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Home Range and Habitat Use of Feral Hogs (Sus Scrofa) on Lowndes County WMA, Alabama

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Home Range and Habitat Use of Feral Hogs (Sus Scrofa) on Lowndes County WMA, Alabama University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center National Conference on Feral Hogs for 4-15-2008 Home Range and Habitat Use of Feral Hogs (Sus scrofa) on Lowndes County WMA, Alabama Wesson Gaston Auburn University School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, [email protected] James B. Armstrong Auburn University School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Wendy Arjo NWRC Olympia Field Station 9730-B Lathrop Industrial Dr., Olympia, WA H. Lee Stribling Auburn University School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/feralhog Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons Gaston, Wesson; Armstrong, James B.; Arjo, Wendy; and Stribling, H. Lee, "Home Range and Habitat Use of Feral Hogs (Sus scrofa) on Lowndes County WMA, Alabama" (2008). National Conference on Feral Hogs. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/feralhog/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in National Conference on Feral Hogs by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 2008 National Conference on Feral Hogs. April 13-15, 2008; St. Louis, MO Hosted by the Missouri Department of Conservation HOME RANGE AND HABITAT USE OF FERAL PIGS (Sus scrofa) ON LOWNDES COUNTY WMA, ALABAMA WESSON D. GASTON, Auburn University School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences 602 Duncan Dr., Auburn, AL 36849. JAMES B. ARMSTRONG, Auburn University School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences 602 Duncan Dr., Auburn, AL 36849. WENDY M. ARJO, NWRC Olympia Field Station 9730-B Lathrop Industrial Dr., Olympia, WA 98512. H. LEE STRIBLING, Auburn University School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences 602 Duncan Dr., Auburn, AL 36849. ABSTRACT: This study was conducted on Lowndes County Wildlife Management Area (WMA), Alabama to assess the survival, home ranges, and habitat preferences of feral pigs during high and low hunting pressure seasons. For the study, two six-month seasons were defined (high pressure hunting or low pressure hunting) based on the number of hunters that entered the woods on the WMA. We collared twenty-four pigs to determine home range and habitat use from 1 February 2005-31 January 2006 on Lowndes County WMA. Seventeen collared pigs had an average home range of 403.6 + 65.6 ha in the low pressure season, and 11 pigs had an average home range of 278.6 + 64.5 ha during the high pressure season. Season had a significant effect on home range size (P = 0.039) and core range size (P = 0.018). The test for group effect randomization indicated that the pigs did not choose their habitats (home range or core range) randomly (P < 0.0001). The type of season had a significant effect on habitat use (P = 0.027). Sex (P = 0.062) and age (P = 0.84) did not have any significant effects on pig habitat preference. During the low pressure season, the collared pigs preferred wetland and shrub/scrub habitats; whereas, they preferred pine forests and shrub/scrub habitats during the high pressure season. KEY WORDS: feral pig, home range, habitat use, humans, hunting pressure ________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) are a concern amongst farmers, landowners, controversial wildlife species, and their and land managers (Wood and Barrett numbers and ranges are increasing due 1979, Dickson et al. 2001). The to their high fecundity and translocation popularity of feral pigs is on the rise by humans. While they remain a with legends of “Hogzilla” and “Monster popular game species, they have the Pig” sparking hunters’ interest in this potential to root up and ruin crop fields species (Caudell 2007). Feral pigs offer and native vegetation, which raises hunters extra opportunities to hunt when 1 Stephen M. Vantassel, editor-- Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. http://icwdm.org 2008 National Conference on Feral Hogs. April 13-15, 2008; St. Louis, MO Hosted by the Missouri Department of Conservation other game species seasons are closed. population into new areas, which will Wildlife biologists are faced with the increase damage. dilemma of trying to provide hunting Wild boars in Europe were reported opportunities while, at the same time, to have home ranges of 40-150 km2. minimizing the deleterious impacts on Pure wild boars often have larger home the environment such as erosion, ranges than the feral pigs in North spreading exotic plants, food plot and America (Boitani et al. 1994). This is crop damage. due to the Eurasian boars migrating to A home range is defined as the area warmer areas that contain more food an individual normally traverses during sources. Home ranges for feral pigs in its activities of food gathering, mating, North America range from an average of and caring for young (Truve 2004). In 1.1-5.32 km2 (Kurz and Marchinton the case of feral pigs, home ranges are 1972, Singer et al. 1981, Baber and usually influenced by food availability, Coblentz 1986, Boitani et al. 1994). The weather, breeding, and hunting pressure smaller home ranges of feral pigs in (Matschke and Hardister 1966). In free- North America are due to the milder ranging feral hogs, the females will climates and plentiful food sources year travel in family groups called sounders. round in the environments they inhabit. These groups are made up of several While knowledge of feral pig home sows along with their young. Upon ranges is beneficial, feral pig habitat maturing, females can settle into their preference will help managers and home ranges relatively quickly because biologists develop more effective control of the lack of competition. On the other regimens. hand, competition and territoriality may Knowledge of habitat use by a cause boars to travel great distances to species of animal is necessary for establish their home ranges (Morini et al. understanding land-cover preference and 1995). Adult boars are often solitary and helps biologists to draw inferences about join other pigs only when breeding which habitat is occupied with regards to opportunities arise (Boitani et al. 1994, availability (Bond et al. 2002). These Nakatani and Ono 1995, Kammermeyer inferences then lead to wildlife et al. 2003). management decisions regarding that Human presence can alter the species of animal. Feral pigs use a wide movements of wild pigs (Singer et al. variety of habitat conditions (Hanson 1981), and hunting and control efforts and Karstad 1959, Dickson et al. 2001). often increase the area traveled by Wild pigs choice of habitat use depends pursued hogs. This pressure may cause on type of cover and cover density dispersal into new areas and alter home (Barrett 1978). Thick cover provides ranges (Sodeikat and Pohlmeyer 2003). protection from humans and other In Europe, home ranges of Eurasian predators, while providing the pigs with boars increase due to the animals preferred bedding sites. In the migrating in search of available food Southeast, pigs typically use riparian during harsh weather (Maillard and forests associated with a steady water Fournier 1995). Continuous pressure source, but they will inhabit areas from may cause pigs to disperse and leave bottomland swamps to mountainous their normal home range (Maillard and forests (Kurz and Marchinton 1972, Fournier 1995). This will expand the pig 2 Stephen M. Vantassel, editor-- Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. http://icwdm.org 2008 National Conference on Feral Hogs. April 13-15, 2008; St. Louis, MO Hosted by the Missouri Department of Conservation Wood and Brenneman 1980, Dickson et swamps, and bottomland hardwoods; al. 2001)). which are habitats conducive to fostering Hunting pressure can influence the the population of feral pigs. Lands movements and habitat preference of adjacent to the Lowndes County WMA pressured animals (Root et al. 1988). are managed for farming, beef cattle, Home range sizes and the types of gravel mining, and game hunting. Feral habitat used may be altered depending hogs may be harvested on the WMA on the amount of pressure applied to with appropriate weapons during the big feral hogs; however, few studies deal and small game seasons, along with a with home range and habitat use along specified three-week hog hunt during the different hunting pressures. Home range months of August and September. The and habitat use data from this study will Lowndes County WMA biologists and allow state officials to better implement surrounding landowners use feral pig control plans by having a more opportunistic feral pig hunting in depth knowledge of a pig’s range and throughout the year to help manage the habitat preference along different population. Signs explaining my project hunting pressure situations. Our were posted at Lowndes County WMA objectives for this study were to entrances and parking lots and gas understand feral pig movements and stations in the area. Adjacent habitat use under varying harvest landowners were notified about the pressures by ascertaining cumulative and project. The study was conducted under seasonal home ranges and habitat permit number 2003-0608 of the preferences of feral pigs on Lowndes Institutional Animal Care and Use County WMA, Alabama. Committee of Auburn University. METHODS Capture and Monitoring Study Area The study was conducted from We conducted this study from February 2005 through March 2006; February 2005 through March 2006 in however, data were analyzed from and around Lowndes County Wildlife February 2005 through January 2006. Management Area (WMA), in Lowndes This allowed for one complete year of County, Alabama. The 4,218 ha WMA data where the hunting seasons could be is located near the town of White Hall equally divided. between Montgomery and Selma, Beginning in February 2005, we Alabama and is managed by the Division captured feral pigs via cage traps baited of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries of with shelled corn, corn mash, and the Alabama Department of molasses, wrangling, and a drop net on Conservation and Natural Resources.
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