Barrick Gold Corporation Annual Information Form

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Barrick Gold Corporation Annual Information Form Barrick Gold Corporation Brookfield Place, TD Canada Trust Tower Suite 3700, 161 Bay Street, P.O. Box 212 Toronto, ON M5J 2S1 Annual Information Form For the year ended December 31, 2017 Dated as of March 23, 2018 BARRICK GOLD CORPORATION ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS .................................................................................................. 4 REPORTING CURRENCY, FINANCIAL AND RESERVE INFORMATION ................................ 10 FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION ............................................................................................ 10 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION ............................................................................ 13 GENERAL INFORMATION .................................................................................................................. 13 Organizational Structure ................................................................................................................ 13 Subsidiaries .................................................................................................................................... 14 Areas of Interest ............................................................................................................................. 16 General Development of the Business ........................................................................................... 16 History .............................................................................................................................. 16 Strategy ............................................................................................................................. 16 Results of Operations in 2017 ........................................................................................... 18 NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS ........................................................................... 22 Production ...................................................................................................................................... 22 Reportable Operating Segments .................................................................................................... 22 Barrick Nevada ................................................................................................................. 23 Pueblo Viejo (60% basis) ................................................................................................. 24 Lagunas Norte ................................................................................................................... 24 Veladero ............................................................................................................................ 25 Turquoise Ridge (75% basis) ............................................................................................ 26 Acacia Mining plc (63.9% basis) ...................................................................................... 27 Pascua-Lama Project ......................................................................................................... 28 Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources ...................................................................................... 29 Marketing and Distribution ............................................................................................................ 39 Employees and Labor Relations .................................................................................................... 41 Competition ................................................................................................................................... 41 Corporate Social Responsibility .................................................................................................... 41 Operations in Emerging Markets: Corporate Governance and Internal Controls .......................... 42 Board and Management Experience and Oversight .......................................................... 43 Communications ............................................................................................................... 44 Internal Controls and Cash Management Practices .......................................................... 44 Managing Cultural Differences......................................................................................... 45 Books and Records ........................................................................................................... 45 MATERIAL PROPERTIES .................................................................................................................... 45 Cortez Property .............................................................................................................................. 45 Goldstrike Property ........................................................................................................................ 52 Pueblo Viejo Mine ......................................................................................................................... 58 - i - Lagunas Norte Mine ...................................................................................................................... 65 Veladero Mine ............................................................................................................................... 71 Turquoise Ridge Mine ................................................................................................................... 80 EXPLORATION AND EVALUATIONS ............................................................................................... 86 ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 91 LEGAL MATTERS .................................................................................................................................. 94 Government Controls and Regulations .......................................................................................... 94 Legal Proceedings .......................................................................................................................... 97 RISK FACTORS ..................................................................................................................................... 110 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS .............................................................................................................. 129 CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS .............................................................................. 129 CAPITAL STRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................... 129 RATINGS ................................................................................................................................................ 132 MARKET FOR SECURITIES .............................................................................................................. 133 MATERIAL CONTRACTS .................................................................................................................. 135 TRANSFER AGENTS AND REGISTRARS ....................................................................................... 137 DIVIDEND POLICY .............................................................................................................................. 137 DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS OF THE COMPANY ...................................................................... 137 AUDIT COMMITTEE ........................................................................................................................... 147 Audit Committee Mandate ........................................................................................................... 147 Composition of the Audit Committee .......................................................................................... 147 Relevant Education and Experience ............................................................................................ 147 Participation on Other Audit Committees .................................................................................... 148 Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures ............................................................ 148 External Auditor Service Fees ..................................................................................................... 148 INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING AND DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................. 149 NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES .............................................................................................. 150 INTERESTS OF EXPERTS .................................................................................................................. 167 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION .......................................................................................................... 168 - ii - SCHEDULE “A” AUDIT COMMITTEE MANDATE ....................................................................... A-1 - iii - GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS Assay A chemical analysis to determine the amount or proportion of the element of interest contained within a sample, typically base metals or precious metals. Autoclave Oxidation process in which high temperatures and pressures are applied
Recommended publications
  • SEDIMENT-HOSTED AU DEPOSITS (MODEL 26A; Berger, 1986) By
    SEDIMENT-HOSTED AU DEPOSITS (MODEL 26a; Berger, 1986) by Albert H. Hofstra, Joel S. Leventhal, David J. Grimes, and William D. Heran SUMMARY OF RELEVANT GEOLOGIC, GEOENVIRONMENTAL, AND GEOPHYSICAL INFORMATION Carlin-type deposits are epigenetic, large-tonnage, low-grade, sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits. The deposits are known mainly in northern Nevada and northwestern Utah where they are arranged in clusters and belts. The deposits in this region are estimated to contain about 5,000 tonnes of gold, more than half of which (~3100 tonnes) is in the Carlin Trend. Approximately 1,000 tonnes of gold have been produced. Carlin-type gold deposits are one of the most important types currently being mined in the western United States. Many aspects of this geoenvironmental model also apply to distal disseminated deposits as defined by Cox and Singer (1990), Doebrich and Theodore (in press), and Howe and others (1995). Deposit geology Unoxidized refractory ore: Refractory ore consists of variably decalcified, dedolomitized, argillized, silicified, sulfidized, carbonaceous sedimentary rocks that contain disseminated iron, arsenic, antimony, mercury, and thallium sulfide minerals. Base-metal sulfide minerals are rare or absent in most deposits. Although pyrite, marcasite, orpiment, and realgar have high acid-generating capacity, they generally are present in small amounts (much less than 5 volume percent) and are usually disseminated in, or surrounded by, carbonate rocks with high acid-consuming capacity. Zones with 5-50 volume percent pyrite, marcasite, orpiment, or realgar are present in some deposits. Ore is refractory because much of the gold forms sub-micron grains in pyrite and marcasite and because carbon in the rock can extract gold from cyanide solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Report Getchell Project NI 43-101 Technical Report Premier Gold Mines Limited and I-80 Gold Corp
    AMC Mining Consultants (Canada) Ltd. BC0767129 200 Granville Street, Suite 202 Vancouver BC V6C 1S4 Canada T +1 604 669 0044 E [email protected] W amcconsultants.com Technical Report Getchell Project NI 43-101 Technical Report Premier Gold Mines Limited and i-80 Gold Corp Humboldt County, Nevada, USA In accordance with the requirements of National Instrument 43-101 “Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects” of the Canadian Securities Administrators Qualified Persons: D Nussipakynova, P.Geo. P Greenhill, FAusIMM (CP) AMC Project 720031 Effective date 23 July 2020 Report date 22 January 2021 Unearth a smarter way Getchell Project NI 43-101 Technical Report Premier Gold Mines Limited and i-80 Gold Corp 720031 1 Summary 1.1 Introduction This Technical Report (the Report) provides an update of the Mineral Resource estimates and metallurgy of the Mineral Resources identified within the Getchell Project (Property) located in Humboldt County, Nevada, USA. The Report has been prepared by AMC Mining Consultants (Canada) Ltd. (AMC) of Vancouver, Canada on behalf of Premier Gold Mines Limited / i-80 Gold Corp (i-80 or the Companies). On 10 August 2020, Premier entered into a definitive purchase agreement with affiliates of Waterton Global Resource Management, Inc. to acquire from Waterton all of the outstanding membership interests of Osgood Mining Company LLC (OMC). The Property comprises a number of property parcels which collectively encompass 2,545 acres in the Potosi mining district. The four-square miles of land contain all areas of past gold production and the area of the currently estimated Mineral Resource. This area includes the historical Pinson Mine.
    [Show full text]
  • Net Income Rises 29% to $514 Million ($0.59 Per Share) Expanded Margins Increase Profitability in Q1
    FIRST QUARTER REPORT - MAY 6, 2008 For a full explanation of results, the Financial Statements and Management Discussion & Analysis, Based on US GAAP and expressed in US dollars full-year guidance at significant mines, and mine statistics, please see the Company’s website, www.barrick.com. Net Income Rises 29% to $514 Million ($0.59 per share) Expanded Margins Increase Profitability in Q1 Highlights • The Company reported first quarter net income of $514 million ($0.59 per share) and operating cash flow of $728 million ($0.83 per share) compared to a net loss of $159 million ($0.18 per share) and operating cash flow of $163 million ($0.19 per share) in the prior year period. Reported net income rose 29% compared to prior year adjusted net income of $398 million ($0.46 per share)1 and included $29 million of post-tax special items that reduced income by $0.03 per share. Adjusting for these special items, earnings of $0.62 per share are a Company record. The realized gold price of $925 per ounce matched the average spot price for the quarter. • First quarter gold production was 1.74 million ounces at total cash costs of $393 per ounce2, and copper production was 87 million pounds at total cash costs of $0.94 per pound2. The Company maintains full year production guidance of 7.6 - 8.1 million ounces of gold at total cash costs of $390 - $415 per ounce and 380 - 400 million pounds of copper at total cash costs of $1.15 - $1.25 per pound.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Information Form for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Dated As of March 22, 2019 BARRICK GOLD CORPORATION
    Barrick Gold Corporation Brookfield Place, TD Canada Trust Tower Suite 3700, 161 Bay Street, P.O. Box 212 Toronto, ON M5J 2S1 Annual Information Form For the year ended December 31, 2018 Dated as of March 22, 2019 BARRICK GOLD CORPORATION ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS TERMS 4 REPORTING CURRENCY, FINANCIAL AND RESERVE INFORMATION 10 FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION 11 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION 14 THIRD PARTY DATA 15 GENERAL INFORMATION 15 Organizational Structure 15 Subsidiaries 16 Areas of Interest 18 General Development of the Business 18 History 18 Significant Acquisitions 18 Strategy 19 Recent Developments 21 Results of Operations in 2018 22 NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS 26 Production and Guidance 26 Reportable Operating Segments 26 Barrick Nevada 27 Pueblo Viejo (60% basis) 28 Lagunas Norte 29 Veladero (50% basis) 29 Turquoise Ridge (75% basis) 30 Acacia Mining plc (63.9% basis) 31 Pascua-Lama Project 32 Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources 33 Marketing and Distribution 46 Employees and Labor Relations 47 Competition 48 Sustainability 48 Operations in Emerging Markets: Corporate Governance and Internal Controls 49 Board and Management Experience and Oversight 50 Communications 51 - i - Internal Controls and Cash Management Practices 51 Managing Cultural Differences 52 Books and Records 52 MATERIAL PROPERTIES 52 Cortez Property 52 Goldstrike Property 58 Turquoise Ridge Mine 63 Pueblo Viejo Mine 69 Veladero Mine 76 Kibali Mine 86 Loulo-Gounkoto Mine Complex 93 EXPLORATION
    [Show full text]
  • Carlin-Type Gold Deposits in Nevada: Critical Geologic Characteristics and Viable Models
    ©2005 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume pp. 451–484 Carlin-Type Gold Deposits in Nevada: Critical Geologic Characteristics and Viable Models JEAN S. CLINE,† University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454010, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4010 ALBERT H. HOFSTRA, Mineral Resources Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 973, Box 25046, Denver, Colorado 80225 JOHN L. MUNTEAN, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Mail Stop 178, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0088 RICHARD M. TOSDAL, AND KENNETH A. HICKEY Mineral Deposit Research Unit, University of British Columbia, 6339 Stores Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 Abstract Carlin-type Au deposits in Nevada have huge Au endowments that have made the state, and the United States, one of the leading Au producers in the world. Forty years of mining and numerous studies have pro- vided a detailed geologic picture of the deposits, yet a comprehensive and widely accepted genetic model re- mains elusive. The genesis of the deposits has been difficult to determine owing to difficulties in identifying and analyzing the fine-grained, volumetrically minor, and common ore and gangue minerals, and because of postore weathering and oxidation. In addition, other approximately contemporaneous precious metal deposits have overprinted, or are overprinted by, Carlin-type mineralization. Recent geochronological studies have led to a consensus that the Nevada deposits formed ~42 to 36 m.y. ago, and the deposits can now be evaluated in the context of their tectonic setting. Continental rifting and deposi- tion of a passive margin sequence followed by compressional orogenies established a premineral architecture of steeply dipping fluid conduits, shallow, low dipping “traps” and reactive calcareous host rocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Auditor Credentials Form 2012
    Auditor Credentials Form Facility Audited: African Barrick Gold Bulyanhulu Gold Mine, South Africa Date:- 9th – 13th February 2012 Lead Auditor Credentials Lead Auditor: Arend Hoogervorst EagleEnvironmental Tel:-+27317670244 PrivateBagX06 Fax:-+27317670295 KLOOF3640,SouthAfrica Email:[email protected] CertifyingOrganization:Name:RABQSA AuditorCertificationNumber:12529 Telephone Number: - +61 2 4728 4600 Address: P O Box 347, Penrith BC, NSW 2751, Australia Web Site Address: - www.rabqsa.com Minimum experience: 3 audits in past 7 years as Lead Auditor Year TypeofFacility,TypeofAuditLed Country&State/Province 1991 to 2007 – 111 Chemicals, manufacturing, oil and gas, South Africa, Botswana, audits (Audit logs mining (gold, coal, chrome), foods, and Mozambique, Mali, Namibia, Ghana held by RABQSA & heavy industry sectors. EMS, ICMI) Compliance, Environmental Due Diligence, HSEC, SHE audits. Lead Auditor in 81 audits. 2006 ICMI Cyanide Code Compliance Audits: Lead Auditor *Sasol Polymers Cyanide Plants 1 & 2 South Africa and Storage Areas (Production) *Sasol SiLog (Transportation) South Africa 2007 ICMI Cyanide Code Compliance Audits: Lead Auditor *AngloGold Ashanti West Gold Plant South Africa *AngloGold Ashanti East Gold Acid South Africa Float Plant *AngloGold Ashanti Noligwa Gold South Africa Plant *AngloGold Ashanti Kopanang Gold South Africa Plant *AngloGold Ashanti Savuka Gold Plant South Africa *AngloGold Ashanti Mponeng Gold South Africa Plant 2007 ICMI Cyanide Code Gap Analyses: Lead Auditor *Goldfields Tarkwa Gold Mine Ghana
    [Show full text]
  • Gold-Mining Multinationals and Community Interaction in Tanzania
    Gold-mining Multinationals and Community Interaction in Tanzania Towards Localised Social Accountability Mary Mohamed Rutenge This dissertation is part of the Research Programme of CERES, Research School for Resource Studies for Devel- opment. Funded by the Netherlands Fellowship Programme (NFP). © Mary Mohamed Rutenge 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author. ISBN 978-90-6490-069-3 GOLD-MINING MULTINATIONALS AND COMMUNITY INTERACTION IN TANZANIA Towards Localised Social Accountability MULTINATIONALS IN DE GOUDMIJNBOUW EN HUN INTERACTIE MET DE LOKALE GEMEENSCHAP IN TANZANIA Op weg naar gelokaliseerde sociale verant- woording Thesis to obtain the degree of Doctor from the Erasmus University Rotterdam by command of the Rector Magnificus Professor dr H.A.P Pols and in accordance with the decision of the Doc- torate Board The public defence shall be held on Tuesday 20 December 2016 at 16.00 hrs by Mary Mohamed Rutenge born in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Doctoral committee Doctoral dissertation supervisors Prof. P. Knorringa Em. Prof. A.H.J. Helmsing Other members Prof. M.J. Spierenburg, Radboud University Nijmegen Prof. K. Arts, LLM Dr. K. Biekart Dedication To my husband Ernest and my sons Brian and Dennis Contents Dedication vi List of Tables, Figures, Maps and Appendices xi Acronyms xiii Acknowledgements xiv Abstract xvi Samenvatting
    [Show full text]
  • Nevada Excellence in Mine Reclamation Awards 1991-2020
    Nevada Excellence in Mine Reclamation Awards 1991-2020 Year Company and Project Description Award Category Pg 1 of 3 2020 KGHM Robinson Mine – Lane City Waste Rock Legacy Waste Rock Reclamation Facility Reclamation Project 2020 Hudbay Minerals/Mason Resources (US) Inc. – Concurrent Exploration Reclamation Mason Exploration Project 2019 B2Gold Corp. – Rockland Exploration Drilling Exploration Project Reclamation Project 2019 Barrick Gold – Bullfrog Mine Partial Pit Backfill Pit Lake Remediation 2019 Nevada Gold Mines – Butte Canyon Historic WRF Legacy WRF Remediation and Closure Reclamation 2019 Newmont USA Limited – Buttes Exploration Project Abandoned Mines Hazard Mitigation Reclamation 2019 Paramount Gold Nevada Corp. – Sleeper Mine Pit Post-Mining Land Use Planning Lake Recreation Site 2019 Western Exploration LLC – Doby George Concurrent Exploration Reclamation Exploration Project 2018 Coeur Rochester, Inc. – Marzen House Museum Cooperative Partnership in Preservation of Exhibit on Rochester Mining District Mining History 2018 KGHM Robinson Mine – Reclamation through Leadership in Reclamation Mining 2018 Kinross Gold U.S.A., Inc. – Nevada Conservation Leadership in Conservation Planning Credit System Credit Transfer at Bald Mtn. Mine 2018 Lithium Nevada Corporation – Upper Basin Exploration Project Reclamation Exploration Project Reclamation 2018 Newmont USA Ltd. – North Area Leach Phase I-II Concurrent Reclamation Closure 2017 Comstock Mining, Inc. – Rebuilding of State Route Abandoned Mine Lands Hazard 342 and Reclamation of Historic
    [Show full text]
  • Using Pyrite to Track Evolving Fluid Pathways and Chemistry in Carlin-Type Deposits
    Using Pyrite to Track Evolving Fluid Pathways and Chemistry in Carlin-type Deposits Anthony A. Longo, Jean S. Cline Geoscience Department, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV USA 89154-4010 John L. Muntean Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada Reno, Mailstop 178, Reno, NV, USA 89557-0088 Abstract. Submicron Au in Carlin-type deposits in use as fingerprints to identify the evolution of fluids and northern Nevada, USA, occurs in trace-element-rich pathways in time and space. Improving our pyrite, and zoning of the trace element signatures varies understanding of fluid pathways facilitates deposit- and across pyrite rims and vertically and laterally across district-scale exploration and contributes to deposit these deposits. These patterns reveal the chemical fluid-flux models. evolution and flux of ore fluids along individual fluid pathways and further indicate the relative timing of 2 Turquoise Ridge Deposit Geology permeable fluid pathways with respect to one another. Ore pyrite chemistry along one east-west transect at The Turquoise Ridge deposit, Getchell district northern Turquoise Ridge in the Getchell district demonstrates Nevada, is located in the hanging wall of the Getchell fluid ingress from the east dipping Getchell fault at fault (NNW strike, ~40-55°E dip), the primary ore- depth into the hanging wall, but also reveals that ore controlling structure in the district (Hotz and Wilden deposition migrated in an east to west direction toward 1964). Information from hundreds of closely spaced the Getchell fault over time. This east to west evolution underground diamond drill holes and surface holes was of permeability indicates transient opening and sealing used to prepare detailed 1:600 scale underground, east- of ore fluid pathways during mineralization and may west cross sections that illustrate lithologies, alteration, have been a response to changing strain domains related structure, and contoured Au grades.
    [Show full text]
  • ACACIA-Operational Update.Pdf
    9 May 2019 Acacia Mining plc (“Acacia”, “Group” or the “Company”) Operational Update “I am pleased to announce a rebound in gold production and performance at the start of Q2 to 47,805 ounces for the month. This follows the successful implementation of a revised mining plan at the North Mara mine which saw April gold production at the mine increase to 33,941 ounces, 54% above the monthly average production during Q1. Although still early in the second quarter, I am pleased with the improved production levels now being achieved and remain confident of delivering against our full year production guidance of 500,000 to 550,000 ounces,” said Peter Geleta, Interim Chief Executive Officer, who added, “As we maintain our focus on what we can control, our operating performance during the month, together with public recognition for each of our mines at the National Safety Awards in Mbeya, are testament to the resilience and ongoing commitment of our people and businesses. In the meantime, a negotiated resolution remains our preferred outcome to the Company’s ongoing disputes with the Government of Tanzania. The Company continues to provide support to Barrick Gold Corporation (“Barrick”) in its direct discussions with the Government and, once these discussions have been successfully concluded, we look forward to receiving and reviewing a proposal for a resolution of Acacia’s disputes agreed in principle between Barrick and the Government.” Total gold production in April was 47,805 ounces, 37% higher than the monthly average during Q1 2019. This reflects a significant improvement in North Mara production performance through delivery against the revised mining plan announced in the Q1 production update and results releases.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Information Form for the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Dated As of March 23, 2018
    Barrick Gold Corporation Brookfield Place, TD Canada Trust Tower Suite 3700, 161 Bay Street, P.O. Box 212 Toronto, ON M5J 2S1 Annual Information Form For the year ended December 31, 2017 Dated as of March 23, 2018 BARRICK GOLD CORPORATION ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS .................................................................................................. 4 REPORTING CURRENCY, FINANCIAL AND RESERVE INFORMATION ................................ 10 FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION ............................................................................................ 10 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION ............................................................................ 13 GENERAL INFORMATION .................................................................................................................. 13 Organizational Structure ................................................................................................................ 13 Subsidiaries .................................................................................................................................... 14 Areas of Interest ............................................................................................................................. 16 General Development of the Business ........................................................................................... 16 History .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mining in Tanzania
    Mining in Tanzania Africa’s Golden Child. TABLE OF CONTENTS Tanzania: an overview.......................................p2 This report was researched and prepared by The Reformed Mining Code................................p3 Global Business Reports (www.gbreports.com) for Mining in Tanzania..........................................p5 Engineering & Mining Journal. An Evolving Market Place................................p8 The Support and Service Sector.........................p10 Editorial researched and written by Andrea Stucchi, Corporate Social Responsibility..........................p14 Jolanta Ksiezniak and Sarah Hussaini. Conclusion..................................................p15 For more details, please contact [email protected]. Cover photo courtesy of AngloGold Ashanti. A REPORT BY GBR FOR E&MJ DECEMBER 2012 MINING IN TANZANIA mean that, in terms of economy and infrastructure, companies still face enormous challenges. In fact, following Nyerere’s socialist ex- periment, Tanzania was left as one of the poorest, least developed Tanzania: and most foreign aid dependent countries in Africa. Later, in 1992, the Africa Strategy for Mining Technical Paper an Overview developed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were instrumental in financing and developing a blueprint for the mining sector in Tanzania through a mineral sector development pro- Tanzania’s political gram. The aim of this was to oversee the privatization and liberal- ization of the state-controlled mining sector to facilitate the entry of stability
    [Show full text]