Instrumental Music - Winds & Percussion Objectives by Grade Component Objective Grade 7 1 Students will be able to perform by memory major scales in the keys of Bb, and Eb major scales using the PMEA audition scale pattern.

2 Percussion Students will perform the following standard drum rudiments open (slow) - closed (fast) - open (slow): single stroke roll, double stroke roll, single paradiddle, double paradiddle, flam, flam tap, flam accent. 3 Students will be able to count and clap simple rhythms in Section 9 of the Fussell's Exercises for Ensemble Drill book measures 1 - 24

4 Students will demonstrate the proper technique to perform the following articulations: Standard, slur, accents, staccato

5 The student will correctly define ten of the "Principal Terms Used In Music."

6 Students will demonstrate the ability to properly adjust their instrument for basic intonation.

7 Students will respond appropriately to conducting gestures: i.e. loud/soft, staccato/legato.

8 Students will demonstrate and explain the START procedure for sightreading a piece of music.

9 Percussion Students will demonstrate the proper performance technique for crash cymbals and bass drum. Instrumental Music - Winds & Percussion Objectives by Grade Component Objective Grade 8 1 Students will be able to perform by memory major scales in the keys of Bb, Eb, and C major scales using the PMEA audition scale pattern.

2 Percussion Students will perform the following standard drum rudiments open (slow) - closed (fast) - open (slow): 5 stroke roll, 7 stroke roll, flamacue, flam paradiddle, drag, single drag tap 3 Students will be able to count and clap simple rhythms in Section 9 of the Fussell's Exercises for Ensemble Drill book measures 25 - 60

4 Students will demonstrate the proper technique to perform the following articulations: Tenuto, legato, marcato

5 The student will correctly define twenty of the "Principal Terms Used In Music."

6 Students will be able to identify the basic intonation characteristics of their instrument.

7 Percussion Students will demonstrate the proper tuning procedure for timpani.

8 Students will follow expression & dynamic cues from the conductor & identify basic conducting patterns in 2/4, 3/4, 4/4.

9 Sightread unison and ensemble literature using appropriate clefs in the concert keys of Bb, Eb, and C in 2/4, 3/4, and 4/4 meters (up to

and including ).

10 Write or improvise simple four measure melodies using eighth, quarter, half, and whole notes with corresponding rests starting and ending on tonic. 11 Percussion Students will demonstrate the proper performance technique (stick grip & playing position) for timpani. Instrumental Music - Winds & Percussion Objectives by Grade Component Objective Grade 9 1 Students will be able to perform by memory major scales in the keys of Bb, Eb, Ab, F, C, and G major scales using the PMEA audition scale pattern. 2 Students will be able to perform by memory a chromatic scale of one octave using proper chromatic fingerings.

3 Percussion Students will perform the following standard drum rudiments open (slow) - closed (fast) - open (slow): 9 stroke roll, 10 stroke roll, flam paradiddle, double drag tap, lesson 25, drag paradiddle #1, drag paradiddle #2, single ratamacue 4 Students will be able to count and clap simple rhythms in Section 9 of the Fussell's Exercises for Ensemble Drill book measures 61 - 84

5 The student will correctly define thirty of the "Principal Terms Used In Music."

6 Students will be able to identify the basic intonation characteristics of their instrument and explain adjustments necessary to compensate.

7 Percussion Students will demonstrate proper performance technique for percussion assesories: triangle, suspended cymbal, claves, tamborine 8 Students will identify conducting gestures incorporating crescendo, decrescendo, legato, staccato, and cut offs.

9 Sightread unison and ensemble literature using appropriate clefs in the concert keys of Bb, Eb, F, and C in 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, and 6/8 meters

(up to and including ).

10 Write or improvise eight-measure rhythmic or melodic phrases utilizing eighth, quarter, half, or whole notes with corresponding rests starting and ending on the tonic. All Instruments: Feet flat on floor. Back off chair, sitting forward on front edge of seat. Fingers slightly curved and relaxed. Bring instrument to you for playing. Wrists aligned with forearm. Head erect.

FLUTE

Posture of Body and Instrument 1. Head should be erect with flute slightly cocked to the right. 2. Arms out in front of right shoulder. Right elbow does not rest on back of chair. 3. Three contact points – pivot points: a. Chin b. Left forefinger – the flute rests between the knuckle and first joint. The finger provides a small shelf for the flute. c. Right Thumb – pad contacts tube and opposite mid-point between 1st & 2nd finger. 4. Other fingers – pad of fingers centered on keys. The chair may be turned 20° to 30° to the player’s right (clockwise).

A Flute - Care and maintenance

1. Use a cloth to dry inside of flute after use. Cloth (about the size of a man’s handkerchief) should be large enough so that once threaded through eye of cleaning rod, it should be able to wrap around the entire rod including the tip. The cleaning rod is now ready to be inserted into the body. Hold cloth and rod at the bottom so cloth will not get stuck inside the flute during the swabbing process. Note: (Head joint collects the most moisture). Do both the head and foot joints in the same way. When swabbing the head joint, cleaning rod is inserted gently until it stops. Never force the cleaning rod beyond the stopping point. 2. Wipe instrument down with soft cloth or flute polishing cloth; never use anything abrasive. 3. Remove moisture from pads with clean paper when needed. 4. A drop of key oil at each pivot screw of each rod (once a year). 5. Brush out case to remove lint and dust as needed.

B Flute - Assembly

1. The main purpose of assembling the flute correctly is to avoid touching the keys. Keys can bend very easily. Once a key is bent, even slightly, the key will not cover or seal the hole completely causing an air leak. Consequently, the flute will play poorly or not at all. 2. Open the case on the floor. 3. Hold the body of the flute where the writing or brand logo is engraved. 4. Slide the head joint onto the body of the instrument (line up hole with the keys so that they are in line). 5. Leave head joint out at least a quarter of an inch. 6. Hold the foot joint not touching any keys (hold body as above). 7. Slide the pieces together (line up post of the foot joint with the center of the closest key on the body of the flute).

C Flute - Disassembly

1. Disassemble the flute the same way you assembled it but in reverse order.

1 All Instruments: Feet flat on floor. Back off chair, sitting forward on front edge of seat. Fingers slightly curved and relaxed. Bring instrument to you for playing. Wrists aligned with forearm. Head erect.

CLARINET

Posture of Body and Instrument 1. Right thumb – thumb contacts thumb rest facing upward on the side just at the base of the thumbnail. 2. Left thumb – pad centered on tone hole, tip touches register key and angled up 20° to 30°. 3. Pads of fingers centered on tone holes. 4. Left forefinger – slightly touches A key between first and second joints. 5. Instrument angled at about 40° from body. Does not rest on leg or chair.

A Clarinet - Care and Maintenance

1. Remove the & reed 2. Dry mouthpiece and reed; store mouthpiece with mouthpiece cap in case and reed in reed holder. 3. After playing your instrument swab out the inside using a cloth style swab. 4. Clean old or excessive accumulations of cork grease from joints with a paper towel when needed. 5. Remove moisture from pads with clean paper when needed. 6. Wipe instrument down with a soft cloth when needed. 7. Use a cotton swab to clean tone holes and other hard to reach places when needed. 8. Place a drop of key oil at each pivot screw of each rod (once a year). 9. Brush out case to remove lint and dust as needed. 10. Do not store books, toys, broken reeds, etc. in the case.

B Clarinet - Assembly

1. Open the case on the floor: a. Put reed in mouth to moisten. Do not bite down upon or chew reed. b. Remove ligature from mouthpiece. c. Align moistened reed on the table of the mouthpiece with tip of the reed to tip of the mouthpiece. d. Carefully slide ligature over the reed to avoid slicing the tip of the reed (screws over reed); then tighten the screws. 2. Grease the corks on the joints that are hard to put together (always grease new corks). 3. Avoid touching any keys when removing parts from the case; keys are very delicate and can bend easily. 4. Lower joint: a. Place palm of right hand on the wood beneath the large keys. b. Cover the large keys with your fingers closing them. 5. Bell joint: Grasp and twist onto the lower joint. 6. Upper joint: a. Place palm of left hand on the wood beneath the keys. b. Wrap left fingers around closing the larger ring key. c. (This ring key must be closed to raise the bridge key) d. Align upper and lower bridge keys pushing and twisting parts together. 7. Barrel joint: a. Hold upper joint using left hand (as above). b. Twist the barrel onto the upper joint. 8. Mouthpiece: i. Grasp the upper joint and barrel at the same time {Twist the mouthpiece on}. ii. Align the flat table of the mouthpiece with the register key. 9. Reed: a. Place the “wet” reed on the table of the mouthpiece. b. Align tip of the reed to the tip of the mouthpiece; hold it there with your thumb. 10. Ligature: a. Slip on the ligature over the unshaven part of the reed. b. Tighten the screws. 2

C Clarinet – Disassembly 1. Remove mouthpiece. Swab clarinet (weighted swab) bottom to top – weight goes through bell end first. 2. Disassemble the clarinet in reverse order. 3. Remove the ligature. 4. Remove the reed & place in reed holder; now mouthpiece may be swabbed. 5. Barrel-upper joint-lower joint-bell (Each piece should be laid in case). 6. Close case and secure latches.

3 All Instruments: Feet flat on floor. Back off chair, sitting forward on front edge of seat. Fingers slightly curved and relaxed. Bring instrument to you for playing. Wrists aligned with forearm. Head erect.

SAXOPHONE

Posture of Body and Instrument 1. Head erect – adjust neck strap to bring mouthpiece to mouth. 2. Mouthpiece adjusted for front or side playing. 3. Neck strap supports instrument – not chair or leg 4. Right thumb pushes forward to maintain proper angle. 5. Pads of fingers centered on keys.

A Saxophone – Care and Maintenance

1. Remove the mouthpiece & reed 2. Dry mouthpiece and reed; store mouthpiece with mouthpiece cap in case and reed in reed holder. 3. After playing your instrument swab out the inside using a cloth style swab. 4. Clean old or excessive accumulations of cork grease from joints with a paper towel when needed. 5. Remove moisture from pads with clean paper when needed. 6. Wipe instrument down with a soft cloth when needed. 7. Use a cotton swab to clean tone holes and other hard to reach places when needed. 8. Place a drop of key oil at each pivot screw of each rod (once a year). 9. Brush out case to remove lint and dust as needed. 10. Do not store books, toys, broken reeds, etc. in the case. 11. Always store the saxophone with the end plug in to prevent damage.

B Saxophone – Assembly

1. Open the case on the floor. 2. Grease the cork on the neck. 3. Mouthpiece: a. Grasp the neck and the mouthpiece and twist the mouthpiece on to the neck. b. Align the flat table of the mouthpiece with the bottom side of the neck. 4. Reed: a. Place the “wet” reed on the table of the mouthpiece. b. Align the tip of the reed to the tip of the mouthpiece hold in place with your thumb. 5. Ligature: a. Slip on the ligature over the unshaven part of the reed. b. Tighten the screws. 6. Place the neck strap around your neck. 7. Pick up the instrument by the bell with the right hand. 8. Hook the neck strap to the body with the left hand. 9. Remove the end plug and place it back in the case. 10. Loosen neck screw at the top of the stack. 11. Grasp the neck with the left hand. 12. Twist the two parts together aligning the neck opposite the bell. 13. Tighten the neck screw at the top of the stack.

C Saxophone – Disassembly 1. Disassemble in reverse order. 2. Swab neck with weighted clarinet swab or saxophone neck saver. 3. Swab body (weighted swab) from bottom to top. 4. Remove the reed and place in reed holder; now mouthpiece may be swabbed. 5. Close case and secure all latches.

4 All Instruments: Feet flat on floor. Back off chair, sitting forward on front edge of seat. Fingers slightly curved and relaxed. Bring instrument to you for playing. Wrists aligned with forearm. Head erect.

Posture of Body and Instrument 1. Left Hand – supports instrument. Wrap around valve casing, thumb to back. Ring finger through 3rd valve slide ring. 2. Right Hand – works pistons: a. Thumb – tip anchored between 1st & 2nd valves b. Little finger- roams free 3. Instrument – angled down slightly no more than 30 degrees and into stand

A Trumpet - Care and Maintenance

1. Oil your valves as needed: a. Unscrew the top cap one valve at a time (do not remove valve from it’s casing). b. Pull piston out far enough to see the valve (holding the trumpet at a downward angle). c. Fully cover the surface with . d. Slide the valve back into the casing “clicking” into the valve guide. Replace the top cap. Simply turn until it stops; avoid tightening. 2. Greasing the slides, Use valve oil on the 3rd slide. Use tuning slide grease on the other slides. a. Remove the slide and wipe off with a clean cloth. b. Apply a bit of grease to the end part of the slide. c. Insert one side at a time to evenly distribute the grease to that side. d. Repeat the above with the other half of the slide. e. Insert the slide as normal and wipe away excess grease. 3. Bottom valve caps should be removed, cleaned, and greased once a month. 4. Do not use household tools to free slide or mouthpieces; see a repairperson. 5. Wipe the outside of the instrument after playing using a non-treated soft cloth. 6. Brush out the inside of the case as needed; do not store music or other non-essential items in the case. 7. Store the mouthpiece in the case properly. 8. Washing instructions: a. Each valve may be removed. Rinse (lukewarm water) bottom half of valve. Holes may be brushed out. Dry and then re-oil before placing it back in the casing. b. Valve casings may be cleaned using a clean lint free cloth. Wrap cloth around a narrow dowel (could be unsharpened pencil) and wipe inside of casing. c. Slides may be removed, rinsed (warm water) and brushed inside using a snake-like brush. Dry outside with lint free soft cloth. Re-oil or re-grease appropriate slide before replacing. d. With tuning slide removed, lead pipe may be brushed inside with snake-like brush. e. A small mouthpiece brush may be used to clean the of the mouthpiece.

B Trumpet - Assembly 1. Open the case on the floor. 2. Remove the mouthpiece from holder. 3. Remove the trumpet and gently slide mouthpiece into the lead pipe.

C Trumpet - Disassembly 1. Empty water keys. 2. Remove mouthpiece and place into the case. 3. Place the instrument into the case. 4. Close case and secure all latches.

5 All Instruments: Feet flat on floor. Back off chair, sitting forward on front edge of seat. Fingers slightly curved and relaxed. Bring instrument to you for playing. Wrists aligned with forearm. Head erect.

Posture of Body and Instrument 1. Left Hand – supports instrument. a. Thumb – behind bell brace. b. Forefinger – above side brace on shank. c. Middle finger – above inner slide and outer slide braces. d. Other fingers – between inner & outer slide braces. e. Little finger used as insurance for slide lock. 2. Right Hand – works outer slide. a. Hold outer slide brace with pad of thumb and first two or three fingers. 3. Instrument – angled down slightly no more than 30 degrees into stand.

A Trombone - Care and Maintenance

1. Lubricating the Hand Slide: a. Place trombone bumper on the ground. b. Pull inner slide all the way out. c. Wipe slide with soft lint-free cloth before applying additional oil or slide cream. d. Use slide oil at least once a week. (OR) i. Use slide cream (Slide cream should be placed on the bottom part of the hand slide). ii. Jr. High: Water in a squirt bottle is acceptable to activate slide cream. iii. Sr. High use water-cream mix in squirt bottle. 2. Lubricating the tuning slide (use tuning slide grease): a. Remove the slide and wipe off with a clean soft cloth. b. Apply a bit of grease to each end of the slide (larger diameter). c. Insert one end at a time to evenly distribute the grease inside the slide. Remove slide. d. Repeat the above with the other half of the tuning slide. e. Now insert the tuning slide as normal and wipe away excess grease. 3. Washing instructions: a. Remove outer slide. Carefully place inner slide in an area where it will not be damaged or dented. b. Outer slide may be rinsed with lukewarm water. Brush inside with snake-like trombone brush. Rinse, wipe outside with clean soft lint free cloth. c. Wipe inner slide with clean soft lint free cloth. Re-oil or re-cream and carefully insert into outer slide with water key on the bottom. d. Remove tuning slide and rinse in lukewarm water. Use trombone brush on the inside. Dry outside with soft lint-free cloth, re-grease, and insert. e. A small mouthpiece brush may be used to clean the bore of the mouthpiece.

B Trombone - Assembly

1. Open the case on the floor. 2. Lock slide when not playing; check the lock before removing the slide from the case. 3. Grasp slide mechanism with left hand: a. Thumb around tapered end. b. Forefinger above inner slide brace. c. Middle and ring finger between two braces. d. Little finger below outer slide brace. e. Stand slide on bumper in front of you: tapered end toward you, mouthpiece end away. f. Grasp bell just above lock nut with right hand. g. Thumb pointing toward tuning slide (tuning slide up) bell down. h. Cross right hand over left and slide lock nut on the bell over tapered end on slide. i. Form proper angle and tighten lock nut. 4. Gently insert the mouthpiece into the instrument. 6

C Trombone - Disassembly

1. Empty water keys. 2. Remove mouthpiece (place in case). 3. Remove bell from slide (place in case). 4. Place slide in case and secure. 5. Close case and secure all latches.

7 All Instruments: Feet flat on floor. Back off chair, sitting forward on front edge of seat. Fingers slightly curved and relaxed. Bring instrument to you for playing. Wrists aligned with forearm. Head erect.

BARITONE/ – UPRIGHT BELL

Posture of Body and Instrument 1. Left Hand – supports instrument. Instrument tilts to right. Wrap Left arm around body of instrument and hold tubing on the opposite side of bell tubing. 2. Right Hand – works pistons: a. Thumb – in thumb ring or tip anchored between 1st & 2nd valves b. Fingers – slight curvature (softball or sandwich grip); pad of fingers centered on valve caps; little finger roams free. 3. Instrument is not resting on chest. Baritone is not resting in lap.

BARITONE/TUBA – FORWARD BELL

Posture of Body and Instrument 1. Left Hand – supports instrument. Instrument tilts to left. Hold the tubing on the opposite side of the bell tubing. 2. Right Hand – works pistons: a. Thumb – in thumb ring or tip anchored between 1st & 2nd valves. b. Fingers – slight curvature (softball or sandwich grip), pad of fingers centered on valve caps, little finger roams free. 3. Instrument is not resting on chest. Baritone is not resting in lap.

A Baritone - Care and Maintenance

1. Oil your valves as needed a. Unscrew the top cap one valve at a time (do not remove valve from it’s casing). b. Pull piston out far enough to see the valve (holding the trumpet at a downward angle). c. Fully cover the surface with valve oil. d. Slide the valve back into the casing “clicking” into the valve guide. Replace the top cap. Simply turn until it stops; avoid tightening. 2. Greasing the slides, Use valve oil on the 3rd slide. Use tuning slide grease on the other slides. a. Remove the slide and wipe off with a clean cloth. b. Apply a bit of grease to the end part of the slide. c. Insert one side at a time to evenly distribute the grease to that side. d. Repeat the above with the other half of the slide. e. Insert the slide as normal and wipe away excess grease. 3. Bottom valve caps should be removed, cleaned, and greased once a month. 4. Do not use household tools to free slide or mouthpieces; see a repair person. 5. Wipe the outside of the instrument after playing using a non-treated soft cloth. 6. Brush out the inside of the case as needed; do not store music or other non-essential items in the case. 7. Store the mouthpiece in the case properly. 8. Washing instructions: a. Each valve may be removed. Rinse (lukewarm water) bottom half of valve. Holes may be brushed out. Dry and then re-oil before placing it back in the casing. b. Valve casings may be cleaned using a clean lint free cloth. Wrap cloth around a narrow dowel (could be unsharpened pencil) and wipe inside of casing. c. Slides may be removed, rinsed (warm water) and brushed inside using a snake-like brush. Dry outside with lint free soft cloth. Re-oil or re-grease appropriate slide before replacing. d. With tuning slide removed, lead pipe may be brushed inside with snake-like brush. e. A small mouthpiece brush may be used to clean the bore.

B - Assembly

1. Open the case on the floor. 8 2. Remove the mouthpiece from holder. 3. Remove the trumpet and gently slide mouthpiece into the lead pipe.

C Baritone Horn - Disassembly 1. Empty water keys. 2. Remove mouthpiece and place into the case. 3. Place the instrument into the case. 4. Close case and secure all latches.

9 SNARE DRUM

Posture of Body and Instrument

1. Position of Drum a. Drum should be securely attached to stand. b. Top of drum should be about waist height. 2. Right Hand: a. Stick lays diagonally across palm from lower left through knuckle of forefinger - about 1” of stick butt should be exposed. b. Thumb and Forefinger hold stick – thumb pointing toward bead of stick. c. Palm should face straight down. d. A straight line should be formed from outside elbow through stick butt, to bead. 3. Left Hand – MATCH GRIP: a. Same as right hand. 4. Left Hand – TRADITIONAL: a. Palm perpendicular to floor. b. Stick rests in cradle between thumb and forefinger – about 3” of stick butt should be exposed. c. Thumb and forefinger grip stick. d. Other fingers curve (not bend) for control, middle finger above stick, ring-finger & pinky below. 5. Stick Position on Drum: a. Stick beads should form 90° angle about 1” apart. b. Playing spot is in center of drum unless otherwise dictated by dynamics. c. Stick motion should be straight up and down, not sliced to the side. d. When at rest, beads should be 1” above playing surface. 6. Four Methods of Stroking a Drum: a. Low to Low. b. Low to High. c. High to Low. d. High to High.

A Snare Drum - Regular Maintenance 1. Never place heavy or pointed objects on drum. 2. Play only with approved sticks. Use sticks only on percussion equipment. 3. Clean drum shell with ammonia based window cleaner. Do not clean coated drum too often. 4. Changing heads: a. Remove old head. b. Clean hardware. c. Lightly sand rough areas of shell edge and remove dust. d. Lubricate shell edge with paraffin or soap. e. Dip all tension rods in grease and lube all washers. f. Position and seat head (press center of head with palm). g. Position and seat rim. h. Finger tighten all tension rods. i. Press down evenly on rim, seat head again, and again finger tighten tension rods. j. Tighten all tension rods with drum key using a crisscross pattern. *TIPS: Do not crank too much or too fast. k. Proceed clockwise around the head to check pitch at each tension rod by playing 2” in from rim. l. Tone control – bring it only to minimal contact with head. 5. Release head tension when storing drum for a long period of time.

10 PRINCIPAL TERMS USED IN MUSIC 1 A ...... To, in, or at: a tempo, in time Accelerando (accel.) . . Gradually increasing the speed Accent ...... Emphasis on certain parts of the measure Adagio ...... Slowly; leisurely Ad libitum (ad lib.). . . At pleasure; not in strict time A due (a 2)...... To be played by both instruments Affettuoso ...... With feeling Agitato ...... Restless, with agitation All or Alla ...... In the style of Alla Marcia ...... In the style of a march Allegretto ...... Diminutive of allegro; moderately fast, lively; faster than andante, slower than allegro Allegro (All° ) . . . . . Lively; brisk; rapid Allegro assai ...... Very rapidly Amoroso ...... Affectionately Andante ...... A slow movement; moderately slow Andantino ...... Diminutive of andante; strictly, slower than andante, but often used in the reverse sense Anima, con } . . . . With animation Animato A piacere ...... At pleasure; equivalent to ad libitum Appassionato (Appass) Impassioned Arpeggio ...... A broken chord Assai ...... Very; Allegro assai, very rapidly A tempo ...... In the original tempo Attacca ...... Attack or begin what follows without pausing

Ben ...... Well; rather Bis ...... Twice; repeat the passage Brillante ...... Showy, sparkling; brilliant Brio, con ...... With much spirit

Cadenza (cad.) . . . . An elaborate florid passage introduced as an embellishment Cantabile ...... In a singing style Capriccio a ...... At pleasure; ad libitum Coda ...... A supplement at the end of a composition Col or con ...... With Con fuoco ...... With fire Crescendo (cresc.) . . Swelling; increasing in loudness

Da or dal ...... From Da Capo (D. C.) . . . From the beginning Dal Signo (D. S.) . . . From the sign Decrescendo (decresc.) Decreasing in strength Diminuendo (dim.) . . Gradually softer Divisi (div.) ...... Divided. Each part to be played by a separate instrument. Dolce (dol.) ...... Softly; sweetly Dolcissimo ...... Very sweetly and softly Duet or Duo . . . . . A composition for two performers

E ...... And Elegante ...... Elegant; graceful Energico ...... With energy; vigorously Enharmonic . . . . . Alike in pitch, but different in notation Espressivo (Espress) . With expression Fine ...... The end PRINCIPAL TERMS USED IN MUSIC 2 Forte (f) ...... Loud Forte-piano (fp) . . . . Accent strongly, diminishing instantly to piano Fortissimo (ff) . . . . . Very loud Forzando (fz >) . . . . Indicates that a note or chord is to be strongly accented Forza ...... Force of tone

Glocoso ...... Joyously; playfully Giusto ...... Exact; in strict time Grandioso ...... Grand; pompous; majestic Grave ...... Very slow and solemn Grazioso ...... Gracefully

Key note ...... The first degree of the scale, the tonic Largamente . . . . . Very broad in style Larghetto ...... Slow, but not so slow as Largo; nearly like Andantino Largo ...... Broad and slow; the slowest tempo-mark Ledger-line...... A small added line above or below the staff Legato ...... Smoothly; the reverse of staccato Leggiero ...... Lightly Lento ...... Slow, between Andante and Largo L’istesso tempo . . . In the same time (or tempo) Loco ...... In place; play as written, no longer an octave higher or lower

Ma ...... But Ma non troppo . . . . But not too much so Maestoso ...... Majestically; dignified Maggiore ...... Major key Marcato ...... Marked Meno ...... Less Meno mosso . . . . . Less quickly Mezzo ...... Half; moderately Mezzo-piano (mp) . . Moderately soft Minore ...... Minor key Moderato ...... Moderately - Allegro moderato, moderately fast Molto ...... Much; very Morendo ...... Dying away Mosso ...... Equivalent to rapid; piu mosso, quicker

Non ...... Not Notation ...... The art of representing musical sounds by means of written characters

Obbligato...... An indispensable part Opus (Op.) ...... A work Ossia ...... Or; or else - generally indicating an easier method Ottava (8va) . . . . . To be played an octave higher

Pause ( ) ...... The sign indicating a pause or rest Perdendosi ...... Dying away gradually Piacere, a ...... At pleasure Pianissimo (pp) . . . Very softly Piano (p) ...... Softly Piu ...... More Piu Allegro...... More quickly Poco or un poco . . . A little Poco a poco . . . . . Gradually; by degrees; little by little PRINCIPAL TERMS USED IN MUSIC 3 Poco piu mosso. . . . A little faster Poco meno ...... A little slower Poco piu ...... A little faster Pomposo ...... Pompous; grand Prestissimo ...... As quickly as possible Presto ...... Very quick; faster than Allegro Primo (1 mo) . . . . The first

Quasi ...... As if; in the style of

Rallentando (rall.) . . Gradually slower Replica ...... Repetition; Senza replica, without repeats Rinforzando (rfz.) . . With special emphasis Ritardando (rit.) . . . Gradually slower and slower Risoluto ...... Resolutely; bold; energetic Ritenuto ...... In slower time - not gradually slower

Scherzando . . . . . Playfully; sportively Segue ...... Follow on; in similar style Semplice ...... Simply; unaffectedly Senza ...... Without. Senza sordino, without mute Sforzando (sf.) . . . Forcibly; with sudden emphasis Simile ...... In like manner Smorzando (smorz.) . Diminishing in sound. Equivalent to Morendo Solo ...... For one performer only. Soli, for all Sostenuto ...... Sustained; prolonged Sotto ...... Below; under. Sotto voce, in a subdued tone Spirito ...... Spirit. Con Spirito, with spirit Staccato ...... Detached; separate Stentando ...... Dragging or retarding the tempo Stretto or stretta . . . An increase of speed. Piu stretto, faster Stringendo . . . . . Gradually faster

Tacet ...... “Is silent.” Signifies that an instrument or vocal part, so marked, is omitted during the movement or number in question. Tempo ...... Movement; rate of speed Tempo primo . . . . . Return to the original tempo Tenuto (ten.) . . . . . Held for the full value Tonic ...... The key-note of any scale Traquillo ...... Quietly Tremolando, Tremolo . A tremulous fluctuation of tone Trio ...... A piece of music for three performers Triplet ...... A group of three notes to be performed in the time of two of equal value in the regular rhythm Troppo ...... Too; too much. Allegro, ma non troppo, not too quickly Tutti ...... All; all the instruments

Un ...... A; one; an

Variatione ...... The transformation of a melody by means of harmonic, rhythmic and melodic changes and embellishments Veloce ...... Quick; rapid; swift Vivace ...... With vivacity; bright; spirited Vivo ...... Lively; spirited Volti Subito (V.S.) . . . Turn over quickly