Nyeri Men on the Receiving
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EVALUATION OF TELEVISION NEWS FRAMING OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN IN NYERI COUNTY ROSE MUTHONI NJOROGE K50/70368/2013 A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN COMMUNICATION STUDIES, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI OCTOBER 2016 DECLARATION This project is my original work and has not been previously submitted to any other institution for academic credit. Signature……………................................ Date:……………………………………… Rose MuthoniNjoroge K50/70368/2013 This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the university supervisor on behalf of the School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Nairobi. Signature………………………. …… Date: ……………………………………………… Name: Dr. Edwin Nyutho University of Nairobi School of Journalism ii DEDICATION To my mother Penina Nyambura in heaven, I set out to make you proud of me. Thank you for the gift of life and the many lessons you taught me before you left this world. Thank you to my adopted mother Virginia Wanjiru who loved me like her own and filled the gap left by my mother. Thank you for always believing in me, challenging me to be the best and supporting my every endeavor. To my husband Gikung‟a Karu for your support and to our daughters, Sofia Wanjiku and Bella Nyambura, may you grow to understand that you can achieve anything if you work hard and never give up. Thank you and God bless you. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank God for the inspiration to carry out this project, seeing me through and never abandoning me. To Dr. Edwin Nyutho, my project supervisor, thank you for guiding me, answering my queries, always answering my call and challenging me to give my outmost best to produce a project to be proud of. I extend my gratitude to all my course lecturers who prepared me for this part of my Masters studies. I thank my husband, my kids and my mother for standing by me during the duration of the project and always encouraging me to keep going. Thank you my younger brother John Ngunjiri for inspiring me to want to give you the best example. To my classmates, thank you for challenging me to give the best and sharing your knowledge with me. We shared many challenges throughout this journey, thank you for the team work, the discussions, the revisions and the reading materials. This journey would have been unbearable without you. Thank you. iv ABSTRACT This study sought to evaluate Television news framing of domestic violence against men in Nyeri County. The study used Nyeri County because it was the only County featured when reporting these cases. The study was descriptive and utilized mixed method approach. The study objectives were to establishing frames used, finding out the frequency of airing of domestic violence cases against men, to establish the level of seriousness attached to domestic violence against men and to examine media stereotyping of Nyeri County. The study used News Framing and Agenda Setting theories. YouTube video clips of these cases were reviewed and respondents filled in questionnaires while others were interviewed. The study‟s units of analysis were NTV, KTN, Citizen TV and K24 in the period January 2012 to December 2015. Purposive sampling was used for this study. Data was interpreted in line with the objectives using qualitative and quantitative content analysis. Quantitative content analysis was presented using charts while qualitative content analysis was presented using narrative method. The study found out that media are stereotypical. The stories aired were all drawn from Nyeri County despite the Kenya Demographic Survey of 2014 indicating that other Counties had the same problem. The study also established that media does not assign seriousness to the issue of domestic violence against men due to the humorous tone taken in packaging this stories, the frequency of airing such stories and the lack of adequate follow up and analysis. The study found out that frames of brutality, trauma, law and order, crime and justice and fairness and equality were used. The study recommends more coverage of domestic violence against men, not only in Nyeri County but other Counties as well. The study also recommends that the media should desist from using these stories as a form of comic relief so that solutions can be found to end domestic violence against men. The study also proposes further research into this area and other related areas. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. x LIST OF APPENDICES......................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0Overview ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1NTV ............................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1.2KTN ............................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1.3 Citizen TV .................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1.4K24 4 1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1General Objective ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.2.2 Specific Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.3Research Questions............................................................................................................................. 7 1.4Scope and Limitations of the study ..................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Significance of the study .................................................................................................................... 8 1.6Operational Terms .............................................................................................................................. 8 vi CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................. 10 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Empirical Research .......................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Domestic Violence against Men ................................................................................................ 10 2.1.2 Substance Abuse and Risky Behavior ........................................................................................ 12 2.1.3 Why Women Engage in Husband Battery .................................................................................. 14 2.1.4 Statistical Evidence on Domestic Violence ................................................................................ 19 2.1.5 Ethnic Stereotyping of the Media .............................................................................................. 23 2.1.6 Media Stereotyping of Gender................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................................... 25 2.2.1 News Framing Theory..............................................................................................................