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Does Mimicry Occur Between Fleshy-Fruits?
Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2005, 7: 1067–1076 Does mimicry occur between fleshy-fruits? K.C. Burns* Bamfield Marine Science Centre, 1 Pachina Drive, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada ABSTRACT Goal: Test for mimicry in two bird-dispersed fruit species. Site: British Columbia, Canada Species: Rubus parviflorus Pursh and R. spectabilis Nutt. Background: Rubus parviflorus produces red fruits, while R. spectabilis produces both red and orange fruits. The two colour forms of R. spectabilis are otherwise similar, but birds prefer the red form. Both Rubus species are dispersed by the same frugivores, co-occur in close proximity, and have overlapping fruit phenologies, but birds prefer R. parviflorus fruits over R. spectabilis fruits. Experiment: I conducted a field experiment to test whether avian preferences for red R. spectabilis fruits are associated with their closer similarity to R. parviflorus fruits. Red and orange fruits of R. spectabilis were displayed in close proximity to R. parviflorus fruits, or close to R. spectabilis fruits. The latter served as a control. Results: The red form of R. spectabilis was removed more rapidly than the orange form when displayed close to R. parviflorus fruits. The difference disappeared in the control treatment. Conclusions: Birds appear to mistake the red form of R. spectabilis for R. parviflorus fruits when they are displayed close together. Keywords: birds, fleshy-fruits, frugivore, fruit colour, mutualism, seed dispersal. INTRODUCTION Some plant species produce brightly coloured seeds that superficially resemble fleshy-fruits yet offer no nutrient reward (see McKey, 1975; Van der Pijl, 1982; Schaefer et al., 2004). Previous experiments have shown that seed-dispersing birds sometimes mistake coloured seeds for similarly coloured fleshy-fruits (Foster and Delay, 1998; Galetti, 2002). -
Habitat Guidelines for Mule Deer: California Woodland Chaparral Ecoregion
THE AUTHORS : MARY L. SOMMER CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME WILDLIFE BRANCH 1812 NINTH STREET SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 REBECCA L. BARBOZA CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME SOUTH COAST REGION 4665 LAMPSON AVENUE, SUITE C LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720 RANDY A. BOTTA CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME SOUTH COAST REGION 4949 VIEWRIDGE AVENUE SAN DIEGO, CA 92123 ERIC B. KLEINFELTER CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME CENTRAL REGION 1234 EAST SHAW AVENUE FRESNO, CA 93710 MARTHA E. SCHAUSS CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME CENTRAL REGION 1234 EAST SHAW AVENUE FRESNO, CA 93710 J. ROCKY THOMPSON CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME CENTRAL REGION P.O. BOX 2330 LAKE ISABELLA, CA 93240 Cover photo by: California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) Suggested Citation: Sommer, M. L., R. L. Barboza, R. A. Botta, E. B. Kleinfelter, M. E. Schauss and J. R. Thompson. 2007. Habitat Guidelines for Mule Deer: California Woodland Chaparral Ecoregion. Mule Deer Working Group, Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2 THE CALIFORNIA WOODLAND CHAPARRAL ECOREGION 4 Description 4 Ecoregion-specific Deer Ecology 4 MAJOR IMPACTS TO MULE DEER HABITAT 6 IN THE CALIFORNIA WOODLAND CHAPARRA L CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AND SPECIFIC 7 HABITAT GUIDELINES Long-term Fire Suppression 7 Human Encroachment 13 Wild and Domestic Herbivores 18 Water Availability and Hydrological Changes 26 Non-native Invasive Species 30 SUMMARY 37 LITERATURE CITED 38 APPENDICIES 46 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ule and black-tailed deer (collectively called Forest is severe winterkill. Winterkill is not a mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus ) are icons of problem in the Southwest Deserts, but heavy grazing the American West. -
DRAFT OAEC NATIVE PLANT LIST FERNS and FERN ALLIES
DRAFT OAEC NATIVE PLANT LIST FERNS and FERN ALLIES: Blechnaceae: Deer Fern Family Giant Chain Fern Woodwardia fimbriata Dennstaedtiaceae: Bracken Fern Bracken Pteridium aquilinum Dryopteridaceae: Wood Fern Family Lady Fern Athyrium filix-femina Wood Fern Dryopteris argutanitum Western Sword Fern Polystichum muitum Polypodiaceae: Polypody Family California Polypody Polypodium californicum Pteridaceae: Brake Family California Maiden-Hair Adiantum jordanii Coffee Fern Pellaea andromedifolia Goldback Fern Pentagramma triangularis Isotaceae: Quillwort Family Isoetes sp? Nuttallii? Selaginellaceae: Spike-Moss Family Selaginella bigelovii GYMNOPSPERMS Pinaceae: Pine Family Douglas-Fir Psuedotsuga menziesii Taxodiaceae: Bald Cypress Family Redwood Sequoia sempervirens ANGIOSPERMS: DICOTS Aceraceae: Maple Family Big-Leaf Maple Acer macrophyllum Box Elder Acer negundo Anacardiaceae: Sumac Family Western Poison Oak Toxicodendron diversilobum Apiaceae: Carrot Family Lomatium( utriculatum) or (carulifolium)? Pepper Grass Perideridia kelloggii Yampah Perideridia gairdneri Sanicula sp? Sweet Cicely Osmorhiza chilensis Unidentified in forest at barn/deer fence gate Angelica Angelica tomentosa Apocynaceae: Dogbane or Indian Hemp Family Apocynum cannabinum Aristolochiaceae Dutchman’s Pipe, Pipevine Aristolochia californica Wild Ginger Asarum caudatum Asteraceae: Sunflower Family Grand Mountain Dandelion Agoseris grandiflora Broad-leaved Aster Aster radulinus Coyote Brush Baccharis pilularis Pearly Everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea Woodland Tarweed Madia -
Plant Guide for Salmonberry (Rubus Spectabilis)
Plant Guide SALMONBERRY The Makah dry and peel a branch of salmonberry, remove the pith, and use it for a pipe stem. The Quileute plug the Rubus spectabilis Pursh hair seal float used in whaling with the hollow stem of Plant Symbol = RUSP elderberry wood, then insert a piece of salmonberry wood as a stopper. This salmonberry plug can be removed for Contributed by: USDA NRCS National Plant Data further inflation of the float. Center & Oregon Plant Materials Center Salmonberry has an astringent quality in the bark and leaves. The Quileute chew the leaves and spit them on burns, and in winter when the leaves are not obtainable they use the bark instead. The Makah pound the bark and lay it on an aching tooth or a festering wound to kill the pain. The Quinault boil the bark in seawater, and the brew is drank to lessen labor pains and to clean infected wounds, especially burns. Wildlife: Salmonberry fruits, ripe from June to August, rank at the very top of foods for wildlife. The early blooming flowers, blossoming from March to June, are an important nectar source for bees, butterflies, various other insects, and hummingbirds. The berries are relished by songbirds, bears, and small mammals a much as they are Charles Webber, California Academy of Sciences @ CalPhotos enjoyed by humans. Leaves, twigs, and stems are grazed Alternate Names by browsers, such as deer, elk, and rabbits. The dense Common Alternate Names: None known thickets provide excellent escape habitats for birds and Scientific Alternate Names: None known small mammals, and nesting sites for songbirds. -
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Rubus strigosus Michx. Common Names: American red raspberry (1), wild red raspberry (6), grayleaf red raspberry (2). Etymology: “Rubus” is the latin word for blackberry/raspberry and “strigosus” is the latin word for thin (5). Botanical synonyms: Rubus idaeus L. ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke, Rubus melanolasius Dieck, Rubus neglectus Peck, Rubus carolinianus Rydb (2). FAMILY: Rosaceae, the Rose family (1) Quick Notable Features: ¬ Glandular-bristly stems ¬ Pinnately compound leaves with 3- 5 serrated leaflets, abaxially glaucous ¬ Perfect, white flowers with the sepals longer than the petals ¬ Red aggregate of drupelets that separates from the receptacle Plant Height: Rubus strigosus can reach up to 2m (7). Subspecies/varieties recognized (source 1,13): R. strigosus var. aberratus, R. strigosus var. acalyphaceus, R. strigosus var. albus, R. strigosus var. arizonicus, R. strigosus var. caudatus, R. strigosus var. eucyclus, R. strigosus var. heterolasius, R. strigosus var. strigosus, R. strigosus var. tonsus. Most Likely Confused with: Other members of the genus Rubus, such as Rubus occidentalis, Rubus idaeus, and Rubus neglectus. Rosa englanteria and Rosa setigera may also be similar in appearance (8,9). Habitat PreFerence: Rubus strigosus grows in open or disturbed areas with well drained soil (7,8). Geographic Distribution in Michigan: Rubus strigosus is found in most counties of the Upper and Lower Peninsulas (2). Known Elevational Distribution: R. strigosus was found at Mount Mitchell State Park (NC), at an elevation of 2,037m (12). Complete Geographic Distribution: R. strigosus is native to North America and widely distributed on the United States (AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SD, TN, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY), Canada (AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NS, NT, NU, ON, PE, QC, SK, YT), and France (St. -
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MAGYAR NYELVŐR 137. ÉVF. * 2013. JÚLIUS–SZEPTEMBER * 3. SZÁM A Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság működésének kezdetei 1905-ben Kik alkották a társaság tagságát a megalakulást követő évben?*1 1. Szily Kálmán a Magyar Nyelv 1906. évi kötetének az elején Olvasóinkhoz cí- men röviden utalt a Társaság és folyóirata indulásával kapcsolatos aggodalmaira, de – állapítja meg ugyanakkor – ez utóbbiak feleslegesnek bizonyultak. Meg is in- dokolta miért: „Társaságunk tagjai a lefolyt évben oly mértékben felszaporodtak s folyóiratunk köré annyi előfizető sorakozott, hogy semmit sem kellett Semsey Andor adományából elköltenünk s az egészet alaptőkénkhez csatolhattuk, sőt még ezen felül is jelentékeny összeggel szaporíthattuk a Társaság vagyonát. Társasá- gunk és folyóiratunk léte ez idő szerint tehát biztosítva van” (Szily 1906: 1–2). Felidézte aztán a Társaság alapszabályaiban rögzített feladatokat. Megjegyzem még, hogy Bárczi tanár úr is a Társaság gyors felvirágzásáról beszélt a hatvanéves jubileumon (Bárczi 1965: 5). Szily Kálmán elnök az 1905. január 24-i választmányi ülésen már bemutatta a tervnek pontosan megfelelően a Magyar Nyelv első füzetét. A füzetből 1100 pél- dányt nyomtattak, 700-at a tagok számára, 300-at mutatványszámnak és 100-at a könyvárusok részére. Az elnök bemutatta az 1904. évről szóló számadást és az 1905. évre javasolt költségvetést. 2. Hogy milyen gondja volt a vezetőségnek a népnyelvi gyűjtésre, azt igazolja az 1905. évi január 24-i választmányi ülésen hozott határozat. Eszerint „addig is, amíg a népnyelvi gyűjtést rendszeresen megkezdhetik, a Nagy Szótár anyagából azt, a mi a Magyar Tájszótárban nincs meg, a Magyar Nyelvben közzéteszik” (1905: 188). Ezen az ülésen is regisztrálták a rendes tagoknak felvetteket. A Szily Kál- mán ajánlatára elfogadott 53 rendes tag között volt például Baksay Sándor Duna- melléki református püspök (Kunszentmiklós), Csánki Dezső országos levéltár - nok (Budapest), Goldziher Ignác orientalista egyetemi tanár (Budapest), Marczali Henrik történész egyetemi tanár (Budapest), Móricz Zsigmond író (Budapest), id. -
The Plant List
the list A Companion to the Choosing the Right Plants Natural Lawn & Garden Guide a better way to beautiful www.savingwater.org Waterwise garden by Stacie Crooks Discover a better way to beautiful! his plant list is a new companion to Choosing the The list on the following pages contains just some of the Right Plants, one of the Natural Lawn & Garden many plants that can be happy here in the temperate Pacific T Guides produced by the Saving Water Partnership Northwest, organized by several key themes. A number of (see the back panel to request your free copy). These guides these plants are Great Plant Picks ( ) selections, chosen will help you garden in balance with nature, so you can enjoy because they are vigorous and easy to grow in Northwest a beautiful yard that’s healthy, easy to maintain and good for gardens, while offering reasonable resistance to pests and the environment. diseases, as well as other attributes. (For details about the GPP program and to find additional reference materials, When choosing plants, we often think about factors refer to Resources & Credits on page 12.) like size, shape, foliage and flower color. But the most important consideration should be whether a site provides Remember, this plant list is just a starting point. The more the conditions a specific plant needs to thrive. Soil type, information you have about your garden’s conditions and drainage, sun and shade—all affect a plant’s health and, as a particular plant’s needs before you purchase a plant, the a result, its appearance and maintenance needs. -
Draft Spring Park Management Plan 2013
Spring Park Natural Area Management Plan North Clackamas Parks and Recreation Diistrict 12-2013 Draft Spring Park Management Plan 2013 Prepared for North Clackamas Park and Recreation District 150 Beavercreek Rd Oregon City, OR 97045 And The City of Milwaukie 10722 SE Main Street Milwaukie, OR 97222 Prepared by Guillozet Consulting LLC And NCPRD Natural Resources Program December 2013 Draft Spring Park Management Plan 2013 Table of Contents I. Spring Park Site Context .....................................................................................................................................1 II. Background .........................................................................................................................................................1 III. Geology and Soils ...........................................................................................................................................2 IV. Public Safety ...................................................................................................................................................2 V. Plant Communities and Management Units ......................................................................................................3 A. Alcove Unit .....................................................................................................................................................6 B. Wetland Shrub-Scrub Unit ..............................................................................................................................6 -
Northwest Native Plant List
Commonly Available Plants From the Portland Plant List Botanical Name Common Name Size Light Soil Moisture Trees tall x wide Abies grandis Grand Fir 200' x 40' sun or shade moist Acer circinatum Vine Maple 15-20' x 15' pt shade/shd moist Acer macrophyllum Bigleaf Maple 70' x 30' sun/pt shade dry or moist Alnus rubra Red Alder 40-50' x 20' sun/pt shade dry or wet Arbutus menziesii * Pacific Madrone 30-40' x 20' sun dry Cornus nu8allii * Western Dogwood 30-40' x 20' pt shade moist Fraxinus la;folia Oregon Ash 50' x 25' sun/pt shade moist or wet Malus fusca Western Crabapple 30' x 25' sun/pt shade moist or wet Pinus ponderosa, Willame8e Valley Ponderosa Pine 80' x 20' sun dry Populus tremuloides Quaking Aspen 40-50' x 20' sun moist Populus trichocarpa Western Balsam Poplar 60-80' x 30' sun moist Prunus emarginata BiIer Cherry 30' x 20' sun/pt shade moist or wet Prunus virginiana Chokecherry 25-30' x 20' sun or shade dry or moist Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir 100' x 30' sun/pt shade moist Quercus garryana Oregon White Oak 50' x 50' sun dry or moist Rhamnus purshiana Cascara 30' x 20' pt shade/shd moist Thuja plicata Western Red Cedar 100' x 30' sun or shade moist Tsuga heterophylla Western Hemlock 120' x 30' sun or shade moist Shrubs Amelanchier alnifolia Western Serviceberry 15' x 10' sun/pt shade dry or wet Ceanothus cuneatus Buckbrush 6-10' x 6-10' sun dry Cornus sericea Redtwig Dogwood 12-15' x 10' sun/pt shade moist or wet Euonumus occidentalis * Western Wahoo 10-12' x 8-10' sun/pt shade moist Holodiscus discolor Oceanspray 8-10' -
Identification of Rubus Accessions in Romania and a Comparison of Their Relatedness to European and North American Cultivars
Available online at http://journals.usamvcluj.ro/index.php/promediu ProEnvironment ProEnvironment 9 (2016) 46 - 52 Original Article Identification of Rubus accessions in Romania and a comparison of their relatedness to European and North American cultivars RUSU Anda Raluca1*, Julie GRAHAM2, Doru PAMFIL1, Roxana VIDICAN1 1 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2 Cell and Molecular Science Department, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK Received 15 January 2016; received and revised form 2 February 2016; accepted 8 March 2016 Available online 30 March 2016 Abstract This study has arisen from the recent consumer interest in soft fruit crops, particularly Rubus, in Romania where currently demand has to be served by collecting the berries from wild populations. This study examined the species make up in two important regions by collecting a number of Rubus accessions from the wild flora and determined the species classification by morphological identification. From the 100 individuals, collected from 7 different locations within the two regions, 11 different species were identified. SSR markers were then applied to compare the genotypes represented by the Romanian accessions to commercial European and North American cultivars. Amongst the plants sampled two groupings were apparent, group A mainly consisting of Romanian species, and group B mainly the European and North American cultivars of the Idaeobatus genus. Keywords: Rubus, accessions, SSR markers, genotypes, cultivars 1. Introduction According to the FAO, in Romania around two thousand tons annually of raspberries are In the last few years there has been a radical harvested from wild flora. Few commercial growing change by consumers around the concept of operations currently exist. -
CN Herbicide Assessment.Pages
Field Assessment Report and Background Review CN 2017 Herbicide Application in the Skeena Sub, Terrace to Prince Rupert, BC March 2018 Prepared by Amanita Helena Coosemans, B.Sc.(hon.), M.Ed., R.P.Bio. Balanced Ecological Management Company Terrace, BC Prepared for Luanne Roth, T.Buck Suzuki Environmental Foundation Prince Rupert, BC 07 March 2018 BALANCED ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT COMPANY Table of Contents Table of Contents....................................................... i List of Tables............................................................. ii List of Attachments.................................................. ii 1. Introduction .................................................................................1 2. Author’s Professional History and Disclosure.......................... 1 3. Project and Legislative Background.......................................... 2 3.1 Project Location and Fish..................................................................... 2 3.2 Railways and herbicide regulation...................................................... 2 3.3 Glyphosate............................................................................................. 4 4. Methods and Field Activities....................................................... 4 4.1 Visual Evidence of Herbicide Application and Timing....................... 5 4.2 Collection of Foliar Samples and Submission to Laboratory for Testing.................................................................................................. 5 5. Results and Discussion.............................................................. -
Salmonberry: Salmonberry Forms Dense Thickets in Wet Forested Areas
Other Names: Rubus spectabilis, Klallam: ʔəlíluʔ, Quileute: tca’a’xiwap’ut Identifying Salmonberry: Salmonberry forms dense thickets in wet forested areas. Plants grow as high as nine feet tall with brown stems that are covered in thorns. Deep pink flowers have five petals and many stamens. Leaves are sharply toothed, pointed at the tip, and grow in threes, similar to raspberry leaves. Salmonberries are the first berry to ripen in the Pacific Northwest—usually in April through June. They can be yellow, orange, red or dark purple colored and are the same shape as raspberries and blackberries. Salmonberry is in the rose family. Where it Grows: Salmonberry patches are abundant in wet forested areas, especially near streams and rivers. They prefer shade to partial sun, and can be grown in gardens as long as they get enough water. Season: Sprouts are eaten in April-May. Berries are ripe in late spring to early summer. Leaves are dried for tea in spring through summer. Eating Salmonberry: Sprouts - the tender spring shoots of salmonberry are also called “bear candy” because bears relish this spring treat. Watch closely or you will miss them! Sprouts are only available for a few weeks unless you travel to colder regions or higher elevations. As soon as it gets warm, new shoots grow rapidly. During this time they are tender and juicy, and can easily be pinched off either from where they emerge on previous years’ stems or from the ground. You will have to gingerly navigate through the newly developed thorns as you pick them, but it is well worth it! The outer skin is easy to peel, leaving a crunchy vegetable that is tart and sweet.