DOCSLIB.ORG

Cliques, Clubs and Clans Mokken, Robert J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cliques, Clubs and Clans Mokken, Robert J www.ssoar.info Cliques, clubs and clans Mokken, Robert J. Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Sammelwerksbeitrag / collection article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Mokken, R. J. (1980). Cliques, clubs and clans. In J. M. Clubb, & E. K. Scheuch (Eds.), Historical social research : the use of historical and process-produced data (pp. 353-366). Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-326164 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Robert J. Mokken Cliques, Clubs and Clans* 1. Introduction In the analysis of social networks adequate concepts are necessary to indicate various types and configurations of social groups such as peer groups, coteries, acquaintance groups, etc. The problem has theoretically been argued convincingly a. o. by Kadushin, who introduced the general concept of „social circle**1. In the actual empirical study of social networks there is therefore a need for adequate operational and analyticaUy useful concepts to represent such more or less closely knit groups. Many of these can be developed with the help of the theory of graphs and net¬ works. A weU-known concept, more or less corresponding to that of the peer group is the clique: a group aU members of which are in contact with each other or are friends, know each other, etc. However, similar concepts wül be necessary to de¬ note less closely knit, yet significantly homogeneous social groups, such as „acquain¬ tance groups'*, where every pair of members, if they are not in mutual contact, have mutual acquaintances, or common third contacts, etc. In this latter type of social group an important aspect is given by the question whether the homogeneity of a social group is due to its position in a larger social network in which it is embedded, or whether it is a property of the group itself as a more or less autarchic unit, inde¬ pendent of the surrounding social network. In the first case, for instance, a group may be as closely knit as an „acquaintance network**, just because there are „mu¬ tual acquaintances'* outside the group in the surrounding network. Changes in the environment, i. e. the outside network, may change the character of the group as an acquaintance group. In the latter case, however, a group is an acquaintance group, because mutual acquaintances linking members are themselves members of that group. Therefore changes in the outside social network wül not effect the nature and structure of the group itself as an acquaintance group. Such concepts can be * Part of this research was performed during the authors stay as Visiting Professor at the Uni¬ versity of Michigan. The author owes much to the stimulating discussions with Professor Frank Harary. 1 Kadushin, Charles, Power, Influences and Social Circles: A new methodology for studying opinion makers, in: American Sociological Review, 33 (1968), pp. 685—699. 353 worked out in terms of graph theoretic cluster concepts. For instance, the famüiar concept of n-clique deals with the tightness of a group as a global property, due to the interrelationships or interactions of all members of a larger social network. The concepts of clubs and clans, to be introduced here denote a local property of struc¬ tural autarchy in the sense that the interrelationships within the particular social group are sufficient for its homogeneity, and independent of those interrelation¬ ships involving members or parts of the surrounding larger social network. In this paper we shall introduce three different cluster concepts of graphs - cliques, clubs and clans — and investigate their interrelationships. The graphs treat¬ ed here wiU be simple graphs: finite, nonempty, and having no loops or multiple lines. We shall mainly follow the notation and concepts given by Harary, to which we may refer the reader for further reference2. We shall be satisfied here with a cur- sory introduction of the concepts and notation used here. A graph G is a set of points together with a set of lines. To simplify notation here, we shaU use the same symbol G to denote the set of points of G. Any line of G connects some pair of points u, v € G, which then are said to be adjacent to each other in G. We shaU also consider subgraphs of G, indicated by their pointset. If H C G is a subset of G, the subgraph H of G consists of all points of H together with aü lines of G, which connect points u, v e H in G. A path, connecting two points u, v a that same consists of . of subgraph H, in subgraph H, points u, w^, W2, w^_ j veH, such that u is adjacent to w^, w^is adjacent to Wj+j, consecutively and w-_i is adjacent to v. The length / of a path is given by the number of its lines. A cycle C- of length / is apath of length /, where u = v. A subgraph H is connected in G, if each pair of points u, v e H is connected by a path in H. A complete graph Kp is a graph of p points, where each pair of points is adjacent to each other. We shall also consider maximal subgraphs with respect to a given property. They are subgraphs of G satisfying that property, such that no larger subgraphs with that property exist in G, which contain them. A well known example is given by the cUques of a graph G: maximal complete subgraphs Kp of G. The distance of a pair of points u, v in a certain subgraph H, denoted by dH (u, v) is given by the length of a shortest path connecting u and v in H. If u, v are not connected in H, this distance is infinity. We shall frequently make use of the weU-known relation that, if H is a subgraph of G, than for every pair of points u, v e H dG (u, v) < dH (u, v) (1) The distance between any two points in a subgraph of G cannot be smaller than their distance in G itself. The diameter of a subgraph H is given by the largest distance between a pair of points in that subgraph. 2 Harary, F., Graph Theory, Reading/Mass. 1969. 354 c we If we extend the pointset H C G with a point w € G—H or a subset S G—H, in the to H u or may consider the distances larger subgraphs corresponding { w} for distances as or The of a u Hu S, denoting simplicity dpj w dj-j g.* degree point in G is the number of points (neighbors) adjacent to u in G. The set of those points is calied the 1-neighborhood of u in G, to be denoted by V (u). We may restrict the set of neighbors to those in a subgraph H of G only, to be denoted as V (u). Similar extensions may be made to n-neighborhoods of u: points at distance n of u. 2. Cluster Concepts In Standard graph theory a familiär Cluster concept is given by the cliques of a graph G. As mentioned above, they are given by the set of maximal complete subgraphs of G. Another Cluster type definition of subgraphs of graphs are the ,,n-cliques", in¬ troduced by Luce as given by the following definitions.** Definition 1. An n-clique L of a graph G is a maximal subgraph of G such that for all pairs of points u, v of L the distance in G dG(u,v)<n. (2) The reader may note that, due to the maximality of L, for every point w e G—L, there is a point v e L for which dG (w, v) > n (3) From this definition, it can be seen that the n-clique is a global concept, based on the total structure of the network, as based on the graph and reflected in its distance matrix. The distances between points in a certain subset of points, can be based on shortest paths, involving other points from the network not belonging to that group. It is weU-known, therefore, that in the subgraph, formed by the points of an n- clique L, the distances between points can be larger than n. This follows from the *The conventional notation of set theory is used. In particular S^G wül denote set inclusion, = S C C proper inclusion and S G identity of sets.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Explanatory Study of Student Classroom Behavior As It Influences the Social System of the Classroom
    72- 4431* BRODY, Celeste Mary, 1945- AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF STUDENT CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR AS IT INFLUENCES THE SOCIAL SYSTEM OF THE CLASSROOM. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 Education, theory and practice University Microfilms, XEROXA Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF STUDENT CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR AS IT INFLUENCES THE SOCIAL SYSTEM OF THiS CLASSROOM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Celeste Mary Brody, B.A., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by PLEASE NOTE: Some Pages have indistinct print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS VITA March 25, 1945. Born - Oceanside, California 1966................. B.A., The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 1966-1968........... Teacher, Secondary English, Uarcellus Central Schools, Marcellus, New York 1969.................. M.A., Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 1969-1971............. Teaching Associate, Department of Curriculum and Foundations, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIEIDS OF STUDY Major Field: Curriculum, Instruction and Teacher Education Studies in Instruction. Professor John B. Hough Studies in Teacher Education. Professor Charles M. Galloway Studies in Communications. Professor Robert R. Monaghan 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VITA ........................................ ii LIST OF TABLES................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ................................. iv Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION............................. 1 Statement of Problem.................. 1 Background............................. 3 Definition of Terms .................. 7 Data Gathering Framework............. 12 Significance of the Study ........... 14 Limitations of the Study............. 16 II. REVIEW OF LITURATURE .................... 18 Schoo 1-Student Relationships......... 18 Research Related to Hethodology ... 21 III. HETHODOLOGY............... 34 Population.
    [Show full text]
  • Vermont and the Slavery Question
    PVHS Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society 1938 NEW SERIES MARCH VOL. VI No. I VERMONT AND THE SLAVERY QUESTION By CHARLES E. TUTTLE, JR. Columbia University Library Dean Siebert's scholarly and valuohle study of the slavery question as it affected Vermont answers definitely a number of important and perplexing problems which have been raiJed at various times concern­ ing the actual and not legendary phases of Vermont!s reactWns to pre­ slavery doctrines and proposals in the momentous pre-Civil WaT days. In view of the importance of the book it seemed btJst to gwe it more extended discussion than could be offered in the usual review; and Mr. Charles E. Tuttle, fr., who has himselj made a special in­ vestigation oj the questions indicated, was invited to discuss the book and its significance in the general field oj the topic. Editor. VER.MONT'S ANTI-SLAVERY AND UNDERGROUND RAILROAD REC­ ORD. By WILBUR H. 5mBER.T. 1I3 pp. Illustrations-Map of Underground Railroad in Vermont, Seven Photographs of Opera­ tors, Three Photographs of StatWns. Index. Columbus, Ohio. The Spahr and Glenn Co. 1937. $2.75. Topsy: Stop Miss Feeley; does dey hob any oberseers in Varmount? Miss Ophelia: No, Topsy. Nor cotton plantations, nor sugar fac­ tories, nor darkies, nor wlUpping, nor nothing? Miss Ophelia: No, Topsy. Topsy: By golly! de quicker you is gwine de better den. R. SIEBERT'S recent study, Vermont's Anti-Slavery and M Underground Railroad Record, makes it plain that Topsy was right. Vermont in pre-CiV11 War days was a welcome haven to many a runaway Sambo, Quimbo, and Dinah who sought its hos­ pitality.
    [Show full text]
  • Cataracts of Silence
    RACISM Durban, South Africa and PUBLIC 3 - 5 September 2001 POLICY Cataracts of Silence Race on the Edge of Indian Thought Vijay Prashad United Nations Research Institute for Social Development 2 The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) is an autonomous agency engaging in multidisciplinary research on the social dimensions of contemporary problems affecting development. Its work is guided by the conviction that, for effective development policies to be formulated, an understanding of the social and political context is crucial. The Institute attempts to provide governments, development agencies, grassroots organizations and scholars with a better understanding of how development policies and processes of economic, social and environmental change affect different social groups. Working through an extensive network of national research centres, UNRISD aims to promote original research and strengthen research capacity in developing countries. Current research programmes include: Civil Society and Social Movements; Democracy, Governance and Human Rights; Identities, Conflict and Cohesion; Social Policy and Development; and Technology, Business and Society. A list of the Institute’s free and priced publications can be obtained by contacting the Reference Centre. UNRISD work for the Racism and Public Policy Conference is being carried out with the support of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. UNRISD also thanks the governments of Denmark, Finland, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom for their core funding. UNRISD, Palais des Nations 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Tel: (41 22) 9173020 Fax: (41 22) 9170650 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.unrisd.org Copyright © UNRISD. This paper has not been edited yet and is not a formal UNRISD publication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Cliques, Friendships, and Social Networks in Strengthening Adult Basic Education Student Persistence and Retention
    Kansas State University Libraries New Prairie Press 2010 Conference Proceedings (Sacramento, Adult Education Research Conference CA) The Power of Cliques, Friendships, and Social Networks in Strengthening Adult Basic Education Student Persistence and Retention Jeff Zacharakis Kansas State University Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/aerc Part of the Adult and Continuing Education Administration Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License Recommended Citation Zacharakis, Jeff (2010). "The Power of Cliques, Friendships, and Social Networks in Strengthening Adult Basic Education Student Persistence and Retention," Adult Education Research Conference. https://newprairiepress.org/aerc/2010/papers/84 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Adult Education Research Conference by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ! The Power of Cliques, Friendships, and Social Networks in Strengthening Adult Basic Education Student Persistence and Retention Jeff Zacharakis, Kansas State University, USA Abstract: This issue of student persistence and retention continues to plague most adult learning centers. This paper develops a theoretical perspective that uses social capital and network theory to explain why some students succeed in an ABE/GED program and go on to pursue post-secondary education and why some do not. The Problem Persistence and retention of adult basic education (ABE) students has been and continues to be a critical problem that many adult learning centers have yet to solve (Balmuth, 1988; Comings, Parrella, & Soricone, 1999; Merrifield, 1998; Quigley, 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • The Dictionary Legend
    THE DICTIONARY The following list is a compilation of words and phrases that have been taken from a variety of sources that are utilized in the research and following of Street Gangs and Security Threat Groups. The information that is contained here is the most accurate and current that is presently available. If you are a recipient of this book, you are asked to review it and comment on its usefulness. If you have something that you feel should be included, please submit it so it may be added to future updates. Please note: the information here is to be used as an aid in the interpretation of Street Gangs and Security Threat Groups communication. Words and meanings change constantly. Compiled by the Woodman State Jail, Security Threat Group Office, and from information obtained from, but not limited to, the following: a) Texas Attorney General conference, October 1999 and 2003 b) Texas Department of Criminal Justice - Security Threat Group Officers c) California Department of Corrections d) Sacramento Intelligence Unit LEGEND: BOLD TYPE: Term or Phrase being used (Parenthesis): Used to show the possible origin of the term Meaning: Possible interpretation of the term PLEASE USE EXTREME CARE AND CAUTION IN THE DISPLAY AND USE OF THIS BOOK. DO NOT LEAVE IT WHERE IT CAN BE LOCATED, ACCESSED OR UTILIZED BY ANY UNAUTHORIZED PERSON. Revised: 25 August 2004 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS A: Pages 3-9 O: Pages 100-104 B: Pages 10-22 P: Pages 104-114 C: Pages 22-40 Q: Pages 114-115 D: Pages 40-46 R: Pages 115-122 E: Pages 46-51 S: Pages 122-136 F: Pages 51-58 T: Pages 136-146 G: Pages 58-64 U: Pages 146-148 H: Pages 64-70 V: Pages 148-150 I: Pages 70-73 W: Pages 150-155 J: Pages 73-76 X: Page 155 K: Pages 76-80 Y: Pages 155-156 L: Pages 80-87 Z: Page 157 M: Pages 87-96 #s: Pages 157-168 N: Pages 96-100 COMMENTS: When this “Dictionary” was first started, it was done primarily as an aid for the Security Threat Group Officers in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ).
    [Show full text]
  • Gang Threat Assesment
    Texas Gang Threat Assessment A State Intelligence Estimate Produced by the Texas Joint Crime Information Center Intelligence & Counterterrorism Division Texas Department of Public Safety In collaboration with federal, state, and local law enforcement and criminal justice agencies August 2015 1 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 Executive Summary The key analytic judgments of this assessment are: • Gangs continue to represent a significant public safety threat to Texas due to their propensity for violence and heightened level of criminal activity. Of the incarcerated gang members within Texas Department of Criminal Justice prisons, over 60 percent are serving a sentence for violent crimes, including robbery (24 percent), homicide (16 percent), and assault/terroristic threat (15 percent). We assess there are likely more than 100,000 gang members in Texas. • The Tier 1 gangs in Texas for 2015 are Tango Blast and Tango cliques (estimated 15,000 members), Texas Syndicate (estimated 3,400 members), Texas Mexican Mafia (estimated 4,700 members), Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) (estimated 800 members), and Latin Kings (estimated 2,100 members). These groups pose the greatest gang threat to Texas due to their relationships with Mexican cartels, high levels of transnational criminal activity, level of violence, and overall statewide presence. • Gangs in Texas remain active in both human smuggling and human trafficking operations. Gang members associated with human smuggling have direct relationships with alien smuggling organizations (ASOs) and Mexican cartels. These organizations were involved in and profited from the recent influx of illegal aliens crossing the border in the Rio Grande Valley in 2014. Gang members involved in human trafficking, including commercial sex trafficking and compelling prostitution of adults and minors, exploit their victims through force, fraud or coercion, including recruiting and grooming them with false promises of affection, employment, or a better life.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics
    THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS (Organ of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics) Vol. I October 1946 1-• No. 2. CONFERENCE NUMBER PROCEEDINGS of the SIXTH CONFERENCE held at Benares, December, 1945. SUBJECTS I. T.V.A. Approach and its possibilities in Indian Agriculture. 2. Social Factors in Rural Economy. 3. Costs In relation to size of Farms. 4. Indian Food Policy. Rs. 3/- per copy. 12/- per annum. ••• THE INDIAN SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS BOMBAY: AIMS AND OBJECTS Tiaiii-Ote the inv-eitigation,--gtiiity *and inipieVemerit Of the economic . and social COnditions of agriculture and. rural life through (a) periodical conferences for the discussion of problems; (b) the publication of papers, or collectively; or in a periodical which may be issued under the auspices of the Society; n (c) co-operation with other institution having similar objects, such as the International Conference of Agricultural Economists and the Indian Economic Association; etc. EDITORIAL BOARD - Sir Manila! B. Nanavati V. L. Mehta 'D. R. Gadgil Gyan Chand L. C. Jain K. C. Ramkrislinan B,. K.Madan. - S. Kartar Singh •• - J. J. Anjaria (Managing Editor) Correspondence -relating to the supply- of copies should be addressed to the Honorary Secretary, The Indian Society. of Agricultural :Economies,- Esplanade Mansions, 3rd Floor,- Mahatma Gandhi Road,'Fort, Bombay. CONTENTS Pages Notes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Inaugural Address—Mr. Noel Hall • • .. • • • • 6 Welcome Address—Shri Sampurnanand .. • • • • • • 20 Presidential Address—Sir Manilal B. Nanavati • • • • • • 26 PAPERS AND DISCUSSION T. V. A. Approach and its possibilities in Indian Agriculture:— (1) S. Kesava Iyengar .. .. .. • • • • 39 (2) J. P. Bhattacharjee • • • • .. 44 (3) Gyan Chand • • • • • • • • • • .
    [Show full text]
  • Kinship, Conflict and Unity Among Roman Elites in Post-Roman Gaul
    Kinship, conflict and unity among Roman elites in post-Roman Gaul: the contrasting experiences of Caesarius and Avitus Leslie Dodd The fifth century saw the end of Roman imperial power in the West. Academic debate continues about whether the empire collapsed or transformed and survived in the form of the barbarian successor states in Gaul, Italy and Spain.1 For the purposes of this chapter, the key matter is that the century began with structures of official power still apparently robust throughout the West and ended with both empire and structures seemingly supplanted by incoming barbarians.2 Yet, while the process of invasion eventually vanquished Roman political authority, Roman provincial elites survived and strove to find new ways of preserving their social, political and economic status in this new post–Roman world. As in earlier times, the fortunes of provincial elites in the later empire were intertwined with the power of the state in the form of the imperial civil service. It was through the state bureaucracy that local elites gained legal and political authority; in some instances, it was how they gained social advancement. This chapter focuses on the increasingly parochial nature of the world in which these elites found themselves. In a world where neither the church nor the new barbarian kings could provide opportunities and careers to match those of the Roman state, we will see that as competition grew for the few available posts, traditional forms of elite class consciousness came to be replaced by a strictly local form of loyalty and identity based more upon kinship than upon shared social status.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission Neighborhood Health Center: a Case Study of the Department of Health Education and Welfare As a Counterinsurgency Agency
    The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Volume 7 Issue 3 May Article 7 May 1980 Mission Neighborhood Health Center: A Case Study of the Department of Health Education and Welfare as a Counterinsurgency Agency Thomas S. Bodenheimer Institute for the Study of Labor and Economic Crisis Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw Part of the Health Policy Commons, Social Welfare Commons, and the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation Bodenheimer, Thomas S. (1980) "Mission Neighborhood Health Center: A Case Study of the Department of Health Education and Welfare as a Counterinsurgency Agency," The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare: Vol. 7 : Iss. 3 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol7/iss3/7 This Article is brought to you by the Western Michigan University School of Social Work. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 390 MISSION NEIGHBORHOOD HEALTH CENTER: A CASE STUDY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION AND WELFARE AS A COUNTERINSURGENCY AGENCY Thomas S. Bodenheimer, M.D., M.P.H. Institute for the Study of Labor and Economic Crisis* In the 1960's, working class communities all over the country, particularly minority inner city neighbor- hoods, exploded in violent anger. The federal government responded with a pacification or cooling-out program: the War on Poverty. The War on Poverty provided federal funds to bring a few programs into the community, to create a few jobs, and to buy off working class leaders who were a threat to those in power. In the course of this pro- gram of counterinsurgency, the War on Poverty took over a slogan of the 1960's, "community control," and turned it into its opposite; rather than control by the commu- nity, "community control" came to mean control over the working class majority of the community.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceived Clique Definition in Ego-Centered Networks
    PERCEIVED CLIQUE DEFINITION IN EGO -CENTERED NETWORKS BY CHRISTOPHER MCCARTY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1992 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is dedicated to H. Russell Bernard and Peter D. Killworth who were there for me when I needed them most; to my son Sean who is my pride and joy; and to Gary Toops (a promise is a promise). ii . Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School ot the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy PERCEIVED CLIQUE DEFINITION IN EGO -CENTERED NETWORKS By Christopher McCarty December 1992 Chairman: H. Russell Bernard Major Department: Anthropology Previous research using ego-centered networks is based on the assumption that the explanations for strongly tied cliques, or subgroups, are obvious and can be used as cues to elicit clique membership. Such cues do elicit lists of network alters, but the claim that these are cliques which the informant naturally perceives has been unsubstantiated. This can only be done by allowing informants to freely define their network and measure network ties independently of any specific cues. Forty- seven informants were asked to respond to a computerized interviewing task which lasted from two to four hours. Informants free listed 60 people they knew, where knowing was loosely defined, yet constrained. Informants ranked on a scale of 1 to 5 how well they knew each alter. They then described how they used this 1 to 5 scale.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Texas Gang Threat Assessment
    UNCLASSIFIED Texas Gang Threat Assessment November 2018 TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK UNCLASSIFIED 1 UNCLASSIFIED Texas Gang Threat Assessment A State Intelligence Estimate Produced by the Texas Joint Crime Information Center Intelligence & Counterterrorism Division Texas Department of Public Safety In collaboration with federal, state, and local law enforcement and criminal justice agencies November 2018 UNCLASSIFIED 2 UNCLASSIFIED THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK UNCLASSIFIED 3 UNCLASSIFIED (U) Executive Summary (U) The key analytic judgments of this assessment are: • (U) Gangs are a significant threat to public safety in Texas. Texas gangs are responsible for high levels of violence throughout the state, such as murder, sex trafficking, armed robbery, and aggravated assault. Texas gangs are heavily involved in the trafficking of methamphetamine, heroin, cocaine, and marijuana, and will often work with each other regardless of race or ideology in order to profit from the trafficking of drugs. We assess there are more than 100,000 gang members in Texas at any given time based on available information and data from multiple sources. • (U) Gangs in Texas continue to work closely with the Mexican cartels. Gangs provide direct support to cartel drug and human smuggling operations into and throughout Texas and the nation. Cartels also utilize gang members to procure and move weapons and money to Mexico, and sometimes to commit violent crimes on both sides of the border. Given the entrenched connections between gangs and cartels for drug distribution, we are concerned about the role gangs could play in trafficking fentanyl and contributing to the national opioid epidemic.
    [Show full text]
  • Cricat-3.4.1 Gamebook.Pages
    THE CRISIS OF CATILINE ROME, 63 BCE GAME BOOKLET Bret Mulligan VERSION 3.4.3 (August 2017) THIS MANUSCRIPT IS CURRENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT AS PART OF THE “REACTING TO THE PAST” INITIATIVE OFFERED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF BARNARD COLLEGE. Reacting to the Past™ and its materials are copyrighted. Instructors seeking to reproduce these materials for educational purposes must request permission via email to [email protected] and [email protected]. Permission requests should indicate the following: (1) Name of Instructor, Institution, and Course in which the materials will be used; (2) Number of copies to be reproduced; and (3) If the printed booklets will be distributed to students at no cost or at cost. For additional information about the “Reacting to the Past” Series, please visit http:// barnard.edu/reacting. Table of Contents Introduction 1 The Necessity of Action 2 Rome in 63 BCE 3 A Tense Night in Rome (Historical Vignette) 4 How to React to the Past 11 Your Speech 15 Historical Context 19 The Growth of Rome and its Empire 19 Rome’s Empire in the First Century BCE 22 The Crises of the Republic 24 A Note on the Crisis of 64-63 BCE 34 Roles & Factions 35 Roles by Faction 37 Non-Voting Roles 37 Album Senatorum 38 Public Biographies 39 Rules & Traditions of the Roman Senate 45 Special Actions and Gambits 48 Map of Roman Italy 51 List of Primary Sources 52 Cicero — First Oration Against Catiline (In Catilinam I) 54 Appendix 1: Glossary of Roman Terms 61 Appendix 2: History of the Senatus Consultum Ultimum 63 Appendix 3: Roman Virtues 65 Appendix 4: Sample Speech (Capito’s Full Speech from “A Tense Night”) 68 Acknowledgements 72 !1 It is the year when Marcus Tullius Cicero and Gaius Antonius Hybrida are consuls.
    [Show full text]