Chapter One 'Set Europe Ablaze'—With Soviet Help. SOE and NKVD in 1941 13 Churchill's Bait: Sir Stafford Cripps 14 'The Russians Want a Bit of Leading'—the British Initiative 17 Stalin's Desperate Gamble—Why Moscow Responded 19 Drawing Up Sabotage Targets—The September 1941 Agreements 26 British Plans to Recruit NKVD Agents 31

Chapter Two Officers of the 'Invisible Front' 35 Perpetrators and Survivors—NKVD Officers 36 Pavel Mikhalovich Fitin 37 Gaik Badalovich Ovakimyan 39 Vasily Mikhailovich Zarubin 44 Alexander Mikhailovich Korotkov 46 Ivan Andreyevich Chichaev 47 Andrei Grigorevich Graur 49 'Irregulars'—SOE Officers 50 Sir Colin Gubbins 51 Charles Milnes Gaskell 51 Leopold H Manderstam 52 The Coddled Spy—George Alexander 'Pop' Hill 52 Living Conditions in Moscow 59 Pigeons, Protégés and Honey Traps 60

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Chapter Three The 'Pickaxe' Scheme 69 Pickaxe I, II/ 'Rum', 'Whiskey', 'Barsac' and 'Burgundy' (1941-42) 73 The First Radio Deception Game 78 The Arctic Convoys: The Fate of the 'Ocean Voice' 80 Controversy about France: 'Ararat'and 'Apache' 82 Operations 'Tonic', 'Soda-Water' and the 'Funkspiele' 85 The NKVD Threat to End the Collaboration (January-December 1943) 90 Hill's Eternal Optimism 92 The'Coffee' Mission 93 Operation 'Etna'—Italy 96 From Drinks to Mountains—Operations'Everest', 'Rigi', 'Jungfrau' and 'Eiger' 98

Chapter Four 'Too Honest to be a Spy'—Willy and Nico Kruyt 105 A Christian Socialist Minister 106 The Roving Revolutionary Ill Moving to Moscow 115 The NKVD Recruitment 117 The Arctic Convoy Journey 119 St. Paul's and Madame Tussaud's—In Britain 120 Willy Kruyt's Diary 122 The Parachute Drop—'Barsac' and 'Burgundy' 126 Betrayal and Arrest 127 Prisoner at Breendonck Fortress 129 In Berlin-Moabit 130 Nico Kruyt's Mission 132 The Photo from Vienna 134 Hunted by the Soviets 138

Chapter Five Martyr of Socialism—The Legend of Bruno Kühn 143 'Side by Side with Soviet Partisans'—A Legend is Born 144 Parachute Agent in Holland —Bruno Kühn's True Story 148 Spies, Lies and the Making of a Martyr 154 What Did Lotte Ulbricht Know? 157 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

Chapter Six Bhagat Ram —Quintuple Agent (Operation 'Silver') 161 India and Afghanistan in British Calculations 161 German Foreign Intelligence in Central Asia 164 S.C. Boseand Bhagat Ram 166 The Escape to Berlin, January 1941 167 Bose in Berlin, Bhagat Ram in Kabul 168 The Outbreak of War and the N KVD Recruitment of Ram 169 The Double-Cross Game Begins 171 Otroshchenko's Check on Ram, April 1942 173 An Unprecedented Offer 174 Reasons for Reluctance: British India's Prior Knowledge of Bhagat Ram 178 The Operation Continues (1942-43) 179 Between a Rock and a Hard Place—SOE between SIS and NKVD....183 The Soviet Attempt to Recruit Karl Rasmuss, 1943 187 German Suspicions and the End of 'Silver' 188 The Evaluation of 'Silver' 191

Chapter Seven Casablanca East. Joint Anglo-Soviet Counter-intelligence in Iran 195 German Intelligence Activities in Iran 199 'Long Jump' or 'Bogus Plot'? The Allied Conference in Tehran (November 1943) 200 The Vaziri Case 204 The KISS Operation 205 An Answer from Berlin 206 KISS as a Joint Double Agent 208 The End of the KISS Operation 210 KISS Revealed 211 Change of Mind: British Suspicions 211

Chapter Eight The Toothless Snake—Operation Mamba 215 Manderstam's Plan 217 Strange Prisoners: D-Day 220 The Threat of Repatriation 222 The Selection Process 223 Profiles of 'Mamba' Agents 224 Discipline Issues 227 Four Agents for a Reconnaissance Mission 228 viii DEALING WITH THE DEVIL

The NKVD Veto 229 Escape to Freedom 233

Chapter Nine The British Donkey Between a Bear and a Buffalo-SOE in 1944-45 239 Donovan Steps In-The OSS-NKVD Collaboration 240 No Address Necessary—The End of the Collaboration in 1945 243 Successful Soviet Penetration of SOE 248

Chapter Ten The Complete Triangle—The Gestapo Hunt for Allied Agents 251 The Set-Up of German Counter-intelligence 253 The 'Funkspiel' 256 The 'Funkspiel' in Western Europe 259 Vienna Radio Games: Moscow's Plan to Assassinate Nazi Leaders ...262 The Gestapo Knowledge of NKVD Methods 265 Fatal Soviet Mistakes 267 Knowledge is Power: the Gestapo Contribution to the Cold War 268 Recruitment instead of Prosecution —Gestapo Officers in Postwar Intelligence Services 271

Chapter Eleven Lessons from the Collaboration 277 Strategic Asymmetries: SOE and NKVD 283 The Significance of 'Pickaxe' 288 Anglo-Soviet Successes in India and Afghanistan 290 Anglo-Soviet Intelligence Cooperation in Iran 291 The Truth about the 'Red Orchestra' 291 The Effects of the Collaboration on the Cold War 295 Heroes or Traitors? Rescuing Agents from Obscurity 298

Selected Images 301

Table of Pickaxe Agents 323

Glossary 325

Bibliography 327

Index 333

Table of Contents