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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE: THE CASE OF OROMO MINORITIES IN ANGOLLELA AND TERA WOREDA BY HONELIGN HAILU December, 2010. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. www.chilot.me THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE: THE CASE OF OROMO MINORITIES IN ANGOLLELA AND TERA WOREDA By Honelign Hailu Advisor Getahun Kassa (LL.B, LL.M). A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Masters of Law (LL.M) in Human Rights Law www.chilot.me Approval Sheet by the Board of Examiners The Protection of National Minorities in Amhara National Regional State: The Case of Oromo Minorities in Angollela and Tera Woreda Approved by Board of Examiners Getahun Kassa _________________ ____________ Advisor Signature Date Yonas Birmeta _________________ ____________ Examiner Signature Date Dr. Yared Legesse _________________ ____________ Examiner Signature Date www.chilot.me DECLARATION I, Honelign Hailu, hereby declare that this dissertation is original and has never been presented in any other institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, I also declare that any information used has been duly acknowledged. Name: Honelign Hailu Signature: This dissertation has been submitted for examination with my approval as University advisor: Advisor: Getahun Kassa (LL.B, LL.M) Signature: i www.chilot.me Acknowledgement Foremost, thanks to the almighty God along with his mother St. Virgin Marry, for His unspeakable gift and limitless backing of my entire life. Next, my sincere thank goes to my advisor Ato Getahun Kassa for his patience, plainness, scholarly and critical comments. I also like to extend my special thank to Ato Zewdu Mekonnen and his wife Hareg, Ato Admasu Altaye, Ato Befkadu Fiseha, Bisrat Letibelu and his wife Yeshimebet, Taye Getachew and Eshet whose help was very crucial in my field work in Angollela and Tera Woreda. I also thank to all interviewees who willfully cooperate to give me information required to the study. I also express my deepest and heartfelt thank to Ato Teteka Bekele who helped me a lot in finding my advisor and supplying materials necessary to undertake the study. My thank also goes to Ato Dosegna Mamo for printing my thesis. I also owe heartfelt thanks to my family for their encouragement and motivation. Especially, to my mom, w/ro Tsediye Damte, my second mother Aye(Ayelech), my dad Ato Hailu Mekonnen, my sisters Hanna, Mulushewa and her husband Yeshidenber Eyerus, Zeritu(Mimi), to my brothers Adamu, Kefelegn and Matias. Mom your love is engraved in my heart for ever and is the secret of my success. I also thank Natan Endale and Ato Endale Haile who had been special to me. While studying my L.L.M. degree, I would have been seriously challenged and my life would have been probably messy had it not been for my joyful friends Gere, Amare and Awet who make my stay easy and impressive. ii www.chilot.me List of Tables Table One Statistical Data of National Minorities in the Regional States Table Two Representation of National Minorities in Amhara National Regional State Council Table Three Ethnic Composition of Angollela and Tera Woreda Administrative Council iii www.chilot.me Acronyms ANRS Amhara National Regional State CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women CERD Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CESR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights CHR Commission on Human Rights CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child ECOSOC Economic and Social Council of the UN FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia HoF House of Federation HPR House of Peoples Representatives HRC Human Rights Committee ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ILO International Labor Organization PCIJ Permanent Court of International Justice SNNP Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples SPDPM Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities iv www.chilot.me UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organization WGM Working Group on Minorities WHO World Health Organization v www.chilot.me Table of Contents Page DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................. ii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... iii Acronyms........................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents............................................................................................................... vi Abstract............................................................................................................................ viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Background of the Study ............................................................................................. 2 1.3. Statement of the Problem............................................................................................. 3 1.4. Research Questions...................................................................................................... 5 1.5. Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................... 6 1.6. Objectives of the Study................................................................................................ 7 1.6.1. General objectives............................................................................................. 7 1.6.2. Specific Objectives ........................................................................................... 7 1.7. Significance of the Study............................................................................................. 7 1.8. Research Methodology ................................................................................................ 8 1.9. Limitation of the Study ................................................................................................ 9 1.10. Organization of the Thesis....................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 2.1. The Concept Minority under International Law ........................................................ 12 2.1.1. Attempts to Define Minorities under International Law................................. 12 2.1.2. Characteristics for the Identification of Minorities......................................... 17 2.1.2.1. The Objective Criteria.............................................................................. 17 2.1.2.2. The Subjective Criteria ............................................................................ 19 2.2. Protection of Minorities under International Law ..................................................... 20 2.2.1. Historical Developments of Minority Protection before the League of Nations ................................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.2. Protection of Minorities by the League of Nations......................................... 22 2.2.2.1. Minority Treaties of the League .............................................................. 22 2.2.2.2. The Operation of the League’s Minority Regime.................................... 26 2.2.2.3. The Death of the Minorities Regime of the League of Nations............... 30 2.2.3. Protection of Minorities by the United Nations.............................................. 31 2.2.3.1. Protection by the UN Organs................................................................... 31 2.2.3.2. Protection by Treaty Bodies..................................................................... 36 vi www.chilot.me 2.3. Protection of Minorities under Ethiopian Laws......................................................... 38 2.3.1. The Right to Representation of Minorities ..................................................... 39 2.3.1.1. Representation in the House of Peoples Representatives ........................ 40 2.3.1.2. Representation in the House of Federation.............................................. 42 2.3.2. The Right to Self Government........................................................................ 43 2.3.3. The Right to Develop and Promote Language and Culture............................ 46 CHAPTER THREE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE 3.1. General....................................................................................................................... 51 3.2. The Right to Representation in the Regional Government........................................ 53 3.2.1. Representation in the Regional State Council ................................................ 53 3.2.2. Representation in the Constitutional Interpretation Commission................... 55 3.3. The Right to self-government .................................................................................... 56 3.4.
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