Teleseismic Receiver Function Analysis
    Geophys. J. Int. (2007) 171, 1198–1211 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03583.x Evidence for underthrusting beneath the Queen Charlotte Margin, British Columbia, from teleseismic receiver function analysis ∗ , A. M. M. Bustin,1,2 R. D. Hyndman,1 2 H. Kao2 and J. F. Cassidy2 1School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Victoria BC V8W 3P6, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] 2Pacific Geoscience Centre, Geological Survey of Canada, PO Box 6000, Sidney BC V8L 4B2, Canada Accepted 2007 August 8. Received 2007 August 8; in original form 2006 October 18 SUMMARY The Queen Charlotte Fault zone is the transpressive boundary between the North America and Pacific Plates along the northwestern margin of British Columbia. Two models have been sug- gested for the accommodation of the ∼20 mm yr−1 of convergence along the fault boundary: (1) underthrusting; (2) internal crustal deformation. Strong evidence supporting an under- thrusting model is provided by a detailed teleseismic receiver function analysis that defines the underthrusting slab. Forward and inverse modelling techniques were applied to receiver func- tion data calculated at two permanent and four temporary seismic stations within the Queen Charlotte Islands. The modelling reveals a ∼10 km thick low-velocity zone dipping eastward at 28◦ interpreted to be underthrusting oceanic crust. The oceanic crust is located beneath a thin (28 km) eastward thickening (10◦) continental crust. Key words: inversion, plate boundary, Queen Charlotte Margin, receiver function, seismic structure, subduction, underthrusting. form QCF cutting through the slab (e.g. Yorath & Hyndman 1983; 1 INTRODUCTION Hyndman & Hamilton 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Petroleum Resource Potential of Sedimentary Basins on the Pacific Margin of Canada
    GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA BULLETIN 564 PETROLEUM RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS ON THE PACIFIC MARGIN OF CANADA P.K. Hannigan, J.R. Dietrich, P.J. Lee, and K.G. Osadetz 2001 Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Canada Canada GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA BULLETIN 564 PETROLEUM RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS ON THE PACIFIC MARGIN OF CANADA P.K. Hannigan, J.R. Dietrich, P.J. Lee, and K.G. Osadetz 2001 ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2001 Catalogue No. M42-564E ISBN 0-660-18288-2 Available in Canada from Geological Survey of Canada offices: 601 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8 3303-33rd Street N.W. Calgary, Alberta T2L 2A7 101-605 Robson Street Vancouver, B.C. V6B 5J3 A deposit copy of this publication is available for reference in public libraries across Canada Cette publication est aussi disponible en français Price subject to change without notice Cover Illustration Tian Bay, on the west coast of Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, site of the first well drilled in the area (1913). Indications of dispersed bitumen, oil, gas, and tar found in Masset Formation basalts were the main incentive for drilling the Tian Bay well. Natural gas flows were encountered in the subsurface. GSC C 4609-1 Critical readers L. Currie K. Rohr Authors’ address P.K. Hannigan, J.R. Dietrich, K.G. Osadetz Geological Survey of Canada 3303-33rd Street N.W. Calgary, AB T2L 2A7 P.J. Lee (deceased) Manuscript submitted: 1998-05 Approved for publication: 2000-12 CONTENTS 1 Abstract 1 Résumé 1 Summary 3 Sommaire
    [Show full text]
  • Timing the End-Triassic Mass Extinction: First on Land, Then in the Sea?
    Timing the end-Triassic mass extinction: First on land, then in the sea? József Pálfy* Collegium Budapest, Institute for Advanced Study, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary James K. Mortensen Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada Elizabeth S. Carter Department of Geology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, USA Paul L. Smith Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Richard M. Friedman British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada Howard W. Tipper Geological Survey of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia V6B 5J3, Canada ABSTRACT sistent with their volcanic origin. We processed The end-Triassic marks one of the five biggest mass extinctions, but current geologic time ~30 kg of rock. Standard procedures used in scales are inadequate for understanding its dynamics. A tuff layer in marine sedimentary rocks mineral separation, zircon chemistry, mass spec- encompassing the Triassic-Jurassic transition yielded a U-Pb zircon age of 199.6 ± 0.3 Ma. The trometry, and data reduction were described dated level is immediately below a prominent change in radiolarian faunas and the last occur- elsewhere (Mortensen et al., 1995). U-Pb zircon rence of conodonts. Additional recently obtained U-Pb ages integrated with ammonoid dating was carried out in the Geochronology biochronology confirm that the Triassic Period ended ca. 200 Ma, several million years later Laboratory of the University of British Columbia. than suggested by previous time scales. Published dating of continental sections suggests that the U and Pb laboratory blanks were ~1 and 8 pg extinction peak of terrestrial plants and vertebrates occurred before 200.6 Ma.
    [Show full text]