Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 12 April 1971 Port Phillip Bay Survey 2 https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1971.32.07

CORALLIMORPHARIA, ACT1NIARIA AND ZOANTHIDEA

By Charles E. Cutress

Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez

Abstract

The collection of sea anemones from Port Phillip, Victoria, consists of 15 , inclu- ding one corallimorpharian, 12 actiniarians and two zoanthideans. Three are described as new species: Isophellia stela (Actiniaria: Isophellidae), Parazoanthus lividum (Zoanthidea: Para- zoanthidae), and Epizoanthus sabulosum (Zoanthidae: Epizoanthidae). Ten species constitute new records for Port Phillip Bay.

Introduction australis, Actinia tenebrosa, Oulactis The collection of sea anemones resulting from muscosa, Anthopleura aureoradiata, Phlycten- actis tuberculosa, albocincta. the Port Phillip Bay Survey apparently is by and far the largest and richest ever to come from Three species, Epiactis thomsoni, Bunodactis the area. Represented in the collection are one rubrofusca and Cricophorus nutrix, were pre- corallimorpharian, 12 actiniarians (one new viously known only from New Zealand and, in species), and two zoanthideans (both new addition to the three new species, represent new species). records for southern Australia (Port Phillip Five species of Actiniaria and one corallimor- Bay). On the basis of the present analysis, it pharian had previously been reported from Port is apparent that the Port Phillip Bay sea ane- is for Phillip Bay. Haddon and Duerden (1896) de- mone fauna the greater part related to scribed Actiniodes spenceri, carlgreni, that of New Zealand (nine species) and to a lesser Mitactis australiae, Mitactis similis and Cory- extent possibly endemic (seven species). No species that might be considered sub- nactis autralis. The first is now recognized as an tropical appeared in the collection. Actiniogeton, the last retains Haddon and Three Carlgren Duerden's names, and the other three are pro- papers by (1950a, 1950b, dealing with southern Australian ane- bably synonyms of . Duer- 1954), mones, give good accounts of several of the den (1895) vaguely refers to Cystiactis tuber- species included in this report. I have, therefore, culosa (now Phlyctenactis) from Port Phillip. simply listed these species along with references Since two of these species, Corynactis australis and collection data, adding comments in only and Phlyctenactis tuberculosa, are included in a few instances. the collection under consideration, there are Holotypes of the three new species described then 16 species known from Port Phillip Bay. in this paper are deposited in the National For an area the size of Port Phillip, this is an Victoria. average fauna. Museum of I am indebted to Mrs Hope Macpherson Of the 15 species in the 1957-1963 survey Black of the National Museum of Victoria for collection, the three new species plus Epiactis providing the specimens and data upon which australiensis, Phlyctenanthus australis and this report is based, to Mr David A. West, De- Isanemonia australis are known only from partment of Marine Sciences, University of southern Australia. Six other species had pre- Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, for the photographs, viously been reported from southern Australia: and my wife, Bertha, for lending a hand, as Department of Marine Sciences, Uni- Contribution, always where needed. versity of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, P.R. 00708.

83 ) ))

84 CHARLES E. CUTRESS

Distribution of Anemones Description of Species

Area (Loc.) Spec. Species Order

5 (58) 1 Oulaciis muscosa Family Corallimorphidae (Williamstown, Corynactis australis Haddon and Duerden intertidal 3 Oulactis muscosa Coryuactis australis Haddon and Duerden, 1896; 151, 6 (65) 2 Parazoanthus lividurn PI. 7, fig. 6-10, PI. 8, fig. 9-10; Carlgren, 1949: 7 (123 2 Isophellia stela 14; Carlgren, 1950b: 131. 9 (84) 17 Oulactis m a set isa 11 A nthopleura aureoradiata Survey areas 10 (12) 2, 12 (112) 1, 19 10 (12) 2 Coryuactis australis (304) 1. 10 (103) 7 Anthothoe albocincta

12 (112) 1 Coryuactis australis Order Actiniaria 13 (93) 3 Epiactis thomsoni Family Actiniidae 18 (61) 3 Epiactis thomsoni ( Actinia tenebrosa 19 (304 1 'orytiaclis australis Farquhar 23 7 Epiactis thomsoni (3) Actinia tenebrosa Farquhar, 1898: 535; Stuckey, 24 (122) 2 Oulactis muscosa 1909c: 375, 380, Fig. 5, PI. 23, fig. 1-2; Stuckey 25 (129) 7 Anthothoe albocincta and Walton, 1910: 541; Stephenson, 1922: 266;

27 (41 ) 1 Epiactis thomsoni Carlgren, 1924: 196, Fig. 14; Carlgren, 1949: 27 Point Wilson, 50; Carlgren, 1950a: 2; Carlgren, 1950b: 132; intertidal) 20 A nthopleura aureoradiata Parry, 1951: 87, 100; Carlgren, 1954: 571.

i i Oulactis muscosa Survey areas 58 (79) 20, 59 (Quarantine 29 (107) 5 A nthothoe albocincta Jetty, intertidal) 7, 59 17. 30 (280) 1 rhlyeteiuielis tuberculosa (36)

33 (177) 1 Isophellia stela Oulactis muscosa (Drayton in Dana) 42 (38) 1 Oulactis muscosa

1 Epiactis thomsoni Metridium muscosum Drayton in Dana, 1846: 153; Ihmodactis 3 rabrojusca 1849 (atlas): 3, PI. 5, fig. 42, 43; Dana, 1859: 43 (303) 3 Anthothoe albocincta 12.

47 (29) I Phlyctenactis tuberculosa Oulactis muscosa, Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851: 55 (35) 2 Epiactis australiensis 12; Milne Edwards, 1857: 292; Andres, 1883:

55 ( Mornington, 311; Carlgren, 1949: 52; Carlgren, 1950a: 3; Carlgren, 1950b: 134, Fig. 2, PI. 2; Parry, intertidal 1 Epiactis thomsoni 1951: 55 (Soiithside 87, 102. Schnapper Oulactis plicatus Hutton, 1879: 311; Farquhar, 1898: 527. Point, Cradactis plicatus, Stuckey, 1909c: 376, 392, PI. 25, intertidal) 4 Isanemonia australis lig. 1-2; Stephenson, 1922: 284. 58 ( 90 1 Phlyctenun I has australis 58 (79) 20 Actinia teucbrosa Survey areas A-5 (58) 1, 5 (Williamstown, 58 1(293) colony Epizoanthus sabulosum intertidal) 3, 9 (84) 17, 24 (122) 2,27 (Point 58 (Point Lonsda Ie 2 Isanemonia australis Wilson, intertidal) 59 (Quarantine 1, 42 (38) 1, 63 (Safety Jetty, Beach, intertidal) 11, 69 (Rosebud, intertidal)

intertidal) 7 Actinia tenebrosa 1. 9 A nthothoe albocincta The three largest specimens from area 63, 2 Isanemonia australis having lengths of 25 mm and diameters of 20 59 (23) 1 Epiactis thomsoni and 59 (24) 1 Anthothoe albocincta 15 mm, all have 96 tentacles and 48 pairs 59 (25) 1 Phlyctenactis tuberculosa of mesenteries of which all were fertile except 2 Anthothoe albocincta the directives and youngest cycle. The ento- 59 (36) 1 Cricophorus nnlrix 17 Actinia tenebrosa derm of the tentacles, oral disc and upper 59 (80) 9 Anthothoe albocincta column is coloured dark sepia from abundant 61 (37) 44 Anthothoe albocincta zooxanthcllae. The marginal sphincter is weak 63 Safety Beach and diffuse in all three area 63 specimens intertidal ) 11 Oulactis muscosa 69 Rosebud, but in others from Anglesea the sphincter varied intertidal) 1 Oulactis muscosa from weak, diffuse, to moderately strong, cir- 13 A nthopleura aureoradiata cumscript. Nematocysts of the marginal sphe- 8 Cricophorus nnlrix rules of the ( Label macerated— area 63 specimens were holotrichs Victoria 21/6/62) 4 A nthopleura aureoradiata 40-50 4-5 X ft and spirocysts, 28 X 2 p.. CORALLIMORPHARIA, ACTINIARIA AND ZOANTHIDEA 85

Anthopleura aureoradiata (Stuckey) Phlyctenanthus australis Carlgren

Bunodes aureoradiata Stuckey, 1909a: 368, PI 17- Phlyctenalhus australis Carlgren, 1950b: 135, Fig. Stuckey, 1909c; 376, 394. 3-5, PI. 1; (nomen nudum) Carlgren, 1949: 61. Anthopleura aureoradiata, Carlgren. 1924: 208, Fig. Survey area 58 (90) 1. 17; Carlgren, 1949: 54; Carlgren, 1950a: 3; Parry, 1951: 88, 104, Figs. 5-6; Carlgren, 1954: Bunndactis rubrofusca Carlgren 574, Fig. 3. Bunodactis, rubro-fusca Carlaren, 1924: 204, Fig. Survey areas 9 (84) 11, 27 (Point Wilson, 15-16; Carlgren, 1949: 65. intertidal) 20, 69 (Rosebud, intertidal) 13, Bunodactis rubrofusca, Parry, 1951: 88, 115. label macerated (Victoria 21 Feb. 62) 4. Survey area 42 (38) 3. The anemones from the lot with the macera- Isanemonia australis Carlgren ted label were attached to the bivalve Katelysia PI. 9, fig. 2 scalarina. The largest specimen measured 20 Isanemonia australis Carlgren, 1950a: 7, Fig. 3; mm in length by 8 mm in diameter and con- Carlgren, 1954: 575, Fig. 4-5. tained several 12 to 14-tentacled young among Survey areas 55 (Southside Schnappcr Point, the mesenteries. intertidal) 4, 58 (Point Lonsdale, intertidal) 2, 59 (80) 2. Epiactis australiensis Carlgren The Port Phillip Bay specimens seem to differ Epiactis australiensis Carlgren, 1950a; 5, Fig. 2; Carl- gren, 1954: 576. in several ways from the specimens described Survey area 55 (35) 2. by Carlgren (1950a, 1954). It is chiefly these differences that are described here. As the Epiactis thomsoni (Coughtrey) species has never been illustrated, a photograph Actinia thomsoni Coughtrey, 1874: 280. of the best preserved specimen is included (PI. ? Actinia thomsoni, Hutton, 1879: 313; Farquhar, 9, fig. 2). The three largest specimens 1898: 527. examined Leiotealia thompsoni, Stuckey, 1909b: 370, PI. 18, had column heights, oral disc diameters and fig. 1-2, PI. 19, fig. 1-3; Stuckey, 1909c: 376, 395. pedal disc diameters, respectively and in centi- Epiactis thompsoni, Stephenson, 1922: 274; Carlgren. meters, of 3, 3, 2; 3, 3 5, 2-5; 5, 5, 6. The ten- 1924: 221, Fig. 25; Parry, 1951: 88, 111. Epiactis thomsoni, Carlgren, 1949: 58. tacles numbered 140 (±5), and the longest Survey areas 13 (93) 3, 18 (61) 3, 23 (3) measured 3 cm. This is certainly not consistent 7, 27 (41) 1, 42 (38) 1, 55 (Mornington, with Carlgren's diagnosis of the : 'tentacles intertidal) 1, 59 (23) 1. not very numerous, of moderate length'. Al- The specimens from Port Phillip agree though these specimens were as large or larger closely with the descriptions given by Carlgren than Carlgren's and well-expanded, I could not (1924) and Parry (1951). A large specimen detect marginal pseudospherules which the spe- from area 55 contained a number of 12-ten- cies is said to have. The entodcrmal sphincter tacled young in the marginal stoma. muscle of the sectioned specimen is somewhat stronger than that depicted by Carlgren (1950a, Phlyctenactis tuberculosa (Quoy and Gaimard) Fig. 3a) but is comparable to that illustrated Actinia tuberculosa Quoy and Gaimard, 1883: 159. later by Carlgren (1954, Fig. 4). The sphinc- PI. 11, fig. 3-6. tuberculosus, Milne-Edwards, 1857: 268. ter extends for about 3 mm along the wall

Cystiactis tuberculosa, Haddon and Duerden, 1896: of the deep fosse and consists of 1 20 or more 156, PI. 7, fig. 11, PI. 9, fig. 1-3; Duerden, 1895: mesogloeal pleats (300 p. high) many of which 213; Lager, 1911: 217; Stephenson, 1922: 286. Phlyctenactis retifera Stuckey, 1909s: 376, 396, PI. are branched. The mesogloea is fibrous and 26, fig. 1-2. cellular throughout. The sectioned specimen is Phlvctenactis morrisonii Stuckey, 1909c: 396, PI. 27, a ripe male. The numbers of mesenteries are fig. 1. Phlyctenactis tuberculosa, Carlgren. 1945: 13; Car- exactly the same at the margin and base. Nema- Fig. gren, 1949: 61; Carlgren, 1950a: 136, 6; tocysts examined are: spirocysts of tentacles, Carlgren, 1954: 578, Fig. 8; Parry, 1951: 88, holotrichs of limbus, 25-26 113. 30 X 2 p.; X 5 p.; microbasic b-mastigophores of limbus, Survey areas 30 (280) 1, 47 (29) 1, 59 21 X

//.; of filaments, 35 5 of actinopharynx, (25) 1. 25 X p.; —

86 CHARLES E. CUTRESS

is divisible into a short, distinct, 28-30 X 4-5 /*; of tentacles, 28-30 X 3 /x; The column microbasic p-mastigophores of filaments, 20 X clean, thin-walled scapulus and a thick-walled scapus bearing prominent tenaculi in its distal 5 fi; of actinopharynx, 24-25 X 5-6 /x. half. The contracted specimens have sand grains Family Isophellidae adhering to the tenaculi while the expanded Isophellia stela n.sp. specimens are free of sand. The columns of

Fig. 1, PI. 9, fig. 1 all specimens are constricted just above the Material: Survey areas 7 (123) 2, 33 pedal discs, this being more evident in the (177) 2. contracted specimens. Cinclides were not evi- Holotype: Nat. Mus. Vict. G1547. Three dent. Paratypes G1548. The tentacles are thin, evenly-tapered and acute. The inner are up to 6 mm in length and Type Locality: Off Middle Brighton. are twice or more the length of the outer. There Description: The specimens from area 33 are 80 (±2) tentacles on each of the two are both strongly contracted, and in this state specimens. Considering the number of mesen- both have total lengths and greatest diameters teries, it is likely that the definitive number of of 10 X 5 mm. They are attached to tough, tentacles would be 96. white fibrous material, probably a polychaete Ectoderm of column 30 to 75 /x high, with tube. The specimens from area 7 are both well a few gland cells containing neutrophilic gran- expanded and have total lengths of 20 mm and ules but lacking mucous cells. A surface cuticle greatest diameters of 7 mm. seems to be lacking even on the tenaculi.

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Fig. 1 Isophellia stela n. sp., a, second cycle macrocneme and a microcneme; b, marginal sphincter (only mesogloea shown). CORALLIMORPHARIA, ACTINIARIA AND ZOANTHIDI -A 87

Entoderm of the column 12 to 25 \>. high, The acontia are sparse and short. In cross with a few gland cells and no zooxanthellae. section they are circular rather than triangular,

Circular muscle layer of column folded into about 150 /x in diameter, and the nematocyst pleats 25 /a high near margin and diminishing tract occupies about one third of the circum- to 6 to 8 ju. at mid column. Radial muscles of ference. The specimens sectioned arc ripe males. oral disc and longitudinal muscles of tentacles The actinopharynx is longitudinally corru- ectodermal. gated. Its ectoderm contains very numerous, Mesogloea fibrous and cellular throughout, small, dark-staining nuclei and pale-staining that of the mid column 12 to 40 it thick. Mar- mucous cells. There are two prominent siphono- ginal sphincter in the mesogloea strong, strati- glyphs. fied near the margin and gradually becoming Cnidorn: Spirocysts of tentacles 15-18 X alveolar down the column. The sphincter, in 2 5 /x, numerous. Microbasic b-mastigophores section, is about 700 /a long by 75 at its ft, of tentacles 18-20 X 2-2-5 p, common; of greatest width. In its upper portion it occupies column, 18 X 2-5 /a, few; of actinopharynx, mesogloea in its most of the width of the but acontia. 28-32 30 X 3 fi, numerous; of X lower portion, only about one third. 3-4 t, Microbasic p-mastigophores t numerous. Mesenteries are distinctly divisible into mac- column, 13 of tentacles 17 X 3 /-<•, few; of X rocnemes and microcnemes. Twenty-four pairs actinopharynx, /a, common; 3 fj,, few; of 16X4 of mesenteries extend from pedal disc to oral of filaments, 11-14 X 4 /a, few; of acontia, 32 disc. Of these the first cycle (two pairs direc- X 4 ii, numerous. tives) and most of the second are macrocnemes Remarks: The specimens here identified as and are perfect and fertile. The retractor stela resemble very closely /. sahulosa muscles of the second cycle mesenteries are Isophellia Carlgren (1900: 52, PL 1, fig. 9) from Zanzi- slightly weaker than those of the first cycle. obvious difference, but one that 1 In addition, one member of each pair of second bar. An think may reflect environment, is the complete cycle mestenterics is noticeably weaker than investment of the /. sabulosa scapus with sand the other and is always the same member with while only the upper half of the scapus in /. respect to the directive axis. In the sectioned stela is covered. A discrepancy of more import- specimens one member of a second cycle pair ance is the apparent lack of cinclides in the Port is an imperfect, very weak macrocneme while Phillip Bay specimens. Cinclides, however, are a member of another pair is a microcneme. The frequently difficult to observe in many of the retractor muscles of the macrocnemes are very especially so in preserved speci- strong and of the restricted type. The stronger Isophellidae, added to the description are made up of 40 or more high pleats of which mens. Carlgren (1928) sabulosa. Here his text figures 68 of the many are branched. The parietal muscles of of /. mesentery and 72 of the both macro- and microcnemes are of similar sphincter, 71 of the identical to depic- shape and strength. They are strong and are parietal muscle are virtually those same structures in /. stela. On made up of six to 10 mostly unbranched pleats. tions of hand, all types of nematocysts from The basilar muscles are weak but distinct. The the other than those of /. micronemes, throughout most of the column /. stela are somewhat larger algoensis Carlgren (1928). Carlgren separated length, consist of little more than parietal sabulosa largely on the basis of muscle. Twelve pairs, or a few more, run the algoensis from nematocysts in the former species. length of the column, lack filaments and are the larger there Primarily on the basis of the larger nema- sterile. In the region of the short scapulus /. stela but also with consideration occurs part of an additional cycle of very weak tocysts in range of /. sabulosa, I micronemes (16 pairs in the sectioned speci- of the more tropical Phillip Bay specimens to rep- men). This accounts for the species having more consider the Port resent a new species. tentacles than mesenteries at the pedal disc. —

88 CHARLES E. CUTRESS

Family basic b-mastigophores while in those from Port 6-7 Anthothoe albocincta (Hutton) Phillip these nematocysts are 70-90 X fx. p-mastigo- Gregoria albocincta Hutton, 1879: 312. and 30 X 2 /*, respectively. The Sagartia albocincta, Stuckey, 1909b: 372, PI. 20, phores appear to have detachable 'darts' on fig. 2-3; Stuckey. 1909c: 376, 382; Stuckey and Walton, 1910: 541. the end of the shaft. This discrepancy in nema- ? albocincta, 103. Carlgren, 1949: tocyst sizes is also noted by Carlgren (1950a). Anthothoe albocincta, Carlgren, 1950a: 10; Carlgren, that the observed 1950b: 142, PI. 3, fig. 1; Parry, 1951: 89; Parry, I tend to agree with him 1952: 129; Carlgren, 1954: 584. differences, in this case, are not especially Survey areas 10 (103) 7, 25 (129) 7, 29 meaningful. (107) 5, 43 (303) 3, 59 (80) 9, 59 (24) 1, Family Hormathiidae 59 (25) 2, 61 (37) 44. Cricophorus nutrix (Stuckey) Remarks: The Port Phillip Bay specimens Sagartia nutrix Stuckey, 1909c: 376, 382, Fig. 6, PI. in agree well anatomical features with speci- 21, fig. 1-2. mens from New Zealand. However, the nema- Cricophorus nutrix, Carlgren, 1924: 252, Fig. 44-53; Carlgren, 1949: 96; Carlgren, 1950a: 8; Parry, tocysts, especially of the acontia, are somewhat 1951: 89; Parry, 1952: 125; Carlgren, 1954: longer in Port Phillip specimens. In New Zea- 582. land specimens they are 50-65 X 7 ^ micro- Survey area 59 (36) 1, 69 (Rosebud, inter- basic p-mastigophores and 20-25 X 2 /x micro- tidal), 8.

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Fig 2 Parazoanthus lividum n. sp., a, microcneme and macrocneme; b, marginal sphincter (only mesogloea shown). CORALLIMORPHARIA, ACTINIARIA AND ZOANTHIDEA 89

Order Zoanthidea nemes. The retractor muscles of macrocnemes Family Parazoanthidae are very weak and consist of a thin sheath of Parazoanthus lividum n.sp. fibres without underlying mesogloeal pleating. Fig. 2, PL 9, fig. 4 The filaments are of typical shape, are ciliated, Material: Survey area 6 (off Williamstown contain numerous nematocysts as well as acido- 29/6/58) 2 specimens. basophilic gland cells. The parietal portions of Holotype: Nat. Mus. Vict. G1549. the macrocnemes, with respect to the appear- Paratype: G1550. ance of the mesogloea and muscle fibres, are Type Locality: Off Williamstown, Vict. very similar to microcnemes. Here the meso- gloea is thick /x) and the muscle fibres Description: The zoanthids in both lots arc (25 on the Spirasterella sp. According to Dr are borne on low mesogloeal pleats. The extend out the column Patricia Berquist, the zoanthid is dull bluish- microcnemes from grey and the sponge, yellow ochre. In preserva- mesogloea a distance equal to or slightly tive the zoanthids of one lot are yellow ochre greater than the thickness of the column ento- while in the other they are a pale violet-brown. derm (about 125 /i). All specimens sectioned The pieces of sponge are rather well covered lacked discernible gonads. by several colonics of zoanthids which consist The actinopharynx is longitudinally corru- of two to more than 100 polyps per colony. gated. The siphonoglyph is shallow but distinct. For the most part the coenenchyme, flattened, The hyposulcus is slightly shorter and indistinct. band-like and two to 4 polyps wide, meanders The mesogloea is acellular and in the column in the depressions between nodules on the contains incrustation and lacunae with ento- sponge surface. However, at the distal end of dermal cells. A distinct encircling sinus was the sponge the coenenchyme is sheet-like and not apparent but some of the cords of ento- almost completely caps the rounded end of the dermal cells could have been part of such a sponge. In the proximal region of the sponge sinus. the colonies are small and separate. The largest The ectoderm of the column is disrupted by opened polyp measures 2 mm in diameter and the incrustation. Intact portions (about 30 /x extends 1 mm above the surface of the coenen- thick) contain numerous holotrichs and also chyme. Some of the closed polyps are flush with acido- and basophilic gland cells. the surface of the coenenchyme while most The entoderm contains zooxanthellae in appear as hemispheres. The polyps are close abundance as well as acido- and basophilic together, many with their margins touch- gland cells. ing. Small polyps are interspersed randomly among large ones. Incrustation consists of Cnidom: Spirocysts of tentacles, 15-20 X fine, uniform-sized grains of quartz and 3 fi, numerous. Microbasic b-mastigophores of calcareous sand plus a few sponge spicules. It tentacles, 16-17 X 2-2-5 /x, common; of actino- is moderately dense on the polyps, sparse in pharynx, 18-21 X 2 5-3 /x, common. Micro- the middle of the coenenchyme band, and vir- basic p-mastigophores of tentacles, 15 X 3-4 /x, the edges of coenenchyme. tually absent along common; of filament, 15-19 X 4 /x, common. ridges of the scapulus number to 16 and The Holotrichs of filaments, 22-25 X 10-12 p., few; are distinct in semi-open or open polyps. The of column ectoderm, 20-25 X 10 /x, numerous. tentacles number to 29. Remarks: Only Parazoanthus capensis Marginal sphincter is entodermal, occupying Ducrden (1907: 180, PI. 11) from South the entire length of the scapulus (about 120 /<, Africa seems sufficiently close to P. lividum to long). It consists of 10 to 12 pleats of which warrant close comparison. Carlgren (1938: 95, the highest is about 20 p.. The mesogloea in Fig. 48, PI. 1, fig. 4) has given further details this area is about 6 p. thick. Mesenteries number to 29 in large specimens of this species. First, P. capensis occurs on a with 16 being macrocnemes and 13, micro- different species of sponge, is pale yellow in- 90 CHARLES E. CUTRESS stead of bluish-grey, and the colonies seem the sponge take the form of tight clusters of up never to have as many polyps as the majority to 6 polyps. Interspersed among these are single of colonies of P. lividum. The polyps of P. polyps. There is a total of about 100 polyps on capensi are twice the size of those of the sponge. None of the polyps is expanded. P. lividum and have 14 scapular ridges in- The largest of the least contracted polyps is stead of 16. The nematocysts of P. capensis 4 m high and a greatest diameter of 3 mm. are in general 2-4 p longer than in P. lividum. The coenenchyme is flattened and scarcely In view of these discrepancies and the geo- exceeds the circumference of the polyp's base. the polyps are densely graphic separation of the two species, I con- Both and coenenchyme incrusted with quartz sand grains. The scapular sider the Port Phillip Bay specimens a new ridges number to 15, are prominent and are species. heavily incrusted. Tentacles number to 30 in Family Epizoanthidae large polyps. Epizoanthus sabulosum n.sp. Marginal sphincter muscle in the mesogloea, Fig. 3. PI. 9, fig. 3 alveolar, the 16 to 18 alveoli situated about Survey area 58 (293) 1 colony. mid mesogloea. The sphincter is moderately Holotype: Nat. Mus. Vict. G1551. strong, about 200 p long in section. Type Locality: Point Lonsdale, Vict. The mesenteries number to 30 of which 15 Description: The single lot of zoanthids are macrocnemes and 15 are microcnemes. from area 58 were on a delicate, branching The macrocnemes bear filaments and are sponge about 8 cm high. The several colonies on fertile. The specimens sectioned are female.

Fig. 3—Epizoanthus sabulosum n. sp., a, microcneme and macrocneme; b. marginal sphincter (only mesogloea shown). CORAL] IMOKI'IIAUIA, A< TINIAKIA AND /OANIIIIDI A 9\

The musculature of tin- macrocnemea is References extremely weak and consists o! only a Animus, A., 1883, U Altinie Mrm., Mil delta K. thin layer of Accad. del Llncel, Rome, Sor. .'. 14: .'I I <>/>. fibres against the mesogloeal < '\iti i,Ki n, o,, [900 Ostrufrikunlschc Actinlcn gesam lamella. The mesogloea in the parietal part moll von i in i n Dr. i Stuhlmann imkk unci 1889. Juliih. der Hamburg, Wlssensch, Anstalten of (he mesenteries is about Iliac times as thick i / i.' ) i 124, as the rest of the mesentery lamella is and — , 1924, Acliniana hum New Zealand and pleated against the parietal miisele. The miCTOC iis Subantarctic Inlands. Papers from i>i Id. Mortenscn'a r.uih. Expedition. 1914 l'M<>, No. nemes are similar in and si/e to shape the thick 'i Vldensk. Mr, I, I. fra Dansk Niiiiuh. Foren.

ened parietal portions of the maciocncincs. The Kdbenhavn li I ,9 26t.

it<-i I , 1928, Actiniai la teutsi hen ricfso Qlaments on the are macrocnemes of typical Expedition, Wlss, Ergeb der Deutschen Tief&ee shape in sections hut are exceptionally (hick. Exped. auj dem Dampfer "ValdMa" 1898 iw. ." ( ii i "i 266. The aclinopharynx is longitudinally conn Iiiii.ii ii , I'MK. Soma South Ah h. in Ai ami gated. A distinct siphonoglyph and an indistinct /oaniliai i,i. K Svenska Vet, Akad, Handl, 1/ hyposulcus are present. (3): l 148.

I iii 1 it- know — , 1945. 1 1 contributions to the The mesogloea of the column is thick and lodge oi the cnidom In (lie especially contains much incrustration as well as isolated in ilit- Actinlaria, Lands Unlv, Arsskrlft /v. /. (.'), -II (9): I 24. nests of ectodermal cells and acido- and baso- , 1949 a survey of the Ptychodectlarlu, philic gland cells. Corallimorpharia and Actinlaria, K. Svenska Vet,

Akad. Handl,, Ser, 4, I (1): I 12] The ectoderm of the column is greatly inter- , 1950a, Actinlaria and Zoantharla from

rupted because of the dense ineiusalion but Sonili Australia. K. Fyslogr, Silllsk. i Lund FOi

handl. .'(> ( 10): I IS. where present is up lo 25 p, thick. I anil —, 1950b. oi alliiiipoi liai la, Aeliiiian.i The entoderm contains numerous /ooxan- Zoantharla from New South Wales and South

Queensland, Arklv /. Zool, I ( 10): I 11 146 thellae, a feature unsual for members of this 1954. A, Inn. ma ami /oaniliai la lloin genus. South ami West Australia with comments upon some Arum. ma From New Zetland. Arklv /.

Cnidom: Spirocysts of tentacles IN 22 .'. Zool., ser, 6 I 14 571 595. \ new 2 5-3 /i, numerous. Microbasic b matigophores Cououtrev, M., 1875. Description of a species oi Actinia. Trans. N ./. Inst. 7; 280. of tentacles 16-20 2 /.., few; of actino- X Dana, i. i),, 1846 (toxt), 1849 (atlas), Zoophytes, Expedition (during the years pharynx, Id / 2 5 /«, few. Microbasic p masti- US. Exploring 1838-1842) under the command o) Charles gophorcs of BlamentS id 4 /<, common. X mikes, L/.SJV / l 740 Philadephia, ih<- "ii , report zoophytes Ilololrichs of column 15-20 X 8-10 />, few. 1859. Synopsis of <>l the U,S, Exploring Expedition around ths Remarks: of the 17 species of Eplzoanthus world under C, Wilkes, US.N, Commander, in New vl the years 1838 1842 Haven, i 172 known from the Pacific and Indian Oceans, pp Dubrden, j. E., 1895. On the genus Alicia {Clad' living,, four carcinoc nine species are free form actts), wiih an anatomical doscription ol i cea, two are symbionts of gastropods, and two costae Pane Ann. Mar not, Hist,, Ser, 6, is (87): 213-218. are symbionts of llyalonciiui. Many of these , I9U7. A new species ol Parazoanthus, Rec, species can be eliminated from consideration Albany Mas. .' 180, it., ix'ix. i AidiHiiAu, Preliminary act I oi some solely on the basis of their geographical and/or New Zealand Actlnlarla. /. Linn. Soc. (Zool ) :<< bathymetrical range or their growth form. I 3 '/ 536.

IIaiiimin, A. ami I. IK'ij, ( In ,,- have not exhaustively compared all other species Cm E, DUERDKN, Actlnlarla from Australia ami othei districts or in the but I cannot find in my collection <> Tram. Roy, Dublin Soc, N.s , (pi 6) [39 literature any species of Eplzoanthus (hat is 172 iiihuin, F. W., 1879. The sen anemones of New similar enough to the Port Phillip species to /calami 7>«/M. NZ. Inst. I I : K>H 114. warrant a detailed comparison I he Port Phillip i.aoim, I'., 1911. Actiniarla, in Michaelsen, w and

R, I lai iiiievi i Die Fauna SUdwest-Australlemi species seems to be uiik|uc from the Standpoint Ergebnlsse der Hamburger slidwest-australlschen it is found, its of the type of sponge on which Forschungsrelse 1905, I (pi 8) 213-249 Fena. MiiNr. Edwards, ii., 1857, Htstotri naturelle des occurrence in shallow water, its si/e, number Coralllalres, vol, I. Libralrle Encyclopidlque i>- of septa, and in ils possession of /.ooxanlhcllac. Koiei, vin Parts, | 126 pp. —

92 CHARLES E. CUTRESS

Milne Edwards, H., and J. Haime, 1851. Mono- Stuckey, F. G. A., 1909a. Notes on a New Zealand graphic des Polypiers Fossiles des Terrains Pal- actinian, Bunodes aureoradiata. Trans. N.Z. aeozoiques precedee d'un Tableau General de la Inst. 1908 (new issue) 41: 367-369. Classification des Polpes, vol. 5. Paris. , 1909b. On two anemones found in the Parry, G., 1951. The Actiniaria of New Zealand, pt. neighbourhood of Wellington Leiotealia thomp- 1. Rec. Cant. Mus. 6 (1): 83-119. soni and Sagartia alboncincta. Trans. N.Z. Inst. , 1952. The Actiniaria of Zealand, pt. New 1908 (new issue) 41: 370-374. 2. Rec. Cant. Mus. 6 (2): 121-141. -, 1909c. review of the Zealand Ac- Quoy, J. R. C, and J. P. Gaimard, 1833. Zoologie. A New Voyage de decouvertes de VAstrolabe pendant tiniaria known to science, together with a de- scription twelve les annees 1826-1829 sous le commandement de of new species. Trans N.Z. Inst. 1908 (new issue) 41: 374-398. M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Paris. Vol. 4, 390 pp., with folio atlas of 26 pi, 414 figs. Stuckey, F. G. A., and C. L. Walton, 1910. Notes Stephenson, T. A., 1922. On the classification of on a collection of sea anemones. Trans. N.Z. Actiniaria, 3. Quart. J. Micr. Sci. 66: 247-319. Inst. 1909 (new issue) 42: 541-542. MHM. NAT. MUS. VICT. 32 PLATE 9