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Unnecessary Fear, Nutrition, and Vegetarianism Lliegaccy Steven F

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Unnecessary Fear, Nutrition, and Vegetarianism Lliegaccy Steven F Sapontzis: Reply to Weir Reply to Weir: Unnecessary Fear, Nutrition, and Vegetarianism lLIEGACCY Steven F. Sapontzis There was only a jigsaw puzzle of dry California State University, Hayward ground; Professor Weir contends that "the vegetarian A shroud of unfinished power lines argument from unnecessary pain fails" because: dangling in silence. (1) "the Empirical Argument from Nutrition Shadow cows wandered equivocat[es] regarding what is meant by 'vegetarian,' 'adequate for human nutrition,' over broken fence pieces, and 'unnecessary for nutrition,' " prodding memories of grass. (2) "animals can be raised humanely and killed I asked a hungry man, mercifully," and Where is the beautiful land I came to see? (3) "the primajacie obligation not to inflict pain is overridden by the nutritional risk of This is her legacy, vegetarianism (especially veganism)." he told me sadly. Weir fails to establish any ofthese points as compelling The legend you seek is dead. criticisms ofa moral obligation to become vegetarians. She was once virgin bride to the world. We shall discuss each of his arguments in turn. Her dowry was a sea of zebra. The Empirical Argument from Nutrition Her wildebeest thundered Weir begins his attack on the proposition that "a like a summer storm. vegetarian diet is adequate for human nutrition" by She was jungle, mountain, and river. claiming that attempting to justify it by referring to "the large numbers ofvegetarians who are 'hale and thriving' " Long ago her lxxly throbbed "obviously is an inductive hasty generalization, with blood and breath. [because] the empirical fact that some vegetarians are healthy does not prove that all human!l-{)r even most She was warm and alive. humans-will be healthy on a vegetarian diet." However, far from being obvious, this charge of fallacious reasoning is false. We called her Africa. Kathleen Malley DISCUSSION Winter 1991 27 Between the Species Sapontzis: Reply to Weir ----------------- An inductive generalization is hasty when the vegetarian diet is risky, he argues, because of the sample upon which the generalization is based is too following "facts:" small. Now, recent estimates place the number of "Vitamin B-12 is an essential nutrient and naturally vegetarians in the United States at around 10 million, occurs only in animals products," with a similar number in the United Kingdom. There "only 5-10 percent of the iron in vegetables is are many more millions of vegetarians around the absorbed during digestion," world. This is not a small sample. Additionally, these "infants and preschool children need animal millions of vegetarians come from both sexes, all protein," stages of life, and a wide variety of ethnic, cultural, "vegan diets are also especially susceptible to and sO'cio-economic backgrounds. They are a diverse deficiencies in calcium, riboflavin, Vitamin A, as well as a large sample. and Vitamin D," and But are these people healthy? Books advocating different people and people at different periods of vegetarianism cite numerous, recent, scientific their lives have increased need of these studies indicating they are. Common sensically, it is nutrients. difficult to believe that tens of millions of people would voluntarily continue with a diet they found Incredibly, after presenting this litany ofdangers, Weir adversely affected their health. But that is what totally undermines his argument about the risks of vegetarians who have the option of eating meat are vegetarianism by conceding that "supplements can doing and have been doing for many years, even make virtually any diet 'adequate.'.. So, all these generations. Indeed, my experience has been that the fearsome "facts" about the risks of a vegetarian diet majority of American vegetarians are "health can be overcome by popping an occasional vitamin pilL vegetarians" rather than "ethical vegetarians;" that is, Would that all the risks of life could be so easily most American vegetarians are vegetarians because conquered! they find that diet to be healthier for them. Nonetheless, let us spend a moment on some of Consequently, although no inductive generalization Weir's specific "facts." In the same paragraph where could "prove," in some conclusive, deductive sense, he says that Vitamin B-12 "naturally occurs only in that every person would find a vegetarian diet healthy, animal products," Weir acknowledges that vegans, who the generalization from the number of health eat no animal products, can get B-12 from "tempeh or vegetarians to the conclusion that "a vegetarian diet miso (soy) fermented with the Klebsiella bacteria" or is adequate for human nutrition" is a reliable one. The "yeast grown on media rich in B-12," as well as from considerable amount of empirical evidence for that vitamin pills and "fortified" foods. Since B-12 can be generalization puts a considerable burden ofproof on readily obtained in a variety of ways, even without those, like Weir, who wish to deny the adequacy of a supplements and even by vegans, how does our need vegetarian diet. That burden is not met by his for B-12 put vegetarians of either sort at risk? The fallacious charge of fallacious reasoning. reassuring truth ofthe matter is that we need only small Weir's substantive effort to shoulder this burden is quantities ofthis vitamin, that it can be obtained readily his contention that that proposition is ambiguous about and inexpensively from plant sources, and that the surest what "vegetarian" covers and what "adequate" means. and easiest way of doing this is via a so-called "dietary His concern with "vegetarian" is that this term is used supplement." One such supplement, picked at random, to refer to both those who merely avoid eating meat contains 833% of the recommended daily allowance of and those who eat neither meat nor other animal B-12 in one little pill. So, one pill a week, and the products. The importance of this distinction for Weir "facts" about B-12 which frighten Weir are irrelevant lies in the possibility of obtaining nutrients necessary As to the iron issue, the relevant fact is not what for human health from eggs and dairy products. So, percentage of available iron is absorbed but whether the possible ambiguity of "vegetarianism" is really a the individual obtains the iron he needs. According to secondary matter; it is basically the requirements of an John Robbins, in Diet for a New America (Walpole, "adequate" diet that concern him. NH: Stillpoint Publishing, 1987), "long-term studies Weir claims that "the vegetarian diet is so risky that show no iron deficiencies arising from lacto-ovo or pure no one should impose it on another person." The vegetarian diets" (p. 300). Apparently absorbing 5-10% Between the Species 28 Winter 1991 Sapontzis: Reply to Weir of the iron available in vegetables is all we need. So, ooce an argument showing the relevance of whatever it is he again, where's the risk from vegetManism ofeither sat? does have to his claim that vegetarianism is risky. Again, Weir contends that "susceptible to osteo­ Thus, Weir's "facts" about nutrition are dubious and porosis, all vegan women must carefully monitor their do not entail that a vegetarian diet ofeither sort is risky. calcium intake since they consume no dairy products." Nordoes his analysis entail whatWeir ought (logically) However, according to the August 1, 1986, issue of to be trying to prove but never mentions: that a Science, there is a "large body of evidence indicating vegetarian diet is more risky than a meat-eating diet. no relationship between calcium intake and bone After all, if a meat-eating diet is more risky than a density." Apparently, it is low levels of estrogen, not vegetarian diet, then Weir's argument based on therisks ofcalcium, that are the source ofosteoporosis. Further­ of vegetarianism is irrelevant in yet another way. more, according to Neal Barnard, M. D., "studies now Perhaps Weir does not undertake this comparative show that high levels of protein-particularly animal analysis because he afraid of what it would show. protein-drain calcium from the body" (The Animals' Judging from the massive size of the vitamin industry Agenda, November, 1989, p. 7). He also notes that and its advertisements, which do not even suggest that broccoli, kale, spinach, almonds, sunflower seeds, and it is only or primarily vegetarians who should be other green vegetables and fruits are good sources of buying these products, meat-eaters must feel a great calcium, while "milk is probably the poorest choice for need to supplement their diets. Also, vegetarian diets a calcium supplement." Thus, far from showing reduce many kinds of health risk, such as trichinosis, vegetarians, including vegans, at risk, the facts about salmonella, and mercury poisoning, various kinds of osteoporosis indicate that it is meat-eaters who are most cancer, osteoporosis, arteriosclerosis, and other at risk to this disease. conditions associated with saturated fats and Weir does not elaborate on why "infants and cholesterol, which are more prevalent in meat than preschool children need animal protein," and that vegetables. The United States Department of statement looks more like a conclusion than a statement Agriculture spends a lot of money on inspecting meat offact At the recentWorld Vegetarian Day celebration for health hazards, and a lot of questions have recently at Stanford University, Dr. Michael Klaper, a been raised about the adequacy of those inspections. pediatrician and author ofPregnancy, Children and the Vegetarians do not have to fear all those hazards meat Vegan Diet (Umatilla, FL: Gentle World, 1988), inspectors are supposed to be guarding against, nor asserted that "there is nothing found exclusively in do they have to fear that these inspectors are not doing animal products that is essential for children's health their job. Thus, an unbiased review of the risks and growth." Apparently, this practicing pediatrician actually run by vegetarians vs.
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