Advisory Board on Water Pollution, Rainy River and Lake of the Woods

ADVISORY BOARD ON WATER POLLUTION, RAINY RIVER AND LAKE OF THE WOODS

INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION UNITED STATES AND CANADA

POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY WATERS * % 0 1960-1962 INVESTIGATIONS

RAINY RIVER AND LAKE OF THE WOODS MINNESOTA AND ONTARIO

APRIL 1963

Printed in the United States for Public Health Service by General Services Administration. CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal ------Acknowledgments ......

Advisory Board on Water Pollution, Rainy River and Lake of the Woods, International Joint Commission, Membership ...... iii

personnel ...... iiii

Findings and Recommendations ------Chapter I

Initiation of the Investigation ------Chapter I1

General Description ------Chapter I11 Hydrometric Data ...... Chapter IV

Uses of Boundary Waters ------Chapter V

Water-Borne Diseases ------Chapter VI

Sources and Character of Pollution --- Chapter VII

Pollution Effects on Boundary Water Quality ...... Chapter VIII

Transboundary Movement of Pollution -- Chapter IX

Discussion of Findings and Remedial

Measures ------m-m---- Chapter X

Appendices 1. Glossary 2. References 3. Bibliography LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL (Rainy River and Lake of the Woods Section)

To the International Joint Commission United States and Canada

The Advisory Board submits herewith its report on pollution of the Rainy River and Lake of the Woods Section of the International Boundary Waters covered by reference . to the Commission dated May 30, 1959.

Pursuant to the appointment of the Advisory Board on October 8, 1959, technical investigations and studies over a threeyear period have covered those aspects of pollution deemed necessary for the Commission to answer the questions contained in the reference referred to them from the Governments of Canada and the United States.

Respectfully submitted,

ADVISORY BOARD ON POLLUTION OF BOUNDARY WATERS - RAINY RIVER AND LAKE OF THE WOODS - United States - L. F. Warrick Canada - W. R. Edmonds Chairman Chairman.

United States Canada L. F. WARRICK J. R. MENZIES Chairman Chairman (1959 - December 9, 1961) H. C. CLARE W. R. EDMONDS S. A. FRELLSEN Chairman

H. G. ROGERS, R. E. TAIT (1959 - March 9, 1962) A, E. BERRY LYLE H. SMITH F. A. VOEGE

April 4, 1963 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . .

Valuable assistance has been rendered during this investigation, by the various municipalities and industries as well as several State, Provincial, and Federal agencies on both sides of the boundary. Special acknowledgment is made to the following:

On the United States side to:

Minnesota Department of Health Division of Environmental Sanitation Section of Water Pollution Control Section of Engineering ~aboratories

Minnesota Department of Conservation Division of Waters and Division of Game and Fish Section of Research and Planning

Minnesota Department of Agriculture

City of International Falls, Minnesota

Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company International Falls, Minnesota

Otto W. Kuehne, Chief Operator, Waste Treatment Plant ~nternational'~alls,Minnesota

Owen CharLton, Operator, Waste Treatment Plant Williams, Minnesota

and on the Canadian side to:

Laboratory of Hygiene Department of National Health & Welfare Ottawa, Canada ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (Continued)

Water Resources Branch Department of Northern Affairs & National Resources Ottawa, Canada

Town of Fort Frances

Ontario Department of Agriculture

Ontario Department of Health

Ontario ~epartmentof Lands and Forests

Ontario Minnesota Pulp and Paper Company, Ltd., Fort Frances

Fort Frances Brewing Company, Ltd.

Be'cks Beverages, Ltd., Fort Frances

Fort Frances Dairy

Border Dairy, Fort Frances ADVISORY BOARD ON WATER POLLUTION RAINY RIVER AND LAKE OF THE WOODS INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION

-For Canada William R. Edmonds (Chairman), Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa

Robert E. Tait, Department of ~ationalHealth and Welfare,.Ottawa --For the United States Louis F. Warrick (chairman), U. S, Public .Health Service, Washington, D. C.

Herbert C. Clare, U. S. Public Health Service Regional Office, Kansas City, Missouri -For Ontario Albert E. .Berry, Ontario Water Resources Commission, Toronto

Fred A. Voege, Ontario Water Resources Commission, Toronto -For Minnesota Lyle H. Smith, Water Pollution control Commission, Minneapolis

Sidney A. Frellsen, Minnesota Department of conservation, Division of Waters, St. Paul PERSObTNEL

The personnel assigned to conduct the field work in the

1960-62 investigation were made available by the U. S. Public

Health Service, the Department of National Health and Welfare of Canada, the Minnesota Department of Health and the Ontario

Water Resource's Commission, as follows:

Canadian Field Staff

Canadian National Health & Welfare

Donald Atwell Student Assistant

Rudolph Holowaty, B. Sc. Ciiemist

David Jack, M.Sc. Engineer

C. H. McBratney, B. Sc. Chemist

W. R. Pringle, B.Sc. Engineer

John E. Reid, M.Sc. Bacteriologist

L. J. Rockwell, B.A. Technician

Frank Smart Student Assistant

0. J. Storsater, M.A.Sc. Engineer

Alan D. Tennant, Ph.D. Bacteriologist

R. T. Thomson Student Assistant

Fred Theaker Student Assistant

Stanley Whittaker Sanitarian

John Wheatley Student Assistant Ontario Water Resources Commission

W. Gerald Cousins, M.A. Sc. Engineer

F. James Dart, B-A-Sc. Eng ineer

John J. Evans Technician

Nilliam kc. Flynn Technician

Ronald D. Gibson Technician

Glen Hardcastle Student Assistant

Alan J. Harris, M.A.Sc. Engineer

Gordon J. Hopkins Technician

J. Hutcheson Student Assistant

Joseph Kavaliauskas - Techn.ician

Henry Kronis Student Assistant

'1'. Metzing . Student Assistant

Richard H. Millest, M.A.Sc. Engineer

John 13. Neil, M.A., CPH Biologist

Raymond C. Stewart, B.A.Sc. Engineer

Paul Xilson Student Assistant

Marlc Zaremba Student Assistant

United States Field Staff

Public Health Service ,

Gerald W. Lawton, Ph.D. Chemist, in Charge, 1960

Orlando Ruschmeyer, M. S. Biologist, in Charge, 1961

Calvin Fremling, Ph. D. Biologist, in Charge, 1962 I .. John Briese Engineering Aide

Donald Evans Engineering Aide

John W. Gilje Chemist Aide

Gale L. Hubred Engineering Aide

R. W. Klippel Engineering Aide

James W. Lavin Engineering.Aide

Roscoe W. Libby Engineer

Joe K. Neel, Ph. D. Biologist

Meredith Saxer , ~ngineeringAide

Lawrence A. Schrnid Engineering Aide

Minnesota Department of Health

Jerry C. Hillestad Public Health Engineering Aide

W. F. Hodgins, B.F.A. Public Health Engineering Aide

C. A. Johannes, B.Ch.E. Public Health Engineer

Charles Kiester, B. S. C. E. Assistant Public Health Engineer

Public Health Engineering Aide

L. E. Richie, B.A. Geologist

Robert A. Spicer, B.S. Public Health Biologist

Minnesota Department of Conservation

Donald Olson, .B.S. District Fisheries Biologist Chapter I

Findings and Recommendations

The investigation of pollution of the boundary waters of Rainy River and Lake of the Woods has extended over the period from June 1960 to September 1962. In that time a comprehensive examination has been made of many phases of pollution, and relevant information has been obtained from many sources. These data have been studiel-: and conclusions reached on the questions contained in the terms of reference to the International Joint Commission by the governments of the two countries.

This study has involved unique and complex problems.

The previous investigation in 1913 was a pioneering effort in the evaluation of bacteriological pollution. In the intervening years these waters have assumed an important role in serving numerous uses on a boundary between two countries where healthful 1 iving, commerce, and recreation have attained a high level of development. These activities have focused attention on two necessities: first the recognized need for clean waters, and secondly, the serious problem of attaining this objective. The steady increase in urban population, the marked increase in production of paper products., and the prospects for future industrial and recreational development give rise to involved and compli- cated requirements both for the investigation and solution of this situation. The cost is high for correction, but it is higher for continuance of the defilement of these waters.

The investigation has enabled the Advisory Board on

Water Pollution, Rainy River and' Lake of the Woods, to reach certain conclusions on the findings and to offer recommendations to the Commission for remedial measures.

The findings of the Board are discussed in Chapter S and are summarized herewith.

Findings.

'1. These waters are seriously polluted in many places on

both sides of the boundary. Serious pollution exists

in the entire river downstream from Fort Frances and

International Falls. . ., 2. There is a transfer of pollution from each side of

the boundary to the other. This has been demonstrated

by float studies and by analytical results.

3. Conditions conducive to injury to health and property

exist on both sides of.the boundary. This has been

manifested in the following ways: a. Health - A potential menace is present where

waters polluted to the extent of these are used

for domestic purposes. The extent of pollution

of these waters is such that they cannot be

safely used. as a potable water supply without

complete and continuously effective treatment.

Furthermore, they are so polluted in most

areas so as to render them unsafe for recrea-

tional bathing purposes.

The pollutants present in these.boundary

waters must be considered an actual and potential

health hazard, whether they be transmitted through

public water supplies, bathing beaches, or by

other means. If the 1913 to 1962 trend in bacterial

pollution is permitted to continue, the time will

come when conditions will reach a point where it

will be impossible to use these waters safely for

domestic purposes. b. Property - Injury to property has been illustrated

in an increase in the cost of water supply for

municipalities and in lessened attractiveness of

bathing beaches which may result in lower valuation of water-front and resort properties. c. Industry - There is evidence that these waters

are polluted to such a degree that their use in

certain industries may be, affected. &I economic

-loss to the community, and to industry as well

will occur when a plant is unable to locate in an

area because of inability to secure a satisfactory

water supply. d. Recreation - These waters are polluted to such a

degree that they are unsafe for bathing, unsuitable

for f i,shing., detrime'ntal to fish propagation,

unsatisfactory for general recreational purposes

and are aesthetically offensive.

Biological characteristics of the river have

been altered by waste discharges. Changes in

plankton, benthos, fishes and slime growths are

related to specific waste effects and river

discharge patterns.

. . Wood sugars discharged in the pulping process

are a major source o-E nutrients for slime growths.

Fiber, barlc, and chips released from the pulp and

paper mills create bottom deposits which rise and cause malodorous conditions along the major portion

of the river, and impairment of fish propagation.

1 4. Some progress has been made in control or elimination

of pollution during the period of this investigation.

Municipal progress has been confined to the planning

stages, with the exception of sewerage facilities and

sewage stabilization ponds recently completed at South

International Falls. Industrial progress has been

confined mainly to in-plant controls and partial

segregation of domestic sewage from industrial wastes.

5. Conferences by the Commission and the Advisory Board

show a reasonable appreciation by village officials

and industrial management of the need for correction of

existing conditions. Financing of the necessary remedial

work was indicated to be the principal hindrance to

correction.

6. The condition of these waters requires that remedial

measures be undertaken as early as possible.

Recommendations

The Advisory Board,respectfully. offers the following recommendations to the Commission:

1. Remedial measures for the abatement and control of pollution 'in the Rainy River section of the boundary

waters should be undertaken at the earliest possible

date. These measures should be sufficient to restore

and protect the uses of these waters to which the

people of both countries are rightfully entitled.

Major consideration should be given to uses of water

for domestic and industrial supplies, recreation, fish

/ and wildlife, sanitary purposes, and navigation.

2. The "Objectives for Boundary Water Quality Control",

currently applying to boundary waters under Reference,

as suitably modified to meet water quality needs in the

Rainy River - Lake of the Woods public water areas

'should be recognized in the development of remedial

and pollution - preventive measures by municipalities

and industries. These objectives should apply to both

existing and new sources of wastes.

3. Treatment of municipal wastes by sedimentation and

disinfection of the effluent should be undertaken by

all communities as the initial step; and a program of

more efficient or secondary treatment should be

inaugurated at as early a date as possible. Need for

more efficient or secondary treatment will be most 1- 7

urgent near large centers of population or where much

industrial waste is involved. It is recognized that

local conditions on either side of the boundary may

give additional emphasis to the need for this higher

degree of treatment. The estimated cost for installa-

tion of intercepting sewers and primary treatment works

i for municipalities in this section is $2,384,500 of

. which none is for United states communities. For the

b additional cost of secondary treatment of municipal

I f wastes the estimate is $708,000 of which $200,000 is on I i the United States side and $508,000 on the Canadian

i side. These works must be financed through public funds.

4. Industrial wastes should be utilized, controlled, or

treated to comply, as soon as possible, with the F. 32 c "Objectives for Boundary Waters Quality Control" i interpreted as recommended by this Board. The cost L* estimated by the industries involved for industrial

waste treatment works exceeds $11,000,000. 3 2. f d 5. Appropriate action should .be taken to accomplish reduction a .. of slime growths such as. by reduced discharge of nutrients.

- ..6.- , It is recommended that the Commission review its order

of June 8, 1949, as amended by its order of October 1, 1.. R

i 1957, governing the regulation of the levels of ~~ny

Lake and other boundary waters in the Rainy Lalre watershed with the view of eliminating the extremely I low flows in the Rainy River now prevalent on weekends below the outlet of Rainy Lake.

Boats should be equipped with effective devices for treatment of sewage and pollutional matter. No refuse or other waste should be discharge? overboard in boundary waters.

Definite plans for financing and constructing municipal works needed to remedy pollution should be formulated.

Definite time schedules for abateroellt of industrial waste pollution should be established and followed.

Continuing surveillance over pollution control progress should be maintained through a technical committee or board, with representation from both countries including

Federal, state, and provincial governments.

The Cornmission should take such measures as may be legally available to it to have the pollution abatement and prevention program herein outlined initiated, promoted, and effectively prosecuted. Chapter I1 Initiation --of the Investigation

-The Pollution Problem The waters between the United States and Canada are vitally

important to health, recreation, and the national economy of

both countries. In the Rainy Lake, Rainy River, and Lake of

the Woods section of the boundary the pulp and paper industry, . . . . recreation, and agriculture have developed to a considerable

degree. The success of these developments, and indirectly the

welfare of larger areas of both countries, is influenced in no

small measure by maintenance of these waters free from objection- . . able pollution.

Pollution cont~olis an ever changing problem. At one

time the major source of contamination was human sewage', and

the degree of bacterial pollution was the primary concern.

/ This continues to be an important health problem, but industrial

developments in both countries have added new factors. Their I wastes produce effects additional to and different from those

created by the concentration of sewage bacteria. These indus-

trial wastes may have a deleterious effect on the aesthetic

qualities of the water 'as well as on its physical and chemical properties. Their health signlflcance is secondary to sewage, but they may seriously impair the use of water for domestic, recreational, industrial, and other purposes. The development of new products, the expansion of industrial activity, and modification of industrial proc&sses all cause variations in wastes which intensify the problems of water pollution control.

These problems are further aggravated in this area by the demand of large sections of population of both countries for the preservation of these extensive recreational resources.

-The Previous Investisation

The pollution of boundary waters between Canada .and the - -- -

United States has been of concern to both countries for more than half a century. Interest has been manifest in the extent, nature, and dispersion of pollution from each side of the bound- . . agy to the other. An answer to this question was first sought when'the initial survey of these waters was undertaken in 1913 by the International Joint Commission. The "Progress Repott of the International Joint i om mission"(') in 1914, emphasized the extent of bacterial contamination at that time.

I-n the interval between 1913 and 1962 the population, the use of the area for recreation, and the volume of industrial wastes have increased greatly. Some waste treatment facilities have been built, but continuing efforts will be required to insure that these waters will be maintained in a satisfactory state for the use of the people of both nations.

Authorization of Survey

"The Governments of the United States and Canada have been informed that the waters of the Rainy River and the Lalte of the

;Joods are being polluted by sewage and industrial wastes emptied into these waters. Having in mind the provisions of Article IV of the Boundary Waters Treaty signed January 11, 1909, that boundary waters and waters flowing across the boundary shall not be polluted on either side to the injury of health or property on the other side, the two Governments have agreed upon a j oint Reference (*) of the matter to the International Joint

Commission, pursuant to the provisions of Article I:< of said

Treaty. The Commission is requested to inquire into and to report to the two Governments upon the following questions:

"(1) Are the waters referred to in the preceding paragraph, or any of them, actually being polluted on either side of the boundary to the injury of health or property on the other side of the boundary? (*) May 30, 1959 11(2) If the foregoing question is answered in the affirma-

tive, to what extent, by what causes; and in what localities is

such pollution taking place?

"(3) If the Commission should find that pollution of the

character just referred to is taking place, what measures for

remedying the situation would, in its judgment, be most practic-

able from the economic, sanitary and other points of view?

"(4) If the Commission should find that the construction or niaintenance of remedial or preventive works is necessary-to render the waters sanitary and suitable for domestic and other uses, it should indicate the nature, location, and extent of

such works, ar~lthe probable cost thereof, and by whom and in what proportions such cost should be borne.

"For the purpose of assisting the Commission in making the investigation and recommendations provided for in this Reference, the two Governments will, upan request, make available to the

Commission the services of engineers and other specially qualified personnel of their governmental agencies, and such information and technical data as may have been acquired by such agencies or as may be acquired by them during the course of the investigation. "The Commission should submit its report and recommendations to the two Governments as soon as practicable."

Advisory Board on Water Pollution

Pursuant 'to the reference of the two Governments the

International Joint Commission appointed an Advisory Board on Water Pollution for Rainy River and Lake of the Woods and issued a directive dated December 15, 1959, as follows:

"1. The Advisory Board on Water Pollution--Rainy River

and Lake of the Woods was established by the

International Joint Commission on 8 October 1959,

and the following were appointed to serve on

the Board:

United States Section:

Mr. L. F. Warrick (Chairman) Mr. H. C. Clare Mr. S. A. Frellsen Mr. H. G. Rogers*

Canadian Section:

Mr. J. R. Menzies (chairman)** Dr. A. E. Berry Mr. R. E. Tait Mr. F. A. Voege

*The late Harvey G. Rogers retired from the Board March 9, 1962, and on that date was succeeded by Mr. Lyle H. smith. **~ollowingthe death of Mr. J. Ross Menzies on December 9, 1961, Mr. William R. Edmonds was appointed on March 8, 1962, to the Board as Chairman of the Canadian Section. "2, Thg Board ~$11carry out the technical inyestigatione

and studies necessary to enable the i om mission to I prepare and submit its report and reconmendations to

$be Goverwents of tbe United States and Canada, as

requested by the two Governments in Reference to

the Commission dated 30 May 1959, A copy of the said

Reference is attached hereto,

"3( ~ieidinvestigations should be directed initially to pollution of the waters of Rainy River, of tributaries

I of Rainy River insofar as the quality of the tributary

waters affects the quality of the waters of Rainy

River and of Lake of the Woods insofar as the quality '#

of its waters are affected by the quality of waters I 1 discharged to it from Rainy River. The Board wil.1

advise the Commission if it appears that more extensive

investigation of pollution of the waters of Lake of r. the Woods would be desirable,

"4, The Board will furnish a preliminary report to the Commission on or before 31 March 1960 containing a

I general outline of the existing situation as regard8 I i pollution in the area under reference, and oi the pro-' . i t i I cedure proposed for carrying out the investigation. I "5. The Board is authorized to establish such committees

and working groups as may be required to effectively

discharge its responsibilities, to enlist the cooperation

of technical officers of other Federal, Provincial or

State Departments or agencies in the,United States

and Canada and to make such expenditures for travel as

may be found necessary.

"6. TheBoard is requested to carry out its investigation

as expeditiously as possible and to keep the Commission

currently informed of developments and progress. To

this end, the Board will prepare and submit semi-annual

progress reports to the Commission on or about 31

March and 30 September of each year and such other

reports from time to time as the Commission may.direct

or as the Board may consider desirable."'

-~rqanizatidn of the Survey Field work on the survey of these boundary waters was initiated in June,1960. The personnel was supplied by the

United States Public Health Service, the Canadian Department of

National Health and Welfare, the Ontario Water Resources Commission, and the Minnesota Department of Health. Work in the field and laboratory was carried out on a joint cooperative basis under the general direction of Dr. Gerald W. Lawton, Special Consultant,

U. S. Public Health Service. During the summer of 1961, Mr.

Orlando Ruschrneyer took over the direction of the field and laboratory work due to the unavailability of Dr. Lawton during the early part of the summer. Dr. Alan D. Tennant, Bacteriologist,

Canadian Laboratory of Hygiene organized the program of bacteriological studies. Dr. Joe K. Neel, Biologist of the U.S. Public

Health Service, and John Neil, Biologist of the Ontario ~at'er

Resources- Commission organized.the biological studies program.

Dr. Theodore A. Olson and Dr. Lloyd L. Smith, Jr., served as special consultants on the biological program.

Field work was carried out from June through September,

1960. In 1961 field work was carried out from mid-June to mid-

September. In addition a winter survey of two weeks was con-

'. ducted in January, 1962, by the Minnesota Department of Health and the Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare.

Special field studies, mainly biological, were made during the summer of 1962, including fishery studies conducted by the

Minnesota Department of Conservation, under contract with the U. S.

Public Health Service, and the Ontario Department of Lands Winter sampling through the ice during Rainy River - Lake of the Woods boundary water survey, ,January, 1962. and Forests.

A research project under a grant by the U. S. Public

Health Service, directed by Dr. Lloyd L. Smith, ~r?of the

University of Minnesota, studied the effect of wood fibers

on the various stages of fish development. This project con-

sisted of laboratory studies at the.Univers'ityof Minnesota

and field studies at a temporary camp on Rainy River near the

mouth of the Big Fork River. These wood-fiber studies continued

. , from early 196l.through 1962. . . ..

General Procedure

The Advisory Board was responsible for the general organ-

ization of the field work and made arrangements for,the use of

necessary laboratory and field equipment. ~aboratory'headquar-

ters was established at the International Falls municipal waste

treatment plant. Facilities included a complete mobile bacteri-. . ological laboratory supplied by the Canadian ~e~artmentof National

Health and Welfare, a trailer laboratory supplied by the U. S.

Public Health Service, and the main chemical laboratory

located in the treatment plant. Field studies included sampling

I and analyses of the boundary waters and tributaries, float tests

for determining the direction of currents, visual and microscopic ?$ , ' * I Smith, Lloyd L. Jr,, and Kramer, Robert H., "Survival of Walleye Eggs in relation to Wood Fibers and Sphaerotilus natans in ?; , the Rainy River, Minnesota, Transcriptions American Fisheries Z. , Society Volume 92: 3. (In Press)

reference to one or two international boundary markers (IBC).

The zero mileage point is located at the mouth of Rainy River

as indicated by a line through boundary marker number 51 and

turning point number 38. All ranges were identified by numbers

which represent the distances in river miles above the zero

point at the Lake of the Woods. One sampling point was located

on each tributary and indicated by a mileage number only.

Each range on Rainy River consisted of four to eight

sampling points designated as stations. Each station was defined

by distance in hundreds of feet from the U. S. shore. Table 1

gives the ranges, stations, and general locations.

The river mileage system was not adaptable for Lake of

the Woods or Rainy Lake. Sampling points on the two lakes are

shown on maps in Chapter VIII of this report.

-laboratory Determinations Routine determinations on water samples included coliform

organisms, pH,temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen

demand, turbidity, total solids including volatile, suspended

solids including volatile, color, and lignin. In addition, chemical oxygen demand, phenol, calcium, alkalinity, conductiv-

ity, and hardness determinations were made on certain samples. Table 1. Ranges and Stations of the Rainy River Survey 1960-62.

Range Boundary Mar- Number ker Numbers U.S. Canada Station Numbers Location

Railroad Bridge International Bridge Just below mill One mile below dam Near golf course Above Little Fork River Little Fork River Bridge La Vallee River Bridge Above Big Fork River Big Fork River Bridge Above Black River Black River Bridge Above Emo Sims Creek Sturgeon River Below Rapids Above Pinewood River Pinewood River Above Rapid River . Rapid River Silver Creek Above Rainy River Baudette River R.R. -Bridge Baudette Below Baudette N Above Winter Rd. River I r Winter Road River h, Wheeler 's Point Bottom samples were taken at all ranges where obtainable and

examined for bark, chips, fibers, and types of soil. In

general, the analytical procedures conformed to those given

in the current edition of "Standards Methodsu. (2)

Samples for biological examination were taken separately

at several times during the course of the survey. These

samples were examined for bark chips, fiber, and numbers and

types of organisms.

A close approximation of the number of samples collected

and analyses made during the course of. the survey is presented

in table 2.

Table 2. Samples Collected and Analyses Made

Bacterial Chemical Examinations Source Examinations Samples Determinations

Rainy Lake 48 26 2 76 Rainy River 2978 2407 20791 Rainy River Tributaries 139 107 963 Lake of the Woods 65 65 705 Pulp and paper mills 84 304 3468

Totals 3314 2909 26203 D~ring1961, some samples were specially preserved and sent to the Minnesota Department of Health laboratories for phenol determinations. n-e winter survey of January, 1962, also made use of the laboratories of the Departments of

Health of Ontario, Minnesota, and Manitoba for determinations other than those made at the point of sampling. Chapter 111

General Description

The 1931 Report of the International Boundary omm mission(^) states that "From the northwesternmost point of Lake of the

Woods to Lake Superior the boundary follows an almost continuous system of waterways broken only at three places by short portages whose c'ombined length is less than one mile. The line follows the old canoe route of the early fur traders which traversed a region of irregularly shaped lakes joined by streams comprising, as a rule, a series of ponds or pools connected by rapids or falls. " The Ontario-Minnesota Rainy River Pollution Survey of

1937'~) states that "The RainyRiver comprises a part of one of the most imposing water systems of the North American conti- nent. It flows out of Rainy Lake whose watershed is a vast forested lake country beginning at North Lake' about 40 miles west of Lake Superior and extending westward approximately 200 miles to Rainy Lake itself. The watershed drains areas from both sides of the International boundary. The water collected in Rainy Lake flows downthe Rainy River, through Lake of the

Woods, the Winnipeg River and Winnipeg Lake, finally reaching Hudson Bay via the Nelson River".

Headwaters

More.than two-thirds of the Rainy River 'watershed lies above Rainy.Lake. What is considered to be the main stem

rises in North Lake on the International Boundary and consists mainly of a series of lakes connected by short streams. Avail- able maps indicate that the main stem leaves the boundary and

courses into Ontario at two points, one between Saganaga Lake and Lac La Croix where it enters as the Maligne River, and the

other as'the Namakan River between Lac La Croix and Namakan

Lake. . .

In Minnesota the Rainy River headwaters watershed area

comprises 4,489 square miles and includes parts of Koochiching,

St. Louis, Lake, and Cook Counties. The area of that part of

the watershed in Ontario is about 10,000 square miles, and

includes parts of Rainy River, Kenora, and Thunder Bay Districts. ,

Rainy River and Tributaries

The watershed boundaries are shown in figure 1. Rainy

~iverabove its mouth in the Lake of the Woods drains an area

of 20,850 square miles, 10,850 square miles in the Province of

. . . . Lowsr Red Lake Ontario, and 10,000 square miles in the State of Minnesota.

The stream is about 86 river miles in length, flowing from east to west along a fairly direct course. There are several bends in the stream but the channel is far from being torturous.

The stream is wide at practically all points, and the depth seldom exceeds 20 feet. The stream is further characterized by several wooded islands which divide the water into definite channels.

The current is normally strong except in the lower portion of the stream. However, controlled outflow flow in accordance with the regulations established by the I.J.C. frequently produces very low flow on week-ends. Frequently on Sunday and early

Monday the effects of the controlled flow are evident in the area from International Falls to Manitou Rapids, and at many locations large portions of the usual river bottom are exposed to view. From the Baudette-Rainy River area to Lake of the

Woods, the current is slow. In this reach of the river the effect of the week-end reduction in flow at International Falls is not apparent.

Tributaries to the Rainy River proper enter from both sides of the stream. The drainage area on the Canadian side approximates 600 square miles and on the United States side about 5,700 square miles. The principal streams on the Canadian

side are the La Vallee, Sturgeon, and Pine Rivers. On the

Minnesota side the Little Fork, Big Fork, Black, Rapid, Baudette,

and Winter Road Rivers are worthy of note. The Little Fork and

Big Fork Rivers drain the greater part of the area with 1,849

and 2,063 square miles in their respective watersheds. The

mean flows in these two rivers are 972 and 653 cubic feet per

second (cfs), respectively.

---Lake of the Woods Lake of the Woods, including Shoal Lake, is an irregular

lake with an area of 1,485 square miles of which 470 square miles

are within Minnesota. The lake is relatively shallow, with a

major portion ranging from 25 to 35 feet in depth. In Canada

the greater portion lies in western Ontario, with only a few

small areas extending into Manitoba. The total watershed of

the lake covers 11,235 square miles in Minnesota and 15,515

square miles in Canada. Of these areas 5,900 square miles drains

directly into the Lake of the Woods. In the southern and western

parts of the lake the shoreline is fairly regular, but in the

northern and eastern sections the shoreline is extremely irregular.

Many large and small islands are found in the Ontario section of the lake. This area is widely used for fishing and hunting by

people from many sections of the United States ,and Canada.

Toposraph~

The topographic features of the watershed have been shaped

largely by the heavy sheet of ice that covered the region during

the glacial period. The leveling action of the ice resulted in

a terrain characterized by relatively small differences in eleva-

tion.

In Ontario the average slope of the upland bordering the

river proper is less than one foot per mile, The general slope

in a southwesterly direction towards Rainy River is somewhat

greater, but is interrupted by isolated areas at times several

hundred feet high. The maximum relief of the area is 300 feet

but the average is very much less,

Rainy River is a remarkable river in that it nearly fits

its banks and has few meanders. Throughout much of its course

the banks rise abruptly on bot.h sides. llhe banks have generally

rounded, smooth, grass covered slopes. In the upper part of

its course the immediate banks are generally 25 to 35 feet high.

At many points the river valley is not greater than two or three

times the width of the river itself. he' river has very little : flood plain even in its lower portion.

The average width of the river is ap;?roximately 200 yards, an3 its depth in mid-channel generally varies from 10 to 20 feet. Downstream from the dam at Fort Frances there are two rapids influencing the flow in the stream. The first occurs at

Manitou Rapids, 35 miles downstream from Fort Frances, where a rocky barrier causes a constriction of the channel of the river to about half its normal width. The fall here is about 1.5 feet. Seven mile's farther downstream the Long Sault Rapids begin. They are caused by boulders in the bed of the stream, and extend for about two miles with an estimated total fall of 5.5 feet.

The average gradient for the surface of the water-is 2.5 inches per mile from Fort Frances to the Rainy River-Baudette area. Disregardin3 the rapids this is reduced to 1.5 inches per mile. Below Baudette the gradient is approximately one inch per mile.

Lake of the Woods is naturally divided into two distinct portions, a northern portion characterized by a very irregular, rocky coast line and having its surface thickly dotted with islands, and a southern portion generally free from islands and bounded by l~w,sandy or marshy, shores with gently carving outlines. Tae southern portion of the lake is for t3e most part shallow and represents a flooded portion of the deeply drift-covered plain. In the northern part of the lake the greatest depth is reported to be 84 feet.

Southwestward from the Lake of the Wo~dsthe summit of the divide separating the waters which drain westward to Red River and those draining into the Lake of the Wo~dsis generally con- posed of drift deposits, is swampy in character, and for some distance is not over 30 feet above the lake. Hence the wooded plains of Rainy River district and the southern portion of Lake of the Woods are practically continlous dth those of narthern

Minnesota and sou-theastern Manitoba.

Lake of the Woods in 1913 was found to have an altitude of 1,061 feet, with a maximum variation at that time of about five feet. Since 1925, the lake levels have be.?n controlled by I.J.C. regulations.

a Geolosy

Johnston (5) notes that the Rainy River District of Ontario lies just at the margin of the great Laurentian Plateau region of Canada. This district for the most part is underlain by Pre-

Cambrian rocks, but is generally deeply covered with glacial and lacustrine dep~sits. The waters of pro-glacial (glacial marginal) Lake Agassiz at their maximum extension covered nearly

the whole area, and the deposition of lacustrine sediments les-

sened the relief and gave part of the surface the character of

a plain. A large part of the area, however, where till or boulder

clay forms the surface, is gently undulating, but even in these

areas the relief is slight. Notable features in the character

of the surface (along Rainy ~iver)are the general absence of

lakes due to the evenly aggraded character of the drift deposits,

and the large swampy areas where drainage is poorly or not at

ail developed.

A considerable portion of the superficial deposits of the

region consists of calcareous till or'boulder clay containing

a large proportion of limestone, similar to that which outcrops

near Winnipeg, Manitoba. The till sheet occupies .large areas

in the southern portion of the region, along the Rainy River,

but is entirely absent in the northern portion, and in the east- I ern part does not extend beyond Fort Frances. The calcareous or gray till is underlain in places by "red drift", consisting of

a non-calcareous till and fluvio-glacial sands and gravel de-

rived from an ice sheet advancing from the northeast, across a

region underlain by Pre-Cambrian crystalline rock. Hence the

red drift contains no limestone, 3- 10

At one locality the red drift was found to be underlain by a still older deposit of calcareous drift which was, presumably, derived from the northwest. Later than all the above deposits are the lacustrine and littoral deposits of pro-glacial

Lake Agassiz. They occupy considerable areas in the district and occur through a range of altitudes of nearly 100 feet.

Their maximum thickness is, in places, at least 30 feet.

The Rainy River watershed in Minnesota consists almost entirely of a gravelly, clayey subsoil covered with sandy or clayey loam with portions of the area covered with peaty material.

An exception to this is a band along the extreme south edge of , the watershed in Itasca and St. Louis Counties, which is the uppermost section of the watersheds of the Big Fork and Little

Fork Rivers. The eastern one-third of this band is clay with boulders and the remainder gravelly, sandy loam. There are also scattered small islands of gravelly, sandy loam in

Koochiching County. In a few areas the Pre- Cambrian crystalline rock crops out at the surface along the Rainy River.

Climate

Long term climatological records of the United States

Weather Bureau Stations at Baudette, Tower, and International Falls, and the Canadian Meteorological Branch Stations at

Atikokan, Fort Frances, Mine Centre, and Upsala provided the

data summarized in Table 2a.

Table 2a. . Climatological Data Summary

U. S. Weather Canadian Meteorological Bureau Stations Branch Stations

Precipation (inches) Mean annual 24.63 Mean Oc tober-March 6.54

Snowfall (inches) Mean annual 60.1 (Int. ~alls) 6'0.6 i Range ---- 40-107

Temperature (degrees F. ) Mean annual 37 Mean October-March 19 Mean April- September 57 Highest 106 Lowest - 53

The watershed is characterized by warm pleasant summers and

I cold snowy winters. The direction of the prevailing wind varies

from month to month and from year to year. During the winter the

winds are generally from the west, northwest and north. During

the spring months easterly and northeasterly winds occur more

frequently than at any other season, but there is also great variation. During the summer southerly and southwesterly winds more commonly occur, and during the autumn months southwesterly and westerly winds prevail. Destructive'windstorms rarely occur in this region.

Population

The population in the area based on the census years of 1960 and 1961 totaled approximately 47,000. Five communities have populations in excess of 1,000. Their combined total equals

42 per cent of the population in the watershed. Population growth was moderate II~to 1940 and since has declined slightly.

Recent increases in urban population have been more .than offset by declines in rural population. Population density expressed in persons per square mile is approximately 27 in Ontario and slightly over 5 in Minnesota. Figure 2 shows population trends since 1910-

1911. Changes in urban population are shown in table 3.

Table 3. Urban Population Changes. . . . .

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 Municipality -11 - 21 -31 -41 - -51 -61

Fort Frances, Ontario 2,780 2,818 5,003 5,410 8,114 9,481 Rainy River, Ontario 1,572 1,404 1,680 1,150 1,348 1,168 International Falls, Minn. 1,487 3,448 5,036 5,626 6,269 6,778 South Int. Falls, Minn. --- 283 939 1,299 1,840 2,479 Baudette, Minnesota 1,565 1,531 1,036 1,459 1,349 1,597 TOTALS 7,404 9,484 13,694 14,944 18,920 21,503 ---Land Use and Development-

The Rainy River watershed in both Canada and the United

States is devoted mainly to agricultural, silvicultural, and recreational uses. Fur farming, forest products industries, and commercial fishing also exist. . In International Falls and

Fort ~rancesextensive pulp and paper manufacturing facilities have developed. The large peat deposits in the swampy areas may have future potentialities for commercial development. In the early days, lumbering was the outstanding industry, but presently it is of lesser significance.

Recreational facilities such as summer cottages, resorts, fishing areas and-bathing beaches are widely scattered in the

Rainy River watershed and in the area adjacent to Lake of the

Woods. On Rainy River proper from Fort Frances to Baudette limited recreational facilities have been developed. In this secti.on of the river very few summer homes, practically no bathing areas, and few boats are encountered. In the lower part of the river, especially near the Sioux and Manitou Rapids, there is a limited amount of sport fishing. Along the reach of the river from Baudette to the mouth there has been extensive development of recreational facilities and there is considerable sport fishing. Figure 2 - Population Trends 1910-1961 .,

42 I ~ntario

1910-11 1920-21 1930-31 19110-lil 1950-51 1960-61 Census years Data from Canadian and 1J.S. Census Bureaus Table 4. Distribution of Fcresils in fd-innesota Watershed

Mixed Hardwoods Agricultural Aspen-Birch Pine Conifer Swamps Hardwoods and Softwoods Land

Per C~KL of area 65 12

Vegsta- Aspen Jack Black spruce Sugar Spruce Scattered ticn Paper birch 2ine White cedar maple Balsam patches of Scrub oak White Tamarack Basswood Fir woods 10-160 Pin cherry pine Balsam fir E 1r~1 White cedar acres in Ferns Red Black ash Aspen extent Grass pine Poplar Paper birch Burr oa?~ Elm Yellow birch Black ash

Tree Under 8" Under Under 8" Varied Varied Varied size 10" inches

Terrain Lowland Upland Lowland ldeep Losslsnd Uplans and Varied and peat swamps? a~ld 'swamp iiiargins upland i?p1 arid

Ch) I t-' t-' Ln Table 5. Area Summary of 37 Townships,in Rainy River Watershed

, ,., Area in Acres ' .. . - -

-Coniferous Type: ---Mature (I) Imrriature (11)

density 1 150 826 density 2 5,478 10,424 density 3 8,840 22,882 density 4 92 1,132

14,560 35,264 = 49,824

Hardwood Type --.

density 1 - - density 2 2,224 2,904 density 3 24,072 21,380 density 4 10,300 2,724

36,596 27,008= 63,604

-~ixedwoods Type:

density 1 - density 2 1,696

density 3, . , 34,806 density 4 ---13,340

Younq Growth:

Cutover, Burn

. TOTAL PRODUCTIVE FOREST ., LAND . .

NON-FORESTED LAND

TOTAL LAND WATER

TOTAI, AREA A map prepared by the Lake States Experiment Station shows

the distribution of forests in Northern Minnesota. The forested

area of the watershed is classified as shown in table 4.

The Timber Branch of the Department of Lands and Forests

of Ontario summarized the forest areas of 37 townships in the

Rainy River Watershed as shown in table 5. The information

used is based on a forest inventory carried out in 1950-51

and does not include any changes since that date.

Practically all of the farming in the Minnesota section

of the watershed is found in Koochiching and Lake of the Woods

counties. Approximately 864 farms comprising 213,500 acres

are included in the two counties. The principal crops are hay,

1 grains, and potatoes. Table 6 indicates the acreage of the 1 important crops.

Table 6. Crop Distribution in Rainy River Watershed (Minnesota)

Crop Acres Crop Acres

Oats 14,397 Winter wheat 499

Barley , 1,756 Potatoes 1,374 Spring Wheat 3,679 All hay crops 31,518 Flax Seed 5,372 RY e 688 'In Ontario the general flat topography and accompanying poor drainage tended to restrict early settlement to narrow strips parallel to the bank of Rainy River. The heavily forested area created difficult problems in'the clearing of land for agriculture. It was not until artificial drainage measures were taken that large areas could be brought under cultivation. Even today, farming is restricted to a strip of about five to seven miles in depth back from the river. The soil in the area being of lacustrine origin, enriched by the humus formed through centuries of forest growth,'continues to support mixed farming, particularly the cultivation of forage and root crops. Livestock and dairy farming- are important along the Rainy River.

An economic survey of the area showed that there are

1,371 farms with 90,294 acres of improved land in the Rainy

River District in Ontario. The improved land is about 5.9 per cent of the total land area. According to the 1956 study,

14,799 acres were in spring grain with the largest portion of this acreage, 8,200, in oats. The total number of acres in hay was 44,558. Livestock is the main enterprise on most farms, the total number of cattle bei'ng 16,148. Sheep are also a good source of revenue, with a total number of 6,265. A large number of farmers, it was stated, do not have sufficient livestock and acres of land under cultivation to provide a sufficient income. Many supplement their income by cutting pulpwood or timber during the winter months. A number of farms are no longer used for agricultural purposes. Chapter IV

Hydrometric Data

Sources of Information

Hydrometric data presented in this report were obtained from available.records and reports of various gover'nmental agencies.

Fl3w records of Rainy River at Internatior,z-i Falls-Fort

Frances 'nave been recorded since October,1917, by the Water Re- sources Branch, Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and

Natural Resources. Records from October, 1905, to October, 1917, were furnished by the International Joint Commission.

Flow records at Manitou Rapids on Rainy River have been recorded by the U. S. Geological Survey since November 10,

1934. From June,1928,to November,1934, floys were measured by the U. S. Corps of Engineers at a site near Birchdale, 7 miles downstream from Manitou Rapids.

Flow recording stations are maintained on the Little Fork and Big Fork, and Warroad Rivers, at Little Fork, Big Falls, and Warroad respectively. Flow data on other tributaries on the U. S. side are not available.

In Ontario flow recording stations are maintained on the Pine, Sturgeon and LaVallee Rivers at Pinewood, Barwick and

Devlin, respectively. -Flow Characteristics Rainy River at International ~alis- Fort France2

The watershed above this station is approximately 14,900

(14,540) square miles, of which 10,360 (10,040) square miles is in Ontario and 4,540 (4,500) square miles is in Minnesota.

Discharqe and runoff data: (Discharge records, 56 water years, October 1, 1905 to September 30, 1961; runoff records, 45 water years, October 1, 1905 to September 30, 1950).

(Maximum daily - - 47,900 cfs (July 7, 1950) Flow (Minimum daily - - 40 cfs (April 20, 1941) (Mean ------9,100 cfs

(Maximum - 19.05 inches - (1950) Annual runoff (Minimum - 2.94 inches - (1924) (Mean - - 8.24 inches

Monthly runoff - maxi-mum 3.86 inches (June 1950) Data above is based on unadjusted records. --Flow d,~rationdata: (Records available from October 1, 1909 to September 30, 1961) Exceeded 99.8 per cent of the time - - 1,000 zfs daily flow Exceeded 50 per cent of the time - - - 8,000 cfs daily flow The flow duration data, because of the regulation of upstream reservoirs for power develo2ment, do not reflect natural conditions.

The outflow from Rainy Lake is controlled by the Minnesota and

Ontario Paper Company at the dam at International Falls-Fort Frances, subject to the regulations of the International Joint Commission. Rainy River Manitou Rapids

The watershed above this gaging station is about 19,400 square miles: It includes, in addition to the headwaters area, the watershed of the Big Fork and Little Fork Rivers comprising

3,900 square miles, and 600 square miles tributary to minor streams entering the Rainy River.

Discharqe and runoff data: (Complete records available for 34 water years, October 1, 1928 to September 30, 1962)

(Maximum - - - - 71,600 cfs (May 12, 1950) Flow (Minimum daily - 928 cfs (Dec. 26, 1929) (Mean ------11,800 cfs (Maximum - 16.31 inches - (1950) Annual runoff (Minimum - 3.13 inches - (1931) (Mean - - 8.26 inches

Monthly runoff - maximum 3.15 inches (May 1950)

Flow duration data: (Complete records available from October 1, 1933 to September 30, 1962)

Exceeded 99.6 per cent of the time - - 3,000 cfs daily flow Exceeded 50 per cent of the time - - - 10,000 cfs daily flow

Figures 3 through 6 show the flow characteristics of Rainy

River at International Falls-Fort Frances and at Manitou Rapids.

Time of flow studies made by the Minnesota and Ontario

Paper Company (6) indicate that approximately 14 days are required for water to travel the 70 miles from International Falls to

Baudette. Their studies were made during a period in which the flow ranged from 3,500 to 4,700 cfs. Additional flow times are given in table 7. percent ot time indicated discharde was equalled or exceeded

Figure 4 100,000

70,000 60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000 Rainy River at Manitou Rapids Ocf. 1, 1933 - Sept. 30, 1962 20,000

15,000

10,000 9,000 5,000 7,000 6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000 inimum daily tlow 2, 200 cfs

2,000

1,000

0.01 ,0.050.1 0.2 0.5 - 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 ' 90 95 98 99 99.5 99.8 99.9 99.9 Percent of time indicated discharge was equalled or exceeded . -

Table 7.. Time of Passage of Water Down Rainy River (Based on an Average Flow of 4,000 cfs)

Miles Downstream Time of Passage from International from Inter- Location Falls national Falls

Above Little Fork River 16 hours Below Manitou Rapids 44 hours Below Sault Rapids 52 hours Above Rapid River 11 days (approx . ) R.R. Bridge at Baudette 14 days (approx. )

Rainy -----Lake and Lake of the Woods The levels of these lakes are controlled under regulations

of the International Joint Commission. The Commission in 1949

issued an Order Prescribing Method of Regulating the ~evelsof

Boundary Waters. This order established maximum elevations of

Rainy Lake ranging from 1,104.61 feet above mean sea level on

April 1, to l., 108.11 feet during July, August, September, and

October. The regulated outflow from Rainy Lake is based on

inflow and lake level.

The Lake of the Woods water levels are regulated under the

Lake of the Woods Convention and Protocol dated February 24,

1925, which stipulates a normal storage range from elevation

1,056 feet to 1,061.25 feet above mean sea level. Figure 7 charts the stage of Rainy Lake from 1911 through

1962,and figure 8 does the same for Lake of the Woods from

1928 through 1962.

Tributaries to Rainy River

A summary of the flow data from Little Fork, Big Fork,

and Warroad Rivers is given in table 8.

Table 8. Streamflow in Minnesota Tributaries

Little Fork Big Fork Warroad River at River at River at Station Little Fork BixFalls ---Warroad

Years.of Record 36 30 8 ------Drainage area sq. mi. 1730 1460 110 - -- cfs 972 653 38.6

cfs-day 334,780 238,345 ' 14,089 5 Runoff-inches 6.61 6.06 ' 4.75 0 2 F cfs-day 691,675 497,130 32,741 Runoff-inches 14.83 12.66 11.04 4 z rd 7' d cf s-day 112,420 33,580 5,439 d 2 -d Runoff-inches 2.41 0.86 1.83 r: - cfs 25,000 14,800 1,350 flow date 5-11-50 5-8,9-50 6-11-47 1 I 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962

Figure 7

A summary of the flow data from La Vallee, Pine, and

Sturgeon Rivers is given in table 9.

Table 9. Streamflow in Ontario Tributaries (1952-1960)

La Vallee River Pine River Sturgeon River Station near Devlin near Pinewood near Barwick

Drainage Area - Sq. miles

Discharge - cfs mean 36.8 168 41.6 max . 753 1,990 772 min. 0.0 0.0 0.0

Runoff - inches mean 4.90 max . 6.89 min. 2.06

Transboundary Currents

The behavior of currents in Rainy River was studied by the field staff during the summer of 1961. In the area from Inter- national Falls-Fort Frances to the rocky island, approximately four miles downstream, seven separate studies were made by the use of sealed and weighted bottle floats. Two studies were made in the river in the vicinity of range 77.5 and one made in the Baudette-Rainy River area, between ranges 13.8 and 10.9.

Each float consisted of a seven-ounce beverage bottle to w5ich sufficient sand was added to permit the bottle to float with approximately the top one inch protruding above the water surface. The top and neck of each bottle, after capping, were painted with one of several bright colored paints to permit easy sighting and identification. The flosts were usually released in groups of five or six and followed by boat. The path of each flo2t was noted and recorded on maps to indicate river current patterns.

Fifty-five flo3ts were released in the pulp and paper mill area at International Falls and Fort Frances. Of these 31 crossed the International Boundary and 10 recrossed it, with seven crossing from the Canadian to the United States side and

24 from the United States to the Canadian side. In the range

77.5 area, out of 17 floats released, 11 crossed the boundary, with 11 moving from the Canadian to the United States side and none in the reverse direction. In'the Baudette-Rainy River area the current is'slow and not as well defined as in the upper reaches ofthe river. Twenty-one floats released in this area showsd six crossings of the boundary, all from the Canadian to the United

States side. Seventeen of these 21 floats lodged on the United States shore within three hours of release after traveling less than one mile.

In the immediate mill area the flow was spread generally across the river with the main current.on the United States side of the two islands near range 82.2. As the water moved downstream the path of the main current shifted toward the Canadian side, but a fairly strong current was evident from shore to shore near the International Falls municipal waste treatment plant.

At the rocky island approximately four miles downstream from the mill area the current is almost completely between the island and Canadian shore. The current then spreads fairly uniformly across the stream and remains so for approximately three miles beyond the golf course. At that point a sharp curve in the stream causes the main flow to approach the United

States shore.

In the Manitou and Long Sault Rapids areas the flow is spread uniformly across the stream with very thorough mixing of the water and all waste matter associated with it.

In the Baudette-Rainy River area the currents were weak and clearcut flow patterns were not found. The main current appeared to be adjacent to the United States shore at Baudette Village and close to the Canadian side above the Village of

Rainy River.

The paths taken by the floats released in the river at different points showed clearly that there was general transboundary movement of the water. Chapter V --Uses of Boundary Waters

-Domestic Water Supply Municipal and industrial water supplies for International

Falls and Fort Frances are obtained from surface waters. Rural domestic and farm supplies are obtained mainly from wells.

Fort Frances pumps water from Rainy Lake through an intake a short distance above the outlet of the lake. It is chlorinated only. The Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company obtains water from the Rainy River just above the International Bridge. Its modern water'purification plant, which includes flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination, processes water for the cities of International Falls and South International

Falls, as well as for the mill manufacturing processes.

In the lower watershed on the Ontario side the town of

Rainy River obtains water from the river with chlorination as the only treatment. There is no public supply at either Emo or Barwick. On the Minnesota side the villages of Baudette,

Big Falls, Big Fork, Cook, Little Fork and Warroad have municipal water systems, and all obtain water from wells iri the glacial drift. Most of the rural domestic and farm supplies are secured also from wells in the glacial drift.

A large number of people temporarily residing in the resort areas during the summer months obtain their domestic water from wells. There may be instances in which some individuals outside the resort areas use untreated surface waters,

Sewaqe Disposal

The sanitary wastes from all sewered communities in the watershed ultimately reach the Rainy River. International Falls has secondary treatment facilities and South International Falls has recently constructed sewage stabilization ponds to provide adequate treatment. Other sewered communities on the Minnesota side of the drainage basin have primary treatment facilities,

On the Ontario side only the towns of Fort. Frances and Rainy

River have public sewers. Fort Frances has no treatment and

Rainy River has only sedimentation facilities which are inadequate.

Domestic wastes from approximately 23,000 persons enter the Rainy River directly or indirectly. The,most concentrated sewage loading occurs in the Fort Frances-International Falls area where the untreatsd wastes from approximately 9,500 people in Fort Frances and the satisfactorily treated wastes of nearly

9,000 people in the International Falls area are added to these Final clarifier, filter and operating house, International Falls waste treatment plant. August 3, 1962. waters. Other communities along the river are relatively

small. Presently Fort Frances, Rainy River, and Emo are

planning the construction of treatment facilities.

Navisation

At present the Rainy River is little used for navigational

purposes. Log rafts are towed across Rainy Lake to the mills

at Fort Frances and International Falls during the summer. The

dam at the mills, the two rapids, and modern land transportation

facilities tend to discourage the use of the river for navigation

for commercial purposes.

Power and Irrisation

At International Falls-Fort Frances the Minnesota and

Ontario Paper Company uses water from Rainy Lake reservoir

for the operation of a steam and hydroelectric plant. The hydro-

electric plant at Big Falls in the Big Fork basin is the only

source of water power from trjbutaries of Rainy River proper on

the United States side.

Three hydroelectric stations are located at the outlet of

Lake of the Woods in Canada. These stations are important in controlling the water level in Lake of the Woods.

No irrigation is carried on in the Minnesota section of the watershed or in the Rainy River District of Ontario.

Industrial Uses

The pulp and paper mills at Fort Frances and International

Falls are the main industrial water users in the watershed.

Large quantities of good quality water are essential to their operations. Essentially all of the used water is returned directly to the river. In some operations the water is not appreciably changed while in other operations the character is altered. The Minnesota and Ontario mill at International Falls processes approximately I., 000 corcls of pulpwood' daily requiring about 55 million U. S. gallons (46 niillion Imperial gallons) of water per day. The Ontario and Minnesota mill at Fort Frances processes approximately 500 cords of pulpwood daily using about

23 million Imperial gallons of water (28 million U. S. gallons) per day.

Industrial users of water of lesser magnitude include a brewery, a railroad tie plant, two milk plants and two soft drink plants in Fort Frances. Their water is obtained from the municipal supply. A creamery in the Village of Rainy River is the only other industrial water user of importance on the

Canadian side. Three slaughtering plants, three soft drink plants, and a milk plant are located in International Falls. Their water is obtained from the.municipa1supply.

Recreational Uses

Rainy River from ~neernationalFalls-Fort Frances to

Baudette is little used for recreational purposes. The high

. , J levels of color, turbidity,. bacterial count, and suspended . solids, render this reach of the river generally unattractive for bathing, boating, and fishing. Some sport fishing is done in the Long Sault and 'Manitou Rapids areas.

The section of Rainy River adjacent to Lake of.the woods has a well developed resort area and attracts a considerable number,of people interested in fishing and boating. Boats are available in this area for transportation to various sections of Lake of the Woods. Canoeing in the Lake areas has been popular for many years.

Estimates based on a 1958 Vacation Travel ~urve~('l)indicate that approximately eight per cent of the resort facilities in Minnesota are located in the Rainy River Watershed, and the amount spent by travelers and vacationers in this area is about

$2,500,000 annually. -Fish - and, ---Wild Life Sport fishing is carried on extensively in much of these

boundary waters. In Lake of the Woods, commercial fishing is

permitted. Muskellunge, lake trout, small mouth bass, w~ll-eyed

pike, great northern pike, crappies, rock bass, whitefish, buil- 7 heads, perch and sturgeon are comTon to this area. Rainy River

above Eaudette is not widely used as a fishing area. I?: autumn

duck. and geese hunters flock to the area, wllere wild rice feed-

ing grounds attract thousands of migratory wild Eowl.

Nute (8') states that in the Rainy River Country "one may

still see ruffed, pinneated, spruce, and sharp-tailed grouse,

timber and brush wolves, bear, lynx, snowshoe hares, mink,

otter, marten, beaver and a few other rarer animals." Deer

are still common in the area, and moose are occasionally noted.

Commercial Fishinq

No commercial fishing is permitted in the Rainy River. I Lake of the Woods has an extensive and valuable fishery, and

commercial fishing licenses are issued by both the State of

Minnesota and the Province of Ontario. Detailed information I on the catch figures and value of this fishing is included in ~ Chapter X. Leqislation Applicable & Boundary Waters Administrative authority for remedial measures in pollution

control is centered in the legislation enacted by various levels

of governments in both countries. The several federal, state,

. provincial, and municipal laws applicable to pollution control

are summarized as follows:

Federal.Leqislation--United .States

The United States Government now exercises pollution con-

trol mainly through four acts of legislation. The first of

these is embodied in the provisions of Section 13 of the "Laws

for the Protection and Preservation of the Navigable Waters of

the United States" as inc1uded.hthe River and Harbor Act,. - approved March 3, '1899. This ,lawprohibits the deposit of "any refuse matter of any kind or description whatever other than

that flowing from streets and sewers and.passing therefrom in

a liquid state, into any navigable water of the United States

or into any tributary of any water from which the same shall

float or be washed into such navigable water."

The l'Oil Pollution Act of 1924" deals specifically with

deposition of oils from vessels into coastal or tidal navigable

water. The Interstate Quarantine Regulations, Section 72, 121,

Part 72, Title 42, Code of Federal Regulations, prohibits the . - discharge of sewage, ballast or bilge water from vessels while operating on fresh water lakes .and rivers within areas,adjacent to domestic water intakes, as designated by the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service.

Public Law 660 (1956) as amended by Public Law 87-88, known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, is "An Act,topro- vide for water pollution control activities in the Public Health

Service of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare,...."

This act is designed to "recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and rights of the States in preventing and controlling water pollution, to support and aid technical research relating to the prevention and control of water pollution, and to provide Federal technical services and financial aid to State and interstate agencies and to municipalities in connection with the prevention and control of water pollution."

L The Act further states that the Public Health Service "shall, after careful investigation, and in cooperation with other federal agencies, with State water pollution control agencies and interstate agencies, and with the municipalities and industries involved, prepare or develop comprehensive programs for

eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and

tributaries thereof and improving the sanitary condition of

surface and underground waters."

Federal.Lesislation--Canada

There is no Federal legislation in Canada which is con-

cerned with pollution of water per se. There are certain . . statutes which deal in some measure with the question of pol-

lution and might under appropriate circumstances be successfully

invoked.

The "Navigable Waters Protection,Act," enacted in 1927, prohibits the throwing or depositing of "any sawdust, edgings,

slabs, bark or rubbish, of any description whatsoever into any

river, stream or other water, any part of which is navigable or which flows into any navigable water." It further prohibits

the throwing or deposition of "any stone, gravel, earth, cinders, ashes or other material or rubbish liable to sink to the bottom in any navigable non-tidal waters of Canada where there are not at all times at least eight fathoms of water."

The "Fisheries Act," enacted in 1932, prohibits the discharge of ballast, coal ashes, stones, lime, chemical substances or drugs, dead or decaying fish, and other dele.terious substances

either on shore, betwsen the high and low water levels, or into

"any water frequented by fish, or that flows into such water,

nor on ice over either of such waters,"

The "Migratory Birds Convention Act", enacted in 1927,

prohibits the deposit or discharge of "oil, oil wastes, or

deleterious substances***in any water frequented by migratory

wildfowl, or that flows into such water, nor on ice over either

of such waters,"

Section 5(f) of the "National Health Act" of Canada, en-

acted in 1944.,states that the.Minister of National Health and

Welfare shall enforce "any rules or regulations made by the

International Joint Commission, promulgated pursuant to the

treaty***so far as the same relate public health."

The Criminal Code of Canada, Section 221, defines a common

nuisance as "an unlawful act or omission to discharge a legal

duty, which act or omission endangers lives, safety, health,

property, or comfort of the public, or by which the public are

obstructed in the exercise or enjoyment of any right common to

all His Majesty's subjects, R.S., c, 146, s. 221." Appropriate

I penalties are prescribed for anyone guilty of a common nuisance. State of Minnesota

The State Water Pollu-kionControl Act (Section 144.371-

144.379; as amended by Chapter 517, Laws of 1951 and Chapter

399 Laws of 1957) created a Water Pollution Control Commission

"To administer and enforce all laws relating to the pollution

of any of the waters of the state;

To 'investigate the extent, character, and effect of the

pollution of.the.watersof this state and to gather data and

information necessary or desirable in the administration or '

enforcement of pollution laws, and to make such classification

of the waters of the state as it may deem advisable;

Toestablish and alter such reasonable pollution standards

!for any waters of the state in relation to the public use to

which they are or may be pl:t as it shall deem necessary for the'

purposes of this act;

To make and alter reasonable orders requiring the discon-

tinuance of the discharge of sewage, industrial waste or other 5 wastes into any waters of the state resulting in pollution in

excess of the applicable pollution standard established under

this subdivision;

To require to be submitted and to approve plans for dis-

posal systems or any part thereof and to inspect the construction thereof for compliance with the approved plans thereof;

To issue, continue in effect or deny permits, under such conditions as it may prescribe for the prevention of pollution, for the discharge of sewage, industrial waste or other wastes, or for the installation or operation of disposal systems or parts thereof;

To revoke or modify any permit issued under this act when- ever it is necessary, in the opinion of the commission, to prevent or abate pollution of any waters of the state;

To prescribe and alter rules and regulations, not incon- cistent with law, for the conduct of the commission and other matters within the scope of the powers granted to and imposed upon it by this act, provided that every rule or regulation affecting any other department or agency of the state, or any person other than a member or employee of the commission shall be filed with the secretary of state; and

To conduct such investigations and hold such hearings as it may deem advisable and necessary for the discharge of its duties under this act, and to authorize any member, employee, or agent appointed by it to conduct such investigations or hold such hearings."

The Act further states, in part, that "The Commission, so far as it is not inconsistent with its duties under the laws of

this state, may assist and cooperate with any agency .ofanother

state, of the United States of America or of the Dominion of ? Canada or any province thereof in any matter relating to water pollution control."

Sections 144.38 fhrough 144.40, Minnesota Statutes 1949

"authorize the State Board of Health to investigate the extent, character and effect of the pollution of the public waters of the State so far as such pollution affects the public health,

Cooperation with all public and private agencies working to protect waters of the State from pollution is directed, Further- more, the State Board of Health is re'quired to designate, with the approval of the Water Pollution Control Commission, a qualified and experienced sanitary engineer to act as the commissionis executive engineer, and to furnish such other services as the

Commission might need in its administration of the State Water

Pollution Control Act,"

Chapter 333, Laws of Minnesota, 1961 states, in part, that

''No person owning or operating a watercraft Qr other marine conveyance upon me waters of the state of Minnesota shall use, operate or permit the use or operation of any marine toilet or other similar device for the disposition of sewage or other wastes, unless the marine toilet is equipped with a treatment

device of a type acceptable to the water pollution control com-

mission of the state 0f'~innesota.No \person shall discharge

into the waters of this state, directly or indirectly from a

watercraft, any untreated sewage or other wastes, nor shall

any container of untreated sewage or other wastes be placed,

left, discharged, or caused to be placed, left or discharged in

or near any waters of this state from a watercraft in such

manner or quantity as to create a nuisance or health hazard or

pollution of such waters, by any person or persons at any time

whether or not the owner, operator, guest or occupant of a

watercraft or other marine conveyance.---The effective date of this Act shall be January 1, 1963." . Province of Ontario

In Ontario the Water Resources Commission Act of 1957

deals with water po1.lution and pollution control. This Act

and amendments thereto defines the Commission as follows:

"The Ontario Water Resources Coinmission constituted a corporation

without share capital on behalf of Her Majesty in right of

I Ontario by The Ontario Water Resources Commission Act, 1956,

is continued and shall be composed of not fewer than three and not more than seven persons as the ~ieutenant- over nor in

Council from time to time determines,''

The Act states that "It is the function of the Corrmission

and it has power, ' . .

(a) to control and regulate the collection, production,

treatment, storage, transmission, distribution and use of water for public purposes and to make orders with respect

thereto;

(b) to construct, acquire, provide, operate and maintain water works and to develop and make available supplies of water to municipalities and persons;

sewage works and to receive, treat and dispose of sewaqe

delivered by municipalities and persons;

(d) to make agreements with any one or more municipalities or persons with respect to a supply of water or the reception,

treatment or disposal of sewage;

(e) to conduct research programmes and to prepare

statistics for its purposes; and

(f) to perfom such othdr functions or discharge such other duties as may be assigned to it from time to time by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council." .

In addition, "(1) The Commission has the supervision of all surface waters and ground waters in Ontario used as a source of water supply. (la) The Commission may examine any surface waters or ground waters in Ontario from time to time to determine what, if any, pollution exists and the causes thereof. (2) The Commission may inquire into and hear and determine any complaint made by or on behalf of any person entitled to the use of water that any material of any lcind, that may pollute the water and so impair its quality or render it unfit for its normal use, has been placed in or near or discharged into or near the water. (3) The commission may make a report upon such complaint and as to what measures, if any, are required to remedy the matter complained of. (4) The Commission or any person interested may apply to a judge of the Supreme Court by way of originating notice according to the practice of the Court, for an order for the removal or abatement of the injury in the terms of the report and the judge may make such order upon the report of the Commission or upon such further evidence as he deems proper and on such terms and conditions as he deems proper. 27. (1) Every municipality or person that discharges or deposits any material of any kind into or in any well, lake, river, pond, spring, stream, reservoir or other water or water course or on any shore or bank thereof or into or in any place that may impair the quality of the water of such well, lake, river, pond, spring, stream, reservoir or other water or water course is guilty of an offence and on summary conviction is liable to a penalty of not more than $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term of not more than one year, or to both, (2) The discharge into any'lake, river, stream, or other water or water course of sewage from sewage works that have been constructed and are operated in accordance with the approval of the Department of

Health or the Commission or in conformity with any order of the Board is not a contravention of subsection I."

A 1960 Amendment to the Act states in padt "If an industrial or commercial enterprise makes arrangements for sewage disposal that are deemed unsatisfactory by the commission, or makes no arrangements for sewage disposal, the omm mission, with the approval of the Minister, may require such industrial or commercial enterprise to install, construct or arrange such sewage treatment facilities or additional sewage treatment facilities as the Commission deems necessary, and to maintain, keep in repair and operate such facilities in such manner and to such extent as may be directed from time to time by the Commission. "

Municipal Requlations

Municipalities in Ontario and Minnesota are authorized to enact regulations or by-laws dealing with such local matters as control of nuisances, restrictions on the use of sewers, setting sewer service rates, and financing. Chapter VI

Water-Borne Diseases

The incidence of water-borne diseases has been used for many years to interpret one of the effects of water pollutiont especially that from sewage. Statistical data on these diseases have been compiled and :are available for long periods of time.

Unfortunately for this investigation these records are generally

) confined to typhoid fever and other enteric diseases. With the construction of public water purification facilities, these diseases have been conspicuously absent. Even though there have been no actual outbreaks reported in recent years, it must be considered that pollution by raw sewage still consti- ' tutes a potential menace.

Epidemioloqical Studies

In this. investigation consideration. was given to the findings of the 1913 survey as recorded in the Progress Report of the International Joint Comiiission dated January 16, 1914.

At that time typhoid fever death rates were given for various municipalities along the boundary waters. It was generally assumed that much of the prevalence of this disease could be attributed to sewage pollution of the waters. This was common on both sides of the boundary. Accordingly the studies undertaken at that time led the investigating authorities to conclude that the high typhoid rates in cities and towns were closely related to sewage pollution of water supplies.

Comparable statistics at the present time show that typhoid fever has been virtually eliminated. In neither

Minnesota nor Ontario has there been any typhoid fever out- break for a great many years which could be attributable to a public water supply.

This situation must not be accepted as an indication that there is no health problem in areas of polluted waters.

It simply confirms that greater control has been attained over typhoid and similar diseases. This was brought about by water purification and by better control of milk and food supplies. The incidence of these diseases thus can no longer be used as a yardstick for gauging the effects of polluted water.

Environmental Conditions

The World Health Organization and leading health authorities are in agreement that public health encompasses a much broader field today, and it is now recognized that anything in the environment of mankind which may interfere with his mental or physical well-being must be regarded as part of the overall public health horizon. Accordingly, any water which is polluted, either by domestic sewage or industrial waste, must be included in the impact it may make on man's environment. New approaches to public health have been made over the years, and new problems have arisen as man's environment changed. Industrial waste discharges contain many substances which will impair water quality.

Furthermore, viruses from human sources may be present in water supplies. These were not interpreted as a possible menace in the earlier investigations. These viruses are found in sewage polluted waters, and their removal by purification works may be difficult.

The possibility of water-borne viral diseases has received much attention in recent years. It is clear that certain viruses may be present in sewage and other wastes.

To what extent these may endanger waters employed for domestic and recreational use is not clearly defined. One of these, infectious hepatitis, has been shown to be spread by drinking waters. Other viruses have been recovered from

sewage. Some have a long survival time. Furthermore, viruses

do not yield as readily to water purification processes as

do intestinal bacteria. Under these circumstances it is not

feasible to disregard the possibility of viral diseases being

spread through the multi-purpose use of water supplies, even

though the epidemiological evidence to support this may not

be strong at present. This potential must be considered a '

further factor in the modern concept of public health that

recognizes anything in the environment which may result in

adverse conditions.

Today it is neither feasible nor helpful to compile meaningful tables of mortality from occurrences of those

various diseases commonly attributable to pollution conditions

in the environment. Nevertheless it must be accepted that where waters are polluted with sewage and industrial wastes

the environment is endangered and public health may be

adversely affected.

From this investigation of the Rainy River it is clearly

evident that pollution exists from both sewage and industrial wastes. It has been shown also that these pollutants in the boundary water travel from one side of the river to the other, and that this transference takes place in a number of points along this international watercourse.

It is necessary, in order to safeguard public health fully, that action be taken to control adequately all pollution from sewage and industrial wastes. The waters should be restored to an acceptable quality and to such condition that water purification processes will be effective in safeguarding the public.

Treatment of all pollutants should be carried far enough that those who use the waters for any normal purposes will find them satisfactory, and that man's environment will not be j eopardized through this medium. Chapter VII

Sources and Character of Pollution

Rainy River Watershed

In Rainy River domestic and industrial wastes. are prevalent. The situation for the entire watershed is as follows:

Domestic wastes. Many small communities are located in the watershed on either side of the border, but relatively few have sewer systems or treatment facilities. Generally, the domestic wastes in these communities are disposed of by soil absorption, thus they do not necessarily constitute a problem of river pollution.

The sewered communities in the area and data pertaining to the treatment methods used are shown in table 10. Of the

47,266 estimated population in the watershed only about 23,800 live in sewered areas. Of those in the sewered area approximately 60 per cent have some form of waste water treatment with about one-third having secondary treatment facilities. When Fort

Frances, Zmo, and Rainy River 'complete their current construction plans all of the sewered area will have tre'atment facilities.

Minor sources of waste exist outside the communities

w listed in table 10. Among these are three Minnesota schools Table 10. Public Sewage Works - - BOD Flow - Gals./~ay Population To stream Receiving Community Design Present 1960-61 lbs ./day Stream Treatment

< ---

Fort Frances, Ont. N.A. N.A. 9,481 1,580* Rainy R. (1) None

International Falls, Minn. 714,000 - 800,000 6,778 250 Rainy R. Secondary

South Int. Falls, Minn. N.A. N.A. 2,479 38" Rainy L. Oxidation ponds

Emo, Ont. N.A. N.A. 630 lOO* Rainy R. (2) None

Rainy River, Ont. N.A. N.A. 1,168 140* Rainy R. (3) Primary

Baudette, Minn. 200,000 331,000 1,597 480 Rainy R. Primary

Little Fork, Minn. 30,000 N.A. 805 90* Little Fork R. Primary

Cook, Minn. 33,000 50,000 527 60* Little Fork R. Primary

Williams, Minn. 60,000 120,000 317 17 Zipple Creek Primary

. U. S. Air Force A.C.W. 32,000 5,000 50 4* Baudette R. Secondary Station, Minn. -- -- TOTALS 23,832 2,759

- - l-.-_l-ll___ .-_._------A_- N.A. - Not available * Estimated (1) Presently planning treatment works (2) Presently planning sewers and treatment works (3) Presently planning secondary treatment (oxidation pond) dustries located in the watershed. Cyanides and vz metals were not considered of enough importance in to be included in the list of materials investigate or phenol-like compounds were found in appreciable a few areas of the river adjacent to the mills and some pulp and paper waste sewers. Some of the higk concentrations were found in the sewers from the d~ grinding operations, indicating that natural wood c substances that react as phenols.

Wastes creating a biochemical oxygen demand (E stream are common to nearly all industries in the a from milk plants, food processing, breweries, and p paper mills, all contain relatively'large amounts o teins, or carbohydrates that are readily degraded b life in the stream with a consequent depletion of d oxygen, Wood sugars from the pulping process have high oxygen demand. Biological sewage treatment or reduces the BOD of wastes by 70 to 95 per cent. Pr ment may accomplish reductions up to about 35 per c

Suspended solids are present in most industria milk plant and soft drink processing wastes normall: low concentrations. The other industries in the wa. charge considerable quantities of suspended solids. Reduction of these solids by waste treatment may be very effective. Pri- mary treatment is expected to obtain suspended solids reductions up to about 60 per cent and additional treatment may accomplish up to 95 per cent removal. With the exception of some pulp and paper wastes nearly all the industrial wastes receive at least primary treatment.

Lignin is a common constituent in streams flowing through wooded and swampy areas. Pulp and paper wastes usually exhibit high concentrations of lignin as a result of the separation of wood fibers and a liberation of lignin in the pulping process.

Other industries in the area normally discharge little or no lignin.

Oils and greases present little problem in this river.

With the exception of slaughtering plants little grease is expected from the industries. All the slaughtering wastes under- go at least primary treatment which removes the bulk of these substances. The two wood treating plants use creosote or siai- lar materials, but there was no evidence that these substances were being discharged into the river. Occasional findings of wax, grease, or similar materials in the river or on the shore have been reported. 7-6

Taste and odor were not determined on waste samples or

river water because there has been no history of a problem of

this nature. I

The source and estimated amount of industrial wastes not

receiving treatment in municipal waste treatment plants are

given .in table 11.. It may be noted from this table that the

bulk of the ipdustrial waste discharge occurs in the Fort

Frances-International Falls area. The wastes originating in

Fort Frances are discharged to Rainy River without treatment

either through the municipal sewerage system or directly, in the

case of the Ontario and Minnesota Paper Co. Ltd. At Inter-

national Falls all wastes, with the exception of the pulp and paper wastes, are discharged to the municipal sewers and con-

sequently are given biolcgical treatment. The pulp and paper wastes are discharged directly to Rainy River. Approximately

60 per cent of the domestic sewage from the Minnesota and Ontario

Paper Company is included with their industrial wastes. The remaining 40 per cent is segregated and diverted to the ~nternational

Falls municipal sewer system.

The Ontario and Minnesota Pulp and Paper Co. Ltd. at Fort

Frances is located oil the north bank of the Rainy River at the

end of the power and control dam. The production sf pulp is based entirely on the groundwood process, supplying the needs for - Table 11. Industrial Wastes Not Receiving Treatment in Municipal Waste Treatment Plants

BOD Waste Treatment and Location and Name Process or Product lbs/day - Control Disposal - MINNESOTA International Falls Minnesota & Ontario Groundwood, kraft and 1960 - Save-alls , bark re- Rainy River Paper Co. sulfite pulping, 162,000 covery plant, set- bleaching, manufactur- 1961 - tling pond, foam inu of paper and 232,700 barrier, sulfite various board liquor for road binder Grabills Farm Market Slaughtering 25* Septic tank, drain Soil or Rainy tile to surface River Biq Fork Big Fork Valley Coop Butter 5* Septic tank. Butter- Rice River to Creamery Association milk sold Rainy River

-.Loman Loman Co-op, Cream- Butter 15* Septic tank Soil or Moose ery Association Creek to Black R. to Rainy R. Williams Williams Cash 15* Septic tank, solids Zipple Creek Market and blood hauled out, to Lake of the sanitary sewage to Woods municipal system

ONTARIO Fort Frances Fort Frances Brew- Beer Septic tank Rainy River ing Co. Ltd. Borden Dairy Milk products None Rainy River 4 Fort Frances Dairy Nilk products Xone Rainy River I Beck's Beverage Ltd Soft drinks Septic tank Rainy River .I Table 11. Cont'd.

BOD Naste Treatment and Location and Name Process or Product lbs/day Control Disposal ------ONTARIO -- Cont ' d . Fort Frances Ontario Minnesota Groundwood pulping 1960 - Save- alls , bark re- Rainy River Pulp & Paper Co. Ltd. and paper manufacturing 23,300 covery plant, screens - 1961 - 22,800 1962 - 12,000

-Fainy' River Dairy Milk . products. Rainy River ,

* - Estimated newsprint and specialty paper production, as well as supplying

a portion of the pulp required for the International Falls

operation. Sulfite pulp used in the production of paper is pumped in a pipeline as slush stock from the U. S. Mill. Waft pulp that is used is trucked in from the International Falls plant. Average wood consumption is approximately 500 cords per day and the average paper production approximates 400 tons per day. The total mill employment averages about 640 persons. The mill waste waters are conveyed directly to the river through

five sewers.

The Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company at International

Falls is located on the south bank of the Rainy River, opposite the Canadian Mill, at the end of the power and control dam.

Pulp is produced by the groundwood process, the sulfite process, and the kraft process. A portion of the pulp from the latter

two processes is supplied to the Fort Frances mill for its paper production. The wood delivered for sulfite, Kraft and Insulite pulp production averaged approximately 340, 240, and 170 cords per day respectively in 1960 and 330, 290, and 410 cords per day in 1961. Finished products averaged approximately 320 and 330 tons of paper in 1960 and 1961 respectively, and 440 and 710 tons of Insulite board daily in 1960 and 1961. The total mill 7- 10

employment averages about 2,000. The.mill.waste waters are

conducted to Rainy River through 11 sewers.

Pulp and Paper Mill Surveys

Waste surveys of the mills of the Minnesota and Ontario

Paper Company and of the Ontario - Minnesota Pulp and Paper

Company Ltd. were made during the summer periods of 1960 to 1962.

The surveys of the Minnesota mill were made in 1960 and 1961

under the supervision of members of the staff of the Section of

Water Pollution Control, Minnesota Department of Health. The

surveys of the Ontario mill were made under the supervision of

members of the staff of the Ontario Water Resources Commission

in 1960, 1961, and 1962.

The surveys consisted of sampling and measurement of flow

in each of the major sewer outlets for continuous periods. During

1960 the period covered three days (8:OO A.M. August 16 to 8:00

A.M. August 19). During 1961 the period covered seven days (8:OO

A.M. Monday, July 31 to 8:00 A.M. Monday, August 7) at the

1 Minnesota mill, and five days (8:OO A.M. Tuesday, August 1 to

8:00 A.M. Sunday, August 6) at the Ontario mill. During 1962

the Ontario mill survey covered the period from 4:00 P.M. July 9

to Midnight July 10. 7- 11

lqood usage and production data were supplied by each

company. A summary of these data is given in table 12.

Sources -of Waste

At the Minnesota mill 11 seher outlets discharge waste water to the Rainy River. The general sewer layout and waste

sources are shown in Figure 9. A list of the outlets and a brief discussion of the sources of waste follow:

Outlet Number Description-

OA Screened overflow from the pulp thickener receiving groundwood pulp from the Fort Frances mill.

1. Waste from the woodroom and bark recovery plant. This sewer does not discharge directly to river, but to a bark recovery pond which discharges to the river via sewer 1%.

Effluent of bark recovery pond which receives waste from sewer outlet number 1.

Waste water from paper mill, and filter backwash from water purification plant.

Overflow from the ash pond into which the main boiler plant ashes are discharged.

Waste from the sulfite screens and wet room.

Diluted spent sulfite digester liquor, and bleach plant wastes .

Kraft mill wastes, including lime sludge. t Table 12. Wood Usage and Production Data For the Periods August 16 - 19, 1960; July 31 - August 6, 1961; and July 9 - 10, 1962, Averacres Based on Normal Production Days M. and 0. Paper Co. 0. - M. Pulp & Paper Co. Wood Usaqe (Cords Delivered) Poplar Balsam Jack Pine Daily All Tvpes Total Daily Ave, Total Daily Ave. Total Daily Ave. Total Total Daily Ave. 1960 501 167 1008 336 730 243 746 1365 455 1961 2873 410 1654 331 1426 285 1026 253.1 502 1962 671 503

Pulp Production -. ('air Dry ~ons) - *Groundwood Sulf ite Kraft' Groundwood 1960 474 158 426 142 392 131 431 1443 481 1961 2710 387 717 143 736 147 677 2 3 10 462 1962 486 366 Pulp Bleached (Air Dry ~ons) Groundwood Sulfite Kraft 1960 147 49 102 34 351 117 200 - - 1961 200 50 188 63 704 117 230 - - Paper Production (~ons) - -"* Machines 2, 3, and 4 Off-Machine Coater Daily All Types Total Daily Ave. Total Daily Ave. Total Total Daily Ave. 1960 834 238 117 39 1961 1476 295 191 38 1962 Insulite Mill Production (Tons) ~nsulite Graylite Primed Siding Primed Siding Bass Board Daily ~otal/~ailyAve. ~otal/~ailyA= ~otal/~ailyAve. ~otal/~ailyAve. Total 1960 279 93 620 20 7 338 139 -- -- 439 -- -- 1961 459 76 2884 411 673 134 661 94 715 -- --

* Calculated from conversion figures given by company (1890 pounds air dry groundwood/ cord poplar. ) L ,,-,-1 ----,-- I I I/--.--..-.-. . r. ..;------I 629Sev.er Jeuq~e - Figure 9 f,+ Sewer 16. Outlet Number Description

I 6% Cooling water from the asphalt rodding mill.

7. Wastes from the Insulite mill (stock preparation).

8. Wastes from the Insulite mill (wet end).

9, Wastes from the Insulite mill (finishing).

For detailed flow charts see appendix.

At the .OntarioMill production wastes .are discharged to the

river from five sewer outlets. A list of the sewers and a brief

discussion of the source of wastes follow:

Outlet Number Description

1. Waste from the rotary 'bark screen which removes coarse bark from wood room wastes.

2&3. Waste from 4 Tyler screens which remove fine bark from a portion of bull screen effluent.

4. Wastes from the paper mill. 5 . Wastes from sulfite deckers and lean white water overflow.

Samlinq Procedure

Minnesota Mill

Samples were collected at each of the outlets. At nine out-

lets (1, 14, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and.9) sampling was done continu- MM) Plant Sulfite Sewer basin - only one left intact after high water of May-June, 1962

Flow Measuring and Sampling Installation at MM) plant - note barrel baffle to hold back floating material. August 2, 1962. PLAN OF ONTARIO & MINNESOTA PULP @I PAPER CO. LTD. FORT FRANCES, ONTARIO I SCALE l'c 175' 3--o~cG. NO.: 60-98 n_C ~------'------4 Index to Flan of The Ontario-Minnesota Pulp and Paper Company Liimited,

Fort Frances, Ontario

1. Car unloading conveyor 15. Warehouse

2. River wood conveyor 16. Logging stores

3. Wood room 17. Logging garage

4. Grinder building 18'. PIill. offices

5. Mill storage 19. Pipelines from' Internation Falls mill . 6. Screen house 20. Conveyor 7. Inside loading dock 21. Pipe enclosure 8. Lap storage adrepul~ing 22. Passage 9. Screen room 2.3. Powerhouse 10. Decker Building 24. Water screen rooms 11. Stock tanks t 25. Miscellaneous storage 12. Machine rooms .. 26. Boiler house and turbine 13. Finishing room and storage building

14. Train shed and truck dock 27. Finishing room extension I

1 ously during the sampling periods, generally by means of mechani-

cal samplers. At sewer number 1 the sampling was done manually

at half-hour intervals. The samples collected at this sewer

were screened through a 28 mesh screen before compositing the

liquid discharged in proportion to flow. All of the screened

wood refuse was retained as part of the sample. At the other

three outlets (sewers OA, 3, and 6+) individual random samples

were collected at least once each day during the survey periods.

Individual random samples were taken from each outlet for determi-

! nation of phenol-like compounds, sugars, and coliform groups .

organisms.

The samples were cornposited over each of two shifts daily,

i.e., one eight-hour shift from 8:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., and a

sixteen-hour shift from 4:00 P.M. to 8:00 A.M.

Ontario Mill

Composite samples were obtained from each of the five mill

sewer outlets over each eight-hour shift; 8:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M.,

4:00 P.M. to 12:OO M., and 12:OO M. to 8:00 A.M. Outlets number

1, 2, 3, and 5 were sampled each half hour, a.nd an eight-hour

composite made for each outlet at the end of each shift. An auto-

matic Trebler sample was used at outlet number 4. Occasional grab samples were taken for bacteriological examination.

During the 1960 and 1962 surveys, the automatic sampling and flow measuring equipment on sewer #4 was flooded. The sewer was then sampled manually, and the flows were estimated from previous surveys. Sewer #7 was sampled only during the 1962 survey.-

Flow Measurements

Flows were measured by a variety of methods, as follows:

Minnesota Mill

Outlet Number Description-

OA Chemical dilution method using potassium chloride, by Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company personnel.

1 and 2 1960 - Weirs and float-type head recorders. 1961 - Parshall flume and float-type head recorder. 4, 7, 8, and 9 Weirs and float-type head recorders.

3 and 6% Estimated by trajectory method for open pipe discharge.

1960 - Flow assumed to be same as in outlet 1. 1961 - Weir and float-type head recorder.

6 1960 - Weir and bubbler-type head recorder. 1961 - Parshall flume, float-type head recorder.

5 1960 - Chemical dilution method, using potassium chloride, by Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company personnel, and by using lithium chloride, by Minnesota Department of Health personnel. 1961 - Weir and bubbler type head recorder. Ontario Mill

Estimated from woodroom water consumption, flow over Tyler screens, and by-passed flow.

2 and 3 Magnetic flow meter and continuous flow recorder-integrator to Tyler screens.

4 Rectangular weir and continuous head recorder.

Rectangular weir and continuous head recorder.

Flow data from the 1960, 1961, and 1962 mill effluent surveys are summarized in table 13.

Analytical Procedures and Results

The samples were held and composited at each outlet at the end of each shift. At the Minnesota mill the composites were split, with one portion taken to the Minnesota and Ontario

Paper Company laboratory, and the other portion to the Advisory

Board laboratory at the International Falls municipal waste treatment plant and portions of selected samples for phenol- like compounds, lithium, and sugar determinations were shipped to the laboratories of the Minnesota Department of Health. Por- tions of selected samples from the Ontario mill were shipped to the Ontario Water Resources Commission for phenol-like compound determinations. All samples collected during the 1962 survey of the Ontario mill were shipped to the Ontario Water Resources

Commission laboratory in Toronto.

During the 1962 survey, a different method of estimating the amount of coarse suspended solids discharged by the mill was'used, along with the method used in previous surveys of this mill.

The "old" method consisted of obtaining the sample and determining the suspended solids (total and volatile) according to Standard Methods.

In the "new" method one Imperial gallon of the sample was screened through a 100 mesh screen. The screenings were collected,

dried and weighed. ' A sample of filtrate from the screen was analyzed for suspended solids as in the old method,, When calculating the suspended solids loading in the "new" method the weight of the screenings was added to the concentration of suspended solids in.the filtrate.

he suspended solids loading figures in this report for the

1962 Ontario mill survey are average values from calculations / based on the "old" and "new" methods.

Results of Bacterioloqical Examinations

A stmmqry of the results of Bacteriological examinations of August 7, 1961 and July 9 and 10, 1962. (All Flows in U. S. Gallons)

------MINNESOTA AND ONTARIO PAPER GO. ONTARIO - MINNESOTA PULP & PAPER CO. LTD.

Out- 1960-3 day 1961-5 day Percent of Out- 1960-3 day 1961-5 day 1962 Percent of let Average Average Total Mill let Average Average 32 hr. Total Mill ' Flow-1961 Average Flow-1961,1962

mgd . mgd . mgd . mgd. ' mgd. 1961 1962

(3) BPV - .80 0.77 3.7 3.6

4 - 13.70 13.76(4)64.0 63.5

5 8.65(4) 1.78 2.25 8.4 10.4

Total 55.4 55.8 Total 21.35 21.66

(1) Estimate, assumed constant for period (2) Flow in sewer 2 gnd 3 assumed to be equal

(3) BPV = - B~-passedvolume (4) ~stimated. ., . samples taken from ,$he mill sewer outlets is shown ih. table 14.

Table 14. Sumnary of Bacteriological Data

Average M-F Coliform ~unibers/100 ml For the periods Auq. 16 - 19, 1960, July 31 - Auq. 7, 1961

Minnr and Ont. Paper Coo Ont. - Minn. Pulp & Paper Coo Ltd .

sewer Sewer Outlet . Outlet

Coliform numbers show great variations even from the same outlet (see tables 36 and 37), hence these averages based on three or four samples are not necessarily representative. The L f values do indicate that these waters carry a high bacterial i' content. Approximately 60 per cent of the domestic wastes of the International Falls'mill and all of the domestic wastes of \I/: If I the Fort Frances mill are discharged to the river without treatment. I ff ;9. Results of Physical and Chemical Examinations

A summary of the results of the routiae physical and chemical examination of samples from the mill sewer outlets is given in tables 15 and 16. The values in these tables are averages of the results for all samples taken at each station for each year1s survey, except for pH, where the range is gi;en.

The average daily BOD loadings to Rainy River were calcu-

\ lated from flow data and average BOD concentrations in the waste from each sewer. The results are summarized in table 17.

Table 17. BOD Data Summary

Average 20°c. 5 Day ,BOD (lbs./day) For the periods Aug. 16 - 19, 1960, July 31 - Aug. 7, 1961, and July 9 and 10, 1962

Minnesota and Ontario Paper Co. Ontaric+Minnesota Pulp & Paper Co.

Sewer 1960 1961 Sewer 1960 1961 1962 -- P - -- Outlet 3-day 5- day Outlet 3-day 5- day 32-hr. Average Average Average Average Average

OA l* 1% 2 3 3 i28 1,975 1,530 4 Bypassed -- 1,150 1,170 5 Wastes 6 4 ** 12,945 3,270 6% 7 8 9 Total 22,866 12,040 Total

* Not included in total since discharge is via outlet 1%to river. ** Flow data not available for calculating BOD load. Table 15. Summary of Chemical and Physical Data, Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company For the Periods August 16-19, 1960 and July 31 - August 7, 1961.

Upper mmbers represent average values* for the 1960 survey. -- Lower numbers represent averaqe values* for the 1961 survey.** Sewer Hard- Calcium pH BOD Settleable -TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS COD Lignin Outlet ness Solids Total Volatile Total Volatile mg/l mg/l Range mg/l mlyl mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l ns/l mg/l 41 25 6.2-6.8 417 17 988 7 56 281 273 1350 153 30 24 5.8-7.1 252 12 460 4 06 220 211 823 63 46 31 6.5-7.7 238 7 514 443 261 239 635 41 54 41 7.0-9.5 360 21 918 774 527 4 27 1120 75 69 43 6.9-7.1 185 2 420 352 139 121 655 39 68 48 6.0-7.0 304 6 644 509 289 211 1033 139 87 61 5.4-8.4 138 54 1266 64 5 84 6 440 1295 12 71 55 4.6-9.9 178 75 1129 6 08 762 490 424 14 23 14 9.3-9.5 3 0.1 171 110 55 17 ID ID 31 18 7.7-9.8 2 11 9037 1643 ID ID ID 2.4 5 3 33 6.4-7.8 87 2 1 488 278 205 116 3 18 19 48 37 6.2-7.6 64 10 327 149 128 55 162 18 933 647 2.9-3.4 1137 7 4594 3660 89 79 4820 1103 700 653 3.1-7.5 1473 3 4459 2941 77 58 5230 1102 70 46 8.8-10.8 . 77 3 1351 569 1096 177 139 25 1442 2090 8.7-10.9 125 7 2613 402 2770 103 437 63 28 16 7.3-7.8 1 0.3 117 96 76 43 ID ID 2 3 17 7.3-8.5 1 0.6 302 256 219 200 ID 1.3 85 33 5.3-6.3 114 7 336 250 169 144 275 ID 73 45 4.1-6.1 99 6 404 274 111 92 297 40 72 32 6.1-6.3 139 14 413 343 166 154 ID 32 72 43 4.6-7.0 213 11 490 360 226 185 ID 51 34 22 6.2-9.3 66 11 488 250 3 19 176 ID ID 3 9 25 6.6-10.9 159 2 1089 554 884 501 3534 6

*pH range for total survey period '. **For the five-day production period ID=Insuf ficient Data Table 16. Summary of Chemical and Physical Data-OntarioI - Minnesta P~lpand Paper Company Ltd. For the Periods August 16-19, 1960, August 1-6, 1961, and July 9 and 10, 1962.

Upper numbers represent average values* for 1960 survey Middle numbers represent average values* for 1961 survey Bottom numbers represent average values* for 1962 survey 1- ----p-p----..--,,------.--.--.--..-----.-- -- Sewer 'Hard- Calcium pH BOD Settleable TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS COD Lignin outlet1 ness Solids Total Volatile Total Volatile /mg/l mg/l Range mg/l ml/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l ------

Bypassed waste - - (1962) j

*pH range A summary of the volatile suspended solids lo~~dingsto

Rainy River is given in table 18. The quantities of volatile suspended solids are assumed to be equivalent to the loss of woody material from mill manufacturing processes.

Table 18. Volatile Suspended Solids Data Summary

(Assumed to be equivalent to losses of woody material) For the periods Aug. 16-19, 1960, July 31 - Aug. 7, 1961, and July 9 and 10, 1962

Minn. & Ontario Paper Co. Ontario-Minnesota Pulp & Pager Co.

Seder 1960 Avq. 1961 Avq.* Sewer 1960 Avq. 1961 AVI 1962 Avq. Outlet Volatile Outlet Volatile Volatile Volatile S.S. S.S. S.S. S. S. S.S. Tons/day Tons/day Tons/day ~ons/day Tons/day

3 0.1 Bypassed Waste - 4 *** 5 5.5

Totals

Totals 31.9 39.7

* Five-day production *** Flow data not available to average. calculate total amount. ** Not included in total because flow is through bark pond. In addition to the volatile 'suspended solids considerable amounts of non-volatile suspended solids were also discharggd to -the rlver. Kraft process wastes are notable for their'hi'gh suspended solids content. During the 1961 survey an average of

45.3 tons/day of non-volatile lime sludge was discharged from

the Kraft mill sewer. . ,

Total suspended solids discharged daily to,the river from

Minnesota mill approximated 80 tons during the 1960 survey.'.

The Ontario mill discharged an average of zearly 27 tons of total suspended solids daily during the 1961 survey.

. . The content of phenol-like compounds in the mill wastes was generally low, with the exception of the Kraft mill sewer.

A summary of average concentration of phenol-like compounds is given in table 19.

The calculated weighted average concentration of phenol- like compounds of all Minnesota mill wastes, based on the 1960 and 1961 surveys, was approximately 270 pg/l, and in the

Ontario mill wastes was approximately 50 ug/l.

The efficiency of bark removal in the bark settling pond at the Minnesota mill is shown in table 20. Table 19. Phenol Content of Mill Wastes*

For the periods August 16-19, 1960 and July 31-August 6, 1961

Minnesota & Ontario Paper Co. Ontario - Minnesota Pulp & Paper Co .

Sewer 1960 1961 Sewer 1960 1961 Outlet Average Average Outlet Average Average Phenol Phenol Phenol Phenol Content Content Content Content uq/l pq/l pq/l pg/l Table 20. Efficiency of Bark Pond

Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company

1960 Survey Data (3-day period)

Average Influent Average Effluent Average Reduction from Sewer from pond through pond ~ons/day ~ons/day per cent

Suspended Solids Total 42.2 Volatile 41.6

5-Day BOD 6.5

1961 Survey Data (7-day period)

Suspended Solids Total 26.4 Volatile 23.7

5-Day BOD 9.7

Summary of Mill Surveys

Minnesota Mill

Production of pulp and paper products was considerably higher in 1961 than in 1960 (1,714 tons/day vs. 1,258 tons/day*)

* Tonnage averages included all pulping, bleaching, and paper making operations. but the total daily volume of wastes remained relatively constant. The pollutional materials in the wastes from the mill processes were consequently somewhat higher in concentration in 1961 and t3e total amount of such materi.als discharged generally was greater than in 1960. No major chaiiges were evident in regard to seivage disposal.

Although the total flow from the mill remained rather constant at about 55 U. S. mgd, (46 Imp. mgd) increases wsre found in the discharges from the woodroom and the sulfite mill and a decrease was found at the Kraft mill. The woodroom and sulfite nil1 flows increased from 11 per cent and 21 per cent of the mill total in 1960 to 12 per cent and 24 per cent, respectively, in 1961, while the Waft mill flow dropped from

14 per cent to eight per cent of the total. The efficiency of the bark psnd in remavin3 bark and chips (suspended volatile solids) decreased from 92 per cent in 1960 to 79 per cent in

1961. The decrease is attributable to a somewhat higher flow, dredging operations, and comparison of the results of a study over a full week or seven-day cycle with the results of a three-day study made under more favorable conditions. Total discharge of bark and waody material from this cutlet averaged 7- 29

, . -5.0 fondday in 1961 compared with an estimated 3.3 tons/day %" *in 1960.

Comparison of the 1961 data with the 1960 results showed

a 25 per cent overall increase in the discharge of suspended 6k woody materials, from an average of 31.8 tons/day to 39.9

tons/day during the production period. The major sources of'

t'ne increase were the effluents from the bark pond, the paper

mill, and the Insulite mill, with the latter accounting for

almost one-half of the total increase. The general increase

in total discharge of woody solids is attributed to the higher

production rates in 1961, since these losses may be expected to '

be roughly in proportion to production.

Lime sludge discharges from the Kraft mill were found to

average about 50 tons/day with a range of 30 to 57 tons/day.

i C Only a very small proportion of woody material was present. i Comparative data for the 1960 survey period are not available

because of sampling and flow measuring difficulties encountered

in 1960. Kraft pulp production in 1961 averaged 147 tons/day

.m .m for an increase of 26 per cent'over 1960. * V@ The total five-day BOD discharged from the mill averaged ad 233,000 lbs./day over the five full production days in 1961, while in 1960 it averaged 162,000 lbs./day over a similar

three-day production period. This represents an increase of

44 per c6nt over the 1960 base. Sulfite pulp production, which

is the major source of oxygen demanding wastes, did not increase

but the tests showed that the.tota1 oxygen demand of the wastes

.discharged from the main sulfite sewer was 54 per cent,higher

than the previous year. Some increase in five-day BOD was

also found in the discharges from the bark pond, the paper mill,

and the Insulite mill. Some of the difference may be accounted

for by the difficulties experienced in obtaining reliable

flow data on outlet number 5.

On the basis of production tonnage over the corresponding

three and five-day periods in 1960 and 1961, respectively, for

the entire mill, the discharge of suspended woody material

decreased from 50.6 to 46.6 lbs./ton, the waste flow decreased

from 44,100 to 32,600 U. S. gals./ton, (25,000 Impo gals./ton),

and the five-day BOD discharged increased from 129 to 136 lbs./ton.

Ontario Mill

The average wood intake during the 1961 survey was appro@-

I mately 10 per cent greater than that noted during the 1960 survey,

A comparison of the total waste flow during each survey cannot be

made due to flooding of nher 4 sewer during the 1960 study. I The 1961 total and suspended solids contents of the woodroom wastes showed appreciable increases over the corresponding values in 1960. The total weight of suspended solids discharged daily to the river in 1961 approximated 10.5 tons as compared to 8 tons in 1960.

General

Wastes from the two pulp and paper mills are major sources of pollution of the Rainy River. A total of about 76 million

U. S. gallons (63 million Imp. gallons) of mill waste are discharged daily to the river.

The combined BOD load from the pulp and paper mills in

1961 averaged 254,000 lbs./day during the survey period. This oxygen demand is the equivalent of that from the domestic sewage of a city of one and one-half million people. Based on an average summer flow of 7,500 cfs in Rainy River, and an average dissolved oxygen content of 7.5 mg/l, the total dissolved oxygen available daily in Rainy River at the International

Falls-Fort Frances areas is about 300,000 lbs. This available dissolved oxygen is only slightly greater than the demand of the mill wastes alone.

The bark recovery pond on the Minnesota side has been effective in substantially reducing the amount of suspended matter discharged to the river. Despite the effectiveness of this

p~ndthe total suspended solids load imposed on Rainy River

exceeds 100 tons/day.

Tirie pH values of the mill discharges were generally below

those of the river, but little changes in the stream pH was

observed. The lignin contents of the wastes were consistently high during the entire survey periods. The lignin content of / Rainy River showed an appreciable increase downstream'from the

mill seiver outlets. There appeared to be no appreciable tempera-

ture effect due to the mill wastes. The average conte.iit of

phenol-like compounds in the' wastes was relatively low.

Watercraft Wastes. Many pleasure and fishing boats are n3w

used on Rainy Lake and L2ke of the Woods. In addition a few baats use Rainy River. Most of the boats are of the small outboard type on which the disposal of domestic waste presents

little problem. A few cabin cruisers, tugs and houseboats are

used on the 1akes.and do have waste disposal problems. Consider-

ing the small number and size of such boats, and the large volume

of water, these watercraft wastes are not believed to be signifi-

cant items in the pollution of these waters. Minnesota has

recently enacted legislation covering watercraft wastes, as noted in Chapter V.

Insecticides and Herbicides. The Minnesota Department of Agriculture has noted that very small amounts of insecticides and herbicides are used in the Minnesota portion of the watershed. They have estimated that a few hundred pounds of insect- icide and a similar amount of herbicide are used annually in the area. Quantities used in Ontario are unknown but are not expected to exceed those used in Minnesota. The amount reaching the river is anticipated to be of little importance in the overall pollution problem. Chapter VIII Pollution Effects -on Boundary Water Quality

The effects of pollution in Rainy River have been ' measured by chemical, bacteriological, biological, and ~hysi- cal examinations. These analytical tests were supplemented by relevant data on municipal water supplies, sewage effluents and industrial wastes. All this information shows the extent and intensity of pollution in the boundary waters under consideration.

Throughout the investigation a total of about 3,300 water and waste samples were taken for bacteriological examinations and 2,900 for physical and chemical analyses. In addition many samples of lake and river water and bottom sediments.were taken for biological examination. Most of the examinations and analyses were made in the field laboratory at the International Falls municipal waste treatment plant.

Explanation -.of Laboratory Tests

The analytical determinations made' during the survey are listed below. A brief explanation of each is given as an aid in interpreting the significance of the tests. In general the procedures conformed to those given in the current edition of - "Standard Methods" (2)

Bacterioloqical Examination

The estimation of coliform densities was the basic part

of the bacteriological study. The coliform groups of bacteria

are normal inhabitants of the intestines of warm-blooded animals

and are discharged in large numbers in human feces. They are

always present in high concentrations in raw sewage and are, in

general, relatively few in number ,in other stream pollutants.

Raw sewage frequently contains 10 to 25 million coliform organ-

isms per 100 ml. Water samples collected above known sources

of pollution had comparatively few coliform bacteria, usually

less than 35 per 100 ml. Other bacteriological tests included

plate cou~ts,estimation of enterococcus organisms, and isolation

of enteric pathogens.

The membrane filtcr (b~)pr~cedure was used as the basic

method for the estimation of coliform densities. Bacto-M-Endo-

MI? broth was used in a one-step procedure with incubation at

35.5 -+ 0. ~OC.for 20 + 2 hours in an atmosphere of saturated

humidity. Duplicate membrane filtrations were made for each

' of two or three appropriate dilutions for each sample tested.

The development of dark colonies having a yellowish metallic- - appearing surface luster (sheen) was interpreted as direct evidence of the presence of coliform organisms. The numbers of sheened colonies appearing on the duplicate ME' preparations from the most appropr,iate dilution were determined, and the counts averaged and recorded in terms of coliforms per 100 ml.

Representative colonies were isolated in pure culture and sent to the Canadian Laboratory of Hygiene for classification.

The tube dilution Most Probable Number (MPN) test also was used for the estimation of coliform densities in selected samples, usually in parallel with the membrane filter procedure.

A five-tube, three-dilution Lauryl Tryptose Broth presumptive test with incubation at 35.5 -+ 0.5O~. for 24 and 48 hours, was used. Confirmations of positive cultures were made in Bacto

Brilliant Green Lactose Bile 2% Broth. All positive cultures were confirmed for E.C. gas-positive coliform strains through the use of Bacto E.C. medium at 44.5 -+ 0.2O~. Enterococcus densities in selected samples were determined by the membrane filtration procedure developed by Slanetz and

~artle~(').The standard plate count (25Oc.) procedure was used on selected samples for estimation of total bacterial numbers.

Periodic attempts were made through use of a membrane filtration procedure to isolate Salmonella and Shiqella organisms from four locations in the study area: The raw sewage inlet at Inter- national Falls municipal waste treatment plant; Rainy River at a point immediately below a Fort Frances sewer outfall;

And the mid-point of' ranges 82.2 and '77.5 in the Rainy River.

Salmonella isolates were clas'sified serologically.

I : Alkalinity and Hardness

Alkalinity represents the concentration of carbonates, bicarbonates,..hydroxides,and occasionally the borates, sili- cates, and phosphates. Calcium and magnesium are the two metals most commonly associated with alkalinity', and these same metals are the main cause of hardness in water. Wastes from the sul£ite and kraft pulping processes contain considerable amounts of calcium thus increasing the hardness of the river water. Alkalinity and hardness determinations were made on selected samples during the survey.

-Biochemical Oxyqen Demand (BOD) The biochemical oxygen demand test indicates.the amount of oxygen required for stabilization of decomposable organic matter.

The time and temperature used were, 5 days and 20°c., respectively.

It is the test most widely used dsa measure of deoxygenating wastes. BOD values above .known sources of pollution were approxi- c C -4 -4 rn 3 a, 0 rl rl w W rnf 0 5 3r a, 4J 4J -4 U U a,. 0 rl rl a, rn 2 C a, 0 5 a, a 0 cd 4J E rn a, 4J. k I-i 3 [I) S a, 4J k . C a, a, m E a, rl a, 5 m a, -4 4J m rl 5 a, k k - 0 W 0 +J rn 4J 4J rn a, +J a,E +J C 4J 5 Id .ri C U Id held in an all-glass membrane filtration apparatus. The paper and fiber were dried at 103O~.,reweighed, and photographed.

Hydroqen -Ion Concentration (pH) The pH value of.water indicates its acidity or alkalinity.

It is a measure of intensity rather than of quantity. A pH of

7.0 is the neutral point. Higher values are in.the alkaline. range and lower values in the acid range. The pH of these waters is about 7.5. Industrial wastes frequently influence pH values in a stream.'

Lignin

Lignin is 'a common constituent of water flowing through wooded and swampy areas. Pulp mill wastes usually contain high concentrations of lignin as a result of the separation of.wood fibers and a liberation of lignin in the pulping process. It usually is associated with color in water and is not rapidly degraded biologically. An increasing number of uses.of lignin are being found.

Lithium*

Lithium determinations used in the estimation of waste flow

*For measurement of flows using lithium in the chemical dilution method . rates were made with a Beckman DU flame spectrophotometer using an oxygen-acetylene burner. Standards were made by accurately diluting the lithium solution actually used in the field with the waste from the sewer under test. The dilution factors selected were based on an estimate of the flow in the sewer and the rate at which lithium solution was in- jected into the sewer. By this procedure, both sample and standard concentrations could be kept at about 0.5 mg/l of lithium, and the deviation of the sample readings from the readings of the accurately diluted standards was used to determine the deviation of the actual flow from the estimated flow.

Dissolved Oxyqen (DO)

The amount of dissolved oxygen contained in unpollnted water fluctuates with the tenperature. A deficiency of oxygen is replaced by acquisition of oxygen from the atmosphzre and by photosynthesis. There is a saturation value for each temperature. For example, at 20°c. it is 4.17 mg/l. Values below the saturation level may indicate the presence of polluting substances which cause absorption of oxygen from the water. The extent of this deficiency is one index of the degree of organic pollution. Substantial reduction in dissolved oxygen causes suffocation of fish.

-Sugars Attempts were made to separate the various sugars by paper chromatography techniques. Separations were possible on the samples from the sulfite waste liquor sewer, but concentrations of sugar in the other wastes were too low to make this procedure practical. The major sugar present in the sulfite liquor was xylose, with dextrose and fructose also present in significant quantities.

Total sugars were determined by the colorimetric procedure described by Nelson (lo), and by Shallenberger and Moores (11)

Standards were prepared from dextrose. ~lthoughdifferent sugars have different reducing power, the procedure was in keep ing with the prac-tice followed in the Technical Association of r the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) method for sugar in sulfite liquor.

The presence of sugars may encourage the growth of un- desirable bacteria such as Sphaerotilus .

Phenolic Compounds

Phenols. and phenol-like comp~undswere measured by the

4-aniino-antipyrine method, after distilling by the "Standard Methods" technique. Phenols in sufficient concentration may be

toxic to the aquatic life in a stream, and may taint the flesh

of fish. They react with chlorine and may produce tastes and

odors detectable even when highly diluted. Natural water con-

tains 'little or no phenolic compounds.

Sulfites

Sulfites are not normally present in natural water. Wastes

from the sulfite pulping process may contain high concentrations of sulfite. This substance readily becomes oxidized by removing disso.lved oxygen from the water. ,The possible effects of oxygen depletion were noted under dissolved oxygen. ,

Solids -or Residue

The analyses for solids include total and suspended as well as their volatile portions. The total solids test measures both the solids in solution and in suspension. The total volatile solids test gives an approximation of the amount of organic matter present. Both sewage and industrial wastes are significant sources of solids. Domestic sewage carries about 0.2 pounds of suspended solids per capita per day. Solids in industrial waste vary with the type of industry. The presence of suspended solids in water may be reflected

in difficulties associated with water purification. Other detrimental effects may be depositions in streams, interferences with navigation, and injury to the habitat of fish.

Glass fiber discs were used as the filtering medium in the determination of suspended solids during the summers of 1961 and 1962.

Temperature

The temperature of water influences,the solubility of oxygen and the rate of oxidation and reoxygenation in a s'tream.

Turbidity

The turbidity test is a measure of the appearance of the water as affected by suspended material, such as silt and finely qivided organic matter. Turbidity determinations were made .by the use of a Hellige turbidimeter.

Analytical Results ---of the 1913 Investigation

Reference to the investigation of these waters in 1913, reveals that the nature, character, and extent of the pollution

found at that time differed somewhat from those found in the

1960-1962 survey. Pollution sources in the earlier investigation were not as numerous as those of today. The pulp and paper mill at International Falls had been in operation for only three years at the time of the earlier survey. The Fort Frances mill started operation in 1914. Pulp and paper production has increased greatly since 1913, and a number of small industries have develo2ed. The population adjacent to the river has approximately tripled during the intervening years.

The findings in the earlier investigation were based entirely on B. coli examinations. The results were expressed in terms of the Phelps Index, the approximate number of B. coli in 100 ml of the sample, calculated from the results of single tube dilution tests. The "coliform group" as recorded in the present report may be considered to correspond to the "B. coli

Group" as used formerly. The membrane filter procedure, however, provides more precise measurement of the number of coliform organisms than did the Phelps Index.

In the "Final Report of the International Joint Commission" (12 conditions in Rainy River-Lake of the Woods section in 1913 were summarized as follows :

"Samples examined in Rainy Lake show pollution which one would not expect in a water with so little habitation about it.

Some of this pollution could, no doubt, 'be accounted for by the fact that the Canadian Northern Railway construction camps had been working there, putting in a big fill across Rainy Lake.

The construction camps and their operations were within a few miles of the points where samples were taken. The samples show intermittency of pollution.

"The cross-section at head of Rainy River, just above the

Village of Ranier, showed an increase of pollution which would naturally be expected owing to the construction camps and lumber mills lying along the Canadian shore in this vicinity, together with the effects of the fish industry and some summer resort pollution just above this point on the United States shore and to the convergence and concentration of surface waters at this point.

"Ap2roaching the Town of Fort Frances, the next cross-section shows a further increase of pollution. This is in the immediate vicinity of a summer camp and just below the Village of Ranier.

"The cross-section taken lower down in a wider psrt of the river, above Fort Frances waterworks intake, shows much the same degree of pollution.

"The samples collected from the international bridge con- necting Fort Frances with the Town of International Falls showed considerable pollution on the United States side above their waterworks intake. This can only be accounted for by local drainage, possibly of the mills and buildings around the ferry dock above the intake. The samples obtained from the

Canadian side do not show quite so great a pollution,.although it is of a dangerous type.

"The cross-section well below the drainage of Fort Frances and International Falls showed a very large increase in the degree of pollution. The gross po.llution now found uniformly throughout the river is clearly due to the sewage discharged from these two towns. Samples from other sections were taken at varying distances from this point to just above the villa'ge of Emo, a distance of twenty-two miles. These showed practically no alteration in the condition of the river. , . "Samples taken in the tributary streams near their mouths indicated that the water from these streams did not effect the pollution of the main river during the period of the investigation.

"The samples taken from just above Baudette, Minnesota, and

Rainy River, Ontario, showed that the degree of pollution was unchanged. Thus for sixty miles the pollution is practically uniform. The cross-sections below the towns showed an increase in pollution of more than 25 per cent.

"In order to find the effect of the polluted Rainy River on the waters of the Lake of the Woods, a cross-section was run from Zippel ,to Bigsby Island, a distance of. 18 miles, in which

105 samples were taken. These showed a more or less uniform pollution throughout this end of the lake.

"In general the Rainy River shows serious pollution throughout its length, but in an increased degree below Fort

Frances and International Falls to the Lake of the Woods, making this whole river an unsafe source of water supply without very careful purification. The tap water of the Towns of Fort Frances,

International Falls and Rainy River was examined and shown to be of the same character as that of the river, the source of supply."

Analytical Results --of the 1960-62 -Investigation In the present investigation the analytical results show that pollution is due to both domestic and industrial wastes.

Sampling covered Rainy Lake near its outlet, Rainy River, streams tributary to Rainy River, Lake of the Woods near the mouth of

Rainy River, and various pulp and paper mill sewers.

- Tables 21 through 40 present summaries of the results of bacteriological examination of samples taken during the 1960-61 survey. Table 41 compares bacteriological results of the 1913 survey with those obtained in the present survey. Tables 42 through 66 present summaries of the physical, chemical, and bacteriological examination of samples from the lake and river stations. These tables show maximum, minimum, average, and median values for each sampling station. Tables 67 through 79 present results of the biological investigation from 1960 through 1962.

Bacteriological Observations -and Results

The coliform (MF) densities obtained during 1961 for water samples taken from sampling stations on the 17 ranges in the Rainy River are summarized, for each range, in'table 22.

For purposes of comparison, similar data for 1960, and for

1960 - 1961 combined, are summarized in tables 21 and 23, respectively.

For purposes of discussion, the river was divided into four sectors:

Sector A: Ranges 86.4 and 83.5 Sector B: Ranges 83.3; 82.2; 77.5; 72.2; 64.8; and 60.2 Sector C: Ranges 53.4; 36.4; 28.1; 21.2; and 13.8 Sector D: Ranges 12.1; 10.9; 9.3; and 1.3 Table 21. Summary, Colifom Densities (MF), Rainy River and Tributaries, 1960

Arithmetic Table 22. Summary, Coliform Densities (ME') , Rainy River and Tributaries, 1361

C Coliform MF Count per 100 ml. Water Range No. of Arithmetic 10 50 90 Samples Mean Percentile Percentile Percentile (Median)

86.4 24 15 2 13 38

83.5 44 96 24 95 180

83.3 99 430 48 220 1,100 (1-5)

83.3 58 10,000 150 5,600 18,000 (6-8)

82.2 130 4,400 360 2,200 9,500

77.5 110 5,500 760 3,400 11,000

71.2 122 25,000 1,500 11,000 76,000

64.8 55 12,000 4,800 11,000 >20,000

\ 60.2 64 8,200 1,800 7,300 / 20,000

53.4 65 8,100 2,800 7,200 14,000

36.4 60 8,700 1,500 5,400 13,000

28.1 69 8,600 680 4,900 22,000

21.2 54 7,600 890 3,900 >20,000

13.8 73 3,100 350 2,000 8,100

12.1 63 2,200 420 1,800 5,200

10.9 98 2,200 570 1,400 4,700

9.3 39 2,300 710 2,100 4,800

1.3 69 680 60 410 1,900

All trib. 57 660 51 310 1,200 Table 23. Summary, Coliform Densities (MF) , Rainy River and Tributaries, 1960 and 1961.

Coliform MF Count per 100 ml. Water 50 Range No, of Arithmetic 10 Percentile 90 Samples Mean Percentile (Median) Percentile -- - 86.4 63 43 7 19 144

83.5 87 120 34 110 214

83.3 193 480 76 330 1,100 (1-5) I 83.3 115 19,000 450 6,800 53,000 (6-8)

82.2 226 4,000 400 J 2,200 8,500

77.5 199 6,400 990 4,500 12,000

71.2 198 21,000 2,600 9,600 62,000

64.8 131 11,000 5,200 9,500 25,000

60.2 121 9,200 2,700 8,100 21,000

53.4 161 8,700 3,400 7,800 16,000

36.4 130 7,100 1,700 5,900 12,000

28.1 142 6,900 1,200 5,100 12,000

21.2 130 5,100 9 50 2,500 12,000

13-8 138 2,400 330 1,500 8,900

12.1 138 1,900 360 1,300 3,900

10.9 181 2,400 460 1,500 5,200

9.3 94 1,800 370 3,700

1.3 133 500 . 70 1,100

All trib. 139 640 60 310 1,500 The coliform ME' data obtained for Rainy River ranges were

very similar to those recorded in 1960. Variations in coliform

numbers observed at the individual stations may be largely attri-

buted to changes in the dilution factor. In general, coliform

densities were lower during the early summer period of 1961,

when water levels in the river were very high, than during the

abnormally dry July - August period when water levels were very

low.

~oliiormnumbers were relatively low in sector A of the'

river. There was a dramatic increase, however, in coliform MI?

densities in water samples taken in sector B. Very high coli-

. . form densities were recorded at stations 6+00, 7+00 and 8+50 of

range 83.3, which are located immediately downstream from the

Fort Frances sewer outfalls. The median coliform content

remained high throughout the entire sector and reached a peak at

range 71.2. There was a gradual, progressive decrease in coliform

numbers in sector C. It should be noted, however, that the

median coliform MF count still exceeded 2,400 per 100 ml. at

L range 21.2. The significant increase in coliform densities

observed in 1960 at range 10.9 appeared to be masked during 1961

by the higher median counts at ranges 13.8 and 12.1, and the

1961 sector D maximum was reached at range 9.3. The 1960 and 1961 median coliform MF counts for all water samples from the tributary rivers were identical (310). The coliform content of the tributary rivers was lower than that of the Rainy River itself.

The significance o,f the consistent increase in coliform delisities noted in 1960 between ,ranges 82.2 and 77.5, and between ranges 77.5 and 71.2, could not be explained in terms of known sources of pollution. A similar pattern was observed during 1961, and attempts were made late in the 1961 study to determine the cause of this phenomenon. It was considered possible that the established stations on ranges 82.2 and 77.5 were located in such. a way as to miss the main pollution flow.in this sector of the river. Sampling of these ranges, at 50-foot intervals and at three depths, was therefore conducted on two dates during August, 1961. The median coliform MF values are cited in table 24. 1 Table 24. Median Coliform Ml? Counts, Bottom, Mid-Depth and Surface Water Samples, Ranges 82.2 and 77.5, 1961

Coliform MF Count per 100 ml. Aug . Range BOTTOM MID--DEPTH *SURFACE

16 82.2 2,300 2,700 2,200

24 82.2 6,300 5,900 7,500

16 77.5 1,800 1,700 1,700

24 77.5 11,000 I 15,000 17,000

*Samples taken approximately one foot below surface.

Chemical inhibition of coliform growth was suggested as,a possible explanation for the apparent reduction in coliform

densities in the sector of the river covered by ranges 82.2 and

77.5. A brief attempt was made late in the 1961 study to examine

this possibility. River water from sector A (range 83.5) and

from sector B (range 82.2) was made bacteria free by membrane

filtration and used in the preparation of M-Endo-MF broth. The productivity of these media was then compared to that of standard

M-Endo-MF broth in a series of tests with membranes inoculated Bark, fiber, and chip deposits in an eddy of Manitou Rapids. July 23, 1962. with test aliquots of sewage and river water. The data obtained

from duplicate MF determinations are reported in table 25. ,

In a second experiment, 9 ml aliquots of river water from ranges 82.2 and 83.5, and tap water, were dispensed in sterile test tubes; oneml of an 0.0001 dilution of raw sewage was added to each tube, and the tubes were incubated at room , temperature. The cultures were examined for coliform bacteria by the standard MF technique at intervals up to 22 hours. The coliform MF counts obtained are recorded in table 26.

Table 25. Productivity of M-Endo-MF Broth Prepared With River Water, 1961

Source of Average Coliform (MF') Count per ml of Inoculum Inoculum with Test Media -1 A* B* C* D* (Control)

Sewage 100,000 100,000 12,000 14,000 Sewage 59,000 72,000 81,000 55,000 Sewage 61,000 13,000 32,000 37,000 R. 82.2 28 47 33 45 R. 82.2 170 77 1 1 R. 10.9 27 41 44 34 R. 10.9 28 27 11 16

*The source of the M-End-MF make-up was:

A : Distilled Water control' (Standard) B : Range 83.5 (Sta. 2+35); Sector A (Slight Pollution) C : Range 82.2 (Sta. 1+00); Sector B D : Range 82.2 (Sta. 3+50); Sector B Table 26. Survival of Coliform Bacteria in Tap Water and Rainy River Water, 1961

Hrs. of Average.Coliform (MF) Count per Culture Aliquot Incu- bation Tap Water Water Water Range 83.5 Range 82.2

As in 1960, coliform densities obtained by the MF and

MPN procedures were compared, for those samples for which both coliform indices were used, on the basis of the 95 per cent confidence limits of the coliform MPN. For a determinative,

five-tube, three-dilution test, the 95 per cent confidence

limits are roughly 0.33 - 3.3 times the calculated MPN (13)

The MF results which fall within these limits are considered

to be in agreement with those of the MPN procedure, while the

MF results which fall outside these limits must be considered

as in disagreement. Of the 374 paired results reported in

1960, 315 (84.2 per cent) were in agreement within the

definitions given; 42 (71.2 per cent) of the 59 paired results which were in disagreement had MF counts lower than 0.33 times

the MPN density. Similarly, of 339 paired results obtained

in 1961, 77 per cent were in agreement, and 74 (93.6 per cent) of 78 paired results were in disagreement because of low MF counts. Of 713 paired results recorded during the entire

study, 480 (67.3 per cent) had MPN values equal to or higher than the corresponding MF count. These data are presented

in tables 27 and 28.

The mean incident of E. C. gas-positive coliform strains,,

as derived from the individual coliform: E. C. MPN ratios

for each sample, and expressed as a percentage of the total coli- .Table 27. Cornparisan of Coliform MPN and MF Counts, Rainy River and Tributaries, 1960

F Number and Per Cent of Specimens Ccimparison, Paired Results Sector Sector Sector Sector Tributaries Totals

A B C * D

AGREE

Identical 0 2 ( 1.6%) 1 ( 1.2%) 0 1 ( 1.2%) 4 ( 1.1%)

MPN Higher 9 (34.6%) 61 (47.3%) 46 (53.5%) 26 (50.0%) 35 (43.2%) 177 (47.3%)

MPN Lower 11 (42.3%) 42 (32.6%) 26 (30.2%) 20 (38.5%) 35 (43.2%) 134 (35.8%)

Total Agree 20 (76.9%) 105 (81.4%) 73 (84.9%) 46 (88.5%) 71 (87.7%) 315 (84.2%)

DISAGREE

MPN Higher 3' (11.5%) 20 (15.5%) 11 (12.8%) 2 ( 3.8%) 6 ( 7.4%) 42 (11.2%)

MPN Lower 3 (11.5%) 4 ( 3.1%) 2 ( 2.3%) 4 ( 7.7%) 4 ( 4.9%) 17 ( 4.5%)

Total Disagree 6 (23.1%) 24 (18.6%) 13 (15.1%) 6 (11.5%) 10 (12.3%) 59 (15.8%)

TOTAL 26 129 86 52 81 374

\ Table 28. Comparison of Coliform MPN and MF Counts, Rainy River and Tributaries, 1961

Number and Per Cent of Specimens Comparison, Paired Results I I sector Sector Sector Sector Tributaries Totals I A B C D

AGREE Identical 2 (13.3%) 0 0 1 ( 1.8%) 3 ( 5.4%) 6 ( 1.8%)

MPN Higher 78 (51.7%) 41 166.1%) 24 (43.6%) 29 (51.8%) 177 (52.2%) I MET Lower 39 (25.8%) 12 (19.4%) 14 (25.5%) 9 (16.1%) 78 (23.0%) I Total Agree 11 (73.3%) 117 (?7.5%) 53 (85.5%) 39 (70.9%) 41 (73.2%) 261 (77.0%) I I MPN Higher 32 (21.2%) 9 (14.5%) 16 (29.1%) 14 (25.0%) 74 (21.8%) I MPN Lower 1 ( 6.7A) 2 ( 1.3%) 0 0 1 ( 1.8%) 4 ( 1.2%)

Total Disagree 4 (26.7%) 34 (22.5%) 9 (14.5%) 16 (29.1%) 15 (26.8%) 78 (23.0%) - 1 TOTAL 15 151 62 55 56 339 8- 27 form flora, is given, for each range, in table 29. These data indicate that approximately 30 per cent of the total coliform flora in the R3iny River and its tributaries were 44.5O~.

E. C. gas-positive. The mean incident of these coliform biotypes was somewhat higher in sector B (reaching a maximum on the Canadian side of range 83.3, immediately below the Fort

Frances outfalls), and somewhat lower in sectors A and D.

In 1960, 1,046 bacterial strains were isolated from sheen- producing colonies appearing on memSrane filter preparations from representative water samples taken from Rainy River and its tributaries. Of these, 948 (90.6 per cent) fermented lactose with the production of gas within 48 hours at 35.5%.

The results of IMViC classification of these strains appear in table 30. Similar data for 1961 are presented in table 31; 953

(85.5 per cent) of 1,114 isolated strains fermented lactose within

48 hours. The incidence of 44.5O~. E. C. gas-positive and.gelatin liquefying strains is given in table 32.

Aerobacter biotypes constituted approximately 65 to 70 per cent of the coliform flora of the study area, and Escherichia biotypes were definitely in the minority (approximately 15.per cent). Xrle incidence of 44. ~OC.E. C. gas-positive Aerobacter strains was abnormally high (34.5 per cent of all Aerobacter Table 29. The Mean Incidence of E. C. Gas-Positive Coliform Strains, Rainy River and Tributaries, 1960 and 1961

The Mean Incidence of E. C. Gas-Positive Coliform Strains, Derived from the Individual Coliform : E. C. MPN Ratios for each Sample, and Expressed as a Percentage of the Total Coliform Flora

Ranqe-Sta. 1960 1961 Ranqe-Sta. -1960 1961 86.4(3+00) 31.1 12.4 12.1(5+00) 13.0 25.1 83.5(2+35) 12.8 9.7 10.9 (4+00) 19.9 29.3 83.5 (5+35) 24.4 9.3(5+00) 17.1 23.1 1.3 (3+00) 28.5 15.3 Sector A 23.6 10.8 Sector D 19.5 23.9

83.3 (3+00) 32.0 31.4 83.3 (7+00) 55.2 57.8 All 82.2(2+50) 44.6 41.1 River Ranges 30.5 31.9 77.5(3+00) 34.3 26.5 -- 71.2 (2+00) 29.3 36.0 71.2 (5+00) 37.4 37.0 70.8 24.7 30.4 64.8 (4+00) 37.2 38.7 68.0 57.1 18.6 60.2 (3+00) 34.5 41.8 63.8 41.3 20.7 60.1 45.3 17.7 41.2 22.0 Sector B 38.4 38.3 26.4 28.0 22.8 -- 19.9 32.4 11.1 53.4 (2+00) 40.3 39.3 17.2 13.6 17.2 53 .4 (7+00) 29.7 12.2 31.7 20.5 36.4 (5+00) 33.4 27.0 7.8 9.0 9.1 28.1 ( 3+00) 22.5 28.2 21.2 (3+00) 14.0 34.6 All 13-8 (5+00) 24.8 17.9 Tributaries 30.0 19.4

Sector C 27.7 28.6 All Ranges, 30.4 29.9 Rainy River and Tributaries - Table 30. IMViC Reactions, Coliform Strains Which Fermented Lactose with the Production of Gas Within 48 Hours, Rainy River and Tributaries, 1960

IMViC Sector Sector Sector Sector Tributaries Totals Pattern A B C D

E. coli ++ -- 12 (23.1%) 65 (18.4%) 10 (4.4%) 12 (8.9%) 21 (11.7%) 120 (12.7%) -+-- 4 ( 1.1%) 1 ( 0.7%) 2 ( 1.1%) 7 ( 0.7%)

Total 12 (23.1%) 69 (19.5%) lo (4.4%) 13 ( 9.6%) 23 (12.7%) 127 (13.4%)

~ntermediates

4-+ 4 ( 7.7%) 22 ('6.2%) 2 ( 0.9%) 8 ( 5.9%) 22 (12.2%) 58 ( 6.1%) ++ -+ 5 ( 9.6%). 17 ( 4.8%) 16 ( 7.0%) 9 ( 6.7%) 21 (11.7%) 68 ( 7.2%) ++++ 2 ( 3.8%) 9 ( 2.5%) 6 ( 2.6%) 6 ( 4.4%) 5 ( 2.8%) 28 ( 3.0%) -+++ 1 ( 0.3%) 2 ( 0.9%) 3 ( 0.3%)

Total 11 (21.2%) 49 (13.9%) 26 (11.4%) 23 (17.0%) 48 (26.7%) 157 (16.6%)

Aerobacter

-++ 7 (13.5%) 123 (34.8%) 83 (36.4%) 53 (39.2%) 38 (21.1%) 304 (32.8%) --+- 3 ( 0.8%) 2 ( 0.9%) 2 ( 1.1%) 7 ( 0.7%) ---+ 1 ( 0.6%) 1 ( 0.1%) + -++ 21 (40.4%) 108 (30.6%) 106 646.5%) 45 (3303%) 58 (37.8%) 348 (36.7%) +-+- 1 ( 1.9%) 1 ( 0.3%) 1 ( 0.4%) 1 ( 0.7%) 4 ( 0.4%)

Total 29 (55.8%) 235 (66.6%) 192 (84.2%) 99 (73.3%) 109 (60.6%) 664 (7000%)

Totals 52 353 228 135 180 948 Table 31. IMViC Reactions, Coliform Strains Which Fermented Lactose with the Production of Gas Within 48 Hours, Rainy River and Tributaries, 1961

J C IMViC Sector Sector Sector Sector ~ributaries Totals Pattern- A B, C D - E. coli

++ -- 6 (17.1%) 102 (20.2%) 7 (4.8%) 13 (10.2%) 31 (22.1%) 159 (16.7%) -+-- 3 ( 0.6%) 1 ( 0.7%) 4 ( 0.4%)

Total 6 (17.1%) 105 (20.8%) 7 ( 4.8%) 13-(10.2%) 32 (2209%) 163 (17.1%)

Intermediates

-+ -+ 8 (22.9%) 37 ( 7.3%) 7 ( 4.8%) 5 ( 3.9%) 17 (12.1%) 74 ( 7.8%) ++ -+ 6 (17.1%) 13 ( 2.6%) 5 ( 3.4%) 4 ( 3.1%) 13.( 9.3%) 41 ( 4.3%) ++++ 1 ( 2.9%) 18 ( 3.6%) 9 ( 6.2%) 9 ( 7.1%) 5 ( 3.6%) 42 ( 4.4%) -+++ 4 ( 0.8%) 1 ( 0.7%) 4 ( 2.9%) 9 ( 0.9%) +++ - 1 ( 0.7%) 1 ( 0.1%)

Total 15 (42.9%) 72 (14.2%) 22 (15.2%) 18 (14.2%) 40 (28.6%) 167 (17.5%)

Aerobacter --++ 12 (34.3%) 299 (59.1%) 95 (65.5%) 71 (55.9%) 53 (37.9%) 530 (55.6%) --+ - 4 ( 0.8%) 1 ( 0.7%) ' 5 ( 0.5%) + -++ 1(2.9%) 24 ( 4.7%) 21 (14.5%) 25 (19.7%) 13 ( 9.3%) 84 ( 9.8%) +-+- 1 ( 2.9%) 2 ( 0.4%) 1 ( 0.7%) 4 ( 0,4%) Total 14 (40.0%) 329 (65.0%) 116 (80.0%) 96 (75.6%) 68 (48.6%) 623 (65.4%)

Totals 35 506 145 127. 140 953 . Table 32. E. C. Positivity and Gelatin Liquefaction, Coliform Strains Which Fermented Lactose with the Production of Gas Within 48 Hours, Rainy River and Tributaries

I IMViC Totals E. C. Positive GELATIN LIQUEFACTION Pattern 1960 1961 1960 1961 Total 1960 1961 Total ++-- 120 159 103 140 243 8 1 9 (85.8%) (88.1%) (87.1%) ( 6.7%) . ( 0.6%) ( 302%) 3-- 7 4 5 1 6 0 0 0 (71.4%) (25.0%) (54.5%)

-+ -+ 58 74 2 8 10 6 5 11 ( 3.4%) (10.8%) ( 7.6%) (10.3%) ( 7.0%) ( 8.5%) +++ 68 41 5 4 9 11 1 12 (7.4%) (9.8%) (8.3%) ( 16.2%) ( 2.4%) ( 11=0%) ++++ 28 42 7 0 7 13 0 13 (25.0%) (10.0%) ( 46.4%) ( 18.6%) -+++ 3 9 0 3 3 0 0 0 (33.3%) (25.0%) +++ - 0 1 0 0 I 0 0 0 0

-++ 304 530 109 171 280 60 101 161 (35.9%) (3203%) (3306%) ( 19.7%) ( 19.1%) ( 19.3%) --+- --7 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 (20.0%) ( 8.3%) + -++ 348 84 111 4 115 225 9 234 (31.9%) ( 4.8%) (26.6%) ( 64.7%) ( 10.8%) ( 5403%) +-+- 4 4 1 1 2 4 4 8 (25.0%) (25.0%) (25.0%) (100.0%) (100.0%) (100 0%) ---+ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Totals 948 953 363 333 696 327 121 448 (38.3%) (34.9%) (36.6%) ( 34.5%) ( 12.7%) ( 23.6%) - strains isolated in 1960, 28.4 per cent of those studied in

Of the 1,046 isalates made in 1960 from sheened M-End-MF , colonies, 98 (9.4 per cent) failed to produce gas from lactose within 48 hours in pure culture. Similarly, of 1,114 strains

isolated during the 1961 study, 161 (14.5 per cent) were incapable of rapid lactose fermentation. Many of these strains did ferment

lactose to some degree (17 with the production of gas after three days of incubation at 35.5Oc.i 28 with the production of gas after four to seven days of incubation; 31 with the production of gas after eight to 21 days of incubation; and 59 with the production of acid only at some time during the three-week incubation period at 35.5Oc.). The biochemical reactions of these aberrant strains are given in table 33.

Considerable difficulty was encountered throughout the study in purifying the isolated coliform strains. Approximately

20 to 30 per cent of the isolated cultures also contained

Aeromonas strains, which coi~ldonly be eliminated by repeated plating at room temperature and by ap2lication of the cytochrome oxidase test.

Large numbers of red (non-sheen) colonies developed on the

M-End-MF preparations. In some cases an accurate estimation of Table 33. Biochemical Reactions, Coliform-Like Strains Which Failed to Ferment Lactose with the Pro- duction of Gas Within 48 Hours, Isolated from Sheen-Producing Endo MF Colonies, Rainy River and Tributaries

IMViC Per Cent of Incidence of Pattern 1960 1961 Total Total Gelatin Isolates qiquefaction

- -++ 13 83 96 39.5 36 (37.5%)

- --+ 13 27 40 16.5 6 (15.0%)

+ -++ 22 12 34 14.0 30 (88.2%)

++ -+ 12 9 21 8.6 15 (71.4%)

++-- 4 12 16 6.6 12 (75.0%)

-+ -+ 8 4 12 4.9 5 (41.7%)

+ -+- 1 5 6 2.5 6 (100%)

-+ -- 2 1 3 1.2 3 (100%)

--+ - 2 1 3 1.2 1 (33.3%)

-+++ 2 2 4 1.6 1 (25.0%) \ ---- 0 3 3 1.2 1 (33.3%)

+--+ 2 0 2 0.8 2 (100%)

++++ 0 2 2 0.8 0

-++ - 1 0 1 0.4 0

Totals 82 161 243 100 -118 (48.6%) .the numbers of typical sheened colonies was difficult (and

occasionally impossible) to obtain because of overgrowth by

the red colonies. This was a particularly serious factor. on

Monday, July 25, 1960. Heavy rainfall during the previous,

...... nkght and very low water levels in the river apparently com-

bined to cause a.major increase in the number of red colonies

appearing on the membranes. .

The coliform MF count: enterococcus MF count .ratios are re-

ported, for each range, in table 34. Enterococcus densities were, in general, considerably lower than the corresponding coli-

form numbers. The two indices approached equality in sector A . . water. The marked increase in coliform numbers in the downstream sectors was not, however, accompanied by an increase of similar degree in enterococcus densities. Coliform 'to enterococcus ratios as high as 177 : 1 in 1960, and 441 : 1 in 1961, were recorded in sector C.

At the request of the Advisory Board, standard plate counts at 25O - 27O~.were made on August 22.and '29, 1961, on samples collected from eight Rainy River ranges. The data obtained are summarized in table 35.

The two indices appeared to indicate similar .trends., An increase in coliform density was accompanied by an increase in Table 34. Mean and Median Coliform MF : Enterococcus MF Ratios, Rainy River Ranges and Tributaries

tor Calculated from Arithmetic Means

1.3 : 1 2.9 : 1 2.9 : 1 4.0 : 1

B 83.3 (3+00) 4.3 : 1 5.6 : 1 5.2 : 1 4.3 : 1 83.3 (7+00) 82.2 (2+50) 77.5 (3+00) 71.2 (2+00) 69 : 1 141 : 1 71.2 (5+00) 64.8 (4+00) 60.2 (3+00)

C 53.4 (2+00) 53.4 (7+00)

36.4 (5+00) 92 : 1 ' 230 : 1 137 : 1 155 : 1 28.1 (3+00) 113 : 1 280 : 1 177 : 1 271 : 1 21.2 (3+00) 118 : 1 441 : 1 113 : 1 260 : 1 13.8 (5+00) 65 : 1 200 : 1 49 : 1 243 : 1

D 12.1 (5+00) 10.9 (4+00) 9.3 (5+00) 1.3 (3+00)

T 70.8 3.6 : 1 3.8 : 1 4.4 : 1 7.0 : 1 68.0 2.6 : 1 7.5 : 1 2.8 : 1 2.5 : 1 63.8 2.0 : 1 5.9 : 1 60.1 3.3 : 1 3.0 : 1 2.7 : '1 3.4 : 1 26.4 13 : 1 7.3 : 1 19.9 4.0 : 1 3.6 : 1 2.8 : 1 4.6 : 1 17.2 12.2 7.8 4.1 : 1 7.1 : 1 4.4 : 1 3.5 : 1 Table 35. Median SPC (25OC.) and Coliform MF (35.5Oc.) Densities, Rainy River, 1961

MEDIAN DENSITY PER 100 ML Range Standard'Plate Count Coliform ME' Count

total bacterial numbers, and both indices reached maximum levels

at range 71.5.

The attempts'made during k96i to isolate enteric pathogens

from water and sewage specimens collected in the study area were

successful. Four of 459 suspect colonies studied were confirmed biochemically and serblogically as Salmonellae. No Shiqellae were found, Salnlonella montevideo (6,7;g ,m;s-) was isolated

from raw sewage entering the International Falls waste treatment plant. Two isolates of 2. montevideo were also obtained from

Rainy River water collected from a point near the Ontario and

Minnesota Paper Company wharf, immediately below a Fort Frances

sewer outfall. A single isolate of 2. heidelberq (1,4,5,12,;r-1,2) was obtained from a water sample taken at station 3+00, range

77.5.

Coliform densities obtained from the examination of effluent

specimens from the United States and Canadian paper mills are

recorded in tables 36 (a to c inclusive) and 37.

Bacteriological data for water samples taken in Rainy Lake

and Lake of the Woods are given in tables 38 and 39, respectively.

Preliminary studies made during 1960 indicated that sewage

treatment at the International Falls waste treatment plant pro-

duced an apparent mean reduction in the coliform content of

sewage of circa 85 per cent, and that chl~rinationwas effective

in destroying nearly all coliform bacteria in the final effluent.

The scope of this phase of the study was considerably extended

during 1961 as a special research project. A total of 399 samples

representing 86 evaluations of the treatment process were examined,

and a summary of the coliform and enterococcus density.data obtained

is reported in table 40. A median 80 per cent reduction in the

fecal bacterial content of sewage by the primary and secondary

treatment processes was indicated.

Discussions -and Conclusions

The bacteriological data obtained during 1961 confirmed,

in general, the 1960 findings. Coliform densities near the

0 8-38

a able 36 (a). Coliform Densities, Effluents, Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company, International Falls

DENSITY PER 100 ML EFFLUENT Coliform Coliform E.C. - Date and Year ME' Count M.P.N. a M.P.N. Sta. OA (White Water from Insulite round wood) August 16, 1960 19,000 >1,600 >l,6OO August 17, 1960 38,000 August 18, 1960 22,000 July 31, 1961 >l6,000 >16',000 August 2, 1961 66,000 August 3, 1961 20,000 August 4, 1961 46,000 Sta. 1A (Laqoon outlet1 August 16, 1960 2,500 >1,600 >l,600 August 17, 1960 2,900 July 31, 1961 >l6,OOO >16,000 August 2, 1961 130,000 August 3, 1961 36,000 August 4, 1961 120,000 Sta. 1 (Effluent from Bark Recovery Plant) August 16, 1960 15,000 >1,600 .1,600 August 18, 1960 11,000 July 31, 1961 >l6,000 5,400 August 2, 1961 l40,OOO August 3, 1961 33,000 August 4, 1961 69,000 Sta. 2 (Effluent from Paper ill) August 16, 1960 1,800 1,600 180 August 17, 1960 5,900 August 18, 1960 17,000 July 31, 1961 5,400 1,400 August 2, 1961 130,000 August 3, 1961 3,600 August 4, 1961 3,200 Table 36 (b). Coliform Densities, Effluents , Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company, International Falls

DENSITY PER 100 ML EFFLUENT

Date and Year Coliform Colif om E.C. MF Count M.P.N. M.P.N.

Sta. 3 (Overflow, Ash ~ettlinql August 16, 1960 95 23 4.5 August 17, 1960 55 August 18, 1960 14 August 19,'1960 130 79 Sta. 4 (White Water from Paper Machine and Pulp ~ewaterins)

August 16, 1960 750 920 130 August 17, 1960 1,800 August 18, 1960 400 August 19, 1960 3,300 2,300 July 31, 1961 1,700 460 August 2, 1961 260 August 3, 1961 4,500 August 4, 1961 170 Sta. 5 (Sulphite Pulp Mill and Bleach Plant) August 16, 1960 11.8 >1.8 August 19, 1960 >1.8 >1.8 July 31, 1961 >1.8 >1.8 August 2, 1961 18 August 3, 1961 0 August 4, 1961 4 Sta. 6 (Kraft Pulp Waste and Coolinq Water from Acid Plant] August 16, 1960 11.8 >1.8 August 17, 1960 500 August 19, 1960 3,300 780 July 31, 1961 1,300 220 August 2, 1961 0 August 3, 1961 72 August 4, 1961 270 Table 36 (c) . Coliform Densities, Effluents, Minnesota , and Ontario paper Company, International Falls

DENSITY PER 100 ML EFFLUENT Coliform Coliform E.C. Date and Year MF Count M.P.N. M.P.N.

Sta. 6.5 (Coolinq water from Asphalt Roddinq) ~ugust17, 1960 90 July 31, 1961 20 7.8 August 2, 1961 3 August 3, 1961 2 August 4, 1961 49 Sta. 7 (Insulite Wet End and Stock Preparation waste) August 16, 1960 33,000 August 17, 1960 . 180,000 August 18, 1960 1,500 August 19, 1960 July 31, 1961 August 2, 1961 130 August 3, 1961 0 August 4, 1961 9 Sta. 8 (Insulite Wet End and White Water wastes) : August 16, 1960 20 1,600 240 August 17, 1960 22,000 August 19, 1960 1,100 31 July 31, 1961 >16,000 16,000 August 2, 1961 65,000 August 3, 1961 2,400 August 4, 1961 210 Sta. 9 (Insulite Dry End, Fabrication, Prime Sidinq and Conditioninq Wastes) August 16, 1960 21,000 >l,6OO >1,600 August 17, 1960 ~30,000 August 18, 1960 110,000 July 31, 1961 >l6,OOO )16,000 August 2, 1961 40 ~ugust3, 1961 37,600 August 4, 1961 250,000 Table 37. Coliform Densities, Effluents, Ontario and Minnesota Paper Company, Fort Frances, Ont.

DENSITY PER 100 ML EFFLUENT

I Coliform , Coliform E.C. Date and Year MF Count M.P.N. M.P.N. Sta. 1 (Effluent from Bark ~oom) August 17, 1960 2,800 3,300 400 August 18, 1960 11,000 August 3, 1961 August 3, 1961 August 4, 1961 August 4, 1961 Sta. 2 (Tyler Screen, Effluent A) August 17, 1960 1,600 4,900 200 August 18, 1960 9,900 August 3, 1961 l6,OOO 9,200 August 3, 1961 240,000 . . August 4, 1961 64,000 August 4, 1961. 290,000 Sta. 3 (Tyler Screen, Effluent B) August 17, 1960 3,000 4,900 780 August 18, 1960 10,000 August 3, 1961 9,200 470 August 3, 1961 250 ,000

' August 4, 1961 50,000 August 4, 1961 390,000 Sta. 4 (Pulp and" Paper Mill sewer) August 17, 1960 400 August 18, 1960 6,600 August 3, 1961 1,100 260 August 3, 1961 4,300 August 4, 1961 200 August 4, 1961 320 Sta. 5 (Sulphite Lean waste) August 17, 1960 230 23 August 18, 1960 910 August 3, 1961 5,400 460 August 3, 1961 70 August 4, 1961 890 August 4, 1961 810

P able 38. Coliform (MF) Densities, Rainy ~ake,1960-1961 t COLIFORM (ME') DENSITY PER 100 ML WATER Sta. July 21 July 24 August 25 August 30 1960 1961 1961 1961

R-1 190 61 0 73 R- 2 100 58 40 40 R-3 100 40 64 32

R-4 170 12 13 35 R-5 10 14 6 100 R-6 28 20 58 320 R-7 25 24 16 63 R-8 30 77 14 24 R-9 20 0 29 36

R-10 35 10 17 21 R-11 25 8 47 8 R-12 20 13 13 11 R-13 15 25 26 22

R-14 65 4 21 17

R-15 50 8- 19 a 0 R-16 70 2 2 11 R-17 70 24 10 4

R-18 250 50 14 16 R-19 25 - 12 . 35 R-20 8 24 17 R-21 12 18 14 1 R-22 62 16 11 * Table 39. Coliform MF Densities, Water Samples, Lake of the Woods, 1961

Sta. Coliforxi MI? Counts Sta. Coliform MF Counts Sta. Coliform MI? No. per 100 ml No. per 100 ml No. Counts per July 12 Aug. 22 July 13 Aug. 22 100 ml July 13

A-1 180 4 C-1 1 D-5 2

A-2 13 22 C-2 2 E-1 0

A-3 11 1 C-3 0 1 E-2 1

A-4 4 C-4 2 0 E-3 1

B-1 22 0 C-5 1 0 E-4 3

B-2 1 0 D-1 13 1

B-3 1 2 D-2 1 0

B-4 0 0 D-3 0 1

B-5 2 0 D-4 1 0 -. Table 40. Mean and Median Coliform and Enterococcus, Densities, Raw and Treated Sewage, International Falls Waste Treatment Plant, 1961

1 Mean After Chlori- or Primary After nated Month Median Raw Sewage Treatment Filter Effluent Effluent

COLIFORMS

June Mean 17,000,000 12,000,000 6,900,000 5,800,000 Median 12,000,000 12,000,000 5,900,000 6,600,000

July Mean 26,000,000 20,000,000 4,600,000 5,100,000 30 Median 25,000,000 18,000,000 4,000,000 3,900,000 30

Aug . Mean 24,000,000 19,000,000 4,800,000 3,900,000 25 Median 21,000,000 19,000,000 3,700,000 3,600,000 20

Total Mean 22,000,000 17,000,000 5,500,000 5,000,000 (77.3%)* 27 Median 19,000,000 16,000,000 . 4,700,000 4,200,000 (77.9%)* 30 ENTEROCOCCI June Mean 1, 200,000 820,000 680,000 340,000 Median 860,000 780,000 390,000 290,000

July Mean 1,000,000 800,000 210,000 190,000 94 Median 930,000 750,000 170,000 140,000 20

Aug . Mean 1, 200,000 740,000 200,000 130,000 39 Median 1,100,000 600,000 140,000 100,000 7

Total Mean 1, 100,000 790,000 370,000 220,000 (80.0%) * 68 Median 970,000 750,000 260,000 170,000 (82.5%)* 20 . *Per Cent ~eductionin Density. entrance and in the upstream part of the Rainy River (sector

A), were relatively low. The peak median coliform count was reached at range 83.5, and fecal pollution levels could be described as slight to moderate. Heavy pollution was entering the

river at or above range 8i.3 in sector B, presumably from the 1:

Fort Frances sewerage system. Coliform counts were very high in water samples taken from stations on the Canadian side of this range. Coliform densities were slightly higher at station 1+00 on ranges 82.2, 77.5 and 71.2 than at other stations on these ranges. This may be attributable to mill-waste effluents frb&m the paper mill at International Falls, some of which were heavily contaminated with co.liform bacteria.

Studies of the sewage treatment process at the International

Falls waste treatment plant demonstrated that treatment without chlorination effected a reduction in coliform numbers of approximately 75 to 85 per cent. It was shown that chlorination can be expected to destroy nearly all the coliform bacteria in the final

'effluent. It was concluded that the treatment plant was effectively operated and maintained during the bacterial study period. The effluent could not be demonstrated to have any marked effect on fecal pollution levels in the river at range 77.5.

The considerable increase in coliform densities in the river between ranges 82.2- and 77.5, and the further, consistent

increase in coliform content between ranges 77.5 and ,71.2, can-

not be explained in terms of known sources of pollution. Some

indication of the presence of inhibitors may be drawn from,the

limited data obtained during August, 1961, but the evidence. is

inconsistent and inconclusive.

The isolation'of enteric pathogens (salmonellae) from

sector B water.confirms the public health hazard indicated by

the high coliform densities recorded in this sector.

Median coliform counts in the'river reached a peak (9,100

in 1960; 11,000 in 1961) at range 71.2, and declined gradually

to a low (670 in 1960; 1,400 in 1961) at ranges 13.8 and 10.9

in 1960 and 1961 respectively. A significant increase in median

coliform density (to 1,600) was recorded at range 10.9 in 1960;

this was-attributedto effluentsqfromthe municipalities of -B~u-. dette . and Rainy ~iver. Median coliform densities in the tributary rivers were re- markably similar during the 1960 and 1961 studies, and were generally lower than tho&e in the sectors of the Rainy River in- to which the tributaries flowed.$ All tributaries were only mod-

,, ', erately contaminated. . , ,.

The MF and MPN tests for co2iform density were both applied to representative water samples. A majority of the paired results (84 per cent in 1960; 77 per cent 'in 1961) may be con- , sidered to be in agreement within the 95 per cent confidence . limits of the observed MPN value- If the two techniques truly . measured the same coliform spectrum, and the differences in results were due only to sampling errors, an agreement of be-

tween 90 and 95..per cent would -beexpected. ' The ,MF to MPN ratio tended to increase with increasing coliform densities.

Agreement may be more apparent than real. Some sheened MF cultures failed to ferment lactose on subsequent isolation, while some non-sheen cultures...werecapable of.lactose fermentation.

In general, it may be concluded that the MF procedure provided a reasonably accurate estimate of coliform densities.

During the 1960-61 studies, E. C. (44.5'~ .) gas-positive strains accounted for about one-third of the total coliform flora in the study area (30.2 per cent by the E. C. Confirmation Test; 36.6 per cent by direct isolation). --E. coli strains, constituted only 13.1 per cent of the.isolated coliform strains.

Thus, the fidelity of the E. C. Confirmation Test as a method for the estimation of & coli densities was very low for this particular area because of the abnormally-high incidence of E.

C. gas-positive Aerobacter strains. I 1 The coliform densities recorded in the Rainy River are 17 consistent with the evidence of direct, gross fecal pollution. /

The distribution of coliform biotypes is not considered typical

of this type of pollution. A very low incidence of "fecal"

E. coli and a very high incidence of citrate-positive and - -1 gelatin-liquefying strains, 'would normally be considered to be indicative of remote pollution.

~t may be concluded that.the coliform and enterococcus-

indices showed similar pollution patterns i'n Rainy River, .al- thoLgh at quite different density levels. The highest median enterococcus densities were recorded during the 1960 study (880 per 100 ml for range 83.3, station 7+00, and 330 for range 71.2).

Enterococcus densities were slightly lower during 1961 but reached a maximum level at the same stations (380 at range 83.3, station 7+00; 230 at range 71.2). Enterococci appeared to be eliminated more quickly than the coliforms in the downstream sectors of the river in the absence of additional pollution.

he median coliform to enterococcus ratio increased markedly with an increase in coliforrn density, but reached a peak at range 28.1 after coliform densities had begun to decline. The enterococcus index did not appear to offer any particular advantage over the coliforn~~indexas a measure of bacterial pollution. , Comparison of 1913 and 1960 - ,61 Results

A comparison of the bacteriological quality of the water in various sections of the Rainy River watershed in 1913 with that found in the 1960 - 61 survey is made in table 41. The

1913 findings, based on B. Coli expressed in ,terms of the . ..

"Phelps Index", are compared to the present findings based on MF coliform counts. Not all ranges and stations in the two surveys are identical, but those included in the table are sufficiently close in location to warrant making comparisons.

All coliform values shown are mean values for each'range under consideration. The table indicates the number of samples on which each mean is,based.

Coliform levels near the.outlet0.f Rainy Lake have slightly increased since the original survey, reflecting the increased use 'of t$e lake. In Rainy River at ranges 86.4 and 83.5, both upstream from the main sewer outfalls of Fort Frances and Inter- national Falls, there has been no appreciable change in coliform density over the years. At all Rainy River stations below the

International Falls-Fort Frances area a highly significant increase in coliform numbers has occurred. The..presentbacterial load in Rainy River below the mil1s;ranges up to 55 times greater Table 41. Comparison of Coliform Numbers, 1913 and 1960-61

Rainy River

Location Comparable Ranqes 1913 1960-61 No. Average No. Average 1913 1960-61 Samples B ~oli/100ml 0

Rainy River Outlet 26-31 86.4 60 39 63 43 International Bridge 38-43 83.5 60 145 87 120 Below Int '1 Falls 50-55 82.2 60 -269 226 4,000 Near Little Fork R. 59-63 71.2 50 3 74 198 21,000 Near Black River 70-74 60.2 50 357 121 9,200 Near Emo 75-79 53.4 50 292 161 8,700 Above Rainy River - 80-84 13.8 40 228 138 2,400- Below ~audette 85-89 10.9 39 331 181 2,400

Tributaries to Rainy River

Little Fork River 56-58 LaVallee River 64-65 Black River 68-69

Rainy Lake

Near Outlet 1-25 R1-R2 2 249 18

Lake of the..Woods

Near Mouth of . . Rainy River 210-314 than in 1913. At that time the overall increase in B. Coli . ' from Rainy Lake to Rainy River was app,r&ximately 10 fold as compared to a 500 fold increase in coliform organisms at the present time. Bacterial levels in tributaries to Rainy River show only moderate changes over the years. The effects of this increased bacterial contamination in'the river are not evident in the Lake of the Woods.

Results -of Chemical and Physical Examinations

Summaries of the results of chemical, bacteriological, and physical examinations of water samples from Rainy Lake outlet, Rainy River, tributaries to Rainy River, and Lake of the Woods are presented in tadles 42 through 66. These summaries cover the results of the 1960 and 1961 surveys, and in a few cases include, for comparative purpose, data from earlier surveys made by the Minnesota Department of Health and the Ontarid Department of Health. Values are shown separately for each summer survey.

The summaries generally show the average, maximum, and minimum values for each test, the median value for coliform numbers, and the numbers of samples examined from each sampling station. Rainy Lake Outlet

The analytical summary for samples taken near the outlet of

Rainy Lake is presented in table 42. Figure 10 shows the location of sampling stations in this section of the watershed. The chemical and physical values represent single samples at each station.

The coliform numbers are averages based on three or four samples at each station. Analytical results from range 86.4 supplement the limited data from Rainy Lake.

Dissolved oxygen values were generally high, approximately

84 per cent of saturation. BOD values were low as would be expected in clean water, ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 mg/l. Turbidity values were moderately low, tHe maximum being 9 units. Suspended solids concentrations were relatively low with most values in the range from 3 to 6 mg/l. Color and lignin values were moderately high and constant in this section of the Lake outlet.

Tributaries to Rainy River

Samples were collected from nine tributaries in 1960 and from ten in 1961. Sims Creek was to have been included in the latter sampling program, but the stream bed was dry each time samples were to be taken. The analytical summary for these samples is presented in table 43. Considerable variation was Table 42. Summary of Analytical Data 1960-61 - Rainy Lake Sta. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turbid- Lignin Color Total Susp. Hard- Cal- Alkal- No. form OC Stan. mg/l mg/l ity mg/l Stan. Solids Solids ness cium inity Den- Units Stan. Units mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l sity Units per 100

Average 33 20.8 7.5 7.3 0.9 - 4.2 1.0 ' 40 7 2 4.7 2 3. 19 30 Rainy Lake Ssmpling 196061

@I-22

United states 196&upper Table 43. Summary of Averaqe Analytical Data Rainy River Tributaries 1961- lower .' . - Range Coli- Temp. Turb Lig- Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS form OC pH DO BOD idity nin. Stan. Total Vola- - Total. Volatile Count mg/l mg/l Stan. mg/l Units mg/l tile mg/l %

ME' per Units ' %

70.8 Median 310 Little .;- 210 Fork Average 510 350 .Maximum 1700 1300 Minimum 20 170 No. Samples 9 8

68.0 Median 730 LaVallee 2 50 River Average 880 1800 Maximum 1700 6600 Minimum 300 30 No. Samples 4 4

63.8 Median 130 a, Big 70 I Fork Average 180 21.7 7.6 6.0 1.9 12.5 1.6 86 191 51 19.0 39 wUI 160 21.5 8.2 5.0 1.6 13.6 2.1 124 223 45 16.6 63 Maximum 440 25 8.3 7.9 4.8 19 2.7 148 226 38 580 23 8.6 6.7 2.1 19.5 3.2 240 249 40.0 196CLupper Table 43. Con'd. 1961- lower

Range . . Coli- Temp. Turb- Lig- Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS form OC pH DO BOD idity nin Stan. Total Vola- Total Volatile Count mg/l mg/l Stan. mg/l Units mg/l tile mg/l % MF per Units %

63.8 Minimum 50 16 5.8 1.6 0.7 10 0.4 54 105 10 Big 15 20 7.8 1.7 0.6 5.5 1.1 30 179 5.2 Fork No. Samples 8 9 10 10 . 10 9 9 9 9 2 9 3 8 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 5 3

60.1 Median 250 Black 290 River Average 430 22.4 7.6 6.9 1.4 13,7 3.3 162 188 45 330 22 7.6 5.7 1.2 21 3.4 270 185 -Maximum 1700 27 8.2 8.0 1.8 20 5.0 224 223 880 22 7.6 5.9 2.1 30' 4.0 320 2 30 Minimum 60 18 6.5 5.5 1.0 . 7.0 2.2. 118 154 45 21 7.6 5.5 0.4 13 2.9 . 220' 141 NO. Samples 9 5 5. 6- 5 6 6 6 6 2 6 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

41.2 Median --- Sturgeon 740 River Average --- Maximum - - - 6000 Minimum --- 120 No. Samples --- 4 196CLupper Table 43. Con'd. 1961-lower

Range Coli- Temp. Turb Lig- Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS form OC pH DO- BOD idity nin Stan. Total Vola- Total Volatile ' Count mg/l mg/l Stan. mg/l Units mg/l tile mg/l % ME' Per Units % 100 ml

26.4 Median 680 Pine- 1200 wood Average 1200 21.1 7.4 5.1 1.6 15.0 2.6 110 124 62 17.4 30 ~iver , 1100 21.8 7.7 4.6 2.1 23.3 3.6 143 175 38 16.9 44 Maximum 3200 25.5 7.9 6.5 2.2 30 4.2 177 232 35 1500 24 8.0 5.3 5.7 56 5.1 280 273 31.2 Minimum 300 15 6.7 4.0 1.1 6 1.0 58 74 2.5 450 20 7.3 4.1 0.4 11.9 2.4 55 8 6 5.2 No.Samples 13 10 9 10 9 9 10 9 10 2 10 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 3

19.9 Median 340 Rapid 360 River Average 640 20.6 7.4 6.0 1.7 12.7 3.6 170.4 210 61 18.5 47 430 24 8.3 7.0 2.0 9.5 2.6 155' 293 17 14.8 47 Maximum 3400 26 8.0 7.8 3.3 16 4.3 206 2 24 28 900 26 8.6 7.6 2.8 12.5 4.9 300 323 27.2 Minimum 200 14 6.6 4.4 0.8 2.5 2.7 139 17e 12 50 18 7.9 6.2 0.6 5.5 2.0 80 266 7.2 No. Samples 10 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 7 3 8 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 3

17.2 Median 380 OD Silver 730 I U, Creek Average 1200 21.1 7.4 5.6 2.4 9.1 2.0 7 5 128 62 19.4 39 4 710 22 7.6 6.2 2.5 7.5 2.3 54 101 67 6.3 70 Maximum 5100 26 7.9 7.6 4.1 14 3.3 126 219 34.5 1200 23 7.8 6.9 4.3 10.7 3.2 60 138 818 196CLupper Table 43. Con-'d. 1961- lower

Range Coli- Temp. Turb- Lig- Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS form OC pH DO BOD idity nin Stan. Total Vola- Total Volatile Count mg/l mg/l Stan. mg/l Units mg/l tile mg/l % ME' Per Units %

17.2 Minimum 100 14.5 6.6 4.3 1.4 4 1.4 54 86 10 Silver 260 19 7.4 5.1 1.5 4.6 1.9 45 6 3 4 -4 Creek No.Samples 9 7 ,8 8 8 7 8 8 8 3 8 4 8 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 2 5 2

12.2 Median 240 Baudet te 390 River Average 320 580 Maximum 990 1000 Minimum 120 350 No.Samples 10 3

7.8 Median 110 Winter 180 Road Average 140 20.6 7.5 5.3 1.9 4.5 1.4 44.3 145 50 River 370 21.2 7.5 4.4 2.1 5.7 2.3 55 131 57 Maximum 250 25 8.0 7.6 3.3 10 2.3 51 261 780 23 7.6 7.5 3.1 8 4.2 70 215 Minimum 40 15 6.6 3.3 1.0 2 0.7 39 85 140 19 7.3 1.5 0.8 3.2 1.6 50 79 No. Samples 8 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 3 3 6 5 6 6 5 5 5 6 2 found between samples from the various.streams. The pH values

of tributaries samples were generally higher than the pH in

Rainy .River. ' The dissolved bxy+n values in the tributaries

during 1960 were generally satisfactory, only the La Vallee ,

River showing a lower average DO value than the average‘^^ of

Rainy River at the junction of the two. During the 1961 survey

the average DO in five streams was slightly below that in Rainy I

River at their respective junctions, with the maximum difference

being only 0.8 mg/l. i

' '8 BOD values of samples from the tributaries were moderately

low. In 1960 the Silver, Baudette, and Yinter Road Rivers showed

average BOD values somewhat higher .than Rainy River at the re-

spective~junctions,with the differencesbeing 0.8, 1.4, and

0.2 rng/l. During 196$ the same streams, plus Rapid River, showed higher average BOD values than did Rainy River at their respective

junctions, with the maximum difference being only 1.0 ng/l.

Turbidity values'in the tributaries were generally higher '

I than in Rainy River. These higher average.values were mainly

caused by heavy rains. For the same reason the average suspended

solids in the tributaries were higher than in Rainy River. The

average total solids content of the tributaries was much higher than that in Rainy River, indicating a higher mineral content

in the tributaries. . I The lignin contents of the tributary stream samples were

usually higher than the lignin content of the main river.

Color of the tributary waters was also appreciably higher than

that of ~aihyRiver, usually by a factor of two to four. ~uring

1960 the color of the Black River averaged 270 units.

In general the sanitary quality of the water from the

tributaries was as good as or better than that of Rainy River. . , The bacterial load contributed by the entering streams is neg-

ligible compared to the load imposed by the domestic and industrial wastes from the International Falls - Fort Frances area.

. . . .

Lake ' of the 'Woods' ' .

The analytical summary for samples taken from Lake of the

Woods near the mouth of Rainy River is presented in table 44.

Figure 11 shows the approximate location of the sampling points

f in this section of the watershed.

The water from Rainy Lake undergoes appreciable changes as

it passes down .Rainy River. A comparison of the characteristics

of Rainy Lake water with those of Lake of the Woods water shows

that the pH has increased 0.4 units and. the hardness, ..calcium .?...... , . Upper values - averages Lower values - No. of samples Table 44. Summary of Analytical Data 1960-61 - Lake of the Woods Sta. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turbid- Lignin Color Total Susp. Hard- Alkal- Cal- No. form OC Stan. mg/l mg/l ity mg/l Stan. Solids Solids ness inity cium Count Units Stan. Units mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l ME' Per Units 100 ml Upper values - Averages Table 44. Cont'd. Lower values - No. of samples Sta. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turbid- Lignin Color Total Susp. Hard- Alkal- Cal- No. form OC Stan. mg/l mg/l ity mg/l Stan. Solids Solids ness inity cium Count Units Stan. Units mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MF per Units 100 ml

Average 7 20.6 7.9 7.7 1.7 10 1.5 42 103 10 55 5 3 3 7 and alkalinity have nearly doubled. The coliform density in

Lake of the Woods water showed a remarkable recovery.. . from the highly contaminated condition in the upper reaches of Rainy

River. The dissolved oxygen deficiency noted in the lower Sec- tion of Rainy Riverdisappeared-and the DO level approximated those found at Rainy Lake outlet.

The lignin content of Lake of the Woods is about 50 percent higher than in Rainy Lake but much lower than the average content in Rainy River. The color shows but little change from

Rainy Lake to Lake of the Woods.

The BOD in Lake of the Woods was somewhat higher than that found in Rainy Lake. The turbidity and suspended solids values

were higher than those found in Rainy Lake outlet. The total , solids content showed an increase of approximately 50 per cent from Rainy Lake to Lake of the Woods, reflecting the effect of mill discharges and tributary water.

The overall picture of Lake of the Woods' water quality is satisfactory. Bacterial contamination is low, the oxygen demand is moderate, the DO is high, and the concentration of other substances is normal for a lake of .this region. Rainy River

The summarized data from samples taken in Rainy River are presented in tables.45 through 61.

Water of good quality entered Rainy River at Ranier. The bacterial quality decreased appreciably from Ranier to the In- ternational Bridge but the chemical and physical characteristics changed only slightly. At the first twosranges below the pulp and paper mills, ranges 83.3 and 82.2, dramatic changes in the water quality were found. At the former range the effects of the Ontario mill discharges and the Fort Frances domestic wastes were evident. On the Minnesota side of this range no appreciable changes were found in the physical and chemical characteristics of the water, but the coliform count increase-d from about

150 to 500 per 100-ml. At 50 feet from the Ontario .shore at range 83.3.the coliform counts ranged up to 140,000 per 100 ml, the DO dropped by about 0.5 mg/l, and the BOD increased three

, ...... ,. . to four fold. . . . .,

At range 82.2 the effect of the discharges from the Minne- sota mill became evident. The coliform count near the Minne- sota shore ranged up to 36,000 per 100 ml. The BOD at station

1+00 averaged approximately 15 mg/l, aaten fold increase. The average DO dropped to 6.0 mg/l, down from 7.7 mg/l in Rainy Lake 1960-upper 1961- lower Table 45. Summary of Average Analytical Data - Ranqe 86.4 - Rainy Lake Outlet Sta. No. Coli- Turb- Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS I I Hundreds form Temp. DO BOD idity Lignin Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count OC pH mg/l mg/l Stan.mg/l Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

1+00 Median

Average . . Maximum

Minimum

No. Samples

2+00 Median

Average

Maximum

Minimum

No. Samples

1 3+00 . Median

Average

Maximum Table 45. Cont'd. Sta. No, Coli- Turb Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form Temp. DO BOD idity Lignin Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count OC p~ mg/l mg/l Stan. mg/l Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

3+00 Minimum Cont Id. No.Samples

4+00 Median

Average

Maximum

Minimum

No. Samples 1960-upper 1961- lower Table 46. Summary of Average Analytical Data - Ranqe 83.5 - International Bridqe Sta. No. Coli- Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS mndreds form Temp. DO BOD Turb Lignin Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count OC pH mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Units mg/l % mg/l % from U, S. ' MF per Stan. shore 100 ml Units -.---.--.----. --- 0+35 Median 130 130 Average 180 20.0 7.2 7.5 2.0 3.4 0.7 24.1 62.0 61 13.5 76 130 20.1 7.4 7.6 1.0 8.7 1.2 41 77.0 58 5.7- 71 Maximum 3 70 23.0 7.5 8.7 5.0 8.0 1.4 2 7 84.0 45.0. 2 20 22.0 7.5 8.2 1.8 10.7 1.9 50 188.0 9.2 Minimum 62 16.0 6.8 7.0 0.9 1.0 0.2 22 35.5 3.0 59 18.5 7.3 6.9 0.6 7.5 0.9 35 35.0 2.8 No. Samples 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 3 7 3 0 9 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 1 5 1 2+ 3 5 Median 130 95 Average 130 20.0 7.2 7.4 1.4 76 20.0 7.4 7.6 1.1 Maximum 170 23.0 7.4 8.8 2.4 130 22.0 7.5 8.3 1.8 Minimum 88 16.0 6.8 6.6 0.6 28 18.0 7.3 7.0 0.4 No-Samples 9 10 9 9 9 9 5 4 5 4

a3 4+35 Median 160 I m 95 a3 Average 140 20.0 7.1 7.5 1.4 3.6 0.6 24 59.7 59 6.4 76 88 19.6 7.4 7.8 1.0 6.2 1.2 39 48.0 58 4.8 71 Table. 46. Cont'd. 1961- lower Sta. No. Coli- Turb- Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form Temp. DO BOD idity Lignin Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count OC pH mg/l mg/l Stan. mg/l Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

4+35 Maximum 200 23.0 , 7.5 8.8 2.7 7.0 1.2 26 93.0 11.0 Cont Id. 170 21.0 7.6 8.5 1.8 8.5 1.9 30 75.0 8.6 Minimum 65 16.0 6.8 6.2 0.3 1 0.2 22 .35.5 2.0 20 18.0 7.3 7.0 '0.5 3.7 0.9 30 31 2,8 No. Samples 8 10 7 9 9 8 8 7 8 1 - 8 2 9 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 1 5 1

Median 150 62 Average 130 20.0 7.3 7.6 1.5 87 19.0 7.5 7.7 1.2 Maximum 170 23.0 7.5 8.8 3.0 250 20.0 7.7 8.4 1.8 Minimum 60 16.0 6.8 6.9 0.2 17 18.0 7.3 6.9 0.9 No. Samples 8 10 9 9 9 8 4 3 4 4

Median 130 56 Average 140 20.0 7.3 7.7 1.5 96 19.6 7.4 7.7 1.2 Maximum 270 23.0 7.5 9.0 -3.1 320 21.0 7.6 8.5 1.8 Minimum 100 16.0 6.8 7.1 0.6 28 18.0 7.3 6.8 0.5 No.Samples 9 10 9 9 9 9 5 4 5 5 1960-upper 1961- lower

Table 47. Sununary of Average Analytical Data - Ranqe 83.3 - Below Dam Sta. No. Coli- Turb- Color TOTAG SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form Temp. DO BOD idity Lignin Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count OC pH mg/l mg/l Stan. mg/l Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

1+00 Median 380 270 Average 430 21.0 7.4 7.5 1.5 5.1 0.6 26 :9 52 400 20.1 7.4 7.5 1.7 6.9 1.1 35 54 Maximum 810 23.0 7.6 8.7 3.4 10.0 1.2 60 81 2200 22.0 7.8 8.3 2.9 10.1 1.5 45 82 Minimum 200 16.5 6.9 6.8 0.4 2.0 0.1 2 2 21 40 17.0 7.2 6.7 0.3 3.7 0.9 25 14 No.Samples 18 16 13 15 14 15 14 12 15 20 14 12 14 13 13 14 13 13

Median 350 200 Average 4 50 320 Maximum 1600 1400 Minimum 190 40 No. Samples 19 20

Median 370 190

Average , 420 420 Maximum 1000 1600 1960-upper Table 47. Cont ' d. 1961- lower - Sta. No. Coli- Turb- Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form Temp. DO BOD idity Lignin Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count OC pH mg/l mg/l Stan. mg/l Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

3+00 Minimum 120 Cont Id. 45 No. samples 18 20

4+00 Median 3 50 180 Average 610 a30 Maximum 2 500 1700 Minimum 80 20 No. Samples 18 20

5+00 Median 3 70 3 50 Average 7 50 590 Maximum 4000 2300 Minimum 110 10 No. Samples 20 19 Table 47. Cont ' d. 1961- lower Sta. No. Col i- Turb- Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form Temp. DO BOD idity Lignin Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count OC pH mg/l mg/l Stan. mg/l Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

Median 3400 900 Average 5600 1400 Maximum 30,000 6,600 Minimum 310 70 No. Samples 19 20

Median 9,600 5,800 Average 2 7,000 12,000 Maximum 140,000 94,000 Minimum 1 ,400 100 No-Samples 19 20

Median 47,000 10,000 Average 54,000 18,000 Maximum 140,000 110,000 Minimum 8,300 1,400 No. Samples 19 20 outlet. The suspended solids increased 300 to 400 per cent and the lignin content increased nearly sixfold. Near the mid-point of the river at this range the average values of the chemical tests were not greatly changed from those found above the mill sewers, indicating channeling of the flow, with the strong wastes concentrated near each shore. The coliform count is a sensitive indicator of pollution, and near the mid- point of range 82.2 the count was approximately 12 to 15 times that at International Bridge. The changes are illustrated in figures 11 through 15.

At range 77.5 the wastes had spread appreciably across the river, but the concentrations remained high near each shore.

At ranges 71.2 and 64.8 the spread of the wastes across the river became more apparent, and at range 60.2 the BOD and

DO levels were nearly uniform across the river, with values of about 3.0 and 6.0 mg/l respectively. The turbidity, color, and lignin were also moderately uniform across the river at this range. The suspended solids and coliform count were somewhat higher in midstream than near the banks.

At range 36.4, below the ~anitouand Long Sault Rapids, there were no appreciable differences in values at all sampling stations' across the river. Essentially complete mixing Views showing bark, fiber, chips and slime adhering to nets. Summer of 1962. One and a half miles below Ontario and Minnesota mills Suspended matter adhering to fishing line. 1962

Suspended bark, fibers, and chips adhering to tree. After high flow in spring of 1962. (Elm Island, July 23, 1962) Sludge bank of bark, fiber and chips. 1962

Member of field crew holding scum taken from river near International Falls waste treatment plant. 1962 Floating mat of bark, fiber and chips with paddle supported on it. 1962

View showing scum floating down river past International Falls waste treatment plant. 1962 had been attained. Sedimentation and bacterial stabilization had reduced the BOD to approximately 2.0 mg/l, and the turbidity to about 6 units. The volatile solids content at this range was approximately double that found at the International

Bridge.

As the water progressed downstream the DO dropped slowly to a level of about 4.0'mg/l near Baudette. In the Baudette-

Rainy River area a slight increase in BOD and suspended solids, and a slight decrease in DO were noted, due to the presence of wastes from the two communities. A short distance downstream an appreciable rise in DO occurred, perhaps due to greater conce'ntration of algae in slow moving water in this area.

At range 1.3 (Wheelers point) just above the mouth of

Rainy River the channel is wide. Near the Ontario shore the water is shallow, heavy weed growths are present, and the flow is low. In the main channel adjacent to the Minnesota shore

DO levels of 4.0 to 5.0 mg/l were noted while near the Ontario shore DO values ranged from 6.0 to.7.7. Temperature, pH, color and BOD. were also,-. .. higher al:ong the Ontario shore.

he changes occurring in DO., BOD, lignin, suspended solids and coliforin numbers throughout the river are shown graphically 1960-upper 1961- lower

Table 48. Summary of Averaqe Analytical Data - Ranqe 82.2 - Below Int'l. Falls Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC Stan. mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Units Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. ME' per Units shore 100 ml

1+00 Median 3,900 20.8 6,600 ~vera~e 5,800 20.8 7.4 6.0 15.8 14.5 7.1 7,400 20.2 7.3 6.3 13.8 18.2 9.5 Maximum 20,000 23.0 8.4 7.9 34.2 46.0 19.0 36,000 22.0 8.3 7.0 33.0 750.0 27.0 Minimum 670 16.0 6.8 4.9 1.8 4.0 1.1 960 17.0 6.4 4.1 9.1 7.0 2.6 No. Samples 19 16 14 16 14 15 14 22 14 10 13 11 10 11

2+00 Median 2,500 2,900 Average 3,900 20.8 7.3 6.8 7.2 10.9 7,200 20.1 7.4 6.8 6.0 13.9 Maximum 20,000 23.0 8.7 7.6 >14.2 31.0 79,000 22.0 8.5 7.9 )13.4 750.0

Minimum ' 280 16.0 6.9 5.8 5.2 4.5 140 17.0 7.1 4.0 1.9 7.5 No. Samples 19 16 13 16 13 15 22 14 13 14 13 14

2+50 Median 980 1,400 Average 2,400 20.5 7.5 7.3 3.5 7.8 2,800 20.1 7.4 7.1 4.4 9.0 Maximum 17,000 23.0 3.8 8.5 7.1 22.0 11,000 22.0 7.7 8.2 712.8 20.5 196Gupper Table 48. Cont'd. 1961- lower Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS 0 Hundreds form C Stan. mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Units Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

2+50 Minimum 320 16.0 6.8 6.9 1.8 4.0 0.6 19 42 5.5 Cont 'd. 80 17.0 7.2 5.9 0.9 4.6 1.1 20 38 5.2 No. Samples 19 16 14 15 15 15 15 13 16 7 14 5 21 14 11 14 14 13 14 13 12 3 12 6

3+00 Median 800 750 Average 1,300 20.8 7.3 7.6 1.7 6.9 1.1 24 1,600 20.1 7.4 7.3 2.1 8.4 1.5 37 Maximum 13,000 23.0 7.8 8.7 3.4 16.0 7.0 26 7,900 22.0 7.7 8.1 4.5 11.0 3.5 45 Minimum 180 16.0 6.8 6.7 0.3 5.0 0.1 23 20 17.0 7.2 6.3 0.7 3.0 1.0 20 No. Samples 20 16 14 15 15 15 15 13 22 14 12 14 15 13 14 13

4+00 Median 1,400 810 Average 3,700 1,350 Maximum 15,000 4,000 Minimum 280 60 No.Samples 19 22

4+ 50 Median ----- 3,900 Average ----- 4,200 Table 48. Cont' d. 1961-lower Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hufidreds form OC Stan. mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Units Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

4+50 Maximum ------Cont 'd. 13,000 22.0 7.7 8.2 5.5 10.7 2.1 50 133 49.6 Minimum ------420 17.0 7.0 6.7 0.8 4.1 1.2 30 36 6.4 No. Samples ------21 14 12 14 15 13 14 13 - 12 3 11 5 1960-upper 1961- lower gyticalData - Range 77.5 - Near Golf Course Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC Stan. mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Units Stan. Units mg/l % dl % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml P ------La-.- _._------. 1+00 Median 7,700 8,100 Average 13,000 10,000 Maximum 47,000 50,000 Minimum 2,200 650 NO. simples 16 22

Median 6,100 3,300 Average 7,900 5,500 Maximum 22,000 16,000 Minimum 350 390 No. Samples 16 22 a, 3+00 Median 4,200 I 4 4,100 a, Average 5,600 20.6 7.3 6.8 5.8 7.3 2.0 30 76 51 14.7 64 5,200 20.3 7.5 6.5 6.9 10.0 3.7 38 110 39 16.9 50 Maximum 15,000 23.0 7.7 8.1 7.3 14.0 3.5 32 164 38.0 18,000 22.0 8.4 7.3 9.7 27.5 6.0 50 2 50 22.0 1960-upper Table 49. Cont Id. 1961- lower Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC Stan. mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile ' of feet Count Units Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

3+00 Minimum 1,600 Cont Id. 370 No. Samples .19 22

4+00 Median 4,800 3,500 Average 5,400 3,800 Maximum 14,000 13,000 Minimum 9 50 560 No. Samples 18 22

5+00 Median 5,100 2,100 Average 6,100 2,800 Maximum 14,000 8,100 Minimum 1,700 4 50 No. Samples 18 22 1960-upper 1961- lower

Table 50. Summary of Average Analytical Dcta - Ranqe 71.2 - Above Little Fork River Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turk- Lignin Color TOT- SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds fonn OC Stan. mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Units Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

Average

Maximum

Minimum

No. Samples

2+00 Median

Average

Maximum

Minimum

No.Sarnples

3+00 Median 11,000 a, 12,000 a,I Average 11,000 20.3 7.3 6.0 5.0 7.4 2.2 29 92 5 3 13.9 55 0 26,00020.1 7.4 5.7 7.4 10.7 4.2 38 91 46 11.8 61 Maximum 24,00024.0 7.7 8.0 7.6 15.0 3.3 35 154 39.0 140,000 $23.0 7.7 6.4 12.4 25.0 6.8 60 165 20 .O Table 50. Cont'd. 1961- lower Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS

Hundreds form OC Stan. mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile , of feet Count Units Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

3+00 Minimum 2,200 14.5 6.5 5.4 1.7 1.0 0.8 2 2 63 1.0 Cont Id. 600 17.0 6.8 4.4 4.1 6.0 1.1 15 41 5.2 No. Samples 12 14 14 14 13 14 14 13 14 7 13 5 21 14 13 14 15 14 15 14 13 3 13 6

4+00 Median 9,000 12,000 Average 11,000 20.3 24,000 20.1 Maximum 31,000 24.0 100,000 23.0 Minimum 2,700 14.5 260 17.0

5+00 Median 7,200 7,700 Average 8,900 20.3 16,000 20.1 Maximum 21,000 24.0 68,000 23.0 Minimum 2,600 14.5 910 17.0 No. Samples 12 14 21 14

6+00 Median 8,000 7,600 Average 9,900 20.3 11,000 20.1 1960-upper Table 50. Cont'd. 1961- lower Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC Stan. mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Units Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

.-.--- 7.- .------6+00- Maximum Cont 'd. Minimum 1960-upper 1961- lower

I Table 51. Summary of Average Analytical Data - Range 64.8 - Above Big Fork River ' Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml . .

Median 8,700 9,900 Average 10,000 20.7 7.3 5.7 4.0 12,000 19.9 7.3 5.8 4.6 Maximum 23,000 24.0 7.6 7.4 5.3 32,000 22.0 7.6 6.6 7.4 Minimum 4,500 14.5 6.6 5.0 2.2 3,300 18.0 7.1 4.8 1.5 No. Samples 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 9 11 11

Median 9,500 11,000 Average 11,000 20.7 7.3 6.0 3.6 12,000 20.0 7.3 5.9 4.0 Maximum 29,000 24.0 7.6 7.8 6.0 29,000 22.0 7.7 6.8 5.4 Minimum 3,700 14.5 7.0 5.0 2.4 3,100 18.0 6.8 5.1 2.0 No. Samples 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 9 11 10

Median 8,700 12,000 Average 11,000 20.7 7.3 6.1 3.1 12,000 20.0 7.4 6.0 4.0 Maximum 26,000 24.0 7.6 7.7 4.35 26,000 22.0 7.8 6.6 5.4 1960-upper Table 51. Cont'd. 1961- lower Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan.- Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. ME' per Units shore 100 ml

4+00 Minimum 3,100 14.5 7.0 5.3 1.4 4.0 0.5 24 51 4.0 Cont 'd. 2,000 18.0 6.9 5.1 1.9 6.5 1.7 40 57 1.0 No. Samples 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 15 4 15 5 11 11 9 11 11 10 9 10 11 11 5

Median 8,700 11,000 Average 10,000 12,000 Maximum 25,000 27,000 Minimum 2,800 2,500 No. Samples 16 11

Median 8,100 10,000 Average 9,800 11,000 Maximum 27,000 21,000 Minimum 3,400 2,500 No. Samples 15 11 1960-upper 1961- lower

Table 52. Summary of Average Analytical Data - Ranqe 60.2 - Above Black River Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % m!3/l % from U. S. ME' Per Units shore 100 ml

Median 7,400 7,400 Average 7,700 20.8, . - 7,000 20.3 Maximum 17 ;OOO 24.0 20,000 22.0 Minimum 2,000 14.5 340 19.0 No. Samples 14 14 16 12

Median 11,000 11,000 Average 12,000 20.8 9,100 20.2 Maximum 33,000 24.0 26,000 22.0 Minimtun 3,100 14.5 1,600 19 No. Samples 14 14 16 12

Median 9,900 9,900 Average 11,000 20.8 8,700 20.3 Maximum 30,000 24.0 24,000 22.0 1960-upper Table 52. Cont'd. 1961- lower Sta. No. Coli- Temp. DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC pH mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore ' 100 ml

5+00 Minimum 3,800 14.5 7.05 5.4 0.8 4.0 0.5 24 61 2 Cont 'd. 1,100 19.0 7.1 5.2 0.8 - 5.5 1.4 2 0 33 4.8 No. Samples 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 4 14 5 16 12 10 12 11 11 10 11 12 4 12 6

7+00 Median 9,300 9,300 Average 11,000 7,900 Maximum 29,000 21,000 Minimum 2,760 1,700 No.Samples 14 16 1960-upper 1961- lower

Table 53. Summary of Average Analytical Data - Range 53.4 - Above Rno Sta. No. Coli- - Temp. DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form - OC pH mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml ------.. - . 1+00 Median 7,600 7,700 Average 9,500 21.0 7.4 5.9 2.6 7.6 1.6 46 95 66 10.9 53 8,700 20:8 7.5 5.7 2.9 7.3 2.5 49 91 45 8.4 55 Maximum 18,000 25.0 7.7 7.9 4.6 12.0 2.5 75 140 22.0 21,000 24.0 7.7 6.5 5.0 8.5 4.2 140 175 15.0 . U Minimum 3,700 14.5 6.7 4.9 1.0 4.0 0.6 33 67 1.0 2,800 18.0 7.3 4.9 1.0 4.1 1.5 20 51 2.0 No. Samples 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 15 4 15 5 11 12 10 12 12 10 10 10 12 4 12 7

2+00 Median 8,400 7,700 Average 8,900 21.0 7,900 20.8 Maximum 20,000 25.0 17,000 24.0 Minimum 3,100 14.5 2,500 18.0 No. Samples 16 15 12 12

3+00 Median 8,500 6,500 Average 9,200 21.0 6,200 20.6 Maximum 18,000 25.0 9,100 22.0 1960-upper Table 53. Cont'd. 1961- lower sta. NO. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC Stan. mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile. of feet Count Units Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. ME' per Units shore 100 ml 3+00 Minimum 3,400 Cont 'd. 2,900 No. Samples 15 7

6+00 Median 7,800 8,300 Average 9,300 8,600 Maximum 19,000 21,000 Minimum 3,600 3,000 No. Samples 16 11

7+00 Median 8,300 7,700 Average 9,900 8,300 Maximum 21,000 24,000 Minimum 3,300 2,400 No. Samples 17 12

8+00 . Median 8,500 6,300 Average 9,200 8,200 Table 53. Cont'd. 1961-lower ~ta.NO. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC Stan. mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of-- -feet Count Units Stan. Units mg/l % ms/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

8+UU Maximum 16,000 25.0 7.6 7.9 4.7 10.0 2.2 54 203 Cont 'd. 27,000 22.0 7.7 6.8 4.4 13.6 3.9 150 22.0 Minimum 3,700 14.5 6.7 5.1 1.2 186 27.6 2.0 0.5 25 37 6.0 2,100 18.0 7.0 5.0 1.0 5.0 1.2 2 0 59 No. Samples 16 14 14 14 14 0-0 14 14 14 14 4 14 6 12 12 10 12 11 10 10 11 10 11 6 1960-upper 1961- lower

Table 54. Summary of Average Analytical Data - Range 36.4 - Below Long Sault Rapids Sta. NO. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SO~IDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units. mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

Median 5,000 5,000 Average 5,400 11,000 Maximum 12,000 70,000 Minimum 1,000 1,600 No. Samples 13 12

Median

Average 87 59 93 64 Maximum 110.5 153 Minimum 68 66 No. Samples 13 6 'LO 4

Median

Average

Maximum

Minimum Table 54.' Cont'd. 1961- lower ~ta.NO. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % m9/l % from U. S. MI? per Units shore 100 ml

I 5+00 No. Samples 14 13 12 13 12 13 13 12 13 6 12 7 Cont Id. 12 10 8 10 9 9 9 9 10 4 10 5

7+00 Median 6,700 4,600 Average 6,100 11,000 Maximum 13,000 67,000 Minimum 1,700 1,300 No. Samples 14 12

9+00 Median 6,400 5,500 Average 5,500 10,000 Maximum 10,000 60,000 Minimh 1,000 1,000 No. Samples 14 12 ..: . 1960-upper 1961- lower

Table 55. - Summary of Averaqe Analytical Data - Range 28.1 - Above Pine River Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form 0C mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

1+00 Median 5,100 4,900 Average 5,300 7,800 Maximum 11,000 30,000 Minimum 1,200 430 No. Samples 14 14

2+00 Median 4,900 5,300 Average 5,300 7,200 Maximum 11,000 26,000 Minimum 1,000 340 No. Samples 14 14

3+00 Median 5,100 5,200 . Average 5,100 9,200 Maximum 10,000 35,000 1960-upper Table 55. Cont'd. 1961-lower Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form 'OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S, MF per Units shore 100 ml

3+00 Minimum . 1,200 Cont Id. 380 No. Samples 15 14

4+00 Median 6,000 5,400 Average 5,500 11,000 Maximum 10,000 25,000 Minimum 860 630 No. Samples 15 14

5+00 Median 5,600 4,900 Average 5,200 7,900 Maximum 9,700 25,000 \ Minimum 730 320 No. Samples 15 13 1960-upper 1961-lower Table 56. Summary of Averaqe Analytical Data - Ranqe 21.2 - Above Rapid River Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. Per Units shore 100 ml

1+00 Median 1,500 3,500 Average 3,700 21.0 7.2 4.3 2.0 7,300 22.2 7.3 4.5 2.2 Maximum 12,000 24.0 7.45 5.7 3.25 >20,000 25.0 7.5 6.6 4.0 Minimum 780 15.5 6.8 3.0 0.8 270 19.0 7.1 2.1 1.4 No. Samples 15 15 13 14 12 11 9 6 9. 9

Median 1,500 5,800. Average 3,400. 7,400 Maximum 11,000 20,000 Minimum 630 3 50 No. Samples 15 11

Median 1,600 3 ,900 Average 3,200 7,500 Maximum 14,000 26,000 Minimum 4 50 340 Table 56. Cont'd. Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MI? per Units shore 100 ml

3+00 No. Samples 16 Cont 'd. 11

4+00 Median 1,700 4,000 Aver age 3,000 7,300 Maximum 9,700 23,000 Minimum 440 410 No. Samples 15 11

5+00 Median l.,400 5,200 Average 3,100 8,700 Maximum 12,000 28,000 Minimum . 430 360 No. Samples 15 .lo 1960-upper 1961- lower

Table 57. Summary of Average Analytical Data - Ranqe 13.8 - Above Town of Rainy River Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS mndreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. ME' Per Units ahore 100 ml ------1+50 Median 820 2,100 Average 1,800 3,000 Maximum 8,900 15,000 Minimum 190 380 No. Samples 13 15

Med i an

Aver age

Maximum

Minimum

No. Samples

Median

Aver age

Maximum 1960-upper - 1961- lower Table 57. Cont'd. Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS,SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of. feet Count Stan; Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml 5+00 Minimum 160 Cont 'd. 230 No. Samples 14 15

7+00 Median 660 2,000 Average 1,600 3,200 Maximum 5,800 16,000 .Minimum 100 290 No. Samples 13 13

9+00 Median 550 2,000 Average 1,100 3,900 Maximum 4,000 19,000 Minimum 130 290 No. Samples 12 13 1960-upper 1961- lower

Table 58. Summary of Averaqe Analytical Data - Ranqe 12.1 - R.R. Bridge Baudette Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

VL." 1+00 Median 1,700 Average 1,400 21.1 7.1 4.0 2.2 8.0 1.8 47 2,300 21.7 7.3 4.1 2.2 7.4 2.7 46 Maximum 8,200 24.5 7.6 6.3 5.2 16.0 2.3 58 6,100 25.0 7.5 6.3 5.5 12.4 4.4 55 Minimum 180 16.0 6.5 2.0 0.4 1.0 1.3 36 370 19.0 7.1 1.1 0.6 3.3 1.8 25 No. Samples 15 14 13 13 12 13 13 13 13 13 11 14 10 11 11 10

Median 570 1,900 Average 1,200 1,900 Maximum 5,800 6,200 Minimum 120 340 No. Samples 15 12

5+00 Median 540 1,800 Average 1,400 21.1 7.2 4.3 1.7 6.5 1.7 45 88 49 14.7 39 qD . 2,100 21.6 7.3 4.1 2.2 8.1 2.8 45 98 61 8.4 39 $ Maximum 8,700 24.5 7.7 6.3 2.7 12.0 2.3 56 126 50.0 5,700 25.0 7.5 5.8 5.3 12.1 4.8 60 136 19.0 Minimum 190 16.0 6.9 2.8 1.0 2.0 1.1 37 49 6.0 290 19.0 7.1 0.9 1.2 5.1 1.8 40 63 3.6 Table 58. Cont'd. 1961- lower Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml 5+00 No. Samples 15 Cont 'd. 13

7+00 Median 770 1,700 Average 1,700 2,300 Maximum 8,000 6,100 Minimum 160 2 50 No. Samples 15 13

Median 1,400 2,100 Average 2,300 2,300 Maximum 9,600 6,700 Minimum 510 530 No. Samples 15 12 1960-upper 1961- lower

Table 59. Summary of Average Analytical Data - Range 10.9 - Below Baudette Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units

1+00 Median 3,600 2,000 Average 4,500 2,800 Maximum 14,000 9,600 Minimum 1,300 540 No. Samples 14 2 0

2+00 Median 2,100 2,000 Average 3,500 2,400 Ma ximum 15,000 6,300 Minimum 410 690 No. Samples 14 20

3+00 Median - 2,200 1,600 Average 2,600 2,700 Maximum 9,300 196Gupper Table 59. Cont'd. 1961- lower Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. Per Units shore 100 ml

3+00 Minimum Cont 'd. No. Samples

4+00 Median

Average

Maximum

Minimum

No. Samples

5+00 Median

~verage

Maximum

Minimum

No.Samples

6+00 Median

Average Maximum 1960-upper Table 59. Cont' d. 1961-lower Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % m9/l % from U. S. ME' per Units shore 100 ml -

6+00 Maximum 4,700 25.0 7.5 6.3 3.1 9.6 4.7 65 172 Cont 'd. Minimum 330 16.0 7.0 2.9 0.4 0.7 1.1 36 39 1.5 220 20.0 6.7 3.1 1.0 3.7 2.1 25 61 4.0

No.Samples 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 3 10 ' 19 13 12 14 12 12 12 11 13 4 13 1960-upper 1961- lower

Table 60. Summary of Averaqe Analytical Data - Ranqe 9.3 - Above Winter Road River Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form Oc mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. ME' Per Units shore 100 ml 1+100 Median 2,200 1,800 Average 2,100 20.6 7.1 4.1 2.5 29.9 1.8 53 161 47 109.0 71 2,200 20.9 7.3 4.7 1.5 9.8 3.0 39 103 41 20.0 37 Maximum 4,600 24.0 7.35 5.5 5.0 77.0 2.8 73 321 283.0 5,200 23.0 7.6 6.6 2.4 15.0 4.8 50 165 37.2 Minimum 700 15.5 6.9 3.3 1.0 5.0 1.0 43 66 2.5 1,100 18.0 7.1 3.4 0.4 6.5 2.3 30 62 7.2 No. Samples 10 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 10 3 8 8 6 8 8 5 6 5 7 3 7 3

Median 1,300 1,800 Average 1,800 2,300 Maximum 5,000 6,100 Minimum 680 730 No. Samples 11. 8

Median ' 660 2,000 Average 1,100 2,400 1960-upper 1961- lower Table 60. Cont'd. Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb Lignin Color TOT= . SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form O c mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml 5+00 Maximum 3,300 24.0 7.4 5.6 3.4 18.0 2.7 58 137 180.0 Cont 'd. 6,800 23.0 7.4 6.1 3.2 8.5 4.6 60 613 396.0 Minimum 180 16.0 6.9 3.3 0.5 4.5 0.4 39 46 2.0 360 18.0 7.0 3.4 1.5 5.0 1.9 35 62 6.8 No. Samples 12 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 3 10 3 8 8 5 8 7 5 5 5 8 3 7 4

Median 54 0 1,900 Average 1,200 2,200 Maximum 4,500 4,800 Minimum 190 300 No. Samples 11 8

9+00 Median 570 2,400 Aver age 1,200 2,400 Maximum 3,700 . . 3,900 Minimum 280 950 No.Samples 11 7 Table 61. Summary of Average Analytical Data - Range 1.3 - Wheelers Point Sta. No. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb. Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore 100 ml

Median 3 50 610 Average 400 21.3 7.2 4.0 1.8 4.7 1.7 45

. . 990 21.4 7.3 4.5 2.0 7.3 2.5 45 Maximum 790 24.0 7.3 5.8 6.0 31.0 2.3 6 4 2,400 24.0 7.5 5.5 4.9 11.2 4.4 60 Minimum 200 16.0 6.9 2.9 0.6 1.0 1.1 36 190 18.5 6.8 2.7 1.0 4.6 1.4 30 No. Samples 12 13 12 13 13 13 13 13 14 . 14 12 15 14 12 12 12

Median 380 480 Average 420 21.3 7.2 3.8 1.6 4.5 1.7 43 840 21.2 7.3 4.4 1.6. 7.6 2.5 45 Maximum 350 24.0 7.3 5.9 4.0 7.0 2.1 58 2,200 24.0 7.5 6.1 2.3 12.9 4.5 60 Minimum 180 16.0 6.9 2.6 0.6 3.0 1.0 34 160 18.5 7.1 2.8 0.6 5.0 1.3 30 No. Samples 12 13 12 13 12 13 13 13 13 14 I1 15 14 11 13 11

Median 3 50 520 Average 370 21.3 7.2 3.9 1.5 9.3 1.7 45 800 21.2 7.3 4.5 1.6 10.3 2.6 45

Maximum 800 24.0 7.3 5.9 3.7 , 28.0 2.2 58 2,200 24.0 7.6 5.8 2.3 28.0 4.7 50 1960-upper 1961- lower Table 61. Cont'd. -- ~ta.NO. Coli- Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Hundreds form OC mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile of feet Count Stan. Units mg/l % mg/l % from U. S. MF per Units shore LOO ml --.a -- - -- 3+00 Minimum 150 16.0 6.9 2.7 0.8 2.5 1.1 36 73 2.0 Cont 'd. 200 18.5 6.8 2.8 0.9 5.0 1.3 30 67 4.0 No. Samples 14 13 12 13 12 13 13 13 12 4 12 4 14 14 12 15 13 12 12 12 12 5 11 9

5+00 Median 170 2 30 Average 170 21.3 7.3 6.1 1.9 6.5 1.5 45 440 21.9 7.6 6.9 2.5 7.5 2.3 56 Maximum 520 24.0 7.8 8.4 3.4 11.0 2.2 52 1,900 24.0 8.3 9.0 4.6 11.2 3.2 70 Minimum 35 16.0 6.8 4.2 0.8 1.0 0.9 4 0 30 19.0 7.2 5.0 0.8 3.5 1.8 30 No. samples 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

14 14 12 15 13 12 12 ' 12

7+00 Median 150 240 Average 180 21.3 7.4 6.2 1.7 5.7 1.5 46 330 22.0 7.7 7.5 2.5 ?.9 2.3 54 Maximum 660 24.0 7.8 8.3 3.0 10.0 2.2 55 1,100 24.0 8.1 9.3 5.2 13.6 3.5 . 70 Minimum 50 15.5 7.1 4.7 0.9 3.0 1.0 38 20 19.0 7.4 5.8 1.0 3.2 1.8 30 No. Samples 13 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 11 15 12 12 12 12 in figures 12 to 16,

Summaries of the average values for each range on Rainy

River for 1960 and 1961 are given in tables 62 and 63. The

general changes in the river may be more apparent from these

tables than from the more detailed tables previously noted.

A comparison of DO levels in Rainy River over a period of

years is made in table 64. A similar comparison of BOD values

for the same period is made in table 65. The DO values in'the

Baudette-Rainy River area in recent years were appreciably lower

than formerly. The BOD levels in the area just downstream from

the pulp and paper mills were appreciably higher in the 1957-61 period than in previous years.

Minimum DO values in the lower section of Rainy River are

of importance in assessing the -overall effect of pollution. At

range 12.1 in 1961, DO values of 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 1.1, and 0.9 mg/l were found on July 24. On August 14 values of 2.4, 2.5, 2.5, 2.2, and 2.4 mg/l were obtained at the same range. In 1960, the lowest values at this range were 2.6, 2.2, 2.8, 2.6, and 2.3 mg/l on

August 4. At range 10.9,also on August 4, 1960, DO values of

2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 2.6, and 2.6 were found. During 1961 no DO values below 3.0 mg/l were found at this range. Many DO values between

3.0 and 4.0 mg/l were found in the stretch of river from Long Sault l NTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION BOUNDARY WATERS POLLUTION INVEST1 GAT ION 1960 - 1962

LAKE OF

BIRCHDALE

..-n.wL. "V loo0 RANGE - 71.2 NOTE :

RANGE -82.2 l opoq

RANGE -77.5 lop00 5000 ,-,

RANGE - 83.5 RANGE - 86.4 So- So-

5 200 400 I AT. 600 ' 750 -0 2061;T. 460 BOUND. BOUND. SCALE : HORIZONTAL - DISTANCE FROM UNITED STATES SHORE, AS INDICATED VERTICAL - NUMBER / I00 ML.

MEDIAN COLI FORM CONCENTRATION FIGURE 12 l NTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION BOUNDARY WATERS POLLUTION INVESTIGATION

LAKE OF

BIRCHDALE

SCALE : HORIZONTAL - DISTANCE FROM UNITED STATES SHORE, AS INDICATED VERTICAL - MG./ LITER

AVERAGE AND MI NlMUM D.O. CONCENTRATION FIGURE 13 INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION BOUNDARY WATERS POLLUTION INVESTIGATION 1960 - 1962

LAKE OF

HE WOODS

. BIRCHDALE

10 0

BOUND

SCALE : HORIZONTAL - DISTANCE FROM UNITED STATES SHORE, AS INDICATED VERTICAL - MG. / LI TER

AVERAGE B.O.D. CONCENTRATION FIGURE 14 l NTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION BOUNDARY WATERS POLLUTION INVESTIGATION 1960 - 1962

LAKE OF

0 120 240

BOUND.

RANGE - 60.2

RANGE 70.8 40 -

20 0 i BOUND. BWND. SCALE : HORIZONTAL - DISTANCE FROM UNITED STATES SHORE, AS INDICATED VERTICAL - MG./ LITER

AVERAGE SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATION FIGURE 15 INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION BOUNDARY WATERS POLLUTION INVESTIGATION 1960 - 1962

LAKE OF

BIRCHDALE

20 RANGE - 60.2

10 -

. .

10 0

,BOUND. . . SCALE : HORIZONTAL - DISTANCE FROM UNITED STATES SHORE, AS INDICATED VERTICAL - MG./ LITER AS TANNIC ACID

AVERAGE LlGN IN CONCENTRATION FIGURE 16 . Table 62 \ I.J.C. RAINY RIVER SURVEY 1960

RAINY RIVER * - mg/l SUMMER AVERAGES ** - Turbidity units *** - mg/l as Tannic acid **** - Color units

TEMP. PH DO BOD TURB. TOTAL SUSPENDED LIGNIN COLOR COLIFORM Range OC FIELD LAB. * * ** SOLIDS* SOLIDS* *** **** MF'/100 ml Table 63

I.J.C. RAINY RIVER SURVEY 1961

RAINY RIVER * - mg/l SUMMER AVERAGES ** - Turbidity units *** - mg/l as Tannic acid **** - Color units

TEMP. pH DO BOD TURB. TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS LIGNIN COLOR COLIFORM DO Range OC FIELD LAB. * * ** TOTAL* VOL. % TOTAL* VOL .% *** **** MF'/100 ml % SAT. .

20 83.5 130 83.5 3,900 81.0 4,600 76.4 8,500 71.2 24,000 63.4 12,100 64.2 9,600 63.5 7,700 63.8 11,000 64.3 9,200 55.2 9,800 54.0 3,900 48.4 2,300 46.0 2,500 51.7 2,300 52.3 850 50.5 (Main channel) 690 62.8 (All Stations) Table 64

COP9ARISON OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN DATA ms/l 1948-1961 Table 65

COMPARISON OF B 0 D DATA ms/l 1948-1961

- tn 4 4 4 4 w 4 w V1 4 4 w E n, z c G G G C 9 9 9G S 9 9 9XE LC '? E '? n, Y E Y n, I-' I-' .J h, w N tu r r r I-' I-' I-' I-' I-' h, I-' 0 I UI I I-' W w w w w w I-' w w w P I I I-' - 0 I I I UI UI 0 0 w 0 I W 0 W UI W a, a, 0 0 0 I-' W * - . I-' - . 0 0 - w I-' - I-' I-' I-' UI w I-' P r w w w tu UI w w r w UI UI UI IP UI ul w IP I-' I-' I-' UI ul UI a, 4

I L 1.7 2.3 0.5 0.6 ------0.8 2.2 2.0 4.0 2.3 1.4 2.9 --- 1.0 --- 86.4 1 --- 83.5 2.0 0.9 0.6 I 0.7 0.6, 0.4 1.5 1.7 2.5 ------2.6 0.9 2.3 --- 0.9 82.2 ------1.8 1.3 4.8 3.0 3.5 4.5 6.8 6.1 4.3 5.5 6.3 77.5 4.4 2.3 2.5 3.2 ------1.8 2.4 5.5 3.0 7.0 3.7 4.4 5.6 5.6 6.5 6.6 71.2 ------I ------2.0 5.5 3.0 --- 4.0 2.9 4.3 6.2 5.2 6.3 5.7 60.2 ------1.3 3.0 4.8 3.0 4.5 2.3 2.4 3.6 3.5 2.7 2.9 53.4 3.5 2.2 1.9 2.2 ------1.4 2.5 5.0 3.3 3.5 2.3 2.4 3.7 3.1 2.8 3.1 36.4 3.4 1.3 1.2 2.0 ------1.5 2.5 3.5 1.8 3.5 2.2 1.6 2.8 2.5 2.3 --- 28.1 ------3.0 ------1.6 1.5 2.3 2.0 2.2 --- 21.2 1.9 0.7 0.9 1.3 ------0.8 2.9 1.1 1.4 2.2 2.3 1.5 --- 13.8 1.6 1.2 0.6 2.3 2.4 0.9 3.0 2.0 3.0 1.8 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.7 2.2 I 12.1 2.3 1.5 1.1 0.4 --- I ------1.5 1.4. 1.9 3.0 1.7 2.0 10.9 1.7 1.1 0.6 1.5 ------2.8 3.3 1.2 -1.3 2.0 1.9 1.5 1.8 9.3 1.1 1.1 1.8 --- - j ------2.6 --- 2.5 1.0 1.6 2.3 1.9 1.5 --- 1.3 ------3.0 --- 2.5 1.5 1.3 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.1 - 8-112

Rapids to Lake of the Woods during each summer survey period.

A 24-hour dissolved oxygen survey at range 10.9, with samples

taken at top, bottom, and mid-depth, showed a maximum difference

of 0.9 mg/l between top and bottom. Generally the DO at top was

about 0.5 mg/l higher than at bottom, with mid-depth values nearly

... . the same as bottom values. The sampling period was characterized

by cloudi'ness and only slight variations in DO occurred at any

time during the 24-hour period. The values during the period

ranged from 4.4 to 5.3 mg/l at the top.

A limited number of determinations of phenolic-type compounds

on Rainy River water showed values ranging from 1 to 61pg/l at

range 82.2, from 6 to 33 pg/l at range 77.5, from 5 to 20~g/l

at range 71.2, and one value of 6 ~g/lat range 10.9.

Determinations of volatile matter on both total and suspended

solids were made on a limited number of samples during 1960 and

1961. The results are expressed in terms of per cent volatile

total solids and per cent volatile suspended solids. The per

cent volatile suspended solids showed no trend as the water moved

downstream, the values usually being near 50 per cent. The per

cent volatile total solids varied considerably, with a median

value of 50 for the 1961 survey period.

A two weeks winter survey of Rainy River was conducted by

personnel of the Minnesota Department of Health and the Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare, from January 16 to

25, 1962. Samples were taken at all ranges except 83.3, 82.2,

77.5,. and 71.2. At these ranges unsafe conditions of the ice prevented sampling., Two samples were taken at each range, one near the Minnesota bank and one near the Ontario bank. The two samples ,were composited for laboratory analyses. Table 66 presents a summary of the pertinent data obtained.

'. The pH-.ranged from 6.7 to 7.5 and was generally lower.than. during the summer. Dissolved oxygen levels were significantly higher than summer levels. Above the pulp and paper mills DO values ranged from 12.6 to 12.9 mg/l, but as the water moved downstream the level dropped to 9.1 mg/l near Big Fork River and down to 8.7 mg/l near Baudette. In Lake of the Woods DO levels were approximately 10 mg/l. BOD levels upstream from the mills were about 1.5 mg/l, similar to those found during the summer period. BOD values directly below the pulp and paper mills were not determined but at range 64.8 the level was still 7.8 mg/l, approximately twice the summer average. The level decreased to

3.3 mg/l near Baudette, then increased slightly and became uniform at about 3.0 mg/l in,Lakeof the Woods.

Winter turbidity values were erratic, ranging from 8 to 20, and were higher.than average.surmner values. Total solids showed

. . little change from previous surveys, but suspended solids were appreciably lower -than during the sixnmer. Color and ligrlin were got appreciably changed from. the July and August levels. Coli- form n-mhers were considerably lower in Rainy Lake and Rainy

River, but in Lake of the Woods they were nearly 103 times those found during the 1961 summer survsy. Concentrations of phenolics in Rainy River varied from 0 .to 22,000 pg/l, with the high value being found in the Manitou-Sault Rapids area. Aside from the one high value of 22,000 /ug/l, other values ranged from 0 to

39 flg/l

Analyses of tributary san~plestaken during the winter survey generally shoxed DO values lo.der and BOD values higher than those found during the summer surveys. Except for one value of

1.4 mg/l in Winter Road River all other D3 values in the tributaries wsre 3.6 mg/l or greater. Coliform numbers in the tributaries showed appreciable variations from summer levels, but no general trend was noted. Other characteristics of water from the entering streams shoxed no significant changes from summer- time averages.

In general the water quality in Rainy River under winter ice conditions appeared to be appreciably better than during the warm summer periods. Table 66. Winter Survey Data - Rainy River Watershed - January 16 to 25, 1962 Range Coliform Temp. pH DO BOD Turb- Lignin Color TOTAL SOLIDS SUSPENDED SOLIDS Organisms Stan. mg/l mg/l idity mg/l Stan. Total Volatile Total Volatile ~~/100ml OC Units Stan. Units mg/l mg/l mg/l m9/l Units -- -..------Rainy Lake - 86.4 20 83.5 20 64.8 6,000 60.2 1,800 53 -4 -- 47.0 36.4 28.1 21.2 13.8 12.1 10.9 1.3

Lake of the Woods 0 -- 32 -- 10.4 ------2 450 32 -- 9.8 3.0 10 1.9 40 91 44 4.0 2.8 -3 -- 32 -- 10.9 ------5 400 32 -- 10.0 3.0 1C 1.2 40 100 60 5.0 3.0

0 -- Four Mile Bay between Wheeler's Point and Oak Point. -2 -- At Oak. Point between Four Xile Bay and Liike of tne ItJoods, C -3 -- in Lake of the V7oods, approximately one mils north of Oak Point on International Boundary. -5 -- In Lake of the Woods, approximately three miles north of Oak Point on International Boundary. Y I-' I-' lJl Bioloyical Features

Introduction

Data upon which this report is based were secured from two rather exploratory surveys in 1960 and 1961 (plankton and benthos) and a more intensive study of two and one-half months duration in 1962. The latter phase included fishes, plankton, and benthos. Aims of the plankton and benthos programs were determination of the influence of discharged wastes upon the composition, concentration, and distribution of each population, assessment of pollutional changes affecting their physical and chemical. environment, and delineation of indirect effects via stimulation of normally sparse organisms.

Objectives of the fish survey were: (1) to determine the species of fish inhabiting the river at various locations; (2) to evaluate the relative density of various species at different locations (ranges in the Rainy River and in the mouths of major tributary streams); (3) to evaluate the extent of natural reproduction of the larger species by sampling young-of-the-year fishes at the various stations; and (4) to secure supplementary data on fish ecology, fish'population age-class structure, and food habits of the various species. General Characters

Water in Rainy Lake, Rainy River, Lake of the Woods, and

all streams tributary to the Rainy has the brown color that

characterizes drainage from peat and/or sphagnum bogs. In

1960, Rapid River had the appearance of strong tea. Rainy

River exhibited a rather strong current each year, but had a

smooth flow pattern that kept eddy formation to a minimum except below rapids.

Discharge in the upper Rainy River is subject to almost

complete control by the dam at the pulp and paper plants. Flow

is frequently stopped when the plants suspend operations over

weekends, and considerable areas of bottom lose their water cover.

Samplinq Ranqes

Sampling localities utilized in 1960 and 1961 appear in

table 67a and reaches sampled in 1962 are listed in table 67b.

Lake of the Woods was sampled in Four Mile Bay each year and

in its main body in 1961.. River mileages indicate distance

above Lake of the Woods (Four Mile Bay). Details of each river J sampling range utilized in 1962 follow.

~anqe'86.4 - Rainer Rapids (In Rainy Lake near Rainer R.R. Bridqe)

Bottom sampling was carried out at one locality above the

bridge and at 10 sites in the lake below (figure 1.7). Bottom 8-118

materials on the south (L) and north (R) shores and center are

listed in table 68c. No fish collections were made here.

Ranqe' 83.3 - Below Falls

Details at this site appear in figure 18, Benthos was

collected from rocks below dam, around the small island, above

the barrel foam trap, at three localities in the channel, and

near the Canadian shore. Bottom was rock with scattered bark

and chip deposits;

Ranqe 82.2 - One mile below dam

Benthos sampling was carried out at the localities marked

in the transect sketch in figure 19. Fish sampling covered a

mile of river above and a mile below the transect. Locations

of trap net sets are indicated on the figure. Thick deposits

of coarser fiber, chips, and bark occurred along Elm Island

in the upper end of the reach sampled fox fishes, and in many

areas along the American (left) shore. Large pieces of foam

that broke off the end of thebarrel trap at range 83.3 were

very' common in this reach in 1962, Sphaerotilus (slime) growths were observed on all submerged snags and brush in 1962. The ?, I deepest area is along the right bank (figure 19). The inlet

from the left bank was greasy and malodorous in 1962. Ranqe 77.5 - Below International Falls Golf Course

Fish collectioq .covered about 1.5 miles of stream in this

area, with about 0.75 miles above and below the benthos transect

(figure 20). Bottom types are noted in 'tables 68a, b, and c.

Current was swift over the entire width of the river. Fish

were collected with an electro-fishing rig in June and with

trap nets in August. Both Canadian and American shorelines

were seined for small fishes.

Ranqe 71.2 - Above mouth of Little Fork River

Benthos and fish collecting stations are indicated in

figure 21 and bottom types appear in table 680. Fish were taken

in the mouth of the Little Fork and over a two mile stretch of .... Rainy River. The mouth of the Little Fork and both shorelines

of the Rainy were seined in June and August. Deepeat water

occurred near the right (~anadian)shore.

Ranqe 64.8 - Above Biq Fork River- Here the benthos transect wss located a short distance

upstream from the two mile fish sampling reach (figure 22).

Greatest depth was near the American (left) shore. E?is stretch d was fished only with trap nets and seines. Bottom materials

are listed in table 68c. Range 53.4 - Above Emo, Ontario

This reach was not fished and details related only to benthos sam2ling are shown in figure 23. The deepest water occurred near the right or Canadian shore. Bottom materials noted are listed in table 68c.

Ranqe 47.4 - Manitou Rapids

Bottom organisms were dredged in the eddies on each side of the swift water below the rapids and observations by a Scuba \ diver were made along the left shore in 1962. Fish collections were made over two miles of stream below the rapids. Trap net sets were made along each shore and around the small island about one-half mile below the rapids. The river was at maximum surmner flood stage when collections were made in June. Various details are indicated in figure 24; and types of bottom materials encountered are listed in table 68c.

Ranqe 36.4 - Below Long Sault Rapids

Various details of this sampling site ap;?ear in figure 25; and observed bottom materials are listed in table 68c. The fish collecting area covered about two river miles and the benthos transect was located near the middle of this reach.

Depth was rather uniform over the entire stream width and a basin-shaped channel profile was interrupted only by a low ridge

or bar left of center. Nets were set in the rapids and in the

area below.

Ranqe 21.2 - Above Rapid River

Details of this collecting area appear in figure 26; and bottom materials are listed in tables 68a, b, and c. The fish

sampling area included the mouth of Rapid River below its falls

and approximately two miles of Rainy River. Fish were collected with trap nets and seines. The benthos transect was located

just upstream from the fish sampling range. Depth was rather uniform, but the left shore was some~hatsteeper than the right.

Range 13.8 - Above Rainy River, Ontario

Benthos sampling alone was carried out at the sites indicated

in figure 27; bottom materials are listed in table 68c. A large

log jam was present near the American shore in 1962 and con-

siderable quantities of sawdust covered with slime were also

noted near the left shore. Bottom cross-section profile was

rather uniform in slo2e with a slightly deeper area just right

of center.

Ranqe 12.2 - Baudette Bay

This benthos transect was located 100 feet above the Baudette Toll Bridge. Dredging was attempted only near the

center of the channel. Tbe bottom was soft, slimy silt that

had a foul odor and yielded some decayed plant fibers,,when

screened. Depth in the dredging area was five feet.

Ranqe 10.9 - Below Baudette

Only benthos samples were collected over the transect

shown in figure 28; bottom materials are listed in taSle 68c.

The chaniiel sloped from a depth of around 10 feet near the

American shore to a maximum of 28 feet near the Canadian bank.

Native bottom materials in this area were largely fine sand.

Range 9.3 - Above Ninter Road River-

Details, of this sampling range appear in figure 29; and

bottom materials along the benthos transect are listed in

table 68a, b, and c. Fish sampling occurred along both sides

of the Winter Road River and over 1.5 miles of Rainy River at

sites indicated. The benthos transezt was located about mid- way of the fish sampling range where both shores slo2ed rather

uniformly to a maximum water depth of 24 feet near the channel

center. Fish sampling was accomplished by the use of trap nets.

Tnis area contained dense growths of submerged and emergent

aquatic plants. Ranqe 1.3 - Wheelers Point

Details of this sampling site are noted in figure 30; and observed bottom materials along the benthos transect appear in table 68a and c. The center of the stream was occupied by large weed beds and greatest depth of water (around 38 feet) occurred near the left shore. The fishing range extended one and one- half-miles upstream frorti the benthos transect at Wheelers Point.

Trap nets were set along both shores and near one central weed bed. Table 67a. 1,ocations of Biological Sampling Ranges 1960-1961

River Miles Nearest Chem. Survey Woods Description I 86.4 Above Ranier R.R. bridge, from i Birch Point to Dept. Lands & j Forests Air Base just west of 1 five mile cut. 1 One mile below dam and above 'i Waste Treatment Plant 77.5 First bend below Waste j Treatment Plant i 74.0 I Second bend below Golf Course, 1 one mile below Range #4 (Chem. \ Survey) i 69.2 / Second bend below Black River f (about three miles) I 53.4 Below Rno $ mile above Manitou j Rapids t 36.4 1 4 mile below Long Sault Rapids

21.2 1 One mile above Rapid River i 12.1 1 Above Baudette River . i 9.3 ! Above Winter Road River 9.3 i I 1.3 1.3 I Wheeler's Point above mouth of Rziiny River

- - Four Mile Bay, Lake of the Woods

- Outside Islands, Lake of the Woods i - Table 67b. 1962 Rainy River Samplinq Ranqes . .

I River Miles Above Lake of Woods Description

86.4 Ranier Rapids, Ranier, Minnesota

83.3 Below Falls, International Falls, Minnesota - Ft. Frances, Ontario

82.2* See table 67a

77.5" See table 67a

71.2" Above mouth of Little Fork River

64.8" Above mouth of Big Fork River

53.4 Above &no, Ontario

47.4* Manitou Rapids

36.4* Below Long Sault Rapids

21.2" See table 67a

13.8 Above Rainy River, Ontario

12.2 Baudette Bay

10.9 Below Baudette

9.3* See table 67a

1.3* See table 67a i f *Denote.= fish collection - 8-126 RANGE 86.4 RAINY LAKE

DETAIL OF SAMPLING RANGE LIFT BRIDGE

RANIER

0- LOCATION OF BOTTOM SAMPLES

FIGURE II7

. .% 8-128 RANGE 82.2 - MILL . ,. -

SAMPLING RANGE SHOWING TRAP NET LOCATIONS

SCALE l inch = 2000 Ft.

I I

LOCATION OF BOTTOM SAMPLES - DATES SAMPLED 19 JUNE 24 JULY

BOTTOM PROFILE U. S.

9 JULY 1962 10

30 FIGURE 19

4 0

0APPROX DlST 0 100 2 00 300 400 500 - RANGE 77.5 - GOLF COURSE 8- 129 SCALE l Inch = 2000 FEET

DETAIL OF SAMPLING O.W.R.C. RANGE ROW MEASURING F~IRM~

i-LOCATION OF - BOTTW SAMPLES .

BOTTOM PROFILE U. 9. CAN.

9 JULY 1962

I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 1 APPROX. MST. 0 I00 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

FIGURE 20 DATE SAMPLED 22 JUNE 25 JULY

RANGE 36.4

TRAP NET LOCATIONS UP STREAM SCALE: I inch : 2000 FT.

DETAIL OF SAMPLING RANGE €3 FARM PLACE /

ISLANO @<

LOCATUYN OF BOTTOM SAMPLES

PINE GROVE L_iROADSIDE

U.S. BOTTOM PROFILE

APPROX. DlST

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 FIGURE 25 8- 13 5

RANGE 21.2

SAMPLING RANGE SHOWING TRAP NET LOCATIONS

SCALE ; I inch + 2000 FT. 0

DETAIL OF SAMPLING RANGE

LOCATION OF BOTTOM SAMPLES

u.s BOTTOM PROFILE CAN

10 JULY 1962

2030 FIGUREAPPROX 26 DIST I\0 I00 :200 300 400 500 '600 700 8-136 RANGE 13.8 ABOVE RAINY RIVER SCALE* I Inch = 2000 FT.

DETAIL OF SAMPLING RANGE CONCRETE ABUTMENTS :: HOUSE I I I I ' I 1' I LOCATION OF BOTTOM SAMPLES- 0 I

I WHITE FLAG ON STICK

u.9 BOTTOM PROFILE CAN.

lo {ULY 1962

50 :", 1APPROX. DIST. I I I I I I I I 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 FIGURE 27

RANGE 9.3 ABOVE WINTER ROAD RIVER - 8-138 SCALE I inch = 2000 FEET SAMPLING POINT SHOWING TRAP NFT 1 OCATIONS

RANGE

-LOCATION OF BOTTOM SAMPLES

R LONG STEPS

=WN CABIN

BOTTOM PROFILE

LO 2030Of fuRE2d

I I 1 I I I I I I I I APPROX DlST I I I I I I I I 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 I100 1200

Bottom Materials

Bottom materials noted at each sampling range are listed separately for each year in table 68a, b, and c. A number of localities showed differences in bottam materials each year.

In some instances such changes could reflect varying amounts of wood fiber and other materials from year to year. At Station 82.2 L, for example, the dredge apparently could not penetrate wood fiber to reach rocks and gravel in 1960. 1962 was characterized by milch higher river stages than any noted in 1963 and 1961 and patterns of deposit and erosion may have differed. It is reasonable to assume that identical bottom areas were not sampled each year, and some differences may simply reflect varying conditions on different neighboring areas.

Wood fiber exposed by weekly declines in -water level between ranges 82.2 and 77.5 in 1961, soon compacted to the consistency of pulp board and could be lifted £re? of sand and .mu3 in siz.able slabs. Thick accumi~lationsof wood chips were noted along the sides and at the foot of each island that year and atop rock bars down to the vicinity of range 73.0. Depth of such layers varied from several inches to more than three feat.

Battoms of Four Mile Bay and Lake of the Woods proper are described in later sections. Table 68a. ~ottomMaterials Xoted in 1960

Ranqe 89.0 Ranqe 82.2 Ranqe 77.5 Ranqe 73.0 C R L C R L C R L C R

Sand Sand Fiber Bark Bark Fiber Rocks Rocks. Fiber Rocks Rocks and and and Bark Sand Gravel bark Fiber Fiber Sand Fiber

Ranqe 57.0 Ranqe 50.0 Ranqe 39.0 Ranqe 21.2 L C R L C R L C R L C R

Rocks Sand Sand Bark Sand Rocks Rocks 1" Sand Mud Rocks Rocks Rock Mud Some Gravel Fiber Some Fiber Sand Sand Atop Bark Bark Sand

Ranqe 12.5 Ranqe 9.3 Ranqe 1.3 Four Mile Bay L C R L C R W M E

Mud Silt +'' Mud Fiber Fiber Sand Mud Mud Mud Fiber over mud Gravel Coarse Pulp Vege- Vege- Some Pulp Bark . Bark Sand Fiber table table vege- fiber mat mat table Clay Clay fiber

Fiber indicates wood fiber Table 68b. Bottom Materials, Rainy River and Four Mile Bay, 1961

Ranqe 82.2. Ranse 77.5 Ranse 73.0 Ranqe 57.0 L C R L C R L C R L C R

Fiber Bark Rocks Fiber Bark Sand Fiber Fiber Fiber Bark Bark Fiber over and over and over over and over chips and and rocks wood clayey wood marl gravel sand sand over wood wood chips marl chips with and over and sand chips chips over rocks rock clayey clayey mollusk over over sand marl marl shells sand sand

-Ranqe 50.0 Ranqe 39.0 Ranqe- 21.2 Ranqe 12.5 L C R L C R L C R L C R

Bark Bark Fiber Fiber Bark Fiber Fiber Rocks Coarse Fiber Silt Fiber, and over over and and over and gravel over and wood wood gravel sand wood fiber sand bark mollusk mud sand chips. chips chips over over shells and bark over sand mud gravel over clay mud and sand

Ranqe 9.3 Four Mile Bay Oak Point L C R SW C NE

Fiber Fiber Fiber Fiber Fiber Fiber sand over over over over over over vege- sand sand mud mud mud table mat & clay Fiber indicates wood fiber Table 68c. Bottom Materials, Rainy River, P9u2

Range 86.4 Ranqe 82.2 Ra,i~qe 77.5 Range 71.2 C R L C R L C R L C R

Sand Rock Rock Gravel Silt Gravel Rock Rock Rock Sand Gravel Gravel and Sand Sand Sand Bark Bark Gravel Gravel and Sand Sand Clay and and Bark Wood Sand Sand Bark Clay Clay Bark Chips Fiber Bark Bark Bark Wood Chips Fiber Wood Fiber

Ranqe 64.8 Ranqe 53.4 Ranqe 47.4 Range 36.4 L C R L C R L c. R L C R

Gravel Silt Sand Sand Rock Rock Rock Sand . Sand Sand Silt Sand Bark Silt Silt and Bark Silt Clay Fiber Bark Clay Gravel Wood Clay Wood Bark Fiber Wood Fiber Fiber Wood Fiber

Range 21.2 Range .13.8 Ranqe '10.9 Ranqe 9..3

L C R L C R , L , c R L C R.

Silt Rock Rock Sand Sand Rock Sand Sand Rock Sand Sand Roclc Clay and Sand Silt Silt Gravel Silt Wood Gravel Silt Silt Sand Wood Sand and Bark Bark and Natural Fiber Sand Clay Clay and Fiber Clay Wood Wood Clay Fiber Silt Natural Natural Bark Fiber Fiber Bark Na-tural Fiber Fiber Wood Fiber Fiber Bark Bark Wood Wood Fiber Fiber Range 1.3 L C R

Rock Rock Sand Sand Silt Clay Clay Natural Fiber SUSPENDED FIBER AND SLIMES

concentration of Suspended Fiber

Weight of wood fiber recovered from 250 gallons of near surface water pumped and strained at each station in 1961 and

1962 i$ listed in table 69. In 1961, samples were taken at each of three stations on each range, but in 1962, this was done only at ranges 83.3, 82.2, and 77.5. Transects farther downstream are represented by a single sample from midstream (C). Graphic representation of varying quantities in 1960 and 1961 is provided by photographs of the filtered fiber samples in figures 31a, b, c, and d.

In, 1960, all fresh fiber was traced to the paper mill in

International Falls, Minnesota,, and at range 82.2 fiber was recovered only from water near the left bank. In 1961, most fiber still occurred along the left shore at 82.2, but it was also in suspension at center and right. This spread across stream suggested some differences in current paths (flow was lower in 1961) or contribution from the Ontario side. In both

1960 and 1961, fiber concentration was usually greater along the left shore than at center or right. At range 50.0 largest quantities were found at the center in 1961, but in 1960, the Table 69. Milligrams of Fiber Recovered from 250 Gallons of Water - 1961-1962

1961 1961 1962 1962 Station or Field No. Fiber* -Mean Fiber -Mean 83.3 L 83.3 C 83.3 R 82.2 L 82.2 C 82.2 R 77.5 L 77.5 C 77.5 R 73.0 L 73.0 C 73.0 R 71.2 C 64.8 C 57.0 L - 57.0 C 57.0 R 53.4 C 50.0 L 50.0 C 50.0 R 47.4 C 39.0 L 39.0 C 39.0 R 36.4 C 21.2 C 13.8 C 12.3 C 10.9 C 9.3 C 1.3 C NE C SW Oak Point

*None found at '12.3 R & L, and at. 8-a6 PHOTOGRAPHS OF SUSPENDED MATERIAL COLLECTED ON 100 MESH SCREEN FROM 250 GALLONS OF WATER July 18 - 26, 1960

FIGURE 31-A

This distance represents I scaled down to the same vertical dimension Ias the photographs

I BC- 195L(9) I BC- 195M(9) I BC- 195R(9) July 18 - 26, 1960 FIGURE 31-6

I BC- 180M( 10)

This distance represents 111 scaled down to the same vertical dimension Ias the photographs. 4 Mile Bay Sta. A July 6 - 15, 1961 , , FIGURE 31-C July 6 - 15, 1961 FIGURE 31-D

C Four Mile Bay

Oak Point heaviest concentration at that locality was near the left bank.

Cross stream uniformity was attained each year at range 39.0.

Fiber continued to leave suspension as water moved downstream

(table 69).

In 1962 water levels were considerably higher than in either of the two preceding years and downstream distribution of suspended fiber was noticeably at variance (table 69). Contributions entered from the Canadian shore at 83.3, and these discharges must have been the source of a large share of fiber carried along the right bank at 82.2 and 77.5. Heavy concentrations of fiber persisted much farther downstream than in 1960 and 1961. concentration was about 10 times as great at 36.4 in 1962 than it was at 39.0 in 1961. Relative age of the fiber at various localities was not ascertained.

Precipitated fiber may not be expected to remain where it first comes to rest on the bottom. It may be displaced by changing currents, or brought to the surface as.part of a compacted mat broken loose by gas evolution. Floating fiber

"islands" vary in number and size at different seasons, but they are usually broken up and their fibers again dispersed into suspension to settle onto new areas of bottom. Some very large

"islands" may become grounded. Fiber deposits that become dry and compacted upon exposure to air following water level decline often break up into large floating chunks when their bottom area is again inundated. "Islands" of this sort generally endure longer than those lifted by decomposition gases. M3ts of the latter type are quite ephemeral if composed of the finer grades of fiber.

Very large floating mats were observed at range 12.5 in

~ay,1961, but none were noted below 57.0 in summer. In 1960, suspended fiber disappeared below range 39.0, but it persisted in small amounts down to 9.3 in 1961, and to 1.3 in 1962.

Sparseness of the suspended load in reaches below 39.0 (36.4 in 1962) suggests that fiber on the bottom of the lower river and Four Mile Bay is largely carried to those vicinities in floating islands.

Accumulation on Lines

In 1962, vertical distribution of suspended fiber and its possible nuisance effects on sport fishing were studied by measuring its rate of entanglement on fishing lines and the magnitude of its investment of lines at different depths.

Fiber caught on lines generally tended to slip down until it reached some obstruction and was then built up from that point. It would also slip when lines were raised'. Segments of rubber tubing tied on at one foot intervals provided suitable obstructions and allowed estimation of amount of fiber caught on the one foot of string above each (figure 32). Masons twine was used for this purpose. Ten pound test monofilament fishing lines five feet in length, weighted with a #7 sinker, and bearing a terminal l/o Carlisle hook (see figure 33) were used to gain some indication of fiber interference with angling.

Variation with Depth

Qualitative a

Fiber tended to increase in coarseness with depth. Very fine fiber alone- occurred near the surface, and was mixed with coarser materials at greater depths. Thin strips of cambuim and phloem up to six inches in length were recovered just above the bottom.

Quantitative

In the path of the greatest fiber flow (near the left or

U, S, bank) weight of fiber caught on one foot lengths of line increased almost directly with depth (figure 32). The following table shows three-hour catches of fiber from surface to bottom at range 82.2, August 10, 1962: Depth Grams (feet) dry fiber

In areas outside the main path of suspended fiber.flow weight of catches over one foot depths varied up and down with increasing depth. The next table shows quantities caught in three hours at one foot intervals from surface to bottom on the right or Canadian shore, range 82.2, August 13, 1962.

Depth Grams (feet) dry fiber

Most fiber recovered near the Canadian shore appeared to be phloem. It was pinkish in color and adhered well to the line. Fiber caught at different depths (0-8' ) on one-foot line sections, near range 82.2, August 10, 1962.

Figure 32 Accumulation with Time

Weight of fiber caught over various intervals of time on five foot fish line traps at range 82.2 on August 9, was as follows:

Time Submerged Grams fiber caught (dry weight)

15 minutes 30 minutes 1 hour 6 hours 24 hours

The above is shown graphically in figure 33. Decline at 30 minutes seemingly represented an early sluffing that was later consolidated. Some may have dropped off when lines were lifted. Lines down to a depth of five feet are in the area of shorter, finer fibers that are most difficult to catch and hold.

Accumulation with Distance below Mill Area

Amount of fiber caught on standard fish line sets over

24 hours at varied ranges and stations August 8 and 9, 1962, is listed in the following table: Fiber caught on standard fish line sets after varied intervals of time, 15 minutes to 24 hours, near range 82.2, August 10, 1962.

Figure 33 Range.and Station Grams fiber (dry weiqht)

String or fish line catches generally substantiate data acquired with pump and strainer insofar as major flow paths are concerned. Depth distribution indicated by the string method suggests that pumping of near surface waters secures finer grades and minor percentages of the wood fiber load. Rapidity of adherence to monofilament lines indicates that fiber in any concentration is a real nuisance to angling. Its troublesome range extended much farther downstream with higher river stages in 1962. Local residents say line fouling is more severe and more widespread in spring than during other seasons. Annual discharge maxima normally occur in April, May, or June, and it seems reasonable to suspect that the wider range of fiber then is occasioned by higer rates of flow. Slime Growths (Sphaerotilus)

Sphaerotilus develosed conspicuous growths on many snags that could be observed in the upper river in 1962. Because

Sphaerotilus was implicated as being associated with fiber in the fouling of fishing lines,' an experiment was designed to determine the extent of the problem it crea'ted. Standard line sets of five feet of 10 lb. test monofilament line, #7 sinker, and 1/0 Carlisle hook were set in the river. A few Sphaerotilus filaments appeared among the entrapped wood fibers after 24 hours, numerous filaments after 48 hours, and a slimy covering of the entire mass after 72 hours. It did not appear on any \sets made below Manitou Rapids (range - 47 -4) in August 1962, and was not observed on any snags below that vicinity. It occurred throughout August in the upper river and its absence below 47.4 appears more related to river conditions than to seasonal influences.

Relationships of Sphaerotilus growth to freshness of wood fiber have not been ascertained, but old smooth fibers that constitute much,of the suspended load below range 50.0 may lack sphaerotilogenic substances.

Sphaerotilus. filaments occurred in the plankton in 1960,

1961 and 1962 (tables 75, 76, and 79). In 1960 it entered the plankton at range 77.5 and disappeared at range 50. Fresh wood fiber entered at range 82.2 and was lost around range 50.

In 1961 it was slightly more concentrated in the river plankton

in this reach and small numbers were found at all river stations.

In 1962 a marked change occurred.

I Firstly, the numbers were very much greater and secondly, the point of maximum concentration was much further downstream.

It would appear that both of these observations were related to the greatly increased flow in 1962. The numbers were probably greater because of the'turbulence and scouring action of the water which maintained the suspension of both the slime

organism and its associated wood fibers for a greater distance downstream. The point of maximum concentration in the river bears a similar relation to flow with station 73.0 being the peak in 1960 and 1961 and stations 64.8 and 53.4 being the peak in June and August, respectively, in 1962. At times concentration of Sghaerotilus exceeded that of algae in the plankton. Higher stages increased current velocity in 1962 and resultant reduced time of passage lead to development of

Sphaerotilus peaks at greater distances below the mill area. Benthos

Methods

Bottom organisms were collected and/or observed by use of Petterson and Eckman dredges, hand nets, and a Scuba diving rig. In several localities nature of bottom and other features did not allow quantitative estimates (No. per sq. ft.) but in such instances efforts were made to secure representatives of all species present.

1960 Results

Sampling during this summer was limited to collections that could be made with a Petterson dredge. Results appear in table 70.

The Petterson dredge was incapable of sec;ring quantitative samples or any sample at all at eight locations. Samples adjudged suitable for qualitative purposes only have organisms indicated by P in table 70. No organisms were recovered from samples taken at Stations 82.2L, 73.OL, 50.OC, 21.2L, and

12.5R. Bottom materials present at Stations 73.OR, 57.OL, and 50.OR prevented even qualitative dredging.

Reference to the bottom materials list (table 68a) will show that fiber was a major constituent at all stations where organisms were lacking, except 50.OC. This substance was Table 70 RAINY RIVER BENTHOS July 19-26, 1960 No. per Dredge Haul

Range Nema t oda Nematada sp.

1 sp -. -- -. -- -. Neurec--. -- ips-is - . . Table 70 RAINY RIVER BENTHOS July 19-26, 1960 No. per Dredge Haul (Con t inued)

.------

-A-

--*- T,-.--,-

- . . .- .. .- - .- .- .-- - . .-. .- -. .. . - -...... -

0) I Pcn h, Table 70 RAINY RIVER BENTHOS July 19-26, 1960 No. per Dredge Haul (Continued) * t i 89.0 f 82.2 1 -77.5 t 74.0 1 57.0 50.0 / 39.0 1 Range lC1RiCiRjL C RICiR CjR L~L~CR Tr ichoptera I 1 1 I I I ! 1 I I Hydropsychidae 1 1 E I 1 I Hydropsyche betteni 1 I I 1 I 1 i I I 1 I I I I i Molannidae 1 I I I 1 I 1 I I 1 Molanna sp. .- IlL- - \ I I Pi t Leptocer idae ! I I 1 1 Athripsodes sp. I ! I Diptera I 1 Chironomidae I ! Tanypod inae -- I Ta-nypodinae sp 2 I . -- " Pentaneura f la~iifronsgr. kI Bentaneura monilis -2 1 I gr. ------Pentaneura _spa------p - 1 P I Proc lad ius sg . *I - 2 ---1 Anatmnia sp. I -7---.-,--k I Orthoc ladiinae------I r- -' Car~adiusoP_s_cu=ss------3.f ---.-! ---- I 1 Card ioc ladius sp . 2 1 1 I Ch ironominae I , I I I 1 Chironominae sp . 1 I 111 Cryptochironomus fulvus I Cryptochironomus sp. -----Chironomus (Crypto.) paiilis Chironomus (Crypto.) sp. b. -- -- Chironomus (Lauterborniella) 4-.-- t Chironomus (Endo.) nigricans 2 1 Chironomus tentans-plumosus t-- t-- Tanytarsus sp. Ceratopogonidae - Bezzia sp. Mollusca --Gastropods I } - ----V iv_iEariAae C-elm ,-%-I _- __-----_ .--- _1--. - Table 70 RAINY RIVER BENTHOS, July 19-26, 1960

No. per Dredge Haul '

0 I-' I-' OI 1P Table 70 RAINY RIVER BENTHOS July 19-26, 1960 No. per Dredge Haul

. ., - .- .-

--- Unionidae .-,- --" ---.---..--.-- --- Ligumia recta latissima Anadonta grandis Lampsilis silquoidea Table 70 RAINY RIVER BENTHOS July 19-26, 1960 No. per Dredge Haul (Cont inued)

.--.-.---La .--.-.---La

.--.--

I-' I-' 0 0 8-167

\ apparently deleterious to bottom,organisms, at least when it was in a fairly fresh condition. When it underwent some aging and became a firm bottom constituent (e.g. at Station 39.OC)', it seemingly was tolerable to a rather varied assemblage of benthic organisms. Pure sand such as occurred at Station 50.OC is often, although not always, incapable of supporting more than a few widely scattered organisms. Failure.to capture any organisms in the limited number of dredges taken there may hardly be assumed due to any agency other than bottom type. The sand bottom at station 9.3R possessed a varied fauna but. it contained some vegetable fiber. Organisms also occurred in sand at Station 89.0.

The river and lakes contained most groups of benthic animals that could normally be expected on the types of bottom materials sampled. Dragonfly nymphs occurred in only one sample but shed nymphal skins were numerous on the river surface and attached to marginal vegetation, and adults of

Gomphus sp. and Haqenius sp. were common in all river reaches visited. Miscellaneous qualitative samples collected at odd moments yielded the organisms listed below:

Station 89.0

Encrustations on stones

Sponqilla sp. (Probable identity, No geimnules present, All spicules smooth) Emo, Ontario, Boat Landinq

Snails

Heliosoma sp.

Physa sp.

Leeches

Erpobdellidae

Trichoptera (caddis flies)

Leptoceridae

Athripsodes alagmus Ross

Leeches swimming near Stations 18 and 19

Haemopsis grandis (Verrill)

This series of samples suggested that distribution of benthos was largely determined by types of bottom materials.

1961 Results

A Pettersen dredge was used at established stations, supplemented by some hand netting and hand capture in marginal areas.

Qualitative Features

Tubificids occurred at all stations except Oak Point

(table 71). Leeches were taken at all river stations, but seldom at all points across the stream, and were absent only Table 71 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - 1961 (Nos. are per sq. ft .) T----~~;~~------! .I L:C R i i -.-tI --.- i -..-I i I t.. 1 I I . I Nemat oda i i - I - i --.------f . Anne1 ida j i Olinochaeta Tubif icidae

Awicola sp.

Ponto~oreiaaf f inis Table 71 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - 1961 (Nos. are per sq. ft .)

OD I P 4 0 - Table 71 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - 1961 (Nos. are per sq. ft.) (Continued)

Range Insec ta Plec9~tera Per1i-dae Acroneur ia ari&-- -- E~hemeto~tpra Qdvimer idae ------

__Trfchoptera_--- -.- Psych~i_i_dae -NwKs~.G~~As-_sP~~ dk*sPdssl~~~. Oece t ikap_, .-_----.- - _ Hudrop-d~ A-~Dsych Brashycentridae MAc2asemaso. Coleo~tera or) I Elmidae r 4 Du-hia sp. I - 4 r Stenelmis SD. 1 I I I I , 2 I I i 1 I 1 Hal iv1 idae -pH+---I I 1 I 1 Peltodvtes simplex i I Diptera ,;I I I Chironomidae I 1, 335* I rn I Pentaneuria flavifrons ur? I 61 19 5 5. a 1 1 I kvery young :larvae I i I 1.. 1 I I I I I I ;I1 Table 71 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - 1961 (Nos. are per sq. ft.)

12.5 _-- 1 9.3 1 4 yile ~~~ip-k~.j-~~ly,~~,~.~+~~~a Ranne L C i R I L ! C-RI C I SEC~NEIP~.,~ake! Riv. R

! Per 1idae i 1 I I I 1 I 1 I 1 I i I Acroneuria arida 1 I P 1 I I I I Evhemero~tera I 1 I ------7-- Evhemer idae I 1 i-- - - i 1 I -- I I I I i P I P, Caenidae ' I 1 1 IL ----.. c%ae!!&is_- erb ------.----- a 5 12 P Baetidae -- - / 2 Siphlonurus sp, f 1 I ! 1 - Heptaneniidae I I 1 Stenonema ares I I f 12 I ! I S tenonema t ri~uw-ta tum 1 I I I 1 ! I P 1 Neurovtera --.-A- 1 1 1 1 ! 1 I I 1 S ialidae I I I [ 1 J I Sialis infwnata I i1 i 1 131 Trichoptera I 1 1 1 f Ps~chomviidae I 1 I Meurec 1ips is sp . I ! 2 I I I 1 1 I I , Lep tocer idae I I 3 I f 1 Athripsodes dilutus 9 ! 1 1 ! I -1 1 Oecetis sp. I I I 1 Hydropsvchidae I 1 I I f ia I ---- I I Micrasema sp I ! 1 I . I I 1 1 1 i ! I 1 I f L Coleoptera ! 1 Q, 1 E lmidae I ! I ! 1 ! 1 ! i 1 1 I I I Dubiraphia sp. I I 1 i 1 I Ii Stenelmis sp. , iv -- I I 1 I Hal ip1 idae 1 I I I I I I I ! 1 I ! I Peltodytes simplex 1 I P Table 71 . RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - 1961 (Nos. are per sq. ft.)

Chironomidae

Simuliidae Table 71' RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - 1961 (Nos. are per sq. ft.) at NE in Four Mile Bay. No group of Hirudinea appeared restricted to any definite region, but none were found in

fresh pulp. along the left bank above Station. . 73,.,0......

The most common snails, Amnicola and Campeloma, had a distribution that indicated their occurrence throughout the river except in fresh pulp deposits in the immediate area below the paper mills. Physa was found only in.the lower river on more natural organic sediments, and other snails

(Valvata and Ferissia) were too rare to have their distri-3 bution indicated by the number of dredge samples taken. ,

Fingernail clams (Sphaerium, Musculium, Pisidium) were-missing only in fresh .,fiber accumulations along the left bank of the

upper. .river. and at Oak. , Point. . Naiads - (large clams... or 'mussels) were recovered infrequently, but sampling procedures were inadequate to afford more than accidental inclusion of this group.

Amphipods were secured only in the lower river and in

Four Mile Bay. It is assumed that Pontoporeia migrated to

Oak Point from the main body of Lake of the Woods (see below).

Scuds were restricted to the same regions in 1960, and it seems reasonable to assume that they are unable to contend with fresher pulp and/or other pollutional factors. Isopods also appeared to be adversely affected by paper mill pollutants in

1961, but they occurred in areas with such materials in 1960

(see discussion below). Because.of the dredging techniques used in 1960, Crayfish escaped observation, but were noted in hand collections taken at intervals below Station 77.5 in 1961,

It was possible to capture or observe them only near shore or on rock bars closely approaching the surface. They were seen only clean rocky bottom.

~exaqenia,the most abundant mayfly in the river, avoided fresh pulp deposits, but was seemingly not adversely affected by wood fiber that had aged somewhat, This species burrows into soft bottoms. Caenis was also tolerant of some rather fresh fiber,, but other Ephemeroptera were found only near banks or on more natural organic deposits. Caddis fly larvae also avoided areas with fresh pulp fiber.

Most groups of midges (Chironomidae) acted independently.

The subgenus Endochironomus and Cryptochironomus disitatus were the only herbivorous or detritus feeding forms occupying fresh or fairly fresh pulp fiber; however, they were preyed upon by both Pentaneuria and Anatopvnia at all such localities except 82.2. All other midges avoided fresh fiber; but forms found in fresh pulp also occurred in many other areas, Other

Diptera were relatively rare, and they were not recovered from bottom covered with fresh fiber.

The mayfly fauna of Rainy River was rather limited in variety and no stone flies were found, although they could have been secured with available means at a number of localities with apparently favorable environments. They (Acroneuria arida) were captured a short distance up the Little Fork River on logs and other pieces of wood that appeared no different from similar materials in the Rainy River.

Forms most tolerant of organic, including wood pulp, pollution in the Rainy River appeared to be Tubificidae, various leeches, snails (Arnnicola and Campeloma), fingernail clams, and Chironomidae, particularly members of the subgenus C.

(Endochironomus) and their predators, Pentaneuria and Anatopynia.

At this time stations with only these kinds of organisms (82.2L1

82.2C, 77.5C, 77.5R, 73.OC, 57.OC, 50.OC, 21.2L, 21.2R, 12,5L,

12.5R, 9,3L) are assumed to designate areas affected by some limiting factors. Ranges 82.2 and 77.5 apparently suffered from their propinquity to the waste sources and other areas seemed to be at the mercy of current paths. However, limitations imposed upon benthic variety did not seem too closely tied in with suspended fiber load, partic~larlyat Stations 73. OC and

57.OC. This was also true at 12.5 and 9.3, where suspended fiber was found only at stream center.

Quantitative Features

Organisms were found at all sites where dredging or hand capture was possible (table 76); in 1960 no forms of life were taken at 82-21;, 73.OL, 50.OC, and 12.5R. Dredging was carried out in 1961 at 73.OR, 57.OL, and 50.0Rl where it was not possible in 1960, and it appears that closely adjacent but different areas of bottom were sampled at these localities each year. Some additional deposit may have thickened upper layers. No organisms occurred on areas that were exposed by the regulated weekend declines in water level.

Regions yielding no benthic organisms in 1960 had varied groups and concentrations in 1961. At 82.2L and 12.5R only sludge worms and midge larvae were found; at 50.OC these two groups were joined by fingernail clams, but a rather varied population resided at 73.OL. A qualitative sample near the bank at 12.5R showed considerably more variety than the dredge 8-179 sample several yards offshore. Some differences noted between

1960 and 1961 results may simply reflect conditions on neighboring, not identical, bottom, areas.

Table 71 indicates forms recovered and concentration of individual groups at each station. It may be noted that all of the major groups (tubificids, leeches, snails, fingernail clams-, amphipods (scuds), isopods (sow bugs), Hexagenia, and chironomids) attained their heavier concentrations in areas where some wood fiber or bark was present, except leeches and fingernail clams at 12.5C, where sand and gravel were the major bottom constituents. Fiber per se seemed to have no marked deleterious effects upon concentration of the major groups after it aged in the river environment.

Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the benthos may seem somewhat contradictory in denoting pollutional effects in 1961. Denser concentrations of most organisms except

Tubificidae occurred toward the right shore or near the stream center, and distribution of suspended fiber indicated that pollution most affected the region near the left bank, Caddis flies, which are generally intolerant .of organic contamination, were not found above Range 57.0, Amphipods, all mayflies except

Hexagenia, and crayfish occurred only at right or center. These facts are all in agreement in indicating concentration of deleterious pollutional influences along the left bank.

However, there was a more varied fauna near the left bank than at center at ranges 73.0 and 50.0, and more forms were recovered from the left than at right or center at range 57.0.

Most suspended fiber passed near the left bank at 73.0 and 57.0, but its concentration was greatest in the center at 50.0. Fiber and/or bark deposits were on the bottom in all dredged areas except 82.2R, 77.5R, 21.2C8 21.2R, and 12.5C. Fiber occurred with gravel and rock at 73.OC, with sand at 75.OL, and bark and wood chips invested clay and sand at 50.OL.

Groups considered most tolerant of organic pollution

(Tubificidae, leeches snails, fingernail clams, and certain midge larvae) were alone represented at a number of stations, but they were not associated with any discernible pollutional elements at some of these localities, and such faunistic limitations were not always confined to areas near the left bank (table 72). Reference to tables 68b and 72 will indicate that varied bottom faunas were associated with most of the bottom types listed for the supposedly more tolerant forms in table 72. Table '72. Sites With Only "Pollutional" Tolerant Organisms (Tubificidae, Leeches, Snails, Sphaeriidae, Chironomidae)

Locality Type of Bottom

Fiber over rocks

Bark and wood chips

Bark and wood chips over sand

Sand over marl with rocks - -. Fiber over sand and clayey marl

Bark and wood chips over sand

Bark over gravel

Fiber and bark over mud

Gravel and mollusk shells

Fiber over mud and gravel

Fiber, woodchips, bark over mud

9.3L Fiber over vegetable mat and clay

Concentration of organisms (table 72), particularly those

most tolerant of organic pollutants, was more in line with

observations on the downstream course of pulp mill wastes.

Tubificids, with only one exception (range 9.3), were always

more numerous on the left than near right or center at stations

where any appreciable numbers occurred. However, at some places

on the left they were part of a varied fauna, and at others they were associated only with other tolerant forms.

1962 Results

Organisms were collected with Pettersen and Eckman dredges, by hand net and by hand in shallows by wading and in deeper areas by diving with Scuba equipment. The latter method uncovered organisms not previously noted and extended the range of observations on habits and abundance of important types. Two sampling runs were carried out: one covering the period June 19 - July 17, and the other between July 23 and

August 6, inclusive.

Qualitative Features

Additional forms noted in 1962 may be noted by reference to tables 73 and 74. Of particular interest in the one species of stonefly (Pteronarcys sp.) recovered at mile 63.8 and additional mayflies (Ephemerella, Pseudocloeon, Brachycercus,

Stenonema, Leptophlebia, etc.) that were taken at various localities in Rainy River. Greater dilution of wastes provided by 'higher discharges apparently allowed establishment of these forms in areas where they were unable to exist in 1960 and

1961. The fairy shrimp (Caenestheriella) was collected with methods used in 1960 and 1961 and must be assumed tolerant of conditions existing in the river in June 1962. It occurred only in Rainy Lake in August 1962. Some species of caddis flies were recovered only through use of the Scuba gear. The majority of organisms avoided fresh wood fiber deposits that occurred on the bottom of the left and center areas of ranges 82.2 to 77.5.

Quantitative Features

Concentrations attained in 1962 were generally lower than those noted in 1960 and 1961, even for organisms that were most tolerant of fresh fiber and other waste materials (tables 73 and 74). ~eclineof the groups that appeared most tolerant of the pollutants in 1960 and 1961 may have been occasioned by dilution of waste products, greater bottom erosion, or both.

Crayfish (Orconectes virilis) were observed in great numbers in 1962. They collected in large numbers on and in trap nets set for fishes, and were noted in abundance over wide bottom areas by Scuba divers. Yet they were recovered rarely by dredging. It was more difficult to secure quantitative samples in 1962, as may be noted by the number of P columns in tables 73 and 74.

1962 collections substantiated distributional patterns and relative concentrations noted the two previous years. Higher stages resulted in some sampling of bottom areas that were above Table 73 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - June 19- July 17, 1962

P 22 10

-1 I -1 1 idae mobdella punctata Ne-sis obscura uf=+@&?p,,Bissv. Glossivhoni idae - I I j - Placobdella mont ifera ip! i Placobdella oarasit ica I .5 Glossi~honiacomplanata ! 1 3.5 Helobdella stannalis P I I '0.7 .5 I Helobdella nepheloidea I I I I Batrachobdella paludosa !P ! I I I ' Hirudidae I Haemopsis grandis 1 1 I P - - I I ARTHROPODA I I 1 Crus tacea I 1 . Chonchostraca - Caenestheriidae Caenestheriella setosa 1 = - . ' Isopoda Aaell idae ------I I j Asellus militaris P P --P!Pi j

Amph ipoda I , Talitridae I Hyalella azteca P P IP i ! Decapoda - -- I I * Cambar idae -- -- Table 73,'

RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS WYSES.- June 19-July 17, 1962 Cont hued . . able 73 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - June 19-July 17, 1962 Table 73 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - June 19-July 17, 1962 Continued ange 36.4 21.2 13.8 * 10.9 9.3 1.3 \ Station L ~RC R L' c L !LC R . L~LC,~RC'R. LCR~R s L~LC .Date 1p July 17 July lb Ju.1. 5 JU~V 5 ~dlv 28 ~dne Insecta I I 1.

I I 1 I I Caenis sp. . I P Bphemerella temporalis I 1 PP I Bae t isc idae I -A--. .- Baetisca obeaa . 1 I - Odona t a 1 I I I Gomph idae I P I Gomphus sp. 0.7 P 2.1 PPP Lest idae I --- Lestes sp. n P leidae I Plea striola I P Nepidae I I I Belos tamat idae 1 I 1 I Belostoma SD. I I I I. I I I 1 - - Trichoptera I I ! -1 I 1 Psychomy iidae 1 - - Polycentropus sp. I P Neureclipsis sp. t I -.-- Phylocentropus placidus (P I I I Hvdro~svchidae 1 I I I I i I - . . I I 1 1 I I 1 I Cheumatopsyche sp. I I P Hydropsyche hageni P S" Hydropsyche transversus I I - I-' Hydropsyche orris a I I I I 4 Phvlocentro~usSD. I I I I I I I I1 I I I I 1 1.1 I 1 I I I I I I1 I 1 I 1 I ! I I I 1 1 Leptocer idae I 1I I -1 Table 73 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES-- June 19tJuly 17, 1962 Cont inued

CG I r CO a2 -Table .73 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTEIOS.~~~YSESJune 19-July 17; 1962 . . Cont i;nued

. .. Table 73 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - June 19- July 17, 1962 Cont inued

LEGEND

X=EblCh L = Left / = Little LC = Left of Center numerals = number C = Center per square foot RC = Right of Center P = Present, but R = Right unable to measure S = Shoreline quantitatively Table 73 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - June 19- July 17, 1962 . Continued

.. .. -.-. ---- .--. -. .- -- -. --- . . .-. . -. -

LEGEND

X = Much L = Left / = Little LC = Left of Center numerals = number C = Center per square foot RC = Right of Center P = Present, but l? = Right unable to measure S = Shoreline quantit-atively

I-' \S) I-' Table 74 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - July 23-August 6, 1962 Table 74 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - July 23-August 6, 1962 Table 74 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - July 23-August 6, 1962 Cont inued

, -7 Table 74 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL EEY:'I',i1S ANALYSES - July 23. .'.;t~;ust 6, 1962 Table 74 RAINY FIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - July 23-August 6, 1962

9" aP 0 Table 74 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BEIU'THOS ANALYSES - July 23-August 6, 1962 Table 74 RAINY RIVER INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - July 23-August 6, 1962 Cont inued

LEGEND: numbers = lo./ft 2 C = Center P = present, but unable Cr= Center, right to Dcealsure quant i tatively C1= Center, left pk= Upstream from sewers RCl= Right of Center, L 5 Left left channe 1 L1= Left of left channel RC = Right of Center LB= Left Bank RB = Right Bank LC* Left of Center R = Right LD = Left, downstream R1= Right of left channel LU = Left, upstream S = Shoreline water level in 1960 and 1961, and it must be assumed that such recently populated areas contributed to the general impression

of lower nunibers.

--PliANrnON Plankton enumerations were made from sampiies taken from

the Rainy FtLver and some tributaries during the summers of

1960, 1961, and 1962. The counts made include all algae forms and zooplankton, together with a quantitative enumeration of

the suspended filaments of the bacteria Sphaerotilus.

The most comprehensive plankton investigation was made during the summer of 1962 when two series of samples were taken.

METHODS

Samples for plankton -counts were collected in 50 ml glass vials and preserved with formalin. Direct counts were made using unconcentrated water samples in a one ml standard

Sedgewick Rafter Counting cell. Following the addition of the aliquot to the counting cell, 10 minutes were allowed for the algae to stabilize before counting began. Enumeration was made by identifying, measuring and counting organisms in one half of the volume of the counting cell. In 1962, numbers of Chlorella were estimated from a random count of 10 fields. No count of this minute form was made in the preceeding years,

The results are reported according to the following unit system: filamentous species, - 100 microns equal to one unit; .colonial forms - 400 square microns equal to one unit; individual cells or small clusters equal to one unit. -1960 Analysis of unconcentrated samples is reported in table 75.

Diatoms originating in Rainy Lake showed little reaction to river conditions until they reached Station 21.2, where they declined noticeably. ~sterionellahad a marked increase at

Station 9.3 that suggests response to nutrients contained in wastes discharged at Baudette, Minnesota, and Rainy River,

Ontario. However, other groups were not so affected. Diatom decline in Lake of the Woods could represent dilution, marked change in habitat, etc. It is not considered unusual or particularly noteworthy.

Certain groups of blue-green algae (~phanothece,Anacystis) that attained considerable density in Rainy River and Lake of the Woods did not occur in Rainy Lake. They were.also absent at ranges 39.0 and 21.2 and their spotty distribution may simply reflect inadequacies of a single sampling run. Growth of the bacterium Sphaerotilus was. apparently triggered by Table 75 RAINY RIVER PLANK'IUW - 1960 Unconcentrated Samples Table 75 RAINY RIVER PLANKTON - 1960 Unconcentrated Samples No. per ml.

ADDITIONAL GRWPS NOTED IN NET CONCENTRATES entrance of the paper mill wastes. It disappeared in the same general region in which suspended pulp fiber was lost.

Total concentration was markedly reduced by the absence of bluegreens at Stations 39.0 and 21.2 and increased by them at ranges 50, 9.3, and 1.3. Variation in number of groups was not beyond the normal range to be expected with this system of analysis, except possibly at ranges 39.0 and 11.3. However, since blue-green algae were absent at 39.0 and well represented at 9.3, these differences may also be due to chance. -1961 Organisms observed and their concentrations at various .- stations appear in table 76. Left, center, and right samples were analyzed separately from Stations 82.2 to 57.0, but were mixed to form cross-sectional composites for all others.

Identification was to genus with one exception--Stephanodiscus and Cyclotella were grouped together. Plankton collections in the upper and lower ends of the river were made in early July, but those for central ranges (57.0, 50.0, 39.0, and 21.2) were deferred until late July and early August. Rainy Lake (range 89.0) was sampled August 15 and Four Mile Bay, July 10.

Total plankton concentration increased progressively from range 82.2 to range 73.0. Blue-green algae multiplied rather Table 76 RAINY RIVER PUUSICM)W - 1961 Unconcentrated Samples Table 76 RAINY RIVER PLANKTON - 1961 Unconcentrated Samples Nn ner ml.

Unknown rotifer I I I 2 1 I 0. r ml 134 124 76 1101 179 194 234 218 2651 150: 191 841 1681 98 106 119 26 1 217 205 El :o. 5 Genera 18 . 15 6 101 14 15 15 13 161 171 15. 161 141 18 18 20 19 20 20 *Count Based on a wan areal value equal to a square with sides of 49 u *Count Based on a mean areal value equal to a square with sides of 47 u gradually; green algae had a more rapid rise to range 73.0.

Diatoms showed the greatest proliferation in this region.

Planktonic growth in this area was believed to be the

result of nutrient increases supplied in mill wastes and

sewage. In order to determine the extent of such influences

a sample series proceeding downstream in chronological order

was recommended for 1962.

Tributaries (table 77) had less varied planktons than

the main stem, but concentrations were not noticeably lower

except in Little Fork River. A few collections were made to - evaluate vertical differences in composition and concentration

of plankton and results are listed in table 78 .along with

surface analyses at Station 77.5. . These data are included

for reference only.

I -1962 Two series of plankton samples were taken from the Rainy

River and one from the tributary streams in 1962. The samples

from the June run were obtained over a three-day period while

the August series was collected on the same day.

Diatoms were again found to be the dominant algal flora

in the river and blue-green genera, the next most important in Table 77. Plankton in Tributaries to Rainy River - 1961 Unconcentrated Samples No. per ml

Little Silver Baudette Winter Road 2nd Creek Streams------Fork Creek River River August 15 July 20 July 24 August 14 August 14 1961 - 1961 1961 1961 1961 Green Algae Sphaerocystis 2 Volvocales unknown 4 6 6 10 4 Oocystis 8 10 8 Ankistrodesmus ---6 4 12 8 Scenedesmus 4 2 Coelastrum I--- 2 1 Actinastrum I Kirchneriella --- 4 - - Pediastrum --I - 2 Chlamydomonas 2 - -unknown (~lvella?1 j 1 ---Total Green ~lgae/ml 4 32 2.1 34 16 I t Yellow-Green Algae I Diatoms 2 14 20 --- 4 2 10 14 14 - PP 30 24 Stephanodiscus- I Cyclotella 2 4 I - 8 Cocconeis 2 -- Fragiiaria 2 1 P leurosigma 4 Navicula 8 2 1 Total ~iatoms/ml 26 132 1- 55 76 ' 26 Dinoflagellata Mallomonas 2 Dinobryon .4 Table 77. Cont 'd. Little Silver Baudette Winter Road 2nd Creek Streams------Pork Creek River River August 15 July 20 July 24 August 14 August 14 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961

Blue-Green Alqae Anacystis 5 8 18 28 32 Aphanothece 4 10 Aqmenellum 4 1 4 Anabaena (100 u units) 6 3 Aphanizomenon I I 230 Gomphosphaeria I 2 1 4 4 2 Chroococcus 4 2 4 12 Gleotrichia 4 2 1 Nostoc 2 I i Total ~lue-~reen/ml 13 24 ' 29 1 52 276 Protozoa Actinophrys 2 I 6 Pseudo-diffluqia 2 4 Codonella I 1 2 Polyarthra 4 ------! I Total orqanisms/ml, .43 192 109 172 1326

Total No. of Gene 21 14 18 18 I I Table 78 Comparative Algae Counts - Surface and Bottom No, per ml . Rainy River 1961 Table 78 Cornparat ive Algae Counts - Surface and Bottom No. per ml. Rainy River 1961 numbers, Green algae and other misc$llaneous organisms were of lesser importance. The following table illustrates the relative importance of the various groups in terms of unit numbers.

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF PLANKTON - ' RAINY RIVER 196'2

JUNE AUGUST

Diatoms 49 49

Green 20 12

Miscellaneous 6 '. 2

The algal count in August, 1962 was double that found in

June (tables 79a and b).

A total of 57 genera were identigied from samples collected in 1962. The nuniber of genera found $n the counts from individual stations varied between 17 and 26 in June and 21 and 31 in

August. An examination of the data does not indicate either a reduction in the total nunibers of genera found nor the serious reduction of any specific forms below the dam.

.. I Samples from five tributary strews were sampled coinci- dentally with the June run (table 80). The total counts varied Table 79a RAINY RIVER PLANKTON June 27, 28, 29, 1962 Unconcentrated Samples - No. per ml Station Mileage---+ 86.4 82.2 77.5 71.2 64.8 60.2 53.4 36.4 28.1 21.2 13.8 10.9 9.3 1.3 Green Algae Ankistrodesmus 24 18 10 22 16 8 32 36 34 44 22 10 24 24 Chlamydomonas 18 8 6 Q~lorococcum 2 2 6 8 Closterium 6 2 Cruc igenia 2 4 8 6 Dic tyosphaerium 2 Franceia 2 Golenkinia 6 2 Kirchneriella 4 6 Lagerheimia 4 2 2 Micratinium 2 2 Microspora** 2 6 Oocys tis 4 8 8 12 6 4 10 4 12 6 Pediastrum 2 2 2 Scenedesmus 2 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 2 2 8 6 4 Schroederia 6 2 6 6 10 16 24 18 10 16 22 28 24 26 Selenastrum ? 6 8 Sphaerocyst is 2 Treubaria 4 6 Ulvella 2 2 2 6 4 2 2 Unknoim (filament )** 2 Volvocales (unknown) 2 6 8 12 8 4 8 12 4 12 12 6 8 6 Total Green Algae/ml 40 34 5 6 60 72 54 98 88 68 9 2 72 66 78 68

Yellow- Green Algae Diatoms Asterionella 16 18 10 18 22 18 12 14 18 28 22 28 22 24 (P Cymbella 2 2 tu Fragilaria 2 4 6 6 4 NI-' Gomphonema 2 Table 79a RAINY RIVER PLANKTON June 27, 28, 29, 1962 Unconcentrated Samples - No. per ml (Continued)

Station Mileage---* 86.4 82.2 77.5 71.2 64.8 60.2 -53.4 36.4 28.1 21.2 13.8 10.9 9.3 1.3 Yellow- Green Algae (Cont ' d) - - Melosira** Navicula Nitzschia Rhizosolenia Stephanodiscus- Cyclotella Synedra Tabellaria Total ~iatoms/ml

Chrysophyceae ~inobryon in of lagellata unknown

Euglenophy t a Euglena

Blue-Green Algae ~riabaena * *

~nac~stis***' Agmene 1lum Aphanizomenon** Aphanothece*" Chroococcus Coccochloris Gomphosphaeria Oscillatoria** Total Blue-Green Algae/ml Table 79a RAINY RIVER PLANKTON ~une'27, 28, 29, 1962 Unconcentrated Samples - No. per ml (Continued) Station Milease 486.4 82.2 77.5 71.2 64.8 60.2 53.4 36.4 28.1 21.2 13.8 10.9 9.3 1.3 Protozoa Rhizopoda Pseudodifflugia 2 8 4 2 2 Ac tinopoda Ac tinophrys 4 Zooflagellates Unknown 2 Ciliata Halteria 2 4 2 8 8 2 2 6 Unknown 2 Vorticella

Rotatoria Anuraea Keratella Polyarthra Unknown

Total No. per ml 306 241 201 309 439 304 486 402 344 306 317 340 346 433 Chlorella~** 1,459 1,483 1,406 845 590 1,094 1,853 586 566 758 706 163 202 211 Total No. of Genera 23 20 21 20 24 24 26 19 26 23 22 21 22 17 Bacteria: . ** Sphaerotilus**** 0 146 37 64 243 120 498 218 98 190 243 141 117 113

* Note 1 - Chlorella included in total no. of genera but not in total no./ml. Chlorella per rnl based on No. in 10 fields a, ** Note 2 - Count based on 1 unit = 100 microns I tu *** Note 3 - Count based on 1 areal unit = 400 sq. microns P **** Note 4 - Sphaerotilus not included in total no. of genera or in total no/ml P Note 5 - Total count psr ml based on % cell count Table 79b RAINY RIVER PLANKTON August 24, 1962 Unconcentrated Samples - No. per rnl

Station Mileage+83.3a 83.3 83.3 82.2 82.2 82.2 77.5 77.5 77.5 71.2 64.8 53.4 47.4 36.4 13.8 10.9 9.3 1.3 U. S. Mid. Can. U. S.Mid. Can. U. S.Mid. Can. Green Algae Ankistrodesmus 8 20 12 8 20 12 14 14 26 10 18 Chlamydomonas 14 14 10 6 12 6 12 14 12 6 Chlorococcum 2 Closterium 4 Crucigenia 4 2 4 2 6 Cosmarium Dictyosphaerium 6 2 2 2 Gloeocystis Kirchneriella 4 Lagerhe imia 2 ~icratin=>m 4 2 Oocystis 4 2 20 6 14 6 12 4 8 8 Pediastrum 2 Scenedesmus 14 2 8 2 4 2 4 2 Schroederia 2 12 8 6 4 14 16 12 12 4 8 Selenastrum 2 2 Staurastrum 2 2 Ulvella 2 2 2 Unknown 2 4 2 2 Unknown (filament) Volvocales (unknown) 4 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 6 4 TotalGreenAlgae/m142 68 64 38 56 56 58 70 76 46 54

Yellow-Green Algae Diatoms Asterionella 22 16 16 24 30 22 26 28 20 42 32 26 .22 40 40 22 42 26 Cymbella 2 Diatoma 2 2 2 8 Fragilaria 8 4 4 10 8 644 Y Table 79b RAINY RIVER PLANKTON August 24, 1962 Unconcentrated Samples - No. per ml (continued)

Station Mileage383.3a 83.3 83.3 82.2 82.2 82.2 77.5 77.5 77.5 71.2 64.8 53.4 47.4 36.4 13.8 10.9 9.3 1.3 U.S. Mid. Can. U.S. Mid. Can. U.S. Mid. Can. Yellow- Green Algae (Cont ' d ) Melosira ** 230 138 126 214 128 139 181 158 232 250 221 138 157 222 170 203 161 139 Navicula 2 6 2 2 2 18 4 8 6 6 2 8 14. Nitzschia 2 2 4 6 4 4 Rhizosolenia 6 2 2 8 20 12 8 6 8 18 2 6 8 4 484 Stephanodiscus- 8 14 6 8 14 10 18 14 16 4 10 6 10 18 10 8 10 12 Cyclotella Tabellaria 18 28 14 14 12 2 8 16 18 18 10 14 14 6 8 18 16 16 Synedra 32 52 32 26 36 58 36 30 32 50 38 24 46 52 54 48 46 48 Total ~iatoms/ml 322 258 196 300 240 243 279 268 328 400 321 216 265 362 302 315 303 263 Chrysophyceae Dinobryon 12 6 8 14 8 10 2 4 8 6 4 10 8 10 10 6 6 Mallomonas 4 2 Dinoflagellata Cera tium 2 2 Peridinium 2 2 2 Blue- Green Algae .Anabaena ** Anacystis *** 32 Agmenellum 4 Aphanizomenon ** Aphanothece *** Chroococcus 4 Gomphosphaeria 2 Oscillatoria ** Total Blue-Green ~lgae/ml 42 Table 79b RAIJY'Y RIVER PLANKTON August 24, 1962 Unconcentrated Samples - No. per ml (Continued) Station Mileage483.3a 83.3 83.3 82.2 82.2 82.2 77.5 77.5 77.5 71.2 64.8 53.4 47.4 36.4 13.8 10.9 9.3 1.3 U.S. Mid. Can. U.S. Mid. Can. U.S. Mid. Can. protozoa Rhizopoda Diff lugia 2 Pseudodifflugia 4 2 4 4 4 10 4 4 2 Ciliata Glaucoma Halteria Unknown Vorticella Rotatoria Polyarthra Total No. per ml 410 523 304 490 454 400 524 471 651 755 613 414 730 721 662 691 926 925 ~hlorella~** 2, 064 2,467 2,064 3,120 2,419 2,630 2,688 3,859 3,206 3,638 5A14 3,019 2,957 2,995 2J55 3,926 3,960 2,986 Total No. of Genera 25 20 19 23 24 23 23 25 28 24 24 22 26 24 30 31 31 30 Bacteria ** Sphaerotilus**** 13 53 42 8 46 168 168 155 424 870 728 400 408 61 18 11

* Note 1 - Chlorella included in total no. of genera but not in total no/ml. Chlorella per ml based on no. in 10 fields ** Note 2 - Count based on 1 unit = 100 microns *** Note 3 - Count based on 1 areal unit = 400 sq. microns **** Note 4 - Sphaerotilus not included in total no. of genera or in total no/ml Note 5 - Total count per ml based on $ cell count Table 80 PLANKTON IN TRIBUTARIES TO R\INY RIVER Unconcentrated Samples - No. per ml June 27, 28, 29, 1962

Stream Mileage 70.8 63.8 60.1 19.9 12.2 7.8 L. Fork R. B. Fork R. Black R. Rapid R. Baud. R. W. Road R. Green Algae Ankistrodesmus 2 10 4 22 28 24 Actinastrum 2 Botryococcis 24 Chlamydomonas 8 Closterium 4 Cruc igenia 4 12 Desmidium 4 Kirchneriella 6 Micrasteria Oocystis 2 4 2 6 Pandorina 2 Scenedesmus 6 18 4 8 6 Schroederia 2 4 10 38 Selenastrum 6 Ulothrix** 2 Ulvella 6 Unknown 6 Volvocales 4 8 2 8 20 (unknown) Total Green Algae/ml 24 74 12 48 126 82 Yellow- Green Algae Diatoms Asterionella 2 Cocconeis Cymbella Diatoma Fragilaria Gomphonema Melosira** Navicula 4 Nitzschia Rhizosolenia Stephanodiscus- Cyclotella Synedra 24 Tabellaria 4 Total DLatoms/ml 34 Chrysophysceae Dinobryon 2 ~uglenophyta Euglena Table 80 PLANKTON IN TRIBUTARIES TO RAINY RIVER Unconcentrated Samples - No. per ml June 27, 28, 29, 1962 (Continued)

Stream Mileage- 70.8 63.8 60.1 19.9 12.2 7.8 L. Fork R. B. Fork R. Black R. Rapid R. Baud. R. W. Road R. Blue- Green Algae Agmenellum 4 Anabaena** 3 Anacystis*** 64 144 64 129 128 Oscillatoria** 3 rota1 Blue-Green 64 148 3 64 132 128 ~l gae/ml Protozoa Rhizopoda Pseudodifflugia 8 16 Actinopoda Actinophrys 16 Ciliata Halteria 4 2 Unknown 2 4 6

Total No. per ml

Total No. of Genera 14 Bacteria ** Sphaerotilus****

* Note 1 - Chlorella included in total no. of genera but not in total no/ml Chlorella per ml based on no. in 10 fields ** Note 2 - Count based on 1 unit = 100 microns *** Note 3 - Count based on 1 areal unit = 400 sq. microns **** Note 4 - Sphaerotilus not included in total no. of genera or in tctal no/ml Note 5 - Total count per ml based on % cell count from 65 to 549 units per ml and the number of genera from 7 to 28. There was only one tributary having a population significantly greater in unit numbers and genera than Rainy

River. This was the Baudette River which is enriched by domestic wastes from the Town of Baudette.

Summary of Plankton Observations

Diatoms contributed the greatest number of organisms to the summer algae population of the Rainy River. The blue- green algae were ,next in importance followed by green algal forms. In the numbers of genera the green algae provided the greatest diversity to the plankton counts.

There appeared to be a pattern of algae population developed in the river. The lowest population in the river occurred in the first few miles below the Dam. Whether this effect was due to pollution has not been definitely determined.

Samples taken in June, 1962 would indicate this, but as no sample was taken above the dam in August, the observation was not verified in that year. The results in 1960 and perhaps 1961, also indicate some reduction below the dam. Following the initial low immediately below the dam an increase in algae numbers was observed in all years at or following Station 77.5.

This pulse of algae was evident for a distance of 10 to 20 miles

.. . and varied from year to year. The first pulse was followed by a second low and a second rise which tapered off to the Baudette area. Here a third pulse developed which continued to the mouth of the river at Four Mile Bay. While this pattern was not exactly consistent, a similar trend was shown in the algae counts each year.

On the basis of the figures obtained in 1962, there appears to be a seasonal variation in numbers as the algae population in August was double the population in June.

Tributary streams will be unlikely to significantly alter the algal flora of the river as the genera were similar and their nurcibers in most cases were equal or less than Rainy

River proper.

The algae in the Rainy River do not create any observed or reported nuisance problems. FISHES

A fishery survey of the Rainy River between International

Falls and Lake of the Woods was conducted in the months of June,

July, August, and September, 1962, by personnel of the Minnesota

Department of Conservation and the Ontario Water Resources

Commission. The river was examined at nine different stations

during two separate periods of the summer season. Each station

was visite-d twice at intervals of approximately six weeks.

Conduct of the Survey

High and fluctuating water levels, combined with turbidity

and wood fiber load in the water, posed special problems in

sampling. Various' types of gear, including gill nets, trammel

nets, towed trawls, electrical fishing gear, trap nets, and

seines, were tried. Large numbers of snags in the bottom and

wood fiber load in the water made it impractical to use any I 1 type of gear except trap nets and seines for the greater part I of the sampling program. Electrofishing gear was used at ranges 82.2, 77.5, and 71.2. Some success was achieved, but

because the gear proved too selective, it was not used at

other stations.

Trap nets were used for sampling larger fish. They con-

sisted of standard trap pockets attached by rope to the shore with 50-foot leads extending downstream. Trap nets were

fished at depths varying from three to 10 feet and were

lifted each day.

Wood fiber accumulation on the trap nets hampered fish-

sampling operations throughout the survey. It was necessary

to clean the nets periodically by vigorously shaking the webbing and by brushing the nets with a stiff scrub brush.

Water force from a jet-type outboard motor was also used to

dislodge the collected material.

Interfering deposits on the webbing were most severe

in the Rainy River above the Sault Rapids. At ranges below

the Sault the accumulation of fiber was reduced. Nets set

along the American shore in the fish-sampling area of range 82.2 were most heavily fouled with fiber. Such deposits were not

a problem on trap nets fished in tributary streams.

Young of the year and small fish species were sampled with 30- foot quarter-inch-mesh bag seines from the shore.

High water levels in many cases made it necessary to lay the

seine from a boat.

SAMPLING SCHEDULES

Nine stations were sampled during three- to five-day periods on various days (table 81). The number of trapnet Table 81. Fish-samplingstationsin the Rainy-River and dates of sampling periods, and number of sets.

Approximate Station raage Dates sampled Number Net- Sets Period 1 Period 2 Period 1 Period. 2

Below Mando Hill 82.2 June 18-20 August 6-9 -- 21

International Falls Golf Course 77.5 June 21-22 August 9-15 -- 24

Mouth of Little Fork River 71.2 --June 26-28 August 15-21 4 24

Mouth of Biq Fork Rixer 64.8 ,.-Jul_y_ - 2- 5 August 21-24 18 24

Below Manitou Rapids 47.4 -JuleX_S-11 August 27-29 22 16

Sault Rapids 36.4 July 11-17 August 29-31 24 16

Mouth of Rapid River' 21.2 July 17-20 September 3-5 24 16

Mouth of Winter Road River 9.3 July 23-27 September 5-7 29 16

Wheeler ' s Point 1.3 August 1-4 September 8-10 24 24 sets at each station varied from 16 to 29. Physical characteristics of the river at different stations varied somewhat in accordance with contour of the river bottom and bottom soil types. Extreme high water during a portion of the survey period made it impractical to sample in some areas at the various stations which would normally have been accessible at low water.

Results

A total of 44 species of fish was taken in trap nets and minnow seines at the nine stations in .the Rainy River and the four substations in tributary river mouths -- 25 species only in shore seines, eight species in both trap nets and seines, and 11 species in trap nets only (tables 82 and 83).

Fewer species were taken at the upper stations than in the lower river. No distinct trends in the kinds of fish taken from upper to lower river were noted. Fewer yellow perch and small percoid species were taken at the upper stations in the lower river. Common suckers and saugers were least numerous at upper stations, while bullheads scattered more or less uniformly throughout the river. Other species, while varying considerably in nunibers at different locations, show Table 82. Nunbers of fish taken at various stations and periods by trap nets and electro-fishing gear --- afny Xiver, 1962

Below Mill (B. 82.2) Golf Course (I?. 77.5) Little Forl: (2. 71.2) --- - .--- Period 1 Period 2 Period 1 Period 2 Perioti 1 Perlr>d 2 Species 6118-5/20- --816-819 6/21-6/22 8 /9-8/15 6126-6/28 --8/15-8121 Electro- 21 Electro- 24 Electro- 24 gear traps gear traps gem tray --..----. 4 traps Hiodon tercisus (Xoonejre) -Esox lucius (Morthem pike) Carpiode s cmrinus ( Quill3sck) Catosto!nus cat0stomus (~ongnose --A ---- sucker ) Cato stomuq .colnmersoni_ (phito sucker) Moxostoma anisuz-q (Silver re&- horse) Moxo stoma aureolum (~orthern redho r se ) )loxo stoma erythrunun (Golden redho rse) 1ct.alilrus melas and nebulosus lack ad bxo::n bullheads) --Lota lota (~urbot) Ambloplites_ rupestris (Zlocfc bass) Lepqmzn gibbo sus (hn?kinseed) --Le~orni s ----~crochi~~s (Bluegill) Xicropterus 30lomie* (Small~~outh bass) Pomoxis ni,:~onac;llatus (91scl: crapie) -Perm --f l~.ve sce~s (Yellov prch) ---Stizostedioz -canadens* (Sa-~er) ---Stizostedion --vitre~~ri~ ----vitre*m (i!alleye ) Table 82 (~ontinued)

Big Bbrk (R. 64.8) Manitou Ra ids (R.- - 47-47-. . - -. Period 1 Period.2 Period 1 Period 2 Period 1 Period 2 . species ?/a7/s 8 121-8 124 715-7/11 6/27-8129 7 /ii-7/17 8 129-8/31 18 24 22 16 24 16

traps traps , traps traps trans

Hiodon ter~isue (Nooneye) Esox lucius (Northern pike) Carviode s cmrinus (Quillback) Catostomus catostomus (~ongnose sucker) Catostomus conmersoni (White sucker) Moxostoma anisurun (silver re&- horse) Woxostonla aureolum (Uorthern redhor se) Moxostoma erythrurum (Golden redhor se) Ictalurus mlas and nebulosus l lack and brown bullheads) --Lo ta lota (Burbot) 1Lmblovlites rum stris (Back bass) ~enornis nibbo sue (Pumpkinseed) Leponi s macrochirus (Blue gill) I4i cro~terus dolomieui ( Smallmouth bass) Pomoxi s ni~romacula tus (Black crappie) --Perca f lave scens (Yellow perch) Stizostedion canadense (Sawer) Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Walleye) Table 82. (continued)

.-. .-. - -- - Rapid Rivor (R. 21.2) Ifinter Road River Wheeler' s Poir-t (R. 9.3) (R. 1.3; Period 1 Period 2 Period 1 Period 2 Period 1 Period 2 Species 7117-7/20 9/*9/5 7/23-7/27 915-917 811-614 918-9/10 24 16 29 16 24 traps traps traps t raps traps

Hiodon ter i sus (idooneye) Esor l&+rthern pike) Carpiode s cmrinus (Quillback) Cato stonus cat0 stornus (~ongnose sucker) Catostomus commersoni (?!hi te sucke r ) 140x0st ona anisurum ( Silver redhorse) Eioxostoma aureolum (Northern redhorse) bioxo stoma erythrunun o olden redho rse) Ictalurus melas and nebulosus lack and brown bullheads) --Lota -lota (Burbot) &nblo~litesmaestris (Bock bass) Lepomi s ~ibbosug(Pumpkinseed) Lepomis macrochirns (~luegill) Microaterus dolomieui ( Smallmouth bass) Pornoxi s ni~ronaculatu~ l lack crappie) ---Perca f lave scens (~elloxrperch) Stizostedio~canaden fie (~~.uger) Stizostedion vitreui! vitreuril (?falleye)

.---- - 7------a --*------1/ Data for Period 2 at 7llleelerl s Point vriil be included in final report. 8-229 Table 83. Species of fish taken in seine hauls at various stations on the Rainy River -- summer 1962 - - h CI h d'N

'? L Q I+& 4 Fa, v-i NQ) rc S > -!J 4 E 3 id 8 - 42 -4 -- nI$n.dCI U) w 0 ON (UXN "" .& .;;l?$f "s ""-"-I;.? li gec.3 8 - I-l "a, eko .3 k *a,& ~g~zahasg $526 t-4 4-9 m E I ac a, Q) 0 -rl .rl Id Id Id -A fQ Ul4 (9 V) Coreqonus artedii (Cisco or lake XXX X- X- - - herring) (yy)l/ Hiodon terqisus (Mooneye) ------X-- --umbra limi (Central mudminnow) .--- - -X-- Esox lucius (Northern pike) (yy) -XX XX X X - - Chrosomus eos (Northern redbelly dace) -XX - - -X-- Hyboqnathus hankinsoni (Brassy minnow) .--- -XXX- Hybopsis biquttata (Hornyhead chub) X-XXXXX- X Notemisonus crysoleucas (Golden shiner) X------Notropis blennius (River shiner) X-X X X - XX Notropis cornutus (Common shiner) XXX XX X X X X Notropis dorsalis (Bigmouth shiner) -XX X- XX - X Notropis heterolepis (Blacknose shiner) - X------Notropis hudsonius (Spottail shiner) XXX XX X X X X Notropis rubellus (Rosyface shiner) XXX XX X X - - Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) XXX X- -X-- EUlinichthys atratulus (Blacknose dace) - - - - - XX- Rhinichthys cataractae (Longnose dace) --- X-X-- Semotilus atromaculatus (Creek chub) --X-XX-X Catostomus commersoni (White sucker) (yy) X XX X X X X X - Noturus gyrinus (Tadpole madtom) -x- x - x - - Eucalia inconstans (Brook stickleback) - X- - - -X-- Punqitius punqitius (Ninespine stickleback) XXX XX - - - - Percopsis omiscomaycus (Trout-perch) --x - x - - - Ambloplites rupestris (Rock bass) (yy) -X- XX X - - Micropterus dolomieui (Smallmouth bass) (YY X-X - -X-- - Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth bass) (YY X-- - -X- - - Pomoxis nisromaculatus (Black crappie) (YY1 XXX XX X X X X Etheostoma niqrum (Johnny darter) --XXXXX- Perca flavescens (Yellow perch)(yy) XXX XX X X X X Percina caprodes (Logperch) x - -XXX Persina maculata (Blackside darter) --- - -XXX- Percina shumardi (River darter) -.-x - - - - Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Walleye) (yy) -XX XX - X- X 1/ Young of the year. no trend. The most abundant species taken in trap nets were bullheads, followed by suckers, redhorse, and walleyes.

Trapnet catches

In the course of the survey 326 trapnet sets were made

(table 82). Of these' 147 were on the Canadian side of the river and 179 on the American side. Among the American sets were 10 in the Little Fork River, 14 in the Big Fork River,

10 in the Rapid River, and 15 in the Winter Road River.

Eleven of the trapcaught species (table 82) were game fish.

They were: ' northern pike (ESOXlucius); black and brown bullheads (Ictalurus melas and -I. nebulosus); rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris); pumpkinseed (Lepomis sibbosus); bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus); smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui); black crappie (Pomoxis niqromaculatus); yellow perch (Perca flavescens); sauger (Stizostedion canadense); and walleye (Stizostedion -v. vitreum). Eight species were rough fish. They were: mooneye

(Hiodon tergisus); quillback (Carpiodes cyprinus); longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus); white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) ; silver redhorse (Moxostoma anisurum) ; northern redhorse (~oxostomaaureolum); golden redhorse (~oxostoma erythrurum) ; and the burbot (Lota lota). Northern pike

Northern pike were taken consistently at all stations

during both sampling periods. The size range (9-30 inches)

indicated that there were a number of age groups represented,

but the distribution show6d that while there were a number

of I-annulus fish in the catch, there were few fish in the

older group& (table 84). This scarcity of large fish may

be due to the characteristics of the gear rather than small

numbers of large fish in the stream. During shocking

operations at the Golf Course range one fish estimated at

- 25 pounds was shocked but escaped before recovery could be

made. In seine hauls young-of-the-year northern pike were

taken at all stations except the Mill range, Winter Road

River, and Wheeler1s Point. One-annulus pike were taken

frequently in the seine hauls. Condition of northern pike

appeared normal and comparable to fishes taken in unpolluted

waters of the area. Northern pike with lamprey scars were

recovered but incidence of scarring was low. Table 84. Length frequency distribution (1-inch intervals) of northern pike (ESOXlucius) taken in the Rainy River -- 1962

Station Total lensth interval (inches# 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Below Mill Golf Course Little Fork River Big Fork River Manitou Rapids Sault Rapids Rapid River Winter Road River Wheeler ' s Point

1/ One 9-inch fish taken at Big Fork, one 30-inch at Little Fork, and one 30-inch at Winter Road.

Black and brown bullheads

The large number of bullheads taken at the various stations

made it impractical in some cases to differentiate between the

two species. They were therefore recorded together. In the

area above the Sault Rapids approximately one-third of the bull-

heads were brown. When lifts of bullheads were extremely large,

as was the case at some ranges and in some sets, total number

of bullheads was estimated on the basis of weight and aliquot

counts. No young of the year or yearlings of either species

were taken in trap nets or in seine hauls. Extreme variation in numbers taken during the first and the second trapnet run at most stations strongly suggests that the population observed is migratory rather than being indigenous to the areas sampled. Small numbers were taken at the two upper ranges during the first run, presumably due to the fact that electrical gear was used and bullheads, if shocked, were not readily recovered. During the second run substantially smaller numbers of bullheads were taken at stations which had been previously trapnetted, except at Wheeler's Point where a larger number was recovered., A large catch during the second run was made at the Mill range. Bullheads were in good condition and without significant incidence of disease or indication of adverse environmental conditions at all stations. Fish varied from four to' 14 inches in length with the intermediate size classes well represented (table 85).

Table 85. Length frequency distribution'(1-inch intervals) of black and brown bullheads (Ictalurus melas and -I. nebulosus) taken in the Rainy River -- 1962

Station Total lenqth interval (inches) 4.567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Below Mill Golf Course Little Fork River Big Fork River Manitou Rapids Sault Rapids Rapid River Winter Road River Wheeler ' s Point Rock bass

Rock bass were taken throughout the river but were most common at the lower ranges. Above the Rapid River they were present only in small numbers. The size distribution of the fish taken in the trap nets (3-10 inches) indicates that several age groups were represented (table 86). Young-of-the-year were taken at four stations.

Pumpkinseed and bluegill

Specimens of pumpkinseed sunfish were taken at the Golf

Course and at the mouth of the Rapid River. One bluegill was taken at the Golf Course. No evidence of reproduction was obtained in seine hauls.

Smallmouth bass

Smallmouth bass were taken at all stations except Manitou

Rapids but in no case were common. Catches suggest that the smallmouth may be more corranon in the upper ranges but more extensive sampling would be required to establish this trend.

Young-of-the-year were taken at three stations from the Mill range to Sault Rapids, and all were taken during the second run. No lamprey scarring was noted on smallmouth bass adults.

Larqemouth bass

Largemouth bass were taken only at the Mill range and at Table 86. Length frequency distributions (1-inch intervals) of rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), and black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) taken in the Rainy River -- 1962

Station Total length interval (inches) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) Below Mill Golf Course Little Fork River Big Fork River Manitou Rapids Sault Rapids Rapid River Winter Road River Wheeler ' s Point

Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) : Below Mill --3 11- Golf Course - - - 1--1- 2 11 Little Fork River ------322- Big Fork River ------111 Manitou Rapids ------Sault Rapids ------11 - - Rapid River ------1- Winter Road River ------1- Wheeler ' s Point --11 - 2 1 - Black crappie (Pomoxis nisromaculatus) Below Mill Golf Course Little Fork River Big '~orkRiver Manitou Rapids Sault Rapids Rapid River Winter Road River Wheeler ' s Point the Sault Rapids. In both cases the collection consisted of a single young- of- the-year fish.

Black crappie

Black crappie were caught throughout the river in trap nets at all ranges except Rapid River, where young-of-the-year only were seined. No definite trend in abundance was apparent.

Since crappies are normally very vulnerable to the type of gear used during the Rainy River survey, it is probable that their total numbers were not great at any station. Young-of- the-year were taken at all stations, and while there appeared to be greater abundance at the Golf Course station, this difference is not considered to be significant. The small numbers recovered did not permit a detailed appraisal of size distribution, but. lengths varied from four to 12 inches

(table 86) and represented several age groups.

Yellow perch

Adult perch were taken at all stations but were much more abundant during both runs at Winter Road River and

Wheeler ' s Point. Young- of- the- year perch were abundant throughout the river at both runs (table 83). During the first run young-of-the-year were not taken at the two upper ranges, presumably because they were too small at this time to be caught in the seine. During the second run they were abundant at these stations but were most abundant at Winter

Road River and Wheeler's Point ranges. The size distribution

(4 to 12 inches) of perch in the trap nets at the lower stations where they were abundant indicates that a number of age groups were represented (table 87).

Sauger

The sauger .was taken at all stations but was common only from Manitou Rapids to Wheeler's Point during the first run. During the second run this species was scarce at all stations and absent from three where they had previously been taken. Young-of-the-year saugers were not taken at any station.

Size range was from eight to 15 inches with the lengths being quite evenly distributed (table 87).

Walleye

Walleyes were taken in.trap nets at all stations. The size range (6-21 inches, table 88) indicated that ages of fish ranged from I-annulus up to VII or VIII annuli. Residents in the vicinity of the stations sampled stated that during autumn Table 87. Length frequency distributions (1-inch intervals) of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and sauger (Stizostedion canadense) taken in the Rainy River -- 1962

Station Total length interval (inches) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15-

Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)

Below Mill Golf Course Little Fork River Big Fork River Manitou Rapids Sault Rapids Rapid River Winter Road River Theeler ' s Point

Sauger (Stizostedion -canadense)

Below Mill Golf Course Little Fork River Big Fork River Manitou Rapids Sault Rapids Rapid River Winter Road River Wheeler ' s. Point 8- 239 catches of large walleyes in sizes above four pounds were consistently made. Since no fish of this size was caught in traps at any station during either run, these reported catches may represent migratory specimens. Young-of-the-year walleyes were taken in small numbers by seine at all stations except the range below the Mill, Sault Rapids, and Winter Road River.

During the first run no young-of- the-year fish were taken above the mouth of the Big Fork River. Differences in the numbers of fish taken at the various stations in different runs may be due to difference in availability to the gear at different times. The relatively uniform distribution

Table 88. Length frequency distribution (1-inch intervals) of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) taken in the Rainy River -- 1962

Total length interval (inches) Station 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Below Mill Golf Course Little Fork River Big Fork River Manitou Rapids Sault Rapids Rapid River Winter Road River Wheeler ' s Point throughout the range of si,zes also suggests migration of

larger fish. Since river stage and operational problems did

not permit setting of traps. where maximum take of walleyes

could be anticipated, the population of larger walleyes may

. . hava been greater than was indicated by net catches. Lampreys

and lamprey- scarring were noted on trapnet- caught walleyes,

but the percentage occurrence was low.

Mooneye

One young-of-the-year and one adult mooneye were taken

during the survey; Both specimens were in normal condition

a& far as,could be determined by general appearance. The

adult was 11 inches in length and was captured at the Little

Fork station. The juvenile was taken in the mouth of the

Rapid River.

. ' Cisco or lake herrinq (tull'ibee)

No adult ciscos (tullibee) were taken in trap nets. One

dead adult was observed above the outfall of the International

Falls sewage disposal plant. Young of the year were taken as

far downstream as the Sault Rapids but only once below the

Big Fork station. They were most abundant during the period I of the first run and then at the upper stations. It is believed that young of the year were washed over the dam as fry or

that fertile eggs flowed over the dam and hatched in the upper part of the river. Absence. from the lower part of

the river makes it improbable that adults from' Lake of the

Woods spawned in the river at the upper stations.

Lonqnose sucker

Two longnose suckers were takenat the mill site,' :one at each sampling period, and four were taken at the Manitou station during the first sampling run. Significance of this distribution has not been related to any condition in the river. The fish varied in length from 14 to 18 inches, and no young of the year were seined. . .

White sucker

The white or common sucker was abundant throughout the river at all times, but below Sault Rapids was not as numerous as at upper stations. The general condition of the fish was good at all stations. .There was no evidence of lack of food, disease, or other deleterious effects traceable to habitat conditions. Lamprey-scarred fish or fish with lampreys attached were taken throughout the river.

Approximately five per cent of all suckers carried live lampreys or had lamprey scars. The silver lanprey was the only species identified. Approximately one-two per cent of all adult suckers were blind in either one or both eyes.

There was no geographical trend in the tendency toward blindness. Blindness was observed only in the suckers. Suckers were taken in all size ranges from four to 24 inches total length (table 8'9). Young fish were less abundant in the two upper ranges than elsewhere. Young of the year were taken at all stations, except Wheeler's Point, in considerable numbers.

Silver redhorse

The silver redhorse was much less abundant than the white sucker but was also taken at all stations. It varied in length from 16 to 23 inches with a single 13-inch specimen secured from the Little Fork station (table 89). No young of the year were taken and the large size of adults suggests that reproduction is scanty, especially at the upper stations.

Lamprey scarring was not as common as in the white sucker, L but attached lampreys were frequent. No blindness was observed.

Northern redhorse

The northern redhorse was common at all stations and was especially abundant below Manitou Rapids. At stations down- Table 89. Length frequency distributions (1-inch intervals) of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), silver redhorse (Moxostoma anisurum), and northern redhorse (Moxostoma aureolum) taken in the Rainy River -- 1962

Station Total lenqth interval (inches) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

White sucker (Catostomus commersoni) Below Mill ------6 31318 8 8 2- - - - Golfcourse ------' 2 - 1 - 8 22 51 6744 19 - - 1 - - Little Fork R.3 - - 2 - 3 3 - - 6 10 19 41 43 27 26 11 - 1 - - Big Fork R. ------11- 7 9426795737033 4 2 - - Manitou Rapids- - - - 1713 6 10 15 33 61 59 45 36 16 6 - - - - Sault Rapids ------2 2 3 6 11 20 28 52 50 16 6 - - 1 1 Rapid River - - - 1 - - - 1 2 1 4 8 20 25 24 25 13 5 - - - Winter Road R.------1 - 3 3 5 9 10 14 13 6 2 - - - 'GSheelertsPt.---I-- - 112 2 618201611 7 2 - - - Silver redhorse (Moxostoma anisurum) Below Mill - Golf Course - Little Fork R.- Big Fork R. - Manitou Rapids- Sault Rapids - Rapid River - Winter Road R.- Wheeler's Pt. - Northern redhorse (Moxostoma aureolum) Below Mill - Golf Course - Little Fork R.- Big Fork R. - Manitou Rapids- Sault Rapids - Rapid River - Winter Road R,- Wheeler's Pt. - river from Manitou Rapids total numbers declined. At the upper two stations only fish between 13 and' 18 inches were taken, but at most other stations the range was greater indicating a wider representation of age groups (table 89).

Total range of length at all stations was 6-22 inches. No young of the year were taken at any station. Lamprey scarring was light and approximately the same as noted in the silver redhorse. Condition of all specimens appeared to be good.

Burbot

The burbot was taken at most stations and occasionally in appreciable numbers. They were scarce at the Mill station and at Little Fork and absent from the Golf Course and the

Table 90. Length frequency distribution (1-inch intervals, of burbot (Lota lota) taken in the Rainy River -- 1962

Station Total lenqth interval (inches) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Below Mill ------1111--1--- Golf Course ------LittleForkRiver------1------Big Fork River ------Manitou Rapids -12288432621----- Sault Rapids - - 1-11------1 - Rapid River -----2422-11352-1 Winter Road River ------111--2----- meelerlspoint 11- - - - - 3 11 3 ------Big Fork. Fish ranged in size from 16 to 22 inches at the upper stations but varied from nine to 25 inches at Manitou and below (table 90). No young of the year were taken,

Foraqe and .Juvenile Fish

Seine hauls were made at all stations on both runs to sample small forage and juvenile fish. Extreme high water and the resulting lack of adequate seining sites made strict quantitative sampling impractical. As noted above, 25 species not taken in trap nets were seined (table 83). They were principally minnows and small percoid (darters) species.

Three species were taken at only a single station and two, the common shiner and the spottail shiner, were taken at all stations. No sharp trends fro& upper to lower stations were noted. Darters and dace usually associated with firm bottoms and relatively clean water were absent from hauls made above the Big Fork station. Sticklebacks were not taken below

Rapid River. Young-of-the-year game species were taken commonly at many stations as has been noted above in detailed discussions. Juveniles from seven game species, including northern pike, perch, walleye, large and smallmouth bass, rock bass, and black crappie, were recovered, No trends were I noted from upper to lower stations. Young of the year of some species, such as perch, were abundant. The absence from the seine hauls of 11 species which were caught in trap nets must be interpreted differently for various species. In the occasionally occurring fish, such as the sunfish, it can be presumed that adults were too scarce to provide a recoverable brood. In other species lack of successful spawning or inability to sample appropriate brooding areas resulted in no recoveries .of juveniles.

Food Utilization of Fishes

Stomach analyses to determine food utilization were made on 95 white suckers, 16 northern redhorse, 82 black bullheads, six brown bullheads, four yellow perch, four burbot, four northern pike, and 10 walleyes (table 91). Much of the food was in an advanced stage of digestion and consequently organisms with highly chitinized bodies may be reported in a disproportionately'high number. As was expected from the nature of capture, a large proportion of stomachs were empty.

Among the suckers examined, fingernail clams and large burrowing mayflies were predominant. 'Bullheads preferred Table 91. Stomach contents of various species of fish collected in trap !Lets in the Rainy River 1962 I --

I Percentage 1 Number Date Location I Contents of total I of fish collected (ranqe ) I volume I White sucker Various Various 6-25-62 7.8 Lumbricidae sp. I ( Hexaqenia limbata 7- 19- 62 20.0 ( 0dbnata sp. ( Sphaerium sp. 9-5-62 20.0 ( Sphaerium sp. ( Hexasenia limbata 8-3&62 39.0 ~orixidaeadult (1) ( Hexaqenia limbata 63.8 ( Sphaerium sp. 7-4- 62 63.8 Hexaqenia Umbata 6-26-62 70.8 Hexaqenia limbata ( pisiaium sp. 6-26-62 70.8 ( sell us sp. 70.8 ( Sphaerium sp. ( ~aetidaesp. 6-27-62 70.8 Hexaqenia limbata ( ~uhbricidaesp. ( ~iLidiumsp. ( Pisidium sp. ( ~usculiumsp. ( Aeschnidae sp. Pisidium sp. ( Sphaerium sp. ( Pikidium sp. ~exaqenialimbata ~endipedidaesp. Sphaerium sp. Sphaerium sp. 83.3 ( ~dbricidaesp. ( ~ebido~teralarva (1) ( ~phaeriumsp. 7-25-62 ? ( ~isidiumsp. ( ~nhdontamarginata ( sphaerium sp. 7-25-62 ? ( ~nhdontamarqinata 7-25-62 . ? ~qricidaesp. (1) T = trace. I Table 91 (continued)

Percentage Number Date Location Contents of total of fish collected (ranqe ) volume

Black bullhead

Various Various Empty 7- 18- 62 20.0 Orconectes virilis 100 20.0 ( Orconectes virilis (1, ) -- ( Wood chip (1, %") -- 7- 11- 62 45.0 Lumbricidae 8-29-6271;...,L 45.0 Orconectes virilis 7-4-62 " 63.8 Orconectes virilis ( Hexaqenia limbata 7- 4-62 63.8 ( Orconectes virilis ( Dytiscidae sp. ( Hexagenia limbata ( Lumbricidae (1) 7- 4-62 63.8 ( Helobdella staqnalis (2) ( PolXentropus sp. (1) ( Physa sp. (IT ( Dytiscidae larvae (2) ( Nephelopsis obscura (1) -- 7- 4-62 63.8 ( Polycsntropus sp. (1) -- ( Hexaqenia limbata (2) -- 8- 14- 62 77.5 Orconectes virilis 100 9- 5-62 ? Orconectes virilis 100

Brown bullhead

Various Various Empty 6-25-62 7.8 Orconectes virilis 100 6- 25-62 7.8 Lumbricidae sp. 10.0

Yellow perch

7-26-62 7.8 Empty 7-26-62 7.8 Aeschnidae sp. (1) -- 7-26-62 7.8 Orconectes virilis (1) --

Burbot 7-11-62 45.0 Empty 7- 11- 62 45.0 Orconectes virilis 100 7- 11- 62 45.0 Orconectes virilis T Table 91 (continued)

Percentage Number Date Location I Contents of total of fish collected (ranqe) I volume

Northern pike

2 7- 4-62 63.8 FPtY Northern pike (2, 2" long) 1 6-27-62 70.8 ( -- ( Orconectes virilis (1%" long)-- 1 6- 27- 62 7Q.8 Orconectes virilis (13, 14" I long -- Northern redhorse

Various Various Empty 6-27-62 70.8 ~abtiscasp. ( Baetisca sp. 6-27-62 70.8 ( Orconectes virilis 6-27-62 70.8 ~u&ricidae sp.

Various Various Empty 7- 19- 62 20.0 Orconectes virilis 100 7- 4-62 63.8 Wobd fiber (3 cc. ) -- 7- 4- 62 63.8 Fish remains T 7- 5- 62 63.8 ( ~i$hremains T ( Hexaqenia limbata (1) -- 6-26-62 70.8 Unidentifiable fish 100 ( ~ekagenialimbata (8, last ( 1 instar) -- 6- 20- 62 83.3 ( ~ekagenialimbata (1, small) -- ( perch (1, 2") -- ( Stickleback (1) -- I ( Wood fiber (4 cc. ) -- decapod crustaceans and oligochaete worms, although a few preferred a wide range of insects. Northern pike ate crayfish and other northern pike, while walleyes use fish, crayfish, and large mayfly nymphs, No trends,in food utilization related to location were observed. The large number of empty stomachs cannot be construed to indicate a scarcity of food but rather reflect the manner of capture.

Egq Survival Studies

During April and May 1961-1962 a study on the survival of walleye eggs was made in Rainy River water be1.o~Interna- tional Falls by the University of ~innes0ta.Y Eggs were hatched in a temporary jar hatchery above the mouth of the

Big Fork River. Survival to fry varied from less than one per cent in 1961 to 0.02-6.0 per cent in 1962. Survival.in controls from the same lots at the Waskish State Hatchery were 69.6 per cent and 41.4 per cent in the two years. Eggs held on the river bottom in trays at four stations in the river below the mills all died before hatching in 1961 and

Smith, Lloyd L. and Robert H. Kramer (1963). Survival of walleye eggs in relation to wood fibers and Sphaerotilus in the Rainy River, Minnesota. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., Vol. 92 (in press). I I ) at one station in 1962 1.2 per cent survived. Eggs held on I I bottom in the Rainy River at Ranier in 1962 and in the Big

Fork River in 1961 had a survival of 25.8 per cent and

26.3 per cent, respectively.

It was determined that the principal cause of death in waters receiving mill effluents was the covering of eggs by

Sphaerotilus which prevented successful emergence of fry. Eggs treated with slimicides to remove the biological growths during incubation survived to hatch at rates as high as

24 per cent even though they were held in Rainy River water.

Sphaerotilus-covered eggs were transferred from the hatchery to trays placed at Ranier, in a small tributary to the Black River, and in the Rainy River just above the

Big Fork River. Eggs at the two stations which were free of mill effluents had survival to fry of 72.1 and 73.5 per cent, respectively. Eggs placed in the Rainy River near Big Fork

River had a 7.8 per cent survival to fry. Hatching experiments at two stations below the mills indicated that bottom deposits at these locations were toxic to walleye eggs. The conclusions from these experiments are that survival conditions for walleye eggs in Rainy River water below the mills as far downstream as the Big Fork River were poor in 1961 and 1962

and that the principal cause of low survival was Sphaerotilus

which covered the incubating eggs. Sphaerotilus did not occur

on eggs incubated in a tributary to the Black River, the Big

Fork River, or in the Rainy River above International Falls.

Suspended wood fibers were not shown to be directly detrimental

to egg survival.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The river contained 44 species of fish including the

majority of those which might be expected in the general area.

The sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, which is reported to be

caught frequently in the river, was not taken during netting

. operations, but reliable observations of residents and research

crews engaged in other operations indicate its presence. The

abundance of fish in pounds per unit area or fish production

in terms of annual harvestable crop was not determined because

records of total angler use and catch were not available and

because difficulties imposed by high water and fouling of

the test nets with wood fiber and floating Sphaerotilus

prevented comparison of net catches in the river with comparable figures from other waters. Large catches of some species and the wide spectrum of age groups suggest that the populations of the larger species are substantial in size.

These observations also suggest that the rate of angler exploitation is low.

The upper 11 miles'of river lacked six species that could normally be expected to occur there. With this exception, there is no evidence from the survey that the species complex is significantly different than would be expected in this region.

Natural reproduction of many species occurs in the river or in its tributaries, but the observed numbers of juvenile walleyes and the nature of the adult standing crop suggests that the river population is augmented by migration from Lake of the Woods or tributary streams. Independent studies conducted by the University of Minnesota (in press) indicate that spawning success of walleyes may be greatly re duced by accumulation of Sphaerotilus on eggs after deposition.

Chemical conditions existing in the stream during the summer seasons of 1960, 1961, and 1962 do not appear to be in ranges which can be demonstrated to limit the indigenous ,l fish species, except at some lower stations. At certain locations, oxygen levels below optimum persisted for appreciable periods.

Use of the river by anglers is less than the apparent population of fish would sustain. This lack of use is attributed, in part, to poor fishing conditions, i.e., accumulation of wood fibers on fishing lines and gear and the damaging of aesthetic surroundings by accumulation of fiber and Sphaerotilus on bottoms, shore vegetation, and drift.

It appears that the physical condition of the stream limits use and hence production to the angler. During the survey very few anglers were seen on the river except below Rapid

River.

Food taken by trapnebcaught fish was normal for the various species. Relatively small volumes of bottom fauna may limit potential production of fish, but under present fishing loads do not appear to limit fish harvest by anglers.

Appraisal of the results of the fishery survey must be made in view of the fact that there was abnormally high water in the river during the entire netting period in 1962. This high water made dilution factors much greater than are found under conditions of usual summer flow. The possibility that

high dilution of mill effluents permitted survival of spring-

spawned fish in greater numbers than in most summer.seasons

should be noted.

The available data indicate that bottom fish-food organisms

are less abundant than might be anticipated in unpolluted

waters of the-region and that the younger-age groups of game

fish are not as numerous as would be expected in the average

fish population,.

Status of the fish population and fishing conditions

appears to be the same on both sides of the river. Good

fishing sites are more numerous on the American side because major tributaries enter from the south and access is more frequent .

LAKE OF THE WOODS

Four Mile Bay

Some exploratory sampling was carried out in this area

in 1960 and 1961 and it received considerable attention in

1962. Bottom materials and benthic organisms were enumerated

following dredging at the 14 1962 stations shown in figure 34.

General locations of plant beds shown in this figure are based upon observations from a boat. It is not assumed that all plant beds were located by this method, but major areas with such growths are believed to occur in the regions indicated. Most abundant plants were usually species of pondweed or Potamoqeton, but Scirpus (bullrush) was widespread in some areas. Bottom profiles along sonar ranges 1-6 appear in figure 35. The channel across Four Mile Bay tends to fade with distance into Four Mile Bay, but becomes established again in Oak Point Inlet. Sounding runs made beyond this ' inlet show a rapid flattening of bottom at about 15' depth to the east, north, and west.

Bottom materials '. .

Relative amounts of various bottom materials at the 14 sites sampled in 1962 are listed in table 92. The area with wood fiber, wood chips or bark is outlined in figure 34. In

1960 and 1961 wood fiber was- recovered from bottoms farther northeast and southwest' as indicated. These areas were not sampled in 1962, but it is assumed that the fiber was still there. The somewhat %shaped pattern assumed by deposited waste solids from the paper industries indicates a considerable deadening, but some persistence of currents originating in

Rainy River discharges. Wave action through Oak Point Inlet is considered capable of keeping bottom there swept down to

sand and clay. Spread of wood fiber, chips, or bark to the

right and left of this opening suggests that southward water

movement through it is.often strong enough to divert Rainy

River water and cause it to seek egress to the main lake

around the NE and SW ends of the barrier islands. Thickness

of bottom deposits was over two feet in spots in 1960 and

1961. Bark deposits reaching almost to the water surface

were noted by.the Minnesota State Department of Health

personnel in 1959 and.1960. Exact locations of these areas

were not ascertained.

Table 92 Four Mile Bay - Bottom Types, 1962

Station Description

Silt a, fiber, natural and wood (fine) 3/4 Silt 9/10, fiber, natural and wood 1/10 Fine sand 3/4, wood fiber a Large pieces of bark and chipped wood Silt 3/4, fiber, natural and wood % Silt 15/16, natural fiber 1/16 Gritty clay covered with a thin layer of natural fiber Wood chips (new) and bark Gritty covered with silt, wood chips and bark Silt 8/9, fiber, natural and wood, 1/9 Gritty clay (black), natural fiber, small amount of bark 12 Silt 9/10, natural fiber 1/10 13 Lumpy clay 14 Silt (fine, gritty) 19/20, natural fiber 1/20 Oak Point Inlet Sand in 1961 Benthos LAKE OF THE WOODS FOUR MILE BAY

12 JULY 1902 9-----@ SCALE: I I INCH = 2000 FT. ./ . I

RANGE 5 "-

RANGE 4 - _---

0 RANGE 3 , Q-B-+=- _ _ -- ..I

FOUR MlLE BAY

WHEELERS hb!

I FIGURE 34 RANGE No 5

U. S 0 CAN 0 -

10 !///'//u//////'///u//'//D/iV- &I/////

I I I 1 I 0 lo00 2000 3000 4000 SO00 6000

-'l a- C mXI RANGE No 6 W U S VI CAN 0- 0

@@ 0 200 400 600 800 100 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

9" h, VI UY 8 8-259a

LAKE OF WOODS 13 JULY 1962

STATION 1-2 F 2(?l:F

STATION 2-3

STATION 3-4

10 I

STATION 4-45

20 0

FIGURE 350 8- 259c 0 -0 Q i 0 4 0

0 0 0 --Z -- 0 N 0

0 8 ,,o -- 0 0 0 N

0 -- 30 -- P

0 -- g ,, 0 N 0 n

0 0 -- P --s- N 2 ,,8 -- s0 -9; 2 N = : a K 3 * 0 0 0 IA --0 -- 0 ::

--8 -- 8 OD P

0 - 0 --3 -- N

0 --8 -- P

0 --8 -- 0 N 0

-0 0 o-OBS1$S - FIGURE 35b RANGE " 3 U. S. CAN.

0 8 0 WEED BED

I 1 I 1 I I I I I 20 I I --I- 0 lo00 Po0 3MX) 4000 WOO 6000 7000 do0 9ObO I

1) m RANGE " 4 U.S. CAN. W UI 0 03

20 I I I l----i----t------t--,-1 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

5" Individual analyses at the 14 1962 stations appear in table 93 and-number of different forms found at each are listed below:

Station No. Kinds of Organisms

with the exceptions of Stations 2 and 3 which were in weed beds, notable diversity of bottoms animals was evident only outside the area with sedimented wood particles (fiber, chips, or bark). Organisms that attained greatest concentration within the polluted region were organic tolerant sludge worms, naid worms, and leeches. They were most numerous at

Stations 5 and 8 which appear to be in the main path of flow from Rainy River. Station 5 also had the densest population of fingernail clams (Pisidium), but this group was lacking TABLE 93 Individual Benthos Analyses, Four Mile Bay, Lake of the Woods, June 29 and July 3, 1962 ?- B r 1 I * 3 Station 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 1314 v ,.Coelenterates Hydra gp. 12 . Anne1 id Worms I I - Tubific idae 4 69 3886 3 P fl 12 30 Leeches Erpobdella punctata 4 P 1 341 PP2 1 1, . Nephelops is sp. I I C 2 Helobdella s tagnal is 11 P P 1 Helobdel la nepheloidea P P 4 Fairy Shrimp A Caenestheriella setosa 13 P I I P 1 P 3 1 .-Amphipods I I Hyalella azteca P 1 I P I 2 Isopods I I I J Asellus militaris I lip Water mites 1 Arrenurus sp. - I 1 - Mayflies I I 4 Hexanenia limbata I 8 -&3P 422P 6 Caenis sp. I 4 PI 1 Dragon Flies I Gomphus sp. 2

I Polycentropus sp. 4 P I P 3 Oecetis sp. P ---- P ----I 1 Moiannidae sp. F ,.Midges Pentaneura sp. 1 -- - -I Anatopynia or Procladjus Sand Fiies ------I Pal~omyia--s!!, 2 -4 P -1 Snails -- -.--.- -~--- "P Amnicola sp. -- - . - .- P ! - - - - - .- P ; - Valvata tricarinata P 1 1.- 1 i i I I Vivi~arcusso. P I P 2 5 i CD I h, Q\ I-' . . Table 93 (Conkinued) Individual ~enthosAnalyses, Four Mile Bay, Lake of the Woods, June 29 and July 3, 1962

LEGEND Numerals indicate number per square foot P = present, quantitative sample not possible at Station 8. These organisms are normally quite tolerant

\ of accumulations of varied sorts of organic matter. Obviously intolerant groups (to wood fiber) among those found in Four

Mile Bay were: Hydra, Cheumato~s~che,and Molannidae: groups that appeared to possess limited'tolerance were Helobdella nepheloidea, Caenestheriella, Hyalella, Asellus, Caenis sp.,

Polycentropus, Oecetis, Viviparous, Valvata, Lamps ilis, and

Anodonta; and moderate to great tolerance for wood fiber was exhibited by the Tubificidae, Naidium, Helobdella staqnalis,

Erpobdella punctata, Hexagenia --limbata, Palpomyia, Sphaerium,

Musculium, Pisidium, and various Tendipedidae (midges), except

Clinotanypus.

Plankton

Plankton secured in one sample taken in 1960 appears in table 75. In 1961, the plankton population of the bay was similar to that of the lake proper, but blue-green algae were fewer in number. In quantity, the bay area appeared to equal the most productive areas of Rainy River.

Sunlight penetrates to the bottom over the wide shallow areas in Four Mile Bay and rooted aquatic spermatophytes and/or attached algae were abundant in all areas visited in 1961. Vaucheria, a large filamentous alga, formed a blanketing growth on all areas without rooted aquatics and often grew upon the flowering plants themselves. It was often covered with a fuzzy coat of blue-green filaments, Lynqbya.

Main Body

Benthos and plankton sampling was carried out July 12 and 13, 1961 along five SW to NE transects that included the main body of the Lake out to the region between Long Point and Bigsby Island (figure 36). Dredging for benthic organisms also indicated predominant bottom rnaterials.or deposits at each sampling site. Depth at each point is shown in table 94.

Bottom

Distribution of major types of bottom materials is shown in figure 36. The soft mud found over most of the area was a mixture of fine organic matter and silt that supported a thin oozy layer of diatoms and other microbenthos in a number of areas. Rocks and/or gravel were noted all along the SW shore from Stations 1A to lE, W and SW of Bigsby Island, and south and east of 5B. Hard clay was present at 5C. Fibers covering and/or incorporated in upper layers of other materials Table 94.. Depth at Each Lake of the Woods Samplinq Station

Statlon NO. Ueptn I (feet)

C - 2 SEC 2 NE 6 1 -- r in the main area of the lake were largely remnants of aquatic vegetation, but some wood fibers were recognized in each sample.

Benthic Organisms

Organisms present on July 12, and 13, 1961, and their concentration appear in table 12. Distribution of the four most numerous groups (Pontoporeia affinis, Tendipes tentans - plumosus, Hexasenia limbata, and tubificids) is shown in figures 5 and 6.

As study of table 95 and figure 37 will indicate, there appeared to be no correlation betwe'en bottom type and total number of organisms per square foot. Bottom did play a significant role in the distribution of the four major groups

(figures 37 and 38). Pontoporeia occurred only in regions where some sand was present, and reached its greatest concentration on a bottom composed wholly of sand. Tendipes tentans - plumosus, seemingly preferred substrates containing some vegetable matter, although it was once found in sand and gravel, once in a mixture of mud, sand, and gravel, and once in soft mud alone. Hexasenia limbata (figure 38) lived in all types of bottom materials, but avoided the central lake Table 95 LAKE OF THE WOODS INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - 1961 -- (Nos. are per sq. ft.) r Station la 2a L3. lb 2b- .. 3b -4b 5b . Anne 1 ida Tub i f icidae -- - 9 70 17 2 . Molluaca -21- - Gaetro~oda I

F' -- - lu -, 0 03 TOTAL 12 36 , 67 5 2 8 5 1 12 , 69_- Table 95 LAKE OF THE WOODS INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - 1961 (Nos. are per sq. ft.) (Continued) I I I I I I I 1

Station 4c 5c I Id I 2d 3d , .

TOTAL ---- -.--- i 83 I 261 271 35 1 15 1 3 1 -- 35j-15.7-J Table 95 LAKE OF TlE WOODS INDIVIDUAL BENTHOS ANALYSES - 1961 (Nos. are per aq. ft.) Figure 37 - Distribution of Pontoporeia affinis and Tendipes tentans - p.lumosus in Lake ,of the Woods

G-\BIGSBY 1SLANDa'

Sta rC region where bottom consisted of fibrous soft mud. Tubificids

(figure 38) were' found almost everywhere dredges were hauled.

Fingernail clams (Musculium, Pisidium, and Sphaerium) were most abundant in sandy areas, but they occasionally occurred in soft mud and in fiber.

It is difficult to decide if distributional patterns indicated by one series of samples actually depict true responses to environmental factors, and information secured in this brief reconnaissance should not be accepted without some reservation.

PLANKTON

A rich and varied plankton population was found in Lake of the Woods. Sixty-two algae genera were identified together with 11 zooplankton forms. Bluegreen algae dominated all but four of the 22 samples counted. Their numkers ranged from 37 to more than 8,000 units per ml. Variations in the numbers found appear to be related to the density of the surface bluegreen drifts that were widespread on the lake at that time (table 96).

Green algae and diatoms contributed about equally to the total population, but about twice as many genera of green Table 96 LAKE OF THE WOODS PLANKlON Unconcentrated Sample No. per ml. Table 96 LAU OF THE WOODS PLANKTON Unconcentrated Sample No. per ml. -

Merid ion

. 0 ?' I N .J .J U1 2 i Per* Table 96 LAKE OF THE WOODS PIANKTllN Unconcentrated Sample No. per ml.

I I 1 I I I I I i I I -Protozoa I I I ,. Codonella 21 2' Actinophry& 12 2 2 84 662 8 14 6

1 (Actinopoda) ------Pseudo-dif f lugia 8 22 6 2 6 224 4 4 6 14 8 61 6 (Rhizopoda) I Unknoun Ciliate 2 24641 2 I I I Astr-ba 2 t Vorticella (Ciliata) I .z 2 --I 14 6 10 I 1 I 1 41 16 2

*Based on a Blean areal value which is a square having sides of 49 u *Based on a man areal value which is a aquare having sides of 47 u Anabaena in 2C tw abundant to count - many spirally twisted clumps present vhich did not permit enumeration.

algae were found. All forms, other than the blue-green algae,

were relatively stable in nunibers and uniformly distributed

thrbughout the lake.

I The study of plankton in Lake of the Woods was designed

to obtain information on composition, cpantity and distribution.

Time and personnel did not permit an evaluation of plankton

development as related to available nutrients.

I SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Biologically, Rainy River appeared to be most affected

by wood fiber and associated materials discharged from the pulp

and paper mills. Nutrient elements contained in municipal

sewage effluents and industrial wastes contributed to algal

and slime growth. .Studies completed have provided basic , ,, information on the abundance and distribution of the majority

of organisms under present conditions. These data, when

compared with future conditions and biotas, will allow

estimation of benefits accruing from improved waste treatment, or other effects related to industrial and municipal develop- .'

ment and growth. . , Suspended Fiber

Fresh suspended wood fiber was associated with Sphaerotilus

(slime) growths. The fiber often served as a substrate, both when suspended and caught on obstructions, and Sphaerotilus growth generally declined in reaches where wood fiber disappeared. Fresh wood fiber deposits were unfavorable to the majority of bottom animals. In the main path of wood fiber flow, finer fibers occurred near the river surface and coarser fibers near the bottom. ~eight'pervolume also increased with depth. 'Freshly discharged fibers were eventually lost to sedimentation, but river deposits were reduced or removed by a number of actions and no continuous year to year buildup was noted. The most permanent deposits of any consequence were laid down in Four Mile Bay, Lake of the woods.

Experiments with line sets indicated flber entanglement at. a rate that would seriously interfere with angling and other fishing.methods. Higher river stages slowed sedimentation of fresh wood fiber and maintained its suspension over greater stream distances.

Slime (Sphaerotilus) Growth

This filamentous bacterium began proliferatLon in reaches below entry of the pulp mill wastes. Areas containing materials conduc$ve to its growth were rather sharply delimited by the presence of fresh suspended wood fiber, It formed slimy coatings on various obstructions, including trapped wood

fibers, in the upper river, Experiments indicated complete coatings were developed from a few initial fibers within 72 hours $p late summer. Dislodged filaments were more concentrated than algae in a nuniber of plankton samples.

Growth rates noted in summer would appear to make slimes a nuisapce only in covering objects that remain submerged or largely submerged for at least two or three days. Slime masses attached to various obstructions contribute to unsightly conditions.

Plankton

Diatoms, blue-green algae, and green algae were the most important planktons in that order. Rainy Lake populations that entered the river were stimulated to greater growth by nutrients contained in wastes discharged from the Fort Frances-

International Falls area, but these substances did not markedly affect the composition of the plankton assemblages. Plankton algae have created no known nuisances to date in Rainy River. Benthos

Bottom animals were eliminated from areas that were exposed by weekly regulated declines in water level in 1960 and 1961. The great majority of organisms avoided fresh wood fiber deposits (they were tolerated by sludge worms, some midges, and some snails) but aged fiber mixed with natural materials had no marked deleterious affects on other common groups. In many instances varied and comparatively concentrated populations resided in bottom depositsthat contained aged wood fiber. Higher river stages (increased dilution) contributed to greater variety of organisms in 1962. Forms most tolerant of wood pulp fiber and associated industrial waste products were the only ones found in any great concentration. A number of forms avoided the upper river entirely, and others seemingly may live there only in areas right of center during years of normal river stages. With the exception of sludge worms and some midges, concentration of organisms was less than would normally be expected for a stream environment of this type, and it may reasonably be assumed that benthos development was generally impeded by the waste complex entering the river from the Fort Frances-International Falls area. A number of the more desirable fish food organisms

were evidently unable to contend with conditions developed

during summers with normal river stages. Animals that offered

greatest quantities of fish food were crayfish, fingernail

clams, and midges.

Fishes

Collecting operations netted 44 species of fish that

may normally be expected in this general area. The sturgeon,

Acipenser fulvescens, was not taken in nets, but specimens

inadvertently caught on set lines were observed and photo-

graphed by survey personnel. Abundance of fish in terms of

pounds per unit area or annual harvestable crop could not be

determined. Angler records were lacking and collection

difficulties occasioned by high water and wood fiber fouling

of nets prevented comparison of catches with those obtained

by similar methods in other waters. Large numbers of certain

- species and a wide spectrum of age groups indicate substantial

populations of larger species. The river environment seemingly

imposed limitations on the number of species only in the upper

11 miles where six indigenous forms failed to.occur. A number

of species reproduce in Rainy River. The walleye population appears to be augmented by migration from Lake of the Woods or tributary streams. Independent studies conducted at the

University of Minnesota (in press) indicate that Sphaerotilus growth on walleye eggs reduces their per cent hatchability.

Angler utilization is considerably less than the indicated fish population would sustain. Attraction for anglers is reduced by accumulation of wood fibers on fishing lines and unsightly Sphaerotilus growths.' The fishery survey was carried out during a year of abnormally high water, and it is possible that greater dilution so afforded allowed greater than usual survival of spring-spawned fish. Younger age groups of game fish were less numerous than normally anticipated. The fish population was similar on both sides of the river and fishing opportunity appeared to be equally divided. Fishing sites and access routes are more numerous on the American shore.

Lake of the woods

Four Mile Bay received and held most of the wood fiber, chips, and bark load discharged by Rainy River. Such materials have settled out in a definite pattern that appeared to be established by diminishing river velocity and southeast water movement through Oak Point Inlet. Thickness of such deposits exceeded three feet in some areas. Distribution of benthic animals was markedly affected by the pattern of sedimentation of the woo@ waste materials. Areas with this cover contained much smaller numbers of benthic groups than unaffected regions.

Plankton in this bay had no apparent relationship to any class of pollutants.

Very little fiber was carried into the main body of the lake and it had no demonstrable effects upon distribution of bottom organisms therein. This fauna exhibited distributional patterns that were largely induced by variation in natural bottom mateTials. A rich and varied plankton population occurred when studies were made in July 1961. Blue-green algal components were drifted into numerous long southwest-northeast windrows.

No relationships to pollution or other human activities were discernible. Chapter -IX Transboundary Movement of Pollution

In the Treaty of 1909 between the two countries it was agreed that "the boundary waters shall not be polluted on either side to the injury of health or property on the other". In the reference for this investigation an answer was sought to the question of whether transboundary movement of pollution was taking place, to what extent, and in what localities. The information utilized in answering these questions in the present investigation was obtained from float studies, and a review of the analytical data compiled during the survey periods.

Float Movements

It is apparent from information presented in f3apte.r IV that transboundary currents occur at various places in the

Rainy River. In the International Falls-Fort Frances area 55 floats were released. Of these, 31 crossed the International

Boundary line and 10 recrossed it within four miles of the point of release. Seven crossed from the Canadian to the United

States side and 24 from the United States to the Canadian side.

In the vicinity of range 77.5, approximately six miles 9- 2 below the outlet of Rainy Lake, 11 of 17 floats released in the river crossed the boundary line from the Canadian side to the United States side. In the Rainy River-Baudette area the current is slow and ill-defined. Twenty-one floats released in this area showed only six crossings of the boundary, all from the Canadian to' the United States side.

Other Studies

Limited conductivity studies in the Fort Frances-

International Falls area indicated the pattern of transboundary movement of pollution in the river. A great increase in conductivity occurred along the United States shore just below the pulp and paper mill in Minnesota, due to the addition of quantities of inorganic wastes. The increased conductivity gradually spread across the river as the water moved downstream. By the time the water reached the junction of the Little Fork River (approximately 11 miles) the conductivity was uniform threefourths of the distance across the stream from the United States shore.

Coliform organism concentrations at the outlet of Rainy

Lake were very loT.v, about 35 per 100 ml. A very significant increase in numbers occurred along the Canadian shore just below the Fort Frances mill and the municipal sewer outfall.

In this area the average coliform concentration approximated

36,000 per 100 ml. A lesser but substantial increase occurred along the United States shore below the International Falls mill, with concentrations averaging about 6,600 per 100 ml.

These high concentrations gradually spread across the river and became moderately'uniform approximately 20 miles downstream. At range 64.8 the average coliform concentration ranged only from 10,400 to 11,500 per 100 ml across the stream.

Biochemical oxygen demand, lignin, color and suspended solids increased sharply along the United States shore just below the mills. As the water moved downstream there was a gradual spread across the river of the aforementioned constituents and their concentrations became uniform approximately

25 miles downstream from the mills, BOD values at the outlet of Rainy Lake averaged about 1.6 mg/l. Just below the mills on the United States side the BOD averaged 14.8 mg/l, on the

Canadian side 5.3 mg/l, and in midstream about 2 mg/l. At range 60.2 the BOD values were nearly uniform, ranging only from 2.5 to 3.1 mg/l across the stream. The transboundary spread of pollution is shown clearly in the charted data, figures 12 through 16, in Chapter VIII. Chapter X

Discussion of Findings Remedial Measures I

Data presented in this report contain the results of the

investigation of pollution in the Rainy River - Lake of the Woods

section of the boundary waters. They indicate, in accordance with the terms of reference to the Commission, the extent, nature and sources of pollution, and in what localities such pollution occurs. The Advisory Board has examined and evaluated these various data. From this analysis certain

conclusions have been reached, and remedial measures are

recommended. The findings and conclusions are discussed herewith.

Canada and the United States jointly possess an unparalleled natural resource in these boundary waters. Because they vitally affect the health, economy and recreation of both countries it is essential that the waters be so safeguarded from pollution that their use will be in the best public interests. The importance of maintaining these waters in a satisfactory state is evident in the action taken by the two governments on two separate occasions, in requesting that the International Joint

Commission make an investigation of pollution. --The 1913 Investigation The pollution problem in 1913 was appreciably different

from that of today. The earlier investigation was concerned

primarily with bacterial pollution from domestic sewage. No ,

municipal sewage treatment plants were in operation in the area

in 1913, hence the bacterial load on the stream was of primary

importance. Records are not available, but apparently the

industrial wastes we,re not of such volume or strength that the

investigators were much concerned about their effect on the

condition of the water in Rainy River.

The 1913 report stated that "In general the Rainy River

shows serious pollution throughout its length, but in an

increased degree below Fort Frances and International Falls

to the Lake of the Woods, making this whole river an unsafe

source 0.f water supply without very careful purification. The ~ tap water of the towns of Fort Frances, International Falls and Rainy River was examined and shown to be of the same character

as that of the river, the source of supply."

The International Joint Commission, following the 1913

investigation, recommended to the two governments that, for the

boundary waters as a whole,

"It is feasible and practicable, without imposing an

unreasonable burden upon the offending communities, to prevent or remedy pollution, both in the case of

boundary waters and waters .crossing the boundary.

"(a) -Inthe caae of city sewage, this can best be

accomplished by the installation of suitable collecting

and treatment works, the latter having special reference

to the removal ~f bacteria and matters in suspension.

"(b) In the case of vessel sewage, a feasible and

inexpensive remedy lies in the employment of

recognized methods of disinfection before it is

discharged. In the case of water ballast suitable

rules and regulations should be prescribed with a

view of protecting the water intakes.

"(c) The discharge of garbage and saw mill waste

into boundary waters should be prohibited, and in-

dustrial and other wastes, which are causing

appreciable injury, should be discharged subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed."

Chanqes in Period 1913-1962 Many changes have taken place in the period from 1913 to

1962 which have affected the pollution problem. Two factors which have contributed adversely to this situation are the increases in population and industrial activities. Comparative populatioqs in the Rainy River watershed in 1913 and 1961 are shown in figure 2 and table 3.

Table 3. Urban Population Changes

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 Municipality -11 -21 -31 -41 -51 - 61

Fort Frances, Ontario 2,780 2,818 5,003 5,410 8,114 9,481 Rainy River, Ontario 1,572 1,404 1,680 1,150 1,348 1,168 International Falls, Minn. 1,487 3,448 5,036 5,626 6,269 6,778 South Int. Falls, Minn. - 283 939 1,299 1,840 2,479 Baudette, Minnesota 1,565 1,531 1,036 1,459 1,349 1,597 Totals 7,40~4 9,484 13,694 14,944 18,920 21,503

The total population of the watershed has increased from about

25,000 to 47,000, but the urban population adjacent to Rainy River has approximately tripled, to a present population of nearly 22,000.

Industries were small and few in number in 1913. The paper mill on the Minnesota.si.de had been in operation for only three years, and production was relatively low. The mill on the Ontario side started operation in 1914. Production has greatly increased during the intervening years. Many new products are now produced, , resulting in appreciable changes in.the characteristics of waste flow. Several small industries have been founded and now discharge their waste directly or indirectly to the river. Several municipalities have constructed sewage treatment plants that reduce the solids and bacterial content of the waste discharge. International Falls has a modern well operated secondary treatment plant. South International Falls recently completed waste stabilization ponds. Baudette, Williams and

Rainy River have primary treatment plants. These sewage treatment facilities provide secondary treatment for the domestic wastes from 43 per cent of the urban po;?ulation, and primary treatment for an additional 13 per cent.

In this same period science has made important contributions toward solving pollution problems. Research in analytical procedures and treatment methods has made it possible to define more clearly, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the nature, extent, and effects of pollution and to apply corrective measures.

The science of water purification in 1913 was in the initial stages of development. While filtration had been developed it had not been employed anywhere along these boundary waters. Chlorine was added to the water in the form of hypochlorite, but the method of application was crude and often ineffective. Present day methods in chlorine application and control for disinfection were unknown. Corresponding advances have been made in the technology of

sewage and industrial waste treatment. New and improved processes

have made possible greatly increased efficiencies in the removal

of objectionable polluting substances.

Extent and Effects Pollution in 1960-1962 p- ---

The 1960-1962 investigations revealed that the major pollution

occurs in the Fort Frances-International Falls area and only

relatively minor pollution occurs in other areas of this watershed.

The analytical data derived from bacteriological, chemical,

physical, and biological examinations are a measure of the extent

and effects of the pollutants on Rainy River water. The kind,

degree, and location of pollution are set forth in detail in

Chapters VII and VIII. The findings are reviewed here in the

light of their effects on the waters and in relation to the

questions contained in the terms of the reference.

Transboundary. , Movement

In the Treaty of 1909 between the two countries it was

agreed that the waters on either side of the boundary should

not be polluted to the injury of health or property on the

other side. The first question asked in the present reference

to the Cbmmission involves this transboundary aspect of the

pollution problem. The data presented in Chapter IX have shown clearly that there is a transboundary crossing, both of flows and pollutants, from each side to the other. Since waste discharges tend to diffuse and become diluted in the receiving waters, it is difficult to trace a specific effluent over the distance required to dissipate its potency. Added dilution through travel downstream and the admixture of similar or other deleterious materials further complicate this difficulty. The intermingling is also influenced by winds, bends in the river, islands or other obstructions, and navigation channels. These effects may not be constant. Under these circumstances it is not feasible to state, in exact terms, the amount of pollutants which crosses from each country to the other.

Injury Health I

The danger to health in the use of these waters is measured most readily by the coliform determinations, although constituents of a chemical nature are also of sufficient importance to warrant consideration. Major purposes for which these waters are used include domestic water supply, bathing, and recreation. All of these uses are closely allied to public health and may be injuriously affected by the discharge of bacterial and chemical wastes. Limits of pollution beyond which a health menace may

exist are not universally accepted. Several standards have

been formulated from time to time to apply to specific areas

and requirements. In the final report on the 1913 investi-

gatiqn the Commission stated that "the standard of purification

required of these communities should be such that the streams

after receiving their treated sewage would have a mean annual

cr~ss~sectionalaverage of B. coli not exceeding 500 per 100 c.c."

A more recent standard for raw waters, acceptable for treatment

.and uge as public water supplies, is that recommended by the

U. S. Public Health Service in 1946. In this recommendation,

waters which have an average monthly coliform content of not

more than 5,000 per 100 ml and exceeding this number in not

more than 20 per cent of the samples examined in any month are

,acceptable for treatment by complete rapid sand filtration and

continuous'postchlorination. In cases where the coliform

bacteria exceed 5,000 per 100 ml in more than 20 per cent of

the sqmples examined during any one month and do not exceed I

20,000 per 100 ml in more than five per cent of the samples

examined' during any one month the waters shall be acceptable

when given auxiliary treatment in addition to complete rapid

sand filtration and continuous postchlorination. Waters containing coliform'bacteria in excess of the above figures are considered unsuitable for use as a source of drinking water supply unless brought into conformance by means of prolonged preliminary storage or some other satisfactory measure.

All sewage pollution must be considered as a potential health hazard. Pollution also may add an extra burden in the form of higher costs for water purification, necessitated by the failure of some upstream user to treat adequately the wastes produced. Similarly, many riparian owners who may wish to use these waters are not in position to secure the protection provided by modern and properly controlled purification processes that can be installed by municipal bodies. Some municipalities are deprived of the right of developing public water supplies within economical limits.

It was shown in Chapter VIII that the col.iform pollution in Rainy River rises sharply below the cities of Fort Frances

3 and International Falls and is sustained throughout the length of the river. The median coliform density in the river during the 1961 summer survey did not drop below 1,600 per 100 ml from

Fort Frances to range 9.3, several miles downstream from Baudette.

The median density at the mouth of Rainy River approximated 400 per 100 ml. In most areas of the river the coliform figures were in excess of those considered suitable for a raw water to be treated even by modern purification methods. The maximum counts reached excessive values and thereby imposed a severe load on water purification processes.

Tastes and odors in water supplies may be caused by industrial wastes, and particularly by phenolic compounds.

In water supplies which are chlorinated to protect against bacterial pollution, phenols react with chlorine and may produce intensely odorous compounds. These compounds, even when highly diluted, give to the water tastes and odors which are variously described as medicinal, chemical, or iodoform.

Two parts of phenol in one billion parts of chlorinated water may be sufficient to cause objectionable taste and odor. This condition can cause the public to resort to other water supp1ie.s which may be palatable but dangerously contaminated.

Presently the polluted section of Rainy River is little used as a source of water supply. Only Rainy River Village now uses d the river water for domestic purposes. It is supplied to the water mains following chlorination only. Small communities along the river are discouraged from using the water because of its polluted condition. International Falls and Fort Frances take water from the watershed upstream,from the major sources of pollution. The presence of sewage pollution in bathing areas located in these waters also constitutes a health hazard. .The coliform . . . .. ' data in Chapter VIII show that Rainy River below the International

Falls-Fort Frances area is heavily contaminated all the way to the Lake of the Woods. Standards of bathing water quality vary greatly. A study by Garber (14) in 1956 indicated that the / bathing water bacteriological quality standards of various governmental units were so varied and complex that it was difficult to compare them. The U. S. Public Health Service studies (15, 16) on Lake Michigan and Ohio River concluded that swimmers in waters with median coliform densities as -lowas

100 per 100 ml had a greater incidence of eye, ear, nose, throat, skin, and gastrointestinal illnesses than did non-swimmers.

Based upon the American Public Health Association recommendations, . . many governmental units have indicated that suitable bathing water shall have a coliform density of less than 1,000 per 100 ml.

Rainy River water has limited use for recreational bathing at the present time.

Effects Upon Aquatic Life

Recent studies (1960-62) showed that aquatic life was influenced by wastes discharged at the Fort Frances-International

Falls area, and by declines in river stage that were periodically occasioned by suppression of flow at the paper mill dam.

Reductions in flow intermittently expose large bottom areas in upper Rainy River and tend to prevent development of an abundant aquatic life .in such areas.

Proliferation of phytoplankton and the slime bacterium

Sphaerotilus were stimulated by nutrients contained in municipal and industrial wastes. The latter normally grows attached to various submerged objects. It often makes certain substrates uninhabitable for other forms of life; it may become affixed to various invertebrates and destroy them by suffocation or smother- ing; and its dislodged filaments often create nuisances by fouling fishing lines. Experiments carried out during the spatjning seasons of 1961 and 1962 have indicated that Sphaerotilus growths inhibit hatching of walleye eggs, seemingly making it very difficult for the embryp to leave the egg. Dense phytoplankton concentrations may induce unpalatable tastes and odors in surface water supplies and increase the cost and difficulty of water.treatment.

Wood fiber, .wood chips, and bark discharged by the paper. , ii mills affected bottom organisms (benthos) in most river reaches below their points of entry, and in Four Mile Bay, Lake of the ? Woods. Fresh wood fiber begins to settle as soon as it reaches the river, but some is carried in suspension for a number of miles. Settled wood fiber forms rather thick deposits, patches Fibrous sludge deposits along shore of Rainy River at International Falls, Minnesota. August, 1962. Typical accumulation of wood slivers and fibrous material obsexved along U. S. shore of Rainy ~ivsr,August 4, 1962. of which frequently break away and form floating "islands" which may drift for varying distances dependent upon their points of origin. Disintegration of the "isiands" temporarily returns wood fiber ko suspension, and secondary settling may form wood fiber mats on remote bottom areas.. Most wood fiber presently being carried into Four Mile Bay probably arrives as floating "inlands. I' Fresh wood fiber deposits (most concentrated along the left bank in the upper river) restrict benthos to some midge larvae, sludge worms, and other forms that are very tolerant of such pollution. These organisms are much less desirable fish food resources than intolerant organisms, such as mayflies, that are eliminated. Wood fiber and/or other wastes components have apparently made the entire Rainy River intolerable for som& important benthic groups that have been found in unpolluted tributaries. A number of other species found in limited areas in the lower river were missing in reaches containing fresh wood f25er deposits. Quantities of the more desirable organi.sms that were found in lower reaches indicated that individuals were widely dispersed in what appeared to be naturally productive areas.

Fouling of fish lines with wood fiber and S~haerotilus discourages angling in many reaches so that utilization of the

Rainy River for sport fishing is far below its potential.

Injury to Property

Discharge of sewage and industrial wastes into these waters is a deterrent to potential development of property and the use of this water for municipal purposes along this river and adds to the cost of water supply. Suspended fiber, bark, chips, and foam carried by the water frequently cause deposits along shores of the river. The deposits are unsightly and often highly odorous. Similar deposits are common on the river bottom.

During the summer season decomposition liberates gases from these deposits which often lift sections of the deposits

to the water surface. ' Obnoxious odors are released from the floating masses, and bottom deposits. Such conditions adversely affect the use of these waters for recreational bathing purposes.

Sources of Pollution

-Pollution of these waters is due to- the discharge of domestic sewage and industrial wastes, principally from the municipalities and pulp and paper mills. Most of the small industries discharge their wastes into municipal sewers, but the pulp and paper mills have outlets direct to the boundary waters. Sources of Domestic Waste

Table 10, Chapter VII, lists the principal sources of

domestic wastes. On the United States side the City of

International Falls represents the major portion of the sewered

population. This community has secondary treatment facilities

and its BOD load to the stream represents approximately nine .> per cent of the eqtire domestic waste load. Baudette, with

only primary treatment, discharges a domestic BOD load of

approximately cent the total.

On the Canad$an side Fort Frances, which presently provides

no treatment, discharges an estimated domestic BOD loadof about

58 per cent of the total. Emo is only partially sewered and provides no treatment. At present it contributes a small BOD load. Rainy River Village has only primary treatment. ~ts waste load contributes about five per cent of the total domestic

BOD to Rainy River. me remaining domestic BOD is contributed by villages located on tributaries of Rainy River. The data show that the domestic BOD load to the ri~er~-~%zorneach of the i tributaries is relatively light and insignificant. E It is expected that the coliform load on the river from each community, except where chlorination is practiced, is approximately proportional to the domestic BOD load. It is of interest to

note that the entire domestic BOD load is about one per cent

of the combined domestic and industrial BOD load.

--Sources of Industrial Waste A summary of industrial waste discharges in the Rainy River

watershed below Rainy Lake is given in table 11 in Chapter VII.

Almost the entire waste load is discharged from the outlets of

the twp pulp and paper mills. Tables 13-19 in Chapter VII

present detailed information concerning the amount and character-

istics of these wastes.

The total daily volume of mill wastes is approximately

77,000f000 gallons. This volume includes condenser and cooling

wqter as well as process wastes. These effluents contain large

qyantivies of pollutants which have an adverse effect on the

receiv4ng stream. ! The BOD load contributed to the stream daily by the two mills +n 1961 totalled about 255,000 pounds. This oxygen

demand is the equivalent of that from the domestic waste of a

city of one and one-half million people.

The suspended solids load, including bark, fiber, chips,

and lime sludge, discharged from the mill outlets exceeded

100 toqs/day. Of these suspended solids, woody materials amount to 61.5 tons/day oy about four per cent of combined net pro-

duction of both mills. Suspended matter of this type is the

cause of deposits along the shore and on the river bottom.

Tese deposits are unsightly and often produce obnoxious odors.

Squrces of Other Wastes 7

wastes from navigation and careless dumping of refuse

along the shore and from other sources are relatively negligible

in Rainy River.

Remedial Measures

It has been shown that stream pollution exists in Rainy

River. Its nature, extent, and sources have been presented in

detail. This pollution has an injurious effect on actual or

potential uses of these waters for domestic and industrial

water supplies, bathing, recreation, and fish life. Pollutants

cgoss from each side of the boundary to the other. A further

question in the terms of the reference concerns the measures

fgr remedying the situation. If such measures are to be

effective, they must raise the quality of the waters to the

paint where they can be used satisfactorily for these various

. purposes. Objectives for Boundary Waters Quality Control

Remedial measures involve the treatment or control of all sources of pollution reaching the boundary waters and their tributaries. Information acquired prompted the Advisory- Board to recommend interpretative modifications of the "Objectives for Boundary Waters Quality Control" for application in the

Rainy River and Lake of the Woods area.

Water quality objectives are essential for determining the remedial measures necessary for correcting pollution.

Objectives may be established in two ways: (1) through limitation of the quantity of deleterious substarices allowed to enter the receiving streams, or (2) through limitation of these substances within the receiving waters. Whichever type of objective is used, the end result must be the same, namely maintenance of the water in a condition suitable for all appropriate uses.

Objectives adopted for boundary waters quality control establish the ultimate aim of corrective measures. Objectives must be defined if water quality is to be improved and maintained, and they must be impartial in setting goals for all uses. Each purpose will require a specific quality of water.

In the majority of cases, the uses of any one watercourse are ,varied, and complex interrelationships must be c,onsidered in

objectives consistent with all uses. These principles have

been adhered to in the following objectives:

These objectives* are for the boundary waters in general, and it is anticipated that in certain specific instances, influenced by local conditions, more stringent requirements may be found necessary.

General Objectives

All wastes, including sanitary sewage, storm water, and industrial effluents, shall be in such condition when discharged into any stream that they will not create conditions in the boundary waters which will adversely affect the use of these waters for the following purposes: source of domestic water supply or industrial water supply, navigation, fish and wild life, bathing, recreation, agriculture and other riparian activities.

In general, adverse conditions are caused by:

(A) Excessive bacterial, physical or chemical contamination. (B) Unnatural deposits in the stream, interfering with navigation, fish and wild life, bathing, recreation, or destruction of aesthetic values. (C) Toxic substances and materials imparting objectionable tastes and odors to waters used for domestic or industrial purposes. (D) Floating materials, including oils, grease, garbage, sewage solids, or other refuse.

*From report of International Joint Commission, U. S. and Canada, "Pollution of Boundary Waters," 1951, pages 170-171. Specific Objectives

In more specific terms, adequate controls of pollution will necessitate the following objectives for:

(A) Sanitary Sewage, Storm Water, and wastes from Water Craft

Sufficient treatment for adequate removal or reduction of solids, bacteria and chemical constituents which may interfere unreasonably with the use of these waters for the purposes aforementioned. Adequate protection for these waters, except in certain specific instances influenced by local conditions, shorlld be provided if the coliform M.P.N. median value does not exceed 2,400 per 100 ml at any point in the waters following initial dilution.

(B) Industrial wastes (1) Chemical Wastes - Phenolic Type Industrial waste effluents from phenolic hydrocarbon and other chemical plants will cause objectionable tastes or odors in drinking or industrial water supplies and may taint the flesh of fish. Adequate protection should be provided for these waters if the concentration of phenol or phenolic equivalents does not exceed an average of 2 p.p.b. and a maximum of 5 p.p.b. at any point in these waters following initial dilution. This quality in the receiving waters will probably be attained if plant effluents are limited to 20 p.p.b. of phenol ax phenolic equivaJents. Some of the industries producing phenolic wastes are: coke, synthetic resin, oil, creosoting, wood distillation, and dye manufacturing plants. (2) Chemical Wastes, Other than Phenolic Adequate protection should be provided if: (a) The pH of these waters following initial dilution is not less than 6.7 nor more than 8.5. This quality in the receiving waters will probably be attained if plant effluents are adjusted to a pH value within the range of 5.5 and 10.6. (b) The iron content of these waters following initial dilution does not exceed 0.3 p.p.m. This quality in the receiving waters will probably be attained if plant effluents are limited to 17 p.p.m. of iron in terms of Fe. (c) The odor-producing substances in the effluent are reduced to a point that following initial dilution with these waters the mixture does not have a threshold odor number in excess of 8 due to such added material. (d) Unnatural color and turbidity of the wastes are reduced to a point that these waters will not be offensive in appearance or otherwise unattractive for the aforementioned uses.

(e) Oil and floating solids are reduced to a point such that they will not create fire hazards, coat hulls of water craft, injure fish or wild life or their habitat, or will adversely affect public or private recreational development or other legiti- mate shore line developments or uses. Protection should be provided for these waters if plant effluents or storm water discharges from premises do not contain oils, as determined by extraction, in excess of 15 p.p.m., or a sufficient amount to create more than a faint iridescence. Sone of the industries producing chemical wastes other than phenolic are: oil wells and petroleum refineries,- gasoline filling stations and bulk stations, styrene cc~polymer,synthetic pharmaceutical, . synthetic fibre, iron and steel, alkali chemical, rubber fabricating, dye manufacturing, pulp-and paper mills, and acid manufacturing plants.

(3) Highly Toxic Wastes

Adequate protection should be provided for these waters if-substances highly toxic..to human, fish, aquatic, or wild life are eliminated or reduced to safe limits. Some of the industries producing highly toxic wastes are: metal plating and finishing plants discharging cyanides, chromium or other toxic wastes; chemical and pharmaceutical plants and coke ovens. Wastes containing toxic concentrations of free halogens are included in this category.

1 (4) Deoxygenating Wastes Adequate protection of these waters should result if sufficient treatment.is. provided for the substantial removal of solids, bacteria, chemical constituents and other substances capable of reducing the dissolved oxygen content of these waters unreasonably. Some of the-industries producing these wastes are: tanneries, glue and gelatin plants, alcohol, including breweries and distilleries, wool scouring, pulp and paper, food processing plants such as meat packing and dairy-plants,.cornproducts, beet sugar, fish processing and dehydration plants.

The methods of determination of the chemical constituents referred to in the preceding objectives are as given in "Analytical Methods for Boundary Waters Quality Control," as prepared by the Board of Technical Advisers. Bacterial determinations are to include the presumptive and confirmed tests, or the M.F. procedure, for the coliform group of bacteria as given in "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Sewage." Application -of These Objectives - Rainy River ----and Lake of the Woods: The Advisory Board,recommends in the application of these objectives for the Rainy River and Lake of the Woods area that the following interpretations apply:

(1) The provision (B) (4) of the Objectives,

pertaining to dissolved oxygen reduction,

would be met if the dissolved oxygen does not

fall below 5 mg/l at the monthly average flow

which is exceeded 95 per cent of the time in

the critical month, nor fall below 3 mg/l at

the minimum daily flow that is exceeded

95 per cent of the time in the critical month.

(2) The provision (B) (2) (e) of the Objectives

pertaining to "floating", or suspended, solids

will be met for pulp and paper wastes if

facilities that effect substantially complete

removal of all suspended solids are provided

by the mills. (3) The provisions of (B) (I), (B) (2) (a) and

(B) (2) (c) would be applicable when and if

the need for the same is demonstrated or

develops in these waters.

(4) The provision A as applied-to public recreational

bathing areas would be met if median coliform

values do not exceed 1,000 per 100 ml.

The Board recommends the adoption of the following specific objective:

The discharge of nutrients, including wood sugars, shall be controlled or reduced to the extent necessary to prevent nuisance growths of Sphaerotilus or other slimes in the river.

Pollution Control Program

It is apparent, from the data presented in the foregoing, that a comprehensive waste treatment program is required. Two methods for dealing with water pollution problems are commonly advocated. One viewpoint advocates the utilization of the stream for carrying away as much waste as it can tolerate without interfering too seriously with normal stream uses. The other would exclude all impurities from watercourses. Between these conflicting views is a course which the Board feels will meet the situation.

This course has been followed in developing the "Objectives for Boundary Waters Quality Control. " No tolerance limit, whether for the effluent or for the stream, can be expected to remain fixed. It must change with changing conditions and each change should be in the public interest.

The large volume of water flowing between the United States and Canada should be regarded as a natural resource to be shared by both countries. It should not be wantonly destroyed by pollution from municipalities, from industries, or from any other source.

An intelligent policy of safeguarding these waters from gross pollution should be fostered and encouraged so that they will be used for the highest public good and not exploited by selfish interests. While the boundary waters should not be regarded as public sewers for. carrying away 'wastes of all kinds, their reasonable utilization for the disposal of effluents may be permitted as long as other water uses are not impaired,

The pollution problem must be considered 'not only on the basis of present-day conditions but also in terms of the future.

Facilities for the treatment of municipal sewage must incorporate sufficient flexibility to permit ready expansion to satisfy future demands. Industrial waste disposal programs must not only provide for adequate treatment for the present, but must insure . .. . that new industries or new industrial processes which may be established will not jeopardize the rights of users of these waters. Industry must continue to assume, in cooperation with other agencies, the research and planning required for satisfactory and efficient disposal of industrial wastes.

Disposal -of Municipal Wastes

Since municipal sewage carries the organisms of diseases transmissible to humans, the discharge of this waste is of major concern in these boundary waters. The large volume of municipal wastes, totalling three million U. S. (2.5 million Imp.) gallons per day, discharged into these waters adds a heavy bacterial load. About 50 per cent of this is receiving some treatment, but the treatment in some cases is primary only. In addition to the domestic sewage from the sewered population of 21,500 in the area under Reference, the municipal sewers carry a limited amount of industrial wastes.

Since 1913 the total population of this area has risen from less than 24,000 to slightly more than 47,000. The final report of the 1913 investigation pointed out that these waters were seriously polluted by sewage. It was recomi~ended that the sewage be treated either by fine screening or sedimentation and, when necessary, by chemical disinfection in order to secure in the receiving waters a mean annual cross-sectional average

B. coli of 500 per 100 C.C.

Since 1913 a number of sewage treatment plants have been constructed. Notwithstanding the accomplishments of these works, the bacterial load was found in 1961-1962 to be approximately

20 times as great as in 1913. The treatment of municipal wastes which has been provided has neither reduced the bacterial load below the 1913 level nor has it even kept pace with the increase resulting from expansion of municipal populations and industrial activities.

It is the opinion of the Advisory Board that satisfactory quality in these waters, outlined in the "Objectives for

Boundary Waters Quality Control, " will not be obtained until all municipal wastes are given continuous treatment of a high degree, and more efficient or secondary treatment will have to be provided where this has not already been accomplished. It

is recognized that local conditions on either side of the boundary may give additional'impetus to the need for this higher degree of treatment. The completion of the construction of such works will require an appreciable period, but action should be taken without delay to inaugurate this program leading to the attainment of secondary treatment for all municipalities

dischprging wastes into these waters.

This program for the treatment of sewage will not fully

accomplish the desired objective unless concurrent action is

taken to deal with the overflows from combined sewers. A long

term program leading to the separation of domestic sewage from

storm water should be adopted. Sanitary sewage must also be

segregated from mill wastes for proper treatment in municipal

and treatment facilities.

The misuse or neglect of treatment facilities must be

avoided at all times. Inefficient operation of a plant or

I I unwarranted bypassing of untreated or partially treated effluent

should not be permitted.

The Board is of the opinion that reasonable water quality b consistent with the wide variety of uses of these waters, both

present and future will be maintained if the wastes are treated

to;a degree which will result in a median coliform value not

exceeding 2,400 per 100 ml at any point in the boundary waters

following initial dilution of waste discharges and not exceeding

1,000 per 100 ml in public recreational bathing areas. It will

likewise be necessary to provide sufficient treatment so that .other substances which may injuriously affect the water, as

defined in the objectives, will be removed.

Disposal of Industrial Wastes

The volume of industrial wastes, exclusive of that carried

in municipal sewers, discharged directly.into these boundary waters, is 77 million U. S. (64 million Imp.) gallons per day,

nearly 30 times the volume of municipal wastes. As shown in

table 61 through 65, Chapter VII, these wastes carry large

quantities of deleterious substances, which seriously affect

the quality of the receiving waters and may adversely affect

property values.

In contrast to the disposal of domestic sewage, industrial wastes are so varied in composition that no uniform treatment

process is applicable. Each waste must be considered individually

in the light of the deleterious substances present. Limits of

tolerance for certain of these substances in industrial effluents have been included in the objectives for boundary waters quality

control as interpreted for these waters. The problem of industrial waste treatment is one for the industry involved.

When a new industry proposes to locate on a watercourse, due regard must be given to ensure that the wastes will not

jeopardize the rights of other water users. The same principle must apply when new processes resulting in objectionable wastes are involved. Approval by the water pollution control public agencies is required in both Ontario and Minnesota.

One of the problems of industrial waste disposal is that of sudden or concentrated discharges, commonly known as "slugs " or "spills." By a slug is meant the release of a volume of highly concentrated polluting material over a short period of time. Slugs are intermittent, but their effects may be felt for great distances and for prolonged periods.

It is the responsibility of industry to avoid slugs and spills as far as possj.bl.e. Control and monitoring programs should be instituted and maintained where there is the likelihood of such conditions occurring.

Disposal of Other Wastes

In Rainy River wastes from boating, log rafting and community and private refuse disposal present a relatively minor problem.

Proqress -in Pollution Control

Some progress in the control or elimination of pollution has been accomplished during the period of this investigation. mile construction of sewage works has not been on a large scale there has been much activity in the preparation of plans and initiation of projects. Tnis activity is continuing on the part of both municipalities and industry. Present Status of Municipal Waste Treatment Facilities

Minnesota

International Falls Secondary treatment, trickling filters

South-International Falls Sewage stabilization ponds

Baudette Primary treatment

Williams Primary treatnient , .L'

Little Fork ' Primary treatment

Cook Primary treatment

U. S. Air Force Secondary treatment, AC&W Station trickling filters

Ontario

Fort Frances No treatment, plans for primary treatment completed.

Barwick No sewerage system

Emo Partly sewered - no treatment. Plans being made for sewage stabilization ponds.

Rainy River Inadequate primary treatment. Plans being made for sewage stabilization ponds.

~resent.~tatusof Industrial wastes . ..

. . Reduction facilities: . . , ...... ,..

Ontario - Minnesota Pulp Savealls, bark recovery. and Paper Company Ltd.

Minnesota - Ontario Paper Savealls, bark recovery, bark Co. setkling pond. Partial separation of domestic sewage. Waste sulfite liquor used for road binder. --Cost and Financinq The following estimates have been prepared on costs for remedial measures in answer to this question in the terms of the reference, The municipal cos'ts are divided as follows:,

(1) interceptors and primary treatment, (2) additions of

.secondary treatment, Industrial costs were estimated by industries -involved on the basis of compliance with the objectives for boundary waters quality control,

\ Costs for municipalities (interceptors and primary treatment):

United States: None

Canadian : $2,384,500

Total Primary: $2,384,500

For the second stage or secondary treatment of municipal wastes the additional costs are estimated as:

United States: $200,000

Canadian : $508,'000

Total : . $708,000

Grand TOTAL: $3,092,500

Costs for industries:

United States and Canada: $11,000,000 A strong deterrent in the solution of water pollution problems has been the reluctance of some municipalities and industry to make funds available for this purpose. This may be due either to financial inability, lack of appreciation of responsibility by the polluter, or indifference on the part of the public. Accordingly, it is important to consider methods of securing funds for the construction and operation of remedial works.

Remedial works for treating municipal wastes must be constructed through public funds. These may come from any of several sources such as cash reserves, short term loans or debentures, general obligation bonds, special assessment bonds, revenue bonds, government aid, or any combination of these.

The annual payments on capital debts incurred by the municipalities for such works and for their operation may come from general taxation or some form of service charge. Since the sewage works are designed for the benefit of the entire community and are an obligation of the municipality some municipal authorities favor paying part of the costs by general taxes. In order to apportion the remaining costs on the basis of benefits derived the practice of applying a service charge is gaining widespread use. These service charges are designated by several names such as sewer rates, sewage service rates, and sewer rentals.

These rates have advantages which justify serious study by public officials confronted with the problem of financing municipal sewage treatment works.

It is a recognized fact that industrial wastes are the responsibility of the industry. Experience has demonstrated that in certain industries it is possible to reclaim from the wastes useful by-products which may partially offset the cost of treatment. The treatment or control of these wastes, however, whether profitable or otherwise, must be regarded as a part of the cost of production.

Water Pollution Control Legislation

Legislation applicable to water pollution control was reviewed in Chapter V. It defines Federal, State and Provincial, and municipal responsibilities and jurisdictions.

Federal legislation in the United States centers about

Public Law 560, as amended by Public Law 87-88, and known as the

''Water Pollution Control Act. I' It was designed to "recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and rights of the States in preventing and controlling water pollution, to support and aid technical research relating to the prevention and control of water pollution, and to provide Federal technical services and financial aid to State and interstate agencies and to municipalities in connection with the prevention and control of water pollution." There is also Federal legislation applicable to certain types of pollution of harbors and other navigable waters.

In Canada there is no Federal legislation which is concerned with pollution of water per se. There are, however, certain statutes which deal with this problem, particularly as applied to navigation, fisheries, and wild life.

In the State of Minnesota water pollution control is centered in the Water Pollution Control Commission. The statute creating this agency gives it authority to deal with all types of water pollution.

In the Province of Ontario, problems pertaining to water pollution and pollution control are under the jurisdiction of the Ontario Water Resources Commission.

Municipalities are authorized to enact regulations or by- laws dealing with such matters as control of local pollution, restrictions on the use of sewers, setting sewer service rates, and financing .

-The Continuing Program It is recognized that in these waters pollution control is an ever changing problem. The fulfillment of the objective

will require time and continuous supervision. Technical

difficulties may be expected in connection with industrial

wastes. New industrial processes which will be developed may

produce different wastes and complications in disposal. Past

experience has shown that constant effort and attention by

regulatory authorities are needed if existing pollution is to

be controlled and new pollution is to be prevented.

It is believed advisable for the Commission to foster

pollution abatement programs for the boundary waters through

consultation and cooperation with Federal, State, and Provincial

governments. The administration of such a program should be

through existing pollution control authorities.

A spirit of cooperation in solving pollution problems has

# been evident among industries and the municipalities. Industries ~ have form4d associations primarily for the development of 'waste treatment methods. Of particular interest in this area is the

National Council for Stream Improvement (of the Pulp, Paper and

Paperboard Industries) Incorporated.

It is believed that progress in pollution abatement will

be aided if a technical committee or board be established to maintain a continuing interest in the pollution problem.

Such a committee would supplement and strengthen the efforts made by pollution control authorities and would permit the interchange of reports on progress. This committee should consist of represenkatives from the Federal, State, and

Provincial governments involved in this problem. GLOSSARY

B. coli or B. coli group the coli-aerogenes group as used in all editions of Standard Methods of Water Analysis prior to the sixth edition. It is equivalent to the coliform group as defined in later editions of Standard Methods and used during this investigation.

Board, Board of Sanitary Board of Technical Advisers to Experts, or Advisory the International Joint Commission Board in the investigations described in this report.

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Boundary Waters the waters .from main shore to main shore between the United States and Canada, as defined in the Treaty of 1909.

cubic feet per second.

Coliform or coliform group those organisms which will ferment lactose within 48 hours at 35.50C in the presence of brilliant green bile and in the proportions contained in standard dehydrated media of that type (tube dilution test) : or those organisms which produce a dark colony with a metallic sheen in 20 2 2 hours of incubation at 35. ~OCon M-Endo-ME' Broth (membrane filter test).

Comrniss ion the International Joint Commission; I. J. C.

composite sample a sample made up of portions collected at definite intervals and mixed before analyses. DO dissolved oxygen

fps feet per second grab sample an individual sample all portions of which have been taken at the same time.

IBC International Boundary.Commission

Imp. Imperial.

IMVIC the pattern of biochemical reactions derived from the results of the Indol, the Methyl Red, The Voges - Proskauer, and Citrate tests.

International Boundary the boundary between the United or boundary States and Canada median .the value which is equaled or exceeded by exactly half the values in the given list.

membrane filter

micrograms per liter (approximately equivalent to PP~)

milligrams per Liter (approximately equivalent to ppm)

mgd million gallons per day.

ml milliliters.

MPN or MPN Index the most probable number of coliform organisms per 100 ml when calculated from multiple tube dilution tests.

No. number. P.A. Public Act

P. L. Public Law

PH hydrogen ion concentration.

Phelps Index the indicated number of B. coli per 100 ml when calculated from the results of single tube dilution tests. primary or partial the first major step in sewage treatment treatment works, usually screening, grit removal, and sedimentation. secondary treatment the treatment of sewage by biological methods following primary treatment. slug or spill the release of a volume of highly concentrated polluting material over a short period of time.

SS suspended solids

Standard Methods Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water - Latest Edition. United States

per cent REFERENCES

1. International Joint Commission, 'IProgress Report of II the International Joint Cornmission'on the Reference . by the United States and Canada in re. the Pollution of 'Boundary Waters, dated January 16, 1914, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. (1918)

2. American Public Health Association, American Water Works ~ssociation,and Water Pollution Control Federation, "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, Sewage, and Industrial Wastew, Tenth Edition, 1955, and "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Waterv, Eleventh Edition, 1960.

3. International Boundary Commission, "Joint Report upon the Survey and Demarcation of the Boundary Between the United States and Canadan, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. (1931)

4. "Rainy River Pollution Survey 1937", A Report of a Joint Survey of the Rainy River by the Ontario Department of Health and the Minnesota Department of Health. (Unpublished)

5. Johnston, W. A,, "Rainy River District, Ontario, surficial Geology and Soils", Memoir 82, Number 68. Geological Series (1915). Canadian Department of .- Mines. Geological Survey.

6. Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company, "Rate of Passage of Water Down Rainy River Under Minimum Flow Conditions", 1958. (Unpublished)

7. "Minnesota Arrowhead Association Vacation-Travel Survey, 1958-1959". Conducted by Minnesota Arrowhead Association in cooperation with Iron Range Resources Rehabilitation Department, State of Minnesota.

8. Nute, G. L., "Rainy River Country", Minnesota Historical 2.

9, Slanetz, L. W., and Bartley, C. H., "Numbers of Enterococci in Water, Sewage, and Faeces Determined by the Membrane Filter Technique with an Improved Medium" Journal of Bacteriology, 74, 591-595 (1957). C 10. Nelson, N, Jr., "A Photometric Adaptation of the i Somogyi Method for the Determination of Glucose", J. Biological Chemistry, 153, 375 (1944) .

2 11. Shallenberger, R. S. and Moores, R. G., 18~uantitative $r Determination of Reducing Sugars and Sucrose separated t by Paper Chromatography", Anal, Chem., 29, 27 (1957). >. 12. International Joint Commission, "Final Report of the it: j International Joint Commission on the Pollution of Boundary Waters Reference", U. S. Government Printing Off ice, 1918. I

13. Stearman, R. L,, "Statistical Concepts in Microbiology", I Bact. Reviews, 19, 160 (1955).

14. Garber, W. F., "Bacteriological Standards for Bathing Waters", Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 28, 795-807 (1956).

15. U. So Public Health Service, "Bathing Water Quality and Health. I. Great Lakes", U. S. Public Health Service Publication (1951). 16. U. S. Public Health Service, "Bathing Water Quality and Health. 11, Inland Rivers", U, S. Public Health Service Publication (1952), .* BIBLIOGRAPHY r

Minnesata Department of Health, Report on Rainy River Investigation, January 16-25, 1962.

Minnesota Department of Health, Report on Survey of , Waste' Disposal, Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company, International Falls, Minnesota, July 31 - August 7, 1961.

Minnesota Department of Health, Supplementary Report on Background Information, Rainy River Watershed Between the Outlet of Rainy Lake at Ranier and Long Point of Lake of the Woods, July, 1961, and Appendices A through H.

Minnesota Department of Health, Proqress Report on Background Information on the Rainy River Watershed, May 2, 1961, and Appendix A.

Minnesota Department of Health, Memorandum on Investi- gation of Sewaqe Disposal on the Rainy River Watershed Between the Outlet of Rainy Lake at Ranier and Long Point of Lake of the Woods, July - October, 1960, and bibliography.

Minnesota Department of Health, Memorandum on Survey of Waste Disposal, Minnesota and Ontario Paper.Company, International Falls, Minnesota, August 16 - 19,' 1960.

Minnesota Department of Health, Water Quality Sampling Program, Minnesota Lakes and Streams, Vol. 11, 1958-59.

Minnesota Department of Health, Report on Investigation of the Rainy River, Lake of the Woods and Koochichinq Counties, September 2 - 12, 1958.

Minnesota Department of Health, Report on Investigation of the Rainy River, June 23 - 27, 1958.

Minnesota Department of Health, Report on Survey of the Rainy River, Koochichinq and Lake of the Woods Counties, August, 1957. 11. Minnesota Department of Health, Report on Follow-up Survey of Rainy River Includinq Survey of Waste Disposal System at Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company, International Falls, Minnesota, June, August and September, 1955.

12. Minnesota Department of Health, Report on Follow-up Survey of Rainy River Includinq Survey of Waste Disposal System, Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company, and Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations, August, 1954,

13. Minnesota Department of Health, Regort on Preliminary Survey of Pollution of Rainy River, and Summary and Conclusions, August 18-25, 1952.

14. Minnesota Department of Health, Memorandum on Waste Disposal at the Minnesota and Ontario Paper Company, July 9, 1951 - February 6, 1952. 15. Minnesota Department of Health, Rep0r.t on the survey of the Rainy River, June 11 - 12, 1951, 16. Minnesota Department of Health, Report on the Follow- up Investiqation of the Rainy River, September 21-23, 1948. '

17. Slanetz, L. W., and Bartley, C, H., .I8Nunibersof

~nterococciin water, Sewage, and Faeces Determined ; by the Membrane Filter Technique with an Improved Medium" Journal of Bacteriology, -74, 591-595 (1957) 18. Nelson, N, Jr., "A photometric ~daptationof the Somogyi Method for the Determination of Glucose", J. Biological Chemistry, 153, 375 (1944).

19. Tennant, A. D., Reid, J. E., Rockwell, L. J., "A Bacteriological Study of the Rainy River Conducted for the Advisory Board on Water Pollution Rainy River and Lake of the Woods, International Joint Commission." Department of National Health & Welfare (~anada)Manuscript Reports of the Laboratory of Hygiene No. 60-1 (1960) 20. Shallenberger, R. S. and Moores, R. G., "~uantitative Determination of Reducing Sugars and Sucrose Separated by Paper Chromatography", ~nal.Chem. , 29, 27 (1957) .

21. International Joint Commission, "Final Report of' the International Joint Commission on the Pollution of Boundary Waters Reference". U. S. Government Printing Office, 1918.

22. Stearman, R. L., "Statistical concepts in MicrobioXogy" , Bact. Reviews, 19, 160 (1955).

23. Garber, W. F., llBacteriological Standards for Bathing Watersu, Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 28, 795-807 (1956)

24. U. S. Public Health Service, "Bathing Water Quality and ~ealth.' I. Great Lakes11, U. S. Public Health Service Publication (1951) .

25. U. S. Public Health Service, "Bathing Water ~uality and Health. 11. Inland Rivers", U. S. Public Health Service Publication (1952) .