DOCSLIB.ORG

88, Badzinski 2007, Hitch and Leberg 2007, Melles Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
88, Badzinski 2007, Hitch and Leberg 2007, Melles Et Al Nest site characteristics of Hooded Warblers at the northern edge of their breeding range By Benjamin J. Walters and Erica Nol Introduction The northern limit of the breeding range of the Hooded Warbler ( Setophaga citri - na ) extends from southeastern Nebraska to the southern Great Lakes Region and includes Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario and New York (Chiver et al. 2011). The southern limit of the Hooded Warbler’s breeding range extends from Florida to eastern Texas, although breeding in California has been documented (Chiver et al. 2011). Hooded Warblers have been undergoing a population and range expansion in the northeastern portion of their range (Gartshore 1988, Badzinski 2007, Hitch and Leberg 2007, Melles et al . 2011). For example, between the first (1981 – 1985) and second (2001 – 2005) Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas, Hooded Warblers were found in 68 new 10 km x 10 km atlas squares, and 12 of the same squares, while the species became absent in eight squares (Cadman et al . 2007). The expansion has generally been attributed to climate change (Hitch and Leberg 2007, Melles et al. 2011), but may Photo by also be a result of increases in suitable Ben Walters forested habitat within portions of its range (Badzinski 2007). 88 Ontario Birds August 2011 Ganaraska Forest Figure 1. Location of the Ganaraska Forest owned by the Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority. The Hooded Warbler is listed as a Friesen et al. 2000, Whittam et al. “threatened” species in the federal 2002, Badzinski 2003). Species at Risk Act , and a “special con - Some breeding evidence north of cern” species in Ontario’s Endangered this range, such as a male feeding young Species Act , 2007. Less than 1% of the east of Peterborough, Ontario, in 1963 Hooded Warbler’s breeding range is in (Sadler 1968), has been reported, but a Canada (Environment Canada 2011) breeding population was not discov - and all of that is in southern Ontario ered. Evidence now suggests that (Badzinski 2007). The first document - Hooded Warblers may breed as far ed occurrence of the Hooded Warbler north as the Bruce Peninsula, Lake at the northern extent of its range in Simcoe-Rideau and the southern Can - Ontario was in 1878 and nesting was adian Shield regions (Badzinski 2007). first documented in 1949 (Peck and For example, an unsuccessful breeding James 1987). The northern extent of attempt was documented at Awenda the Canadian Hooded Warbler popula - Provincial Park in 1989 (Weir 1989) tion was considered to inhabit primari - and a pair with fledged young w as ly Carolinian Forests in southwestern observed there in 2010 (Friends of Ontario (Bisson and Stutchbury 2000, Awenda Park 2011). Volume 29 Number 2 89 Hooded Warblers mainly breed in harvest (Gart shore 1988, Heltzel and mid- to late-successional mixed decidu - Leberg 2006) and in hurri cane created ous forests. At the northern extent of gaps after two and three years (Green - their range, such as in Ontario, Penn - berg and Lanham 2001) rather than in sylvania, Ohio, and Missouri, they control stands without gaps. In some breed in beech-maple and oak-hickory regions, Hooded Warblers are observed dominated forests (Horn and Ben - only in sites that have undergone forest ninger-Truax 1997, Friesen et al . 2000, harvesting (Wallendorf et al. 2007, this Howlett and Stutchbury 2003, Wallen - study ). As well, because of their prefer - dorf et al . 2007, Chiver et al . 2011). At ence for dense understory, nesting can the southern edge of their range they occur close to skidder trails, old logging breed in wet lowlands such as cypress- roads and roads (Gartshore 1988, gum swamps (Heltzel and Leberg Howlett and Stutchbury 1996). 2006). Hooded Warblers will also In 2006, a small nesting population inhabit forests with coniferous compo - of Hooded Warbler was observed in the nents such as oak-pine in south-central Ganaraska Forest in south-central Ont - Missouri (Wallendorf et al. 2007), ario, approximately 200 km north of mature pine forests in North (Green - the previously documented northern berg and Lanham 2001) and South range (Friesen et al. 2000) (Fig. 1). Un - Carolina (Sargent et al. 1997) and coni - like the southwestern Ont ario popula - ferous plantations in southwestern tion in the Carolinian Forest Zone, this (Badzinski 2003) and south-central south-central Ontario population Ont ario ( this study ). inhabits the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Hooded Warblers prefer mature Forest Zone. Similarly, however, the forests with a high canopy (Whittam Ganaraska Forest is mainly underlain and McCracken 1999), dense under - by sandy soils as is much of this species’ story, and canopy gaps for nest sites distribution in Ontario’s Carolinian and territories (Gartshore 1988, Whit - Forest (Gartshore 1988). The Ganaras - tam and McCracken 1999, Bisson and ka Forest is composed of beech-maple Stutchbury 2000, Friesen et al . 2000, and oak-maple forest with some mixed Pasher et al. 2007). Hooded Warbler pine-oak forest and coniferous planta - nest sites would naturally be found in tions. Som e trees and shrub s such as tree-fall gaps (Chiver et al. 2011), but tulip-tree ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), sas - because of a lack of mature forest safras ( Sassafras albidum ) and spicebush throughout their range, they are typi - (Lindera benzoin ), that are present in cally found in sites that are selectively the Hooded Warbler’s south western logged (Tarof and Stutchbury 1996, Ont ario breeding habitat, are absent Whittam and McCracken 1999, from the Gan araska Forest. Therefore, Greenberg and Lanham 2001). Hood - differences in forest structure such as ed Warblers appear to be more abun - tree spacing, canopy height and clo - dant at sites within 12 to 18 years after sure, and shrub laye r density, between 90 Ontario Birds August 2011 Figure 2. Deciduous habitat used by nesting Hooded Warblers in the Ganaraska Forest. Photo by Ben Walters the Carolinian Forest Zone and the they could be the same across this Ganaraska Forest could result in differ - species’ Canadian range. Furthermore, ences in habitat selection. Our objective identifying the similarities or differ - was to determine whether the structure ences in structural characteristics would of nesting habitat in the Ganaraska For - help in future assessments of potential est was similar to that in other areas of breeding habitat availability in the this species’ range, particularly in Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Z one. southwestern Ontario. Determining We expected that Hooded W ar blers the similarity in nest-site habitat would use nest -site s with th e sam e requirements among forest types would structural charac teristics as as individu - be useful for understanding what forest als to the south , despite a difference in management practices are most benefi - forest type. We expected that, because cial to Hooded Warblers and whether Hooded Warblers are a gap-dependent Volume 29 Number 2 91 species (Bisson and Stutchbury 2000, surroun ding land use is largely agricul - Shifley et al. 2006), nesting habitat tural. Pa sture lands for horse and cattle would be structurally similar to areas production dominate with some hay to the south with dense undergrowth fields and few row crops. Similar to the and an open canopy. St. Williams forest where a large per - centage of Canada’s Hooded Warblers Methods breed (Whittam et al. 2002), tree har - Study area vesting in the Ganaraska Forest is per - The Ganaraska Forest (N44° 5.8’ formed by either single-tree selection W78° 30.5’), owned by the Ganaraska in mixed deciduous forest or row-thin - Region Conservation Authority, is a ning in pine plantations. 4,228 ha forest on the Oak Ridges Moraine (Figure 1). The boundaries of Nest site vegetation the Ganaraska Forest are within characteristics Durham Regional Municipality, an d Hooded Warbler nest sites were located Peterboroug h and Northumberland in 2006 ( n = 4) and 2007 ( n = 8) counties. Forest soils are dominated by through intensive foot searches near Pontypool series gravely sand, Dun - singing males and agitated females. donald sandy loam, Bridgman sand Vegetation characteristics were meas - and Pontypool sandy loam underlain ured at eight of the 12 sites in 200 7. by Black River Trenton group lime - We measured the habitat character - stone. Forest elevations range from 200 istics at nest sites within a 5m x 10m m to 408 m above sea level (Tedford area centered on the nest. The habitat 1978). variables measured included percent In the early 1900s, reforestation of cover of overstory canopy cover, stem the Ganarask a Forest was necessar y density of saplings and trees, ground to stabilize the soils that began to erode cover and vegetation stratification after they were cleared for farmland. (Kilgo et al. 1996). We then compared The forest is approximately equally the vegetation characteristics from the comprised of coniferous plantation nest patch to the vegetation character - and mixed hardwoods. The coniferous istics at randomly chosen unused sites plantations consist of red pine ( Pinus (Kilgo et al. 1996, Bisson and Stutch - resin osa ) with smaller areas of scots bury 2000). To test nest-site selection, pine ( Pinus sylvestris ), jack pine ( Pinus we pooled nests from 2006 and 2007 bank siana ), white spruce ( Picea glau - because of small sample sizes (Whittam ca ), European larch ( Larix deciduas ) et al. 2002). and American larch ( Larix laricina ). All statistical analyses were per - The mixed hardwoods are dominated formed using STATISTICA (Statsoft by red oak ( Quercus rubra ), sugar 2004). Normality was tested using the maple ( Acer sacc harum ) and poplar Kolmorogov-Smirnov test and homo - (Populus spp .) (Tedford 1978). The geneity of variances was tested using 92 Ontario Birds August 2011 the Levene’s test. Variables tha t were distance. Litter depth was measured at normally distributed, or normalized the edge of the plot in all cardinal direc - using a transformation, were tested for tions and at the centre point of the plot.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • American Redstarts
    San Antonio Audubon Society May/June 2021 Newsletter American Redstarts By Mike Scully At the time of this writing (early April), the glorious annual spring migration of songbirds through our area is picking up. Every spring I keep a special eye out for one of my favorite migrants, the American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). These beautiful warblers flutter actively through the foliage, tail spread, wings drooped, older males clad in black and orange, females and second year males in shades of gray, olive green and yellow. For years, the American Redstart was the only species remaining in the genus Setophaga, until a comprehensive genetic analysis of the Family Parulidae resulted in this genus being grouped with more than 32 species formerly placed in the genus Dendroica and Wilsonia. The name Setophaga was applied to the whole by virtue of seniority. Though now grouped in a large genus, the American Redstart remains an outlier, possessing proportionately large wings, a long tail, and prominent rictal bristles at the base of the relatively wide flat beak, all adaptations to a flycatching mode of foraging. Relatively heavy thigh musculature and long central front toes are apparently adaptations to springing into the air after flying insects. The foraging strategy of redstarts differs from that of typical flycatchers. Redstarts employ a more warbler-like maneuver, actively moving through the foliage, making typically short sallies after flying insect prey, and opportunistically gleaning insects from twigs and leaves while hovering or perched. The wings are frequently drooped and the colorful tail spread wide in order to flush insect prey.
    [Show full text]
  • Carolinian Zone Plant Guide
    Carolinian Zone Plant Guide 1) Flowering Plants 2) Shrubs 3) Trees 4) Ferns 5) Grass 6) Vines 7) Water Plants Gardening Team UUHamilton 1 - Flowering Plants Common Blue Violet Gardening Team UUHamilton 1 - Carolinian Flowering Plants Carolinian moisture loving plants Cardinal flower Lobelia cardinalis Jewelweed Impatiens Swamp Milkweed Asclepias incarnata Joe Pyeweed Eupatorium fistulosum Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum Bottle Gentian Gentiana andrewsii Turtlehead Chelone glabra Skunk cabbage Sympolcarpus Swamp aster Aster Canada lily Lilium canadense Ironweed Vernonia gigantea Bee balm Monarda fistulosa Jack in the pulpit Arisaema Carolinian Flowering Plants A & B Dense blazing star Liatris spicata Boneset Eupatorium perfolatum Canada Anemone Anemone canadensis Aster New England Symphyotrichum Aster novae-angliae White narrow leafed Heart leafed big leafed Sky blue flat top Daisy fleabane Calico swamp Butterfly weed Asciepios tuberose Bloodroot Sanguinara Canadensis Beebalm Monardo didyma Bergamot Monarda fistulosa Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum Virginia Bluebell Uvalaria grandiflora Blazing star Liatris coreopsis Bugbane Virginia Bluebell Blanket flower Gaillardia Red Banebery Actaea ruba Perfoliate bellwort Golden Alexandrer's Zizia aurea Hairy Beardtongue Penstimon hirsutus C & D Coneflower purple Echinacea purpurea Coneflower grey headed Ratibida pinnata Compass Plant Silphium lociniaturm Lance - leafed coreopsis Coreopsis lanceolata Cardinal flower Lobelia cardinalis Culver's Root Veranicastrum Virginicum Cup Plant Silphium perfoliatum
    [Show full text]
  • Brown-Headed Cowbird (Molothrus Ater) Doug Powless
    Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) Doug Powless Grandville, Kent Co., MI. 5/4/2008 © John Van Orman (Click to view a comparison of Atlas I to II) Brown-headed Cowbirds likely flourished Distribution Brown-headed Cowbirds breed in grassland, alongside the Pleistocene megafauna that once prairie, and agricultural habitats across southern roamed North America (Rothstein and Peer Canada to Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and 2005). In modern times, flocks of cowbirds south into central Mexico (Lowther 1993). The followed the great herds of bison across the center of concentration and highest abundance grasslands of the continent, feeding on insects of the cowbird during summer occurs in the kicked up, and depositing their eggs in other Great Plains and Midwestern prairie states birds’ nests along the way. An obligate brood where herds of wild bison and other ungulates parasite, the Brown-headed Cowbird is once roamed (Lowther 1993, Chace et al. 2005). documented leaving eggs in the nests of hundreds of species (Friedmann and Kiff 1985, Wild bison occurred in southern Michigan and Lowther 1993). The evolution of this breeding across forest openings in the East until about strategy is one of the most fascinating aspects of 1800 before being hunted to near-extinction North American ornithology (Lanyon 1992, across the continent (Baker 1983, Kurta 1995). Winfree 1999, Rothstein et al. 2002), but the Flocks of cowbirds likely also inhabited the cowbird has long drawn disdain. Chapman prairies and woodland openings of southern (1927) called it “. a thoroughly contemptible Michigan prior to the 1800s (Walkinshaw creature, lacking in every moral and maternal 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology, Morphology, and Behavior in the New World Wood Warblers
    Ecology, Morphology, and Behavior in the New World Wood Warblers A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Brandan L. Gray August 2019 © 2019 Brandan L. Gray. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Ecology, Morphology, and Behavior in the New World Wood Warblers by BRANDAN L. GRAY has been approved for the Department of Biological Sciences and the College of Arts and Sciences by Donald B. Miles Professor of Biological Sciences Florenz Plassmann Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT GRAY, BRANDAN L., Ph.D., August 2019, Biological Sciences Ecology, Morphology, and Behavior in the New World Wood Warblers Director of Dissertation: Donald B. Miles In a rapidly changing world, species are faced with habitat alteration, changing climate and weather patterns, changing community interactions, novel resources, novel dangers, and a host of other natural and anthropogenic challenges. Conservationists endeavor to understand how changing ecology will impact local populations and local communities so efforts and funds can be allocated to those taxa/ecosystems exhibiting the greatest need. Ecological morphological and functional morphological research form the foundation of our understanding of selection-driven morphological evolution. Studies which identify and describe ecomorphological or functional morphological relationships will improve our fundamental understanding of how taxa respond to ecological selective pressures and will improve our ability to identify and conserve those aspects of nature unable to cope with rapid change. The New World wood warblers (family Parulidae) exhibit extensive taxonomic, behavioral, ecological, and morphological variation.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Warblers Wildlife Note
    hooded warbler 47. Wood Warblers Like jewels strewn through the woods, Pennsylvania’s native warblers appear in early spring, the males arrayed in gleaming colors. Twenty-seven warbler species breed commonly in Pennsylvania, another four are rare breeders, and seven migrate through Penn’s Woods headed for breeding grounds farther north. In central Pennsylvania, the first species begin arriving in late March and early April. Louisiana waterthrush (Parkesia motacilla) and black and white warbler (Mniotilta varia) are among the earliest. The great mass of warblers passes through around mid-May, and then the migration trickles off until it ends in late May by which time the trees have leafed out, making it tough to spot canopy-dwelling species. In southern Pennsylvania, look for the migration to begin and end a few days to a week earlier; in northern Pennsylvania, it is somewhat later. As summer progresses and males stop singing on territory, warblers appear less often, making the onset of fall migration difficult to detect. Some species begin moving south as early as mid and late July. In August the majority specific habitat types and show a preference for specific of warblers start moving south again, with migration characteristics within a breeding habitat. They forage from peaking in September and ending in October, although ground level to the treetops and eat mainly small insects stragglers may still come through into November. But by and insect larvae plus a few fruits; some warblers take now most species have molted into cryptic shades of olive flower nectar. When several species inhabit the same area, and brown: the “confusing fall warblers” of field guides.
    [Show full text]
  • A Land Manager's Guide to Conserving Habitat for Forest Birds in Southern
    Ministry of Natural Resources A land manager’s guide to conserving habitat for forest birds in southern Ontario Science and Information Resources Division and Trent University “Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land.” Aldo Leopold Photo: Al Woodliffe Funding for this publication was generously provided by: • Environment Canada: – Habitat Stewardship Program (HSP) for Species At Risk – Interdepartmental Recovery Fund • Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources: – Species at Risk Stewardship Fund – Southern Science and Information Section • Eastern Ontario Model Forest Authors: Dawn Burke, Ken Elliott, Karla Falk, and Teresa Piraino Artwork: Peter Burke Acknowledgements: We would also like to acknowledge the hard work and dedication of the following people: Laurie Dool for layout and design, Lyn Thompson for graphics and editing, Trent University staff for administrative assistance, Melissa Strauss and Julia Phillips for writing assistance, our reviewers for ensuring we were on the right track: Jon McCracken — Bird Studies Canada, Erica Nol — Trent University, Brian Batchelor — OMNR Southern Science and Information, Michael Rosen — Tree Canada, and John Enright — Upper Thames River Conservation Authority. We would also like to extend our thanks to Al Woodliffe, Mark Peck, Greg Lavaty, Lucas Foerster, Brad Woodworth, Doug Tozer, Harold Lee, Scott Gillingwater, Bob McBroom, Scott Reid, Terry Schwan, Jarrid Spice, Kyle Aldinger, Mark Marek, and the Algonquin Park Museum for generously donating their photographs for use in this guide. Without this kind offer we would not have been able to produce such a visually appealing document. Finally, we would like to thank all the public and private land owners who have allowed us to work in their forests for the past 10 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Bruce Trail Guide to Exploring the Forests of the Niagara Escarpment
    Bruce Trail Guide to Exploring the Forests of the Niagara Escarpment Bruce Trail & Niagara Escarpment Forests Contents Map: Exploring Forests along the Bruce Trail . 3 Walking under the cool shade of a hundred foot high forest canopy Forest Regions . 5 is one of the many delights of the Bruce Trail. In fact, on almost Carolinian Forests . 7 any hike along the Bruce Trail, you will find yourself in a forest. Coniferous, Deciduous & Mixed Forests . 9 Treed Talus & Cliffs . 11 To the observant hiker, the wonderful treed oases of the Niagara Forest Layers . 13 Escarpment are a joy to explore. May this booklet help you become Forest Succession . 15 more familiar with diversity of forest life along the Bruce Trail. Stewarding Escarpment Forests . 17 Common Escarpment Trees . 21 Making the most of your forest hike: DECIDUOUS American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) . 25 • Take this booklet with you for handy reference. Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) . 27 Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . 29 • Slow down and look beyond your boots. There is much to see Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) . 31 at every level of the forest. Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) . 33 • Pick up a trail map at brucetrail.org Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides) . 35 White Ash (Fraxinus americana) . 37 • Head out on an organized Bruce Trail hike. White Oak (Quercus alba) . 39 • Seek out a Bruce Trail Heritage Tree (pg. 59-60). White Birch (Betula papyrifera) . 41 DECIDUOUS / CAROLINIAN Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) . 43 Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata) . 45 Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) . 47 CONIFERS Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) . 49 Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) . 51 Eastern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) .
    [Show full text]
  • Just Plain Beautiful ...Discover
    Discover and Just plain beautiful ..... with Team VandenBussche Life long residents of Ontario’s South Coast in beautiful Norfolk County! Presented by Ron VandenBussche - Broker Put our local knowledge and 40+ years of real estate experience in this area to work for you and discover Ontario’s best kept secret! Erie Shores Realty Inc. Brokerage 103 Queensway E, Simcoe N3Y 4M5 24 hr pager Simcoe: 519-426-0081 Port Dover: 519-583-3555 Contact Team VandenBussche to Discover and Ron Ryan Lisa Just plain beautiful ... Ontario’s best kept secret and we’re only a short drive from everywhere! Southern Ontario’s Cottage Country on the temperate shores of Lake Erie from the lakeside community of Port Dover to Turkey Point Beach and Long Point World Biosphere is fast becoming the destination of choice for urbanites from all central/southwestern Ontario cities and US border states. Norfolk County has everything there is to offer and most importantly, we are centrally located and easily accessible. Today’s modern technology combined with our easy commute to major centers has prompted many urbanites seeking lifestyle changes to adopt the attitude of “living where you want to and working where you have to”. There are those who can relocate to the area and work from home while others either commute or choose a scenic Norfolk property for their weekend retreat. vLong Point W orld Biosphere vPristine Carolinian Forests & Coldwater Streams vSafe Clean W ater and Sandy Beaches vSuperb Fishing, Boating and Diving Facilities v18 Area Golf Courses vCampgrounds and Nature Trails vHeritage Museums, live Theaters, wineries & farm fresh produce vA Mix of Rural Lifestyle and Unique Shopping Experiences & eateries Become a part of this ..
    [Show full text]
  • Widespread Warblers
    Widespread Warblers Yellow Warbler (M) Yellow Warbler (F) Wilson’s Warbler (M) Wilson’s Warbler (F) Nashville Warbler Common Yellowthroat (M) Common Yellowthroat (F) Palm Warbler Yellow-rumped Yellow-rumped (Myrtle) Warbler (M) (Myrtle) Warbler (F) Orange-crowned Warbler Blackpoll Warbler (M) Blackpoll Warbler (F) Black-and-white Warbler (M) Black-and-white Warbler (F) Northern Waterthrush American Redstart (M) American Redstart (F) Yellow-breasted Chat Yellow Warbler male, Yellow Warbler female, Wilson's Warbler male, Common Yellowthroat male, Common Yellowthroat female, Palm Warbler, Yellow-rumped (Myrtle) Warbler male, Yellow-rumped (Myrtle) Warbler, Orange-crowned Warbler, Black and white Warbler male, Northern Waterthrush, American Redstart male, American Redstart female: Kevin J. McGowan, Wilson's Warbler female: Ian Routeley/ML29261821, Nashville Warbler: Benjamin Hack/ML70542021, Blackpoll Warbler male: Dick Dionne/ML38369491, Blackpoll Warbler female: Larry Sirvio/ML47600211, Black and White Warbler female: Peter Hawrylyshyn/ML80064421, Yellow-breasted Chat: Paul Aucoin/ML45134551 Eastern Warblers 1 Kentucky Warbler Prairie Warbler (M) Prairie Warbler (F) Hooded Warbler (M) Hooded Warbler (F) Pine Warbler (M) Pine Warbler (F) Kirtland's Warbler (M) Kirtland's Warbler (F) Prothonotary Warbler Blue-winged Warbler Northern Parula (M) Northern Parula (F) Golden-winged Warbler (M) Golden-winged Warbler (F) Yellow-throated Warbler Worm-eating Warbler Swainson's Warbler Louisiana Waterthrush Prairie Warbler male, Prairie Warbler female,
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Southern Ontario's Eastern Hemlock Forests
    Conserving Southern Ontario’s Eastern Hemlock Forests Opportunities to Save a Foundation Tree Species Research Report No. 38 Ancient Forest Exploration & Research www.ancientforest.org [email protected] BY MICHAEL HENRY AND PETER QUINBY 2019 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 4 THE VALUE OF EASTERN HEMLOCK ............................................................................................................. 5 A Long-lived Climax Species ......................................................................................................................... 5 Old Growth ................................................................................................................................................... 5 A Foundation Species ................................................................................................................................... 6 INVASION OF HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID ................................................................................................ 7 History and Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Rates and Patterns of Spread .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Flowering Dogwood (Cornus Florida) in Canada
    Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series Adopted under Section 44 of SARA Recovery Strategy for the Eastern Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) in Canada Eastern Flowering Dogwood 2014 Recommended citation: Environment Canada. 2014. Recovery Strategy for the Eastern Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) in Canada. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa. 16 pp. + Appendices. For copies of the recovery strategy, or for additional information on species at risk, including COSEWIC Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry (www.sararegistry.gc.ca). Cover illustration: Nigel Finney © Également disponible en français sous le titre « Programme de rétablissement du cornouiller fleuri (Cornus florida) au Canada » © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2014. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-100-22804-4 Catalogue no. En3-4/172-2014E-PDF Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source. RECOVERY STRATEGY FOR THE EASTERN FLOWERING DOGWOOD (Cornus florida) IN CANADA 2014 Under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996), the federal, provincial, and territorial governments agreed to work together on legislation, programs, and policies to protect wildlife species at risk throughout Canada. In the spirit of cooperation of the Accord, the Government of Ontario has given permission to the Government of Canada to adopt the Recovery Strategy for the Eastern Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) in Ontario (Part 2) under Section 44 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). Environment Canada has included an addition which completes the SARA requirements for this recovery strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Hooded Warbler Nesting Success Adjacent to Group- Selection and Clearcut Edges in a Southeastern Bottomland Forest
    HOODED WARBLER NESTING SUCCESS ADJACENT TO GROUP- SELECTION AND CLEARCUT EDGES IN A SOUTHEASTERN BOTTOMLAND FOREST Ah.rtruct. During the 1996, 1997, and 199X breeding seasons, WC located and moni- tored Hooded Warbler (Wilsoniu citrino) nests in a bottomland forest and examined the effects of edge proximity, edge type, and nest-site vegetation on nesting success. SW- cessful Hooded Warbler nests were more concealed from below and were located in nest patches with a greater abundance of >O.S-m-tall switchcane (Arundinrrrict giguntc~tr) stems than unsuccessful nests. Daily nest survival rates, clutch size, and number of tledglings per successful nest did not differ between nests near edges of selcction- harvest openings within the bottomland and nests near edges of clearcuts adjacent to the bottomland. Daily survival rate, clutch ske, and number of fledglings per successiul nest did not differ among nests O-SO m, 5 I-100 m, and > 100 m from the nearest edge, and probability of nest survival was not related to proximity to either edge type. How- ever, probability of parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molorhrus u/cr) was higher near clearcut edges, and parasitism reduced clutch size and numbers of fledglings per successful nest. The combined effects of edge, especially edge created by the relatively small (c;O.S ha) group-selection openings, on Hooded Warbler nesting success were minimal. However, our study was conducted in a primarily forested landscape, so cow- bird abundance or negative edge effects may have been low relative to agricultural landscapes in the South. l&to de Anidaci6q de Wiisoniu citrincl en Sitios Adyacentes a Bordes de Claros Formados por Extraccicin de Arboles Seleccionados y por Tala Rasa en Bosques Ribereiios de1 Sureste Rr.sum~n.
    [Show full text]