Ideology, Institutions and Individual Agency in Lee Child’S Jack Reacher Novels

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Ideology, Institutions and Individual Agency in Lee Child’S Jack Reacher Novels “I Feel Like I’m Beating the System” – Ideology, Institutions and Individual Agency in Lee Child’s Jack Reacher Novels. Iris Määttä University of Tampere School of Modern Languages and Translation Studies English Philology Pro Gradu Thesis May 2010 Tampereen yliopisto Englantilainen filologia Kieli- ja käännöstieteiden laitos Määttä, Iris: “I Feel Like I’m Beating the System” – Ideology, Institutions and Individual Agency in Lee Child’s Jack Reacher Novels. Pro gradu -tutkielma, 131 sivua + lähdeluettelo --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Kovaksikeitetty dekkari on etsiväkirjallisuuden alalaji, joka sai alkunsa 1920- ja 1930-lukujen Yhdysvalloissa. Kovaksikeitetyn dekkarin perinne nojaa vahvasti yksilön, ja etenkin maskuliinisen yksilön, toimijuuden merkityksellisyyteen, ja tämä näkyy esimerkiksi selkeänä rajanvetona, joka tehdään etsivän ja yhteiskunnallisten instituutioiden välille. Instituutiot kuvataan alalajin perinteessä usein korruptoituneina ja toimimattomina rakennelmina, jotka rajaavat ja estävät yksilön henkilökohtaista toimijuutta. Kuitenkin etsivän autonomia on näennäistä, sillä hänen nähdään edelleen toimivan osana yhteiskunnallisia instituutioita ja näin uusintavan yhteiskunnan hegemonista ideologiaa. Pro gradu -tutkielmani tarkoitus on tutkia instituutioita ja yksilön toimijuutta ja varsinkin näiden välistä jännitettä, ideologisesta näkökulmasta Lee Childin modernia kovaksikeitettyä dekkaria edustavassa Jack Reacher -kirjasarjassa. Pääasiallisena tutkimusmateriaalinani on kolme sarjan teosta: Killing Floor (1997), Echo Burning (2001) ja The Enemy (2004). Vertailen kirjojen ideologisia rakenteita perinteeseen, kartoittaessani niitä Louis Althusserin uusmarxilaisen teorian pohjalta. Tutkielmani teoreettinen kehys nojaa ranskalaisen uusmarxilaisen teoreetikon, Louis Althusserin (1918-1990), teoriaan ideologian tuottamisesta ja uusintamisesta instituutioiden kautta. Althusser jakaa instituutiot kahteen eri ryhmään, joiden yhteiskunnalliset toimintatavat ja suhde ideologiaan eriävät toisistaan. Hänen mukaansa kunkin yhteiskunnan hegemoninen ideologia tuotetaan interpellaation kautta; instituutiot interpelloivat kansan uskomaan omaan yksilöllisyyteensä ja yksilönvapauteensa. Interpellaatio on tärkeä käsite tutkimuksessani, kun tutkin Childin kovaksikeitetyn etsivän yksilöllisen toimijuuden rakentumista ja sen suhdetta instituutioihin. Interpellaation tarkoituksena on tehdä yksilöä yhteiskuntaan sitovat ideologiset rakenteet näkymättömiksi ja luonnollisiksi. Althusserin teorian ohella esittelen kovaksikeitetyn dekkarin perinteen ideologisia rakenteita, joihin sitten analyysissäni vertaan Childin teoksia. Tutkielmani analyysiosiossa käsittelen kolmen eri instituution (laki, perhe ja armeija) suhdetta yksilön toimijuuteen. Lähestyn kutakin instituutiota vuorollaan analysoiden sekä yksilön toimijuutta korostavaa individualistista näkemystä sekä sitä, miten yksilö onkin selkeästi osa kyseisiä instituutioita, ja näin ollen myös osa hegemonista ideologiaa. Näen, että Childin kirjasarja toisintaa suurelta osin perinteisiä konventioita ja alalajin individualistista ideologiaa. Kirjoissa etsivän maskuliinista yksilön toimijuutta korostetaan ja hänen nähdään erottautuvan yhteiskunnasta ja sen instituutioista. Totean etsivän ohittavan amerikkalaista individualistista ideologiaa mukailevan toimintansa vaikutteet ja niiden kytkeytymisen tiiviisti instituutioihin. Näen althusserilaisen interpellaation esiintyvän sekä päähenkilön toiminnassa että itse teosten rakenteessa – tarkoituksena on erottaa yksilön toimijuus sen mahdollistavista yhteiskunnallisista rakenteista ja ideologiasta. Avainsanat: kovaksikeitetty dekkari, toimijuus, instituutiot, ideologia, Lee Child Contents: 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Marxist Literary Theory and Louis Althusser’s Approach........................................................... 9 2.2 Genre Issues and Hard-Boiled Ideology.................................................................................... 22 3. The Law and the Individual Moral Code.................................................................................... 38 3.1 The Detective as a Vigilante..................................................................................................... 39 3.2 The Detective as a Lawman of Society..................................................................................... 54 4. The Family and the Eternal Bachelor ......................................................................................... 67 4.1 The Male Detective – No Strings Attached............................................................................... 68 4.2 Domesticity and the Sentimental Detective............................................................................... 84 5. The Army and the Lone Wolf...................................................................................................... 97 5.1 The Lone Warrior..................................................................................................................... 99 5.2 The Detective as a Soldier .......................................................................................................112 6. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................126 Bibliography....................................................................................................................................132 1 1. Introduction To this day, the investigation of the role of individual agency and especially masculine individualism has been present in the analysis of hard-boiled detective fiction. The hard-boiled subgenre rose to the fore as an American subgenre of detective fiction in the 1920s, and its narratives emphasized the agency and autonomy of the individual in a sociopolitical context in which people were forced to question their influence on their own lives as they lost their faith in societal power structures. In America, the First World War and the Great Depression were part of creating surroundings for existential anguish at the beginning of the twentieth century, giving rise to literary movements such as modernism. Hard-boiled detective fiction brought up similar themes to modernism, but in a more popular forum; the anxiety over societal events and the position of the individual are central in both. Some critics consider hard-boiled detective fiction, among other hard-boiled fiction, part of the modernists literary movement. Through magazines called the ‘pulps’, the hard-boiled tough guy narratives reached a wide audience in American society. Pricilla L. Walton and Manina Jones see that hard-boiled detective fiction, among other popular formula fiction, created “a ‘common space’ in which concerns and social issues can be addressed and negotiated by readers who would not necessarily read about them elsewhere”.1 The aim of this study is to examine individual agency and institutions in hard-boiled detective fiction from an ideological point of view. The traditional hard-boiled detective fiction of the beginning of the twentieth century promoted the importance of masculine individualism and individual agency by depicting the detective’s separation from societal institutions and adoption of a marginal position in society. Institutions such as the law, the family and the political institution are objected to as they are experienced to represent an ideology that aims to diminish the agency of the individual. However, as 1 Priscilla L. Walton and Manina Jones, Detective Agency: Women Rewriting the Hard-Boiled Tradition (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1999) 63. 2 Peter Messent points out, the detective is, in fact, inevitably a crucial part of the institutions he is seen to abhor.2 Maureen T. Reddy also points out that even if this separation gives the hard-boiled detective a seemingly marginal status as a critic of the hegemonic ideology, “the detective is not in fact set apart from society but instead embodies its most deeply held but often inchoate beliefs”.3 The main purpose of my thesis is to analyze this significant tension between the representations of individual agency and institutions in Lee Child’s modern hard-boiled detective fiction. I intend to find out the ways in which Child’s Jack Reacher series approaches this ideological tension by analyzing the position of the detective protagonist and three institutions central in the series. I aim to discover in what way Reacher perceives the ideology behind the institutions and what his position towards them is, and whether this hard-boiled protagonist is separated from these institutions typically seen to represent the dominant ideology or whether he is a significant part of them. In the theoretical framework of this thesis, I discuss the ideological background of the tradition of hard-boiled detective fiction, and in my analysis, I will compare the series to the traditional conventions of the hard-boiled detective fiction subgenre. In my study, I have chosen to approach the institutions of law, family and the army, since they are central to society in general and to the creation and reproduction of ideology. These
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