6.0 Existing Physical Environment 6.1
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6.0 EXISTING PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
6.1 TOPOGRAPHY FEATURES
The proposed project site is basically located within state land area which surrounded by HSK Lojing, HSK Sungai Berok and situated approximately at coordinate as highlighted in Figure 2.3 attached in Chapter 2.0. It is generally mixed terrain profile with mostly area is hilly in terrain whilst other part of the area are flatter and covered by low commercial value of trees, bushes and bamboo trees. The proposed project site has an altitude ranging from 680.0 to 940.0 meter above sea level (ASL). The highest peak is located at south part of the proposed project site reaching an altitude up to 940.0 meter ASL. This area is drained by various unknown rivulets, streams and rivers (Sg A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M and N) which will flow into Sg Chekau and finally will be catered by Sg Belatop and Sg Berok. The existing topography is as shown in Figure 6.1. The contour line of topography map scaled 1:15,000 which is illustrates the elevation of the proposed project area. The GIS software (ArcGIS 9 – Product of ESRI) has been used to develop Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using the contour line. Figure 6.2 shows the contour line that has been converted into Triangular Irregular Network Model (TIN). TIN is a special process in GIS which specifies in illustrating and simulating elevation for surface area. The elevation is classified by heights and interpreted by colour code. The elevation unit is defined in meter (m). The lowest surface area for proposed project site is between 620.000 to 655.946 meter which is colour coded in blue and mostly found located at the northwestern part whilst the highest surface area is between 907.565 to 943.511 meter, colour coded in light grey which situated at southern part. Figure 6.3 shows the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) which has been created using the TIN Model. The grid is generated in 10 square meter cell size which indicates 10.0 meter interval of elevation. The blue colour indicates the highest peak whilst red colour indicates lowest peak in the area. Figure 6.4 shows the three dimensional (3D) view of the surface profile of proposed project site from different angle whilst Figure 6.5 highlighted the output of satellite image for the proposed project site. It basically gives an overview about the actual physical condition of the proposed project site and can be used as supporting information for analyzing the terrain.
6.2 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
The proposed project site lies approximately between coordinate 04° 39’ 31.3” N to 04° 40’ 26.2” N and 101° 30’ 10.8” E to 101° 31’ 10.3” E (refer Figure 2.3 of Chapter 2.0). And general condition and topography of the proposed project site, views from different directions are shown as in Plate 1.0 to 4.0. Site topography of the proposed project is generally a mixture of hilly and undulating areas. General geological profile of the proposed project site is shown in Figure 6.6 which indicate that the area is situated in the undifferentiated acid intrusive formation area. The type of acid intrusive is classified under igneous rocks class. Igneous rocks make up approximately 95% of the upper part of the earth’s crust, but their great abundance is hidden on the earth’s surface by a relatively thin but widespread layer of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Typical intrusive formations are batholiths, stocks, laccoliths, sills and dikes. Igneous rocks can be classified into several subdivisions according to their chemical composition, texture, mineralogy, geometry of the igneous body and mode of occurrence. There are four (4) chemical compositions of intrusive igneous rocks which are acid, intermediate, basic and ultrabasic. The most abundant acid intrusive rocks commonly called granite. According to Figure 6.7, the proposed project site is basically located within felsic to intermediate intrusive area. Felsic rocks with predominance of quartz, alkali feldspar and/or feldspathoids and felsic mineral are usually light coloured and have low density. These felsic rocks are subdivided according to the ration of alkali feldspar to plagioclase. Observation on typical rock outcrops, geological discontinuities and in situ residual soil at several sampling stations were also undertaken as shown in Plate 5.0 to 12.0. It was noted that most part of the proposed project site has undergone intensive weathering processes Grade VI and transforming its rocks into residual soil (Zone 6) while certain area has undergone relatively lower degree of weathering processes Grade IV which has been decomposed and disintegrated to highly weathered (Zone 4) rocks. Grade VI (Zone 6) indicates that the original rock fabric is completely absent and degraded to soil. Highly weathered or Zone 4 (Grade IV) shows that rock is substantially discoloured and more than 50% of the material is in degraded soil condition. A deeply weathered, originally strong rock may show evidence of fresh rock as a discontinuous framework or as corestone while an
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originally weak rock will have been substantially altered, with perhaps small relict blocks but little evidence of the original structure.
Based on geo-prospectivity of the country, metallic mineral resources with the best potential for development in Malaysia are gold and base metals. The areas with economic gold reserve are mainly confined to the western part of State of Kelantan are located in the Central Belt of the Gold Belts of Peninsular Malaysia which include Ulu Sokor, Gua Setir, Sg Chekir and Ketok Batu (see Figure 6.8). Gua Musang, in particular, is also located in this Central Belt and therefore it is likely to exhibit potential of gold reserve. Information obtained from Department of Mineral & Geoscience (DMGS) Negeri Kelantan revealed that proposed project site is located outside the area which has been initially identified as potential gold area (refer Figure 6.9). The information is still classified as a preliminary finding, therefore there is a possibility that the potential gold area may be found at the proposed project site. According to DMGS policy, the government has the right to take back the respective land area for any gold exploration project (if any) in the future. The matter however will be discussed further detail with the project proponent when there is any issue of gold exploration. The project proponent is reminded of several essential issues that may require appropriate attention and consideration. These issues in particular, include the geological conditions such as rock types, mineral reserve, thick weathering profiles and stability of the highly weathered zones, exhibited by the proposed project site. Development work like surface stripping, levelling and excavation to be carried out in the areas where rock comprise interbedded metamorphic rocks may pose some issue pertaining to stability of slopes created by excavation and backfilling. This is mainly due to the weak nature and low weathering resistance of these bedded strata in this area. Metamorphic rocks exhibit foliation (schistosity and slaty) which are small-scale weakness planes, while beddings are large scale weakness planes. These discontinuities may weaken the rock mass to a certain degree. In addition, the thick weathering profile, particularly the completely weathered rock and the residual soil are material which exhibit low strength. Considerations must be given on maximum slope height and safe slope angle. Depending on soil types, the maximum vertical height must not exceed 4.0 m and slope angle lies between 40º and 60º.
6.3 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
Analysis made on the soil investigation report produced by the Department of Agriculture Negeri Kelantan revealed that the study area owned by TJ Natural Agro Farm (M) Sdn Bhd (175.0 hectares) is consists of three (3) different soil series which are Disturbland, Ringlet Series and Steepland. Based on the report, 102.0 hectares (58.3%) of the total area classified as Disturbland and it is the only area identified currently suitable for vegetable planting activity. However, this type of soil has less nutrient, must be provided with proper drainage system and need to partially undertake the fertilizer application if it is going to be used for agriculture purposes. Meanwhile, Ringlet Series (27.0 hectares) and Steepland (46.0 hectares) were totally not suitable for agriculture activity since both of soil series are prone to erosion problem and also due to topography characteristic which more than 12° and 25° respectively. Meanwhile, it was shown that out of 64.0 hectares of proposed project site owned by Ratus Premium Sdn Bhd, only 6.5 hectares (10.2%) identified suitable for agriculture development project. As previously mentioned Disturbland was lack of nutrient and need to be modified so that it can properly used for vegetable development activities. Another 57.5 hectares (89.9%) of the area had been dominated by Steepland area and it was strongly advised to be left untouched since this area was having a steep terrain profile and highly possible to generate significant erosion activity especially during the initial stage of agriculture (vegetable) plantation activity. A full report and soil terrain map by DOA Negeri Kelantan is attached in Appendix G. It was revealed that out of 239.0 hectares, about 108.5 hectares (45.4%) of the area within proposed project site was identified to be suitable for the development of agriculture (vegetable) plantation project. This area has been identified as Disturbland and it was found suitable for planting of vegetable. Meanwhile, the balance of 130.5 hectares (54.6%) of the proposed project site has been classified as not suitable for vegetable plantation activity due to steep terrain profile and having high risk of erosion problem. Therefore it is not advisable and practical to undergo any kind of plantation activity for this area. As suggested by DOA, these areas need to be preserved and maintained its natural condition.
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6.4 SURROUNDING LAND USE
As referred to the Rancangan Tempatan Jajahan Gua Musang 2020 (RTJGM 2020) current major land use for the Jajahan Gua Musang is forested area. As shown in Table 6.1, forested area had occupied about 85.35% of the total district area followed by agriculture area with the 13.31%. Similar land use pattern was noted for the Daerah Bertam where about 65.92% of the total area within Blok Perancangan 3, Bertam was occupied with forest land and another 31.29% of the total Bertam area being used for the agriculture activity (refer Table 6.2). Meanwhile, area within Blok Perancangan 4, Lojing are dominated by forest land since 95% of the total area are forest reserve and highland area (see Table 6.3). Based on the current and proposed land use composition, it was expected that current land use pattern at both Blok Perancangan would be maintained until year 2020. Further reference made with the Rancangan Struktur Negeri Kelantan 2020 (RSNK 2020) and RTJGM 2020 revealed that proposed project site is located within forest reserve area (refer Figure 2.4). As referring to the Figure 6.10, it was noted that area at the eastern part of proposed project site was located within ESA Rank 1 and area at the western side identified located within ESA Rank 2. Detailed description and development control measures for each rank are shown in table below.
Environmental Description Development Control Measure Sensitive Area (ESA) • All protected areas, potential protected area, wetlands • No development, agriculture or and turtle landing sites logging shall be permitted Rank 1 • Catchments of existing and proposed dams except for low-impact nature • All areas above 1,000.0 m contour tourism, research and education • All other forests, corridors linking important protected • No development or agriculture. areas and buffer zone around Rank 1 areas Sustainable logging & low Rank 2 • All areas between 300.0 m to 1,000.0 m contour impact nature tourism may be permitted subject to local constraints • All marine park islands, buffer zone around Rank 2 • Controlled developments where areas the type and intensity of the • Catchments for water intakes and ground water development shall be strictly extraction (well fields) controlled depending on the Rank 3 • All areas between 150.0 m to 300.0 m contour, all nature of constraint areas with erosion risk above 150.0 tonne/ha/year and all areas experiencing critical or significant coastal erosion
Figure 6.11 shows the land use pattern on the project area within 5.0 km radius and the adjacent sites respectively. Surrounding of the proposed project site area is mostly covered with low density of natural forest area and existing agriculture area of Ladang Orang Asli. The HSK Lojing and HSK Sungai Berok forms the surrounding boundary at the north, south, west and east part and various existing plantation area owned by All Green Agritech Sdn Bhd, Agridex Sdn Bhd, Liquid Gold Sdn Bhd and etc were available within 5.0 km area. The detailed description of land use pattern at the surrounding areas within 5.0 km radius from proposed project site as described below.
0 - 1 km Area from the Proposed Project Site HSK Sungai Berok dominated area at the surrounding of proposed project site and some portion of existing agriculture known as Ladang Orang Asli was available at the north and northeast. A part of that, small part of existing plantation area owned by Agridex Sdn Bhd found located at the south part of proposed project site. There are several number of small seasonal rivulets found within this area known as Sg A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Sg Chukup, Sg Denkong, Sg Chekau and Sg Berok. Based on fieldwork exercise, it was noted that there is two (2) different Orang Asli settlement located some 400.0 meter and 1.0 km from proposed project site which known as Orang Asli Kg Jekjok and Kg Kingkong respectively. Two (2) unit of ‘tandak air’ were also found located within this range of area which currently used in supplying water to Kg Jekjok and Kg Kingkong settlement area. A part of that, there are also two (2) numbers of Orang Asli cemetery found at the northe part some 230 meter from the proposed project site area. The existing road/track known as Simpang Pulai-Lojing-Gua Musang-Kuala Berang highway
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available at the northern part of proposed project site. Meanwhile, access road towards proposed project site could be found at the northwest side whilst fieldwork track was cattered within and surrounding of proposed project site. In most parts, mix hilly and flatter area is a dominant feature within this 0-1 km area. The highest peak level is found at southwest part of proposed project site which reaching an altitude 921.0 meter above sea level (ASL).
1 – 2 km Area from the Proposed Project Site Most of the surrounding area at the east, south and west part of proposed project site still being dominated by HSK Sg Berok and small part of HSK Lojing found at the north side. Similar land use pattern was noted for area within 1-2 km which is part of existing agriculture area of Ladang Orang Asli found scattered at the north and west part together with neighbouring plantation area owned by Agridex Sdn Bhd and All Green Agritech Sdn Bhd available at the southern and western respectively. It was noted that there are various Orang Asli settlement such as Orang Asli Pos Berok, Kg Chekau, Kg Brooke Lama and Kg Jedip situated at the western part of proposed project site. One (1) unit of ‘tandak air’ found located some 1.9 km west of proposed project site which supplying water to Orang Asli Kg Brooke Lama and Kg Chekau. Scattered unknown streams and seasonal rivulets such as Sg Awek, Sg Denkong, Sg Belatop and Sg Berok found located within this range of the area. Existing road/track of Simpang Pulai-Lojing-Gua Musang-Kuala Berang highway and access road toward proposed project site were still available at the northeast, west and northwest side. The highest peak level for this range area was found at west part which reaching an altitude 814.0 meter ASL.
2 - 3 km Area from the Proposed Project Site HSK Sungai Berok is still noted at the west, northeast, southeast and south side of proposed project site and HSK Lojing dominated area at the northwest and north side. Existing agriculture area found scattered at the eastern and western part whilst neighbouring plantation area of All Green Agritech Sdn Bhd, Liquid Gold Sdn Bhd, Agridex Sdn Bhd and Koperasi Pembangunan Pulau Lumut Berhad could be found located at the west, southwest, south and northeast respectively. Several number of Orang Asli settlement known as Kg Insept, Kg Sensang and Kg Sangwai were available within 2-3 km from proposed project site. Two (2) unit of ‘tandak air’ which to cater water supply for Kg Insept as well as Kg Sengsang and Kg Jedip were available at the east and west part respectively. Meanwhile, one (1) unit of DID rainfall monitoring station found located some 2.1 km west from the proposed project site. Similar as described in 1-2 km, Simpang Pulai-Lojing-Gua Musang-Kuala Berang highway available at east and west part of the proposed project site. Sg Henderop, Sg Kemerok, Sg Telatak, Sg Sensang, Sg Denkong, Sg Awek, Sg Belatop and Sg Berok together with other unknown rivulets and stream found scattered within this range of area. A mix hilly and flatter surface profile found at the area with highest point is 1,243.0 meter ASL situated at southwest side.
3 - 4 km Area from the Proposed Project Site HSK Sungai Berok (west, southeast and east) and HSK Lojing (northwest and north) still could be found at the surrounding of the proposed project site. Existing agriculture area was still available at the west and east part of proposed project site. Meanwhile, various different of neighbouring plantation area owned by All Green Agritech Sdn Bhd (west and south), Bandar Peranginan Sigar (northwest), Liquid Gold Sdn Bhd (northwest), YAKIN (northwest), Agridex Sdn Bhd Sdn Bhd (northwest) and Koperasi Pembangunan Pulau Lumut Berhad (northeast) were also found within this range of area. Orang Asli Kg Liak and Kg Sangwai Besar were found located some 3.6 and 3.7 km respectively from proposed project site. Batu Senjort with 1,336.0 meter high was found located at the northwest part together with one (1) unit tandak air for Orang Asli Kg Sangwai Besar and Kg Sangwai settlement area was also found located at the tributary of Sg Belatop. Existing road/track was available at the east, northwest, west and southwest part of proposed project site. Various rivulets, streams and rivers found scattered within this range of area which known as Sg Kemerok, Sg Sipok, Sg Erewok, Sg Isos, Sg Denkong, Sg Belatop and Sg Berok. Similar as noted in the 2-3 km area that a mix hilly and flatter profile is natural features at this 3-4 km area. The highest point for this area located at the south side of proposed project site with 1,486.0 meter ASL.
4 - 5 km Area from the Proposed Project Site Surrounding area of proposed project site were still being dominated by HSK Sungai Berok (west, south and southwest), HSK Lojing (north) and small part of existing agriculture area (west and east). Various neighbouring agriculture land area owned by All Green Agritech Sdn Bhd, Bandar Peranginan Sigar, Liquid Gold Sdn Bhd, YAKIN, Agridex Sdn Bhd Sdn Bhd and Koperasi Pembangunan Pulau Lumut Berhad plantation area noted at the southwest and northeast part. Similar as previously mentioned in 3-4 km area, Simpang Pulai-Lojing-Gua Musang-
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Kuala Berang highway and other existing road/track were available at the east, west and southwest part of proposed project site area. Community Orang Asli Kg Mendrod and Kg Kuala Rengit together with one (1) unit of ‘tandak air’ for for each settlement were available at the east and west part respectively. A mix hilly and flatter is a common surface profile found at this area with the highest point is 1,730.0 meter ASL situated at the south side. Various unknown streams, small seasonal rivulets and rivers such as Sg Rengil, Sg Gennard, Sg Chadoi, Sg Denkong, Sg Senyul, Sg Mengrod, Sg Belatop and Sg Berok found scattered at the surrounding of the proposed project site. 6.5 EXISTING LAND USE OF THE PROPOSED AREA
Based on the information gathered from Pejabat Pengarah Tanah & Galian (PTG) Negeri Kelantan noted that proposed project owned by Ratus Premium Sdn Bhd do not involved with any overlapping issue. However, certain portion of the TJ Natural Agro Farm (M) Sdn Bhd area which located at the south part was found to be overlapped with proposed area for Ladang Safari 2 (refer Appendix A). Observation made during various fieldwork exercise, noted that certain area within proposed project site had been developed into proposed agriculture (vegetables) plantation. According to the information gathered from TJRP as well as survey map of the proposed project site, it was revealed that about 212.5345 acres (86.01 ha) which covering about 36.1% of total area had been developed with vegetable which mostly concentrated at the centre to western part of proposed project site. Current developed area had undergone various kinds of activities such as site clearing, platforming, planting, maintenance and harvesting of vegetables. Inspection and observation made on-site revealed that TJRP do not implemented any erosion and sedimentation mitigating measures on-site where development activity had been carried out. The exposed slope areas were left in bare condition without any proper measures taken by TJRP to cover the respective area. Current condition may increase the risk of erosion problem on-site thus contribute to the high content of sediment within available stream located closed to these areas. No buffer zone being preserved along the existing river thus make any surface runoff from the area will directly entered the water way. A lots of agriculture waste found being dumped at the river banks available within proposed project site. Used polybags, used fertilizer bags and various type of vegetable left over were accumulated at the river banks and certain amount of the waste had escaped into water body thus caused some obstruction to the water flow. Current condition was expected may affect certain water quality parameters at the rivers and streams available within and surrounding the existing developed area.
6.6 METEOROLOGY
6.6.1 General Climate
The characteristic features of the climate of Malaysia are uniform temperature, high humidity and copious rainfall and they arise mainly from the maritime exposure of the country. Winds are generally light and situated at the equatorial doldrums area, it is extremely rare to have a full day with completely clear sky even in periods of severe drought. On the other hand, it is also rare to have a stretch of a few days with completely no sunshine except during the northeast monsoon seasons. Malaysia is blessed with good tropical weather due to its proximity to the equator, stretches from Latitudes 0° 60’ N to 6° 40’ N and Longitude 99° 35’ E to 119° 25’ E. The proposed project site is situated approximately at coordinate as highlighted in Figure 2.3 attached in Chapter 2.0. It has a typical tropical zone climate with hot and humid conditions prevailing throughout the year with little daily variations. The climatic changes are greatly influenced by the north westerly wind blowing during the months of November to March and the south easterly blowing from May to September. Variations in temperature throughout the year are minimal as in other part of the peninsular. These climatic parameters are derived from actual record by the Malaysian Meteorological Services at the Kuala Krai which is located at Latitude 5° 32’ N and Longitude 102° 12’ E as well as from Kota Bharu Station which located at latitude 06° 10’ N and longitude 102° 17’ E. Whilst data recorded from Malaysian Meteorological Services at the Cameron Highlands located at Latitude 04° 28’ N and Longitude 101° 122’ E shows that the climatic changes are greatly influenced by the westernly wind blowing during the months of May to October and the easternly blowing from November to March.
6.6.2 Wind Profile
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Wind speed is typically judged as the velocity of wind. Of the major factors that influence wind speed, the most important is called the pressure gradient, created by a graduated disparity in atmospheric pressure that occurs in different places. A wind rose is a graphic tool used by metrologies to give succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Using a polar coordinate system of gridding, the frequency of winds over a long time period are plotted by wind direction, with color bands showing wind ranges. The directions of the rose with the longest spoke show the wind direction with the greatest frequency. The annual wind rose diagram, data and those for different monsoon periods of Kuala Krai, Kota Bharu and Cameron Highland Meteorological Station are shown in Table 6.4 to 6.6 and Figure 6.12 to 6.17. The wind condition recorded from all three (3) meteorological stations for year 2009 to 2011 is characterised as windy with normal wind speed ranging between 0.3 to 7.9 m/s. The maximum surface wind speed being recorded at Cameron Highland station was 7.9 m/s.
6.6.3 Average Rainfall
Malaysia has a hot and humid tropical climate marked by seasonal variations in rainfall. Located along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, the Jajahan Gua Musang was receives a good amount of rainfall. Data of highest rainfall recorded for year 2012 (as at September 2012) at Kuala Krai is about 275.4 mm and 313.6 mm for Kota Bharu which occurred in month of January. As at September 2012, the lowest rainfall amount was gathered for Kuala Krai and Kota Bharu Meteorological Station with amount of 71.4 mm and 21.2 mm recorded in month of February respectively. Data recorded for year 2012 (as at September 2012) at Cameron Highland Meteorological Station shows that the highest rainfall amount is 324.0 mm (April) whilst the lowest is 30.2 mm occurred on June. Based on rainfall data recorded at Kuala Krai station, the highest annual mean of rainfall is about 3,306.5 mm with rain days of 182 days per year in 2009. As for Kota Bharu station, highest annual mean rainfall is about 3,734.5 with 194 of rain days per year which occurred on 1999. Whilst the highest annual mean of rainfall in Cameron Highland station is 3,956.0 mm with rain days of 260 days per year (2008). Detail data on the rainfall information from Kuala Krai, Kota Bharu and Cameron Highland Meteorological Station is highlighted in Table 6.7 to 6.9.
6.6.4 Temperature and Relative Humidity
The temperature data for the proposed site is also derived from the same meteorological station at Kuala Krai, Kota Bharu and Cameron Highland meteorological stations. The temperatures were in the range from 24.3 to 27.0 °C (Kuala Krai Station), 26.1 to 28.2 °C (Kota Bharu Station) and Cameron Highland Station is ranged from 16.7 to 18.3 °C in year 2011. Similarly, the relative humidity has been recorded at value of 85.8 % (Kuala Krai Station), 80.5 % (Kota Bharu Station) and about 90.5 % (Cameron Highland Station). Based on data from January to September 2012, maximum temperature recorded 35.8 °C, 34.2 °C and 25.7 °C at Kuala Krai, Kota Bharu and Cameron Highland Station respectively. And for the minimum temperature are 19.9 °C, 21.2 °C and 13.0 °C at Kuala Krai, Kota Bharu and Cameron Highland Station respectively. 37.7 °C and 26.7 °C were being highest temperature for Kuala Krai, and Cameron Station which occurred in year 2010 and 2005 respectively. Meanwhile, 35.5 °C was the highest temperature recorded for Kota Bharu Station which occurred in year 2001. Table 6.7 to 6.9 shows the record of various types of temperature data and relative humidity data from the year 2000 till September 2012 for all meteorological stations.
6.7 DRAINAGE PATTERN
A watershed is a natural drainage area draining off water to a common point which ultimately meets with a river. A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, a sea or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill; there is no general rule that defines what can be called a river. There are several numbers of rivers, rivulets and streams which form a drainage
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pattern within and surrounding the proposed project site as shown in Figure 6.11. Certain numbers of the unknown small rivulets found within proposed project site was considered as a seasonal earth drain that would only drain the water flow during heavy rainstorms period. Normally during the dry season, this kind of rivulets is dry. Some of the small rivulets which have been taken the water for analyzing purposes have no name. And for the purpose of water sampling analysis, these small rivulets have been remarked as Sg A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M and N. The average size of the unknown and small rivulets found within and nearby the proposed project site is highlighted in following table.
# Rivers Width (m) Depth (m) Q (m3/s) (±) Water Temperature (oC) 1 Sg A 0.914 0.213 0.063 23.3 2 Sg B 0.914 0.244 0.090 24.0 3 Sg C 1.219 0.244 0.119 26.0 4 Sg D 1.219 0.265 0.129 26.1 5 Sg E 1.219 0.198 0.072 23.3 6 Sg F 0.914 0.213 0.086 27.4 7 Sg G 1.219 0.152 0.100 27.6 8 Sg H 0.610 0.152 0.025 28.2 9 Sg I 0.609 0.213 0.045 30.6 10 Sg J 0.732 0.213 0.041 27.1 11 Sg K 1.219 0.244 0.149 28.1 12 Sg L 0.914 0.235 0.086 25.8 13 Sg M 0.609 0.204 0.037 27.1 14 Sg N 0.610 0.152 0.028 29.2 15 Sg Chekau 4.572 0.305 0.697 25.4 Source: Data gathered during field works exercise, July 2013
Based on the analysis made on the available information, it was found that all the water flow within the proposed project area would be finally catered by Sg Chekau which flowing through proposed project site from southeast to northwest part before entering Sg Berok, the major river located at the west part some 1.4 km (nearest point) from proposed project site. In other word, the proposed project site is considered partly water catchment area for Sg Berok. Any disturbance to this water body will indirectly affect the quality of the major river, Sg Berok. Information gathered from Department of Irrigation & Drainage (DID) and Air Kelantan Sdn Bhd (AKSB) Jajahan Gua Musang revealed that there is no DID river monitoring station and AKSB water intake point located within 5.0 km either upstream and downstream of the river basin. The nearest water treatment plant was Loji Rawatan Air Panggung Lalat which located about 78.0 km from the proposed project site. However, as reference made with RTJGM 2020, new water intake and treatment plant was planned to be constructed for Lojing area which fully under AKSB responsibility. And information gathered from AKSB Jajahan Gua Musang, the new water intake and water treatment plant was located at the southwest part some 11.0 km from proposed project site. Small dam structure had been constructed as to collect water from tributaries of Sg Jelai for the treatment plant operation. As at to date, the new treatment plant was still not in operation due to incompletion of distribution piping system.
6.8 WATER QUALITY
Water quality is a technical term that is based upon the characteristic of water in relation to guideline values of what is suitable for human consumption and for all usual domestic purposes, including personal hygiene. Components of water quality include microbial, biological, chemical and physical aspects. Fresh, clean, drinkable water constitutes only one half of one percent of all the earth’s water. We depend on our streams and rivers to deliver much of this drinking water as well as provide for irrigation for agriculture, recreation and other uses. Many animals and plants could not live without clean river water. Assessment on water quality of water bodies and rivers within and outside the
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proposed project site as well as selected sampling station at various streams, rivulets and rivers was made on selected parameters namely pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), temperature, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solid (SS), turbidity, Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN) and Oil & Grease. A part of that, selected heavy metals (Iron, Manganese and Zinc) and selected nutrients (Phosphorus, Nitrate and Sulphide) were also be analyzed for assessment of the river water quality. A grab water quality sampling exercise has been carried out at twenty one (21) different locations at Sg A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N and Sg Chekau within and surrounding the proposed project site area as listed below. The results of the analysis are presented in Table 6.10 while Figure 6.18 shows the location of the selected water quality sampling points.
Stations Coordinate Descriptions 04° 40’ 20.2” N Sg Chekau (downstream) located some 770 meter at the northwest W1 101° 29’ 47.9” E part outside of proposed project site 04° 39’43.2” N Sg D (downstream) located at the southeast boundary of proposed W2 101° 30’ 55.5” E project site 04° 39’ 48.9” N Sg C (downstream) located at the southeast part within proposed W3 101° 31’ 53.9” E project site 04° 39’ 45.3” N Sg E (downstream) located at the southeast part within proposed W4 101° 30’ 49.0” E project site 04° 39’ 54.0” N Sg Chekau (upstream) located at the southeast part within proposed W5 101° 30’ 47.1” E project site 04° 40’ 02.2” N W6 Sg F (midstream) located at the east part within proposed project site 101° 30’ 51.3” E 04° 39’ 59.5” N Sg Chekau (mid-stream) located at the southwest part within proposed W7 101° 30’ 38.2” E project site 04° 40’ 01.1” N Sg K (downstream) located at the west part within proposed project W8 101° 30’ 28.8” E site 04° 39’ 45.0” N Sg I (upstream) located at the south boundary part of proposed project W9 101° 30’ 39.6” E site 04° 40’ 04.9” N Sg Chekau (midstream) located at the west part within proposed W10 101° 30’ 21.5” E project site 04° 39’ 31.7” N Sg M (upstream) located some 50 meter at the southwest part outside W11 101° 30’ 14.8” E of proposed project site 04° 39’ 30.7” N Sg B (midstream) located some 400 meter at the southeast part W12 101° 31’ 06.9” E outside of proposed project site 04° 39’ 38.1” N Sg L (upstream) located at the southwest part within proposed project W13 101° 30’ 27.9” E site 04° 39’ 48.2” N Sg L (midstream) located at the southwest part within proposed W14 101° 30’ 25.5” E project site 04° 40’ 10.3” N Sg Chekau (midstream) located some 110 meter at the west part W15 101° 30’ 07.3” E outside of proposed project site 04° 40’ 11.3” N Sg J (upstream) located at the northwest part within proposed project W16 101° 30’ 32.8” E site 04° 37’ 01.5” N Sg N (upstream) located some 160 meter at the northwest part outside W17 101° 30’ 08.5” E of proposed project site 04° 40’ 49.0” N Sg H (mid-stream) located some 70 meter at the north part outside of W18 101° 30’ 48.0” E proposed project site 04° 40’ 27.7” N Sg G (midstream) located some 130 meter at the northeast part W19 101° 30’ 49.9” E outside of proposed project side
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04° 40’ 38.5” N Sg H (downstream) located some 450 meter at the north part outside W20 101° 30’ 42.1” E of proposed project site 04° 40’ 27.0” N Sg A (midstream) located some 300 meter at the northeast part W21 101° 31’ 11.0” E outside of proposed project site Source: Detected from Global Positioning System (GPS), July 2013
6.8.1 Water Quality Index (WQI)
In Malaysia, the classification of rivers by the Department of Environment (DOE) is based on Water Quality Index (WQI). A water quality index relates a group of water quality determinants to common scale and combines them into a single number. It depends not only on water chemical condition but also on its biological, physical and radiological condition. DOE-WQI consists of six determinants which are pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solid (SS) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN). Water quality data collected from sampling rivers are then compared with the Interim National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQSM) to determine their status as clean, slightly polluted or polluted category and to classy the rivers in Class I, II, III, IV or V. According to DOE-WQI, the river water classification for all sampling station could be classified under Class II except for sampling station W16, W17 and W20 which fall within Class III Category. Class II indicates that the water can be used as a water supply where a conventional treatment is required. It was also indicates that the water is suitable for sensitive aquatic species and can be used for recreational that can have direct body contact. Class III indicates that the river water requires extensive treatment since it may threaten the fish and body contact with such water may pose to health problems. Based on classification made under the DOE-WQI, ten (10) sampling stations had been classified under two (2) different categories which are “Clean” whilst another eleven (11) sampling station classified as “Slightly Polluted”. This outcome of the analysis for sampling station W8, W10, W13, W15, W17 to W21 already expected due the lower concentration of DO parameter recorded which lower than 5.0 mg/l and high COD value which more than 30.00 mg/l. Meanwhile, high value of SS and COD parameter had affected the outcome result of WQI calculation for sampling station W14 and W16. The method of calculation for DOE-WQI is given in Appendix C. The results for WQI of the twenty one (21) sampling stations are tabulated in Table 6.11.
6.8.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved oxygen (DO) was defined as oxygen that is dissolved in water. It gets there by diffusion from the surrounding air; aeration of water that has tumbled over falls and rapids; and as a waste product of photosynthesis. Adequate dissolved oxygen is necessary for good water quality. Oxygen is a necessary element to all forms of life. Result gathered for DO parameter at twenty one (21) sampling stations is in the ranged of 4.22 to 5.78 mg/l. Numerous scientific studies suggest that 4-5 parts mg/l of DO is the minimum amount that will support a large, diverse fish population. The DO level in good fishing waters generally averages about 9.0 mg/l. When DO levels drop below about 3.0 mg/l, even the rough fish die. The high DO levels in the water body indicate that the river water is in normal condition and have no sign of pollution problem. Oxygen levels also can be reduced through over fertilization of water plants by run-off from farm fields containing phosphates and nitrates (the ingredients in fertilizers). Under these conditions, the numbers and size of water plants increase a great deal. Then, if the weather becomes cloudy for several days, respiring plants will use much of the available DO. When these plants die, they become food for bacteria, which in turn multiply and use large amounts of oxygen. Any DO values that lower than minimum requirement may reduce the level of available oxygen in the water body. This situation normally may create a limitation on natural feeding cultivation which indirectly may affect the generation of living organism in the water body. Measuring dissolved oxygen is probably the most significant water quality test to determine the suitability of a stream for fish and many other aquatic organisms.
6.8.3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the quantity of oxygen used by microorganisms (e.g., aerobic bacteria) in the oxidation of organic matter. Natural sources of organic matter include plant decay and leaf fall. However, plant growth and decay may be unnaturally accelerated when nutrients and sunlight are overly abundant due to human influence. Urban runoff carries pet wastes from streets and sidewalks; nutrients from lawn fertilizers; leaves, grass clippings, and paper from residential areas, which increase oxygen demand. Oxygen consumed in the decomposition process robs other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live. Organisms that are more tolerant of lower dissolved oxygen levels may replace a diversity of natural water systems contain bacteria, which need oxygen (aerobic) to survive. Whilst Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measure of the oxygen reducing capabilities of wastewater due to chemical reactions. Wastewater with inorganic material can cause chemical reactions that absorb oxygen. It can be used to determine the concentration level of the organic or inorganic waste in water and waste water. As far as the organic and chemical pollution is concerned, the BOD5 measured for all sampling stations were 3.00 to 5.00 mg/l and the COD measured were between 16.00 to 49.00 mg/l. The above values when compared with NWQSM as in Appendix C showed that all BOD and COD values are fall within Class IIA/IIB and III.
6.8.4 Suspended Solids (SS)
Suspended Solids (SS) are referred to 'particle' and 'sediment', which suspend in water column. Suspended solids consist of inorganic fractions such as minerals, silts, clays etc and organic fractions such as algae, zooplankton, bacteria and detritus. The inorganic portion is usually considerably higher than the organic component. Both contribute towards turbidity or cloudiness of the water. Waters with high sediment loads are obvious because of their 'muddy' appearance. High levels of suspended solids are an indicator of unhealthy conditions. The SS readings for all water samples taken range between 1 to 308 mg/l. The highest value of SS was recorded at sampling station W16 then followed by W14 with the value recorded are 308 and 114 mg/l respectively. It was expected that eroded and sediment from developed area had contributed to the high content of SS available at the respective stream. These values are within Class I to V based on NWQSM. Suspended solids can clog fish gills, either killing them or reducing their growth rate. They also reduce light penetration. This reduces the ability of algae to produce food and oxygen. When the water slows down, as when it enters a reservoir, the suspended sediment settles out and drops to the bottom, a process called siltation. This causes the water to clear, but as the silt or sediment settles it may change the bottom and also contribute to the shallow problem of the respective river and at the same time will reduce its capacity as a basin for water during heavy rainstorm. The silt also may smother bottom-dwelling organisms, cover breeding areas, and smother eggs. Indirectly, the suspended solids affect other parameters such as temperature and dissolved oxygen. Because of the greater heat absorbency of the particulate matter, the surface water becomes warmer and this tends to stabilize the stratification (layering) in stream pools, embayments, and reservoirs. This, in turn, interferes with mixing, decreasing the dispersion of oxygen and nutrients to deeper layers.
6.8.5 Turbidity
Turbidity is an optical characteristic or property of a liquid, which in general terms describes the clarity, or haziness of the liquid. Turbidity has always been based on human observation and while this phenomenon is quantifiable by many different means, much discussion still exits around the various techniques used to measure turbidity’s of fluids. Turbidity is not colour related, but relates rather to the loss of transparency due to the effect of suspended particulate, colloidal material, or both. A lack of turbidity results in clarity or clearness because it is, in part, the effect of these various suspended materials on light passing through a liquid. Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particles of many different sizes. While some suspended material will be large enough and heavy enough to settle rapidly to the bottom of the container if a liquid sample is left to stand (the settable solids), very small particles will settle only very slowly or not at all if the sample is regularly agitated or the particles are colloidal. These small solid particles cause the liquid to appear turbid. Turbidity in open water may be caused by growth of phytoplankton. Human activities that disturb land, such as construction, mining and agriculture, can lead to high sediment levels entering water bodies during rain storms due to storm water runoff. Areas prone to high bank erosion rates as well as urbanized areas also contribute large amounts of turbidity to nearby waters, through storm water pollution from paved
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surfaces such as roads, bridges and parking lots. Certain industries such as quarrying, mining and coal recovery can generate very high levels of turbidity from colloidal rock particles. In water bodies such as lakes, rivers and reservoirs, high turbidity levels can reduce the amount of light reaching lower depths, which can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and consequently affect species which are dependent on them, such as fish and shellfish. High turbidity levels can also affect the ability of fish gills to absorb dissolved oxygen. Turbidity measurement at all sampling station had given a value of 1 to 363 NTU.
6.8.6 pH pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water, expressed in terms of its concentration of hydrogen ions. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. Solutions with more hydrogen than hydroxide ions have a pH value lower than 7 and are said to be acidic. A pH of 7 is considered to be neutral. Water is alkaline if the pH is greater than 7 whilst water with pH less than 7 is considered acidic. The pH of water determines the solubility (amount that can be dissolved in the water) and biological availability (amount that can be utilized by aquatic life) of chemical constituents such as nutrients phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon) and heavy metals (lead, copper, cadmium, etc.). The pH is a highly important characteristic as it affects equilibrium between most chemical species, effectiveness of coagulation, potential of water to be corrosive, suitability of water to support living organisms and most other quality characteristics of water. The pH readings of all sampling stations are recorded ranged from 6.84 to 7.89, which fall within Class I based on the NWQSM. The value of pH is expected to have fluctuated pattern especially during the site clearance and earthwork activity. During this stage normally existing will be disturb thus create a possibility chemical release from the soil composition thus affected the quality of the nearby water body (including pH value).
6.8.7 Nutrient
Nitrogen containing compounds act as nutrients in streams and rivers. Nutrients such as phosphorus and Ammonia Nitrogen (AN) are essential for the growth of algae and other plants. Aquatic life is dependent upon these photosynthesizes, which usually occur in low levels in surface water. Excessive concentrations of nutrients however can over stimulate aquatic plant and algae growth. Bacterial respiration and organic decomposition can use up dissolved oxygen, depriving fish and invertebrates of available oxygen in the water. Fertilizers, failing septic systems, waste water treatment plant discharges and wastes from pets and animal farms are typical sources of excess nutrients in surface waters. In aquatic ecosystems, because phosphorus is available in the lowest amount, it is usually the limiting nutrient for plant growth. The level of Ammoniacal nitrogen for all sampling station can be considered as not given any significant impact with a maximum value of 0.65 mg/l and minimum value of 0.01 mg/l. Comparison made with the NWQSM the readings is fall under Class I to III. Phosphorus is elemental form is very toxic and is subject to bioaccumulation. Phosphorus in ranged in between 0.02 to 0.41 mg/l at all sampling stations. Phosphorus data are becoming more and more important in environmental engineering practice. Phosphorus determination are extremely important in assessing the potential biological productivity of surface waters and in many areas limits are being established on amounts of phosphorus that may be discharged to receiving bodies of water, particularly rivers, lake and reservoirs. Based on analysis results, Nitrate was detected with the value between 0.2 to 11.6 mg/l at all sampling stations. And Sulphide is also detected at all sampling stations with the value lower than 0.001 mg/l. The higher level of nutrients will contribute to the growth of micro-organism or plant and animal life in the water bodies. The larger community of micro-organism present in the water the higher usage of DO in the water, thus will indirectly affect the level of DO in the respective water body.
6.8.8 Heavy Metal
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The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. Heavy metals are natural components of the Earth’s crust. They cannot be degraded or destroyed. To a small extent they enter our bodies via food, drinking water and air. However, at higher concentrations they can lead to poisoning. Manganese is present in many soils and sediments as well as in rocks whose structures have been changed by heat and pressure. It is considered essential to plant and animal life and can be derived from such foods as corn, spinach, and whole wheat products. Manganese may be found in deep well waters at concentrations as high as 2-3 mg/l. Manganese can enter the air from iron, steel and power plants, coke ovens and from dust from mining operations. Whilst it can enter the water and soil from natural deposits disposal of wastes or deposits from airborne sources. Sometimes, plants in the water can take up some of the manganese from water and concentrate it and manganese can also exist naturally in rivers, lakes and under-ground water. High levels of manganese in the water produce an unpleasant odour and taste. Water which contains manganese when exposed to the air can become turbid and highly unacceptable from the aesthetic viewpoint. At high levels of manganese, it can cause damage to the brain, liver, kidneys and developing fetus. The Manganese readings of all sampling stations are recorded are lower than 0.05 mg/l at all sampling station except for sampling station W6, W8, W9, W10, W12, W14, W15 and W16 which recorded a value in range of 0.07 to 0.35 mg/l. Based on the NWQSM, all the value measured had fall within Class I to V. Iron occurs naturally in ground waters in three forms, Ferrous Iron (clear water iron), Ferric Iron (red water iron), and Heme Iron (organic iron). Ferrous iron or clear water iron as it is sometimes called is ferrous bicarbonate. The water is clear when drawn but turns cloudy when it comes in contact with air. The air oxidizes the ferrous iron and converts it to ferric iron. Ferric iron, or ferric hydroxide, is visible in the water when drawn, hence the name “red water iron”. Heme iron is organically bound iron complexes with decomposed vegetation. The organic materials complexes with the iron are called tannins or lignin. These organics cause the water to have a weak tea or coffee colour. Certain types of bacteria use iron as an energy source. They oxidize the iron from its ferrous state to its ferric state and deposit it in the slimy gelatinous material which surrounds them. These bacteria grow in stringy clumps and are found in most iron bearing waters. The Iron readings of all sampling stations are recorded from 0.05 to 8.91 mg/l whilst Zinc parameter has been recorded lower than 0.04 mg/l at all sampling stations except for sampling station W14 and W16 which recorded value of 0.08 and 0.07 mg/l respectively.
6.8.9 Oil & Grease
Water pollution by oil presence is very special problems because oil’s unique property which forms a thin layer on the vast areas of water. Oil and grease are singled out for special attention because of their poor solubility in water and their tendency to separate from the aqueous phase. Although this characteristic is advantageous in facilitating the separation of oil and grease by use of flotation devices, it does complete the transportation of wastes through pipelines, their destruction in biological treatment unit, and their disposal into receiving waters. Hydrocarbons, esters, oils, fats, waxes, and high-molecular-weight fatty acids are the major materials have a “greasy feel” and are associated with the problems in waste treatment related to oil and grease. Despite the sometimes horrendous damage caused by O&G, they are seen as a relatively minor problem for fish and the marine environment in comparison to chronic nutrient pollution. Depending upon the amount and type of O&G, where it is spilled and weather conditions, ecosystem recovery can be quick or painfully slow. Oil & Grease (O&G) concentration is detected at all sampling stations with a value of 1.0 to 3.0 mg/l. It was noted that most of the sampling stations has recorded the O&G parameter. And since the O&G is hardly absorbed in the water, it will stay longer in the water body even in a distance of 3.0 km downstream of the respective river water. Higher level of O&G in the river water may prevent and obstruct the oxygen in the ambient air from being easily absorbed in the river water, thus indirectly will affect other water quality parameter such as DO, BOD, COD, heavy metal, nutrients and living micro-organism available in the water body.
6.8.10 E.Coli
Escherichia coli, often referred to as E.coli, are common bacteria found widely in nature including the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and warm-blooded animals. Many harmless strains of E. coli exist and are essential components of a healthy digestive tract; however, some strains can be pathogenic causing intestinal and urinary tract infections in both humans and animals. E.coli is commonly found in the feces or intestines of cattle; however, the organism has also
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been isolated from rabbits, deer, dogs, poultry, sheep and a variety of wild animal species. E.Coli can find its way into rivers from water that flows over land and into the river (non-point source) or contaminated waters flowing through outfalls to the river (point sources). E.coli value is detected at all sampling stations which are ranged in between 170.0 to 3,000.0 MPN/100ml. E.coli can survive for extended periods of time in feces, soil and water and often serves as an indicator organism for water contamination. E.coli can be transmitted to humans via contaminated food, water, animals and other humans. Fresh produce contamination can occur during pre-harvest if irrigation water or planting areas are compromised by the feces of animals or field workers practicing poor personal hygiene. Water can become contaminated anytime it comes into contact with feces. Waterborne infections have occurred from ingesting contaminated drinking and recreational water. Ingestion of relatively few cells can cause illness. Hemorrhagic colitis, resulting from human infection, includes symptoms such as abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
6.9 AIR QUALITY
Air pollution is the contamination of air by any number of substances, usually gaseous and particulates, which are not normally found in the air. Air pollution occurs through the burning of fossil fuels in industrial processing, energy production and transportation, land and forest clearance by burning and the burning of municipal and industrial wastes. Generally, sources of air contaminants may be classified as stationary, mobile, or fugitive. Respectively, they are attributed to point sources, such as industrial stack emissions; transportation activities, such as automobile emissions; and uncontrolled (fugitive) sources, such as wind-blown dusts from stockpiles. Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Exposure to air pollutants is largely beyond the control of individuals and requires action by public authorities at the national, regional and even international levels. The concentration of certain pollutants in the air can be measured with monitoring equipment to assess air quality. In the context of this study, selected parameters were include Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxides (NO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) will be taken on-site and analyzed. Altogether eight (8) samples were taken at different locations and period of time within and surrounding the proposed project site as described in table below.
Stations Coordinate Descriptions 04° 39’43.2” N Sg D (downstream) located at the southeast boundary of proposed A1 101° 30’ 55.5” E project site 04° 40’ 02.2” N Sg F (downstream) located at the east part within proposed project A2 101° 30’ 51.3” E site 04° 40’ 01.1” N Sg K (downstream) located at the west part within proposed project A3 101° 30’ 28.8” E site 04° 39’ 45.0” N Sg I (upstream) located at the south boundary part of proposed project A4 101° 30’ 39.6” E site 04° 39’ 31.7” N Sg M (upstream) located some 50 meter at the southwest part outside A5 101° 30’ 14.8” E of proposed project site 04° 40’ 10.3” N Sg Chekau (midstream) located some 110 meter at the west part A6 101° 30’ 07.3” E outside of proposed project site 04° 40’ 11.3” N Sg J (upstream) located at the northwest part within proposed project A7 101° 30’ 32.8” E site 04° 40’ 27.7” N Sg G (midstream) located some 130 meter at the northeast part A8 101° 30’ 49.9” E outside of proposed project side Source: Detected from Global Positioning System (GPS), July 2013
A part of that the weather parameters such as ambient air temperature, humidity, wind speed and barometer is also being recorded at respective air quality sampling stations. The on-site sampling exercise of the air quality sampling was conducted at the proposed project site on 8th and 9th July 2013, using portable high volume sampler, gas detector
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analyzer equipment and also portable weather station. The results of air quality sampling work exercise are shown in Table 6.12 and sampling stations are shown in Figure 6.18.
6.9.1 Total Suspended Particulate (TSP)
Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) has been recorded at eight (8) sampling stations within the proposed project site (see Figure 6.18). A pre calibrated Minivol Air Sampler was used to collect TSP matter for a period of one (1) hours. With this equipment the air to be sampled enters the annular space at the top which located the filter medium and is drawn out through the centre part of the equipment. Tiny airborne particles or aerosols that are less than 100 micrometers are collectively referred to as TSP matter. These particles constantly enter the atmosphere from many sources. Human sources include motor vehicles use, combustion products from space heating, industrial processes and power generation. Whilst natural sources are include soil, bacteria and viruses, fungi, moulds, yeast and polled particles. The TSP sampling carried out at the proposed project site showed levels ranged between 25.7 to 89.3 µg/m3. These recorded air quality values are considered to be low and well under control compared to the standard limits where the values were lower than 260 µg/m3 thus complied with the Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines. Over 99% of inhaled particulate matter is either exhaled or trapped in the upper areas of the respiratory system and expelled. The balance enters the windpipe and lungs, where some particulates, known as inhalable particulates, cling to protective mucous and are removed. Some of the smallest particles, called respirable particulates, lodge in the lung capillaries and alveoli, causing the following effects such as lowing down the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, causing shortness of breath and straining the heart, because it must work harder to compensate for oxygen loss. It also can corrode metals and masonry, affect the soil structures and motor vehicles (cleaning, e.g., window washing, sand blasting, and repainting, costs millions of dollars annually) and dust the leaf surfaces of crops, trees and shrubs, which may injure or inhibit the growth of these valuable plants.
6.9.2 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
SO2 is a colourless gas with a sharp odour and produced from burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil) and smelting of mineral ores that contain sulphur (domestic heating, power generation and motor vehicles). It is non-flammable, non- explosive gas and caused a taste sensation at concentrations from 0.3 to 1.0 ppm in air. SO2 can affect the respiratory system and the functions of the lungs, and causes irritation of the eyes. Inflammation of the respiratory tract causes coughing, mucus secretion, aggravation of asthma and chronic bronchitis and makes people more prone to infections of the respiratory tract. Under certain conditions, some of the air-borne sulphur dioxide gas is oxidised to sulphur trioxide. Each of these two gases is presence of water vapour or water, forms sulphurous and sulphuric acid respectively. It is partly converted to sulphur trioxide or sulphuric acid and its salts by photochemical or catalytic process in the atmosphere. In a polluted atmosphere SO2 reacts photo-chemically or catalytically with other pollutants. SO2 gas alone can irritate the upper respiratory tract and it can carried deep into lungs. SO2 are among the chief causes of soil and water becoming acidified. Sulphur compounds are responsible for about two thirds of the acidification of rain. SO2 can cause irritation, reduction of visibility, respiratory diseases. Healthy persons experience broncho-contruction at 1.6 ppm of SO2 for a few minutes exposure. Throat irritation occurs at 8-12 ppm level. 10 ppm can cause eye irritation. At 20 ppm, immediate cough and eye irritation result whilst exposure of 400 to 500 ppm of SO2 even for a few minutes is dangerous to life. Sampling works carried at the respective sampling stations shows the SO2 concentrations were not detected. The limit stated in Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines is 0.13 ppm for average of 1 hour period of time.
6.9.3 Nitrogen Dioxides (NO2)
Nitrogen Dioxides (NO2) is the second most abundant atmospheric contaminants ranking next to SO2. It is also the other great cause of acidifications on soil and water. The source of NO2 is from industries area, automobile combustions, power plant and burning activity. Based on previous literature, the largest single source of NO2 emissions is from the road traffic. In atmospheric analyses they are usually refer as total oxides of nitrogen (NOx). It is
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relatively stable and constitutes approximately 78% of the atmosphere. Short-term exposure may cause increased respiratory illness in young children and harm lung function in people with existing respiratory illnesses. Long-term exposure may lead to increased susceptibility to respiratory infection and may cause alterations in the lung. Nitrogen oxides help form acid rain. In addition, this pollutant can cause a wide range of environmental damage, including visibility impairment and eutrophication, an explosive algae growth which can deplete oxygen in water bodies. The NO2 sampling exercise carried out on-site revealed that it was not detected at all sampling station. The standard limit of 0.17 ppm average in one (1) hour period stated under Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines.
6.9.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless and at high concentration, a poisonous gas. Carbon monoxide is formed when the carbon present in fuel is not burnt completely. Motor vehicles produce about 60 percent of carbon monoxide nationwide and in cities area, it may be as high as 95 percent. Other sources for CO may include industrial processes, non-transportation fuel combustion and wildfires. Carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream through the lungs and reduces oxygen delivery to the body's organs and tissues. The health threat from carbon monoxide at low levels is most serious for those who suffer from cardiovascular disease, such as angina pectoris. At much higher levels, carbon monoxide can be poisonous. Even healthy people may be affected. Visual impairment, reduced work capacity, reduced manual dexterity, poor learning ability and difficulty in performing complex tasks are all associated with exposure to carbon monoxide. CO lifetime in the atmosphere is about several months. The CO sampling conducted for this study revealed that the reading of CO is undetectable at all sampling stations. The Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines for CO is 30 ppm average in one (1) hour period.
6.9.5 Ozone (O3)
Ozone is formed in the stratosphere when oxygen molecules photo dissociate after absorbing an ultraviolet photon whose wavelength is shorter than 240 nm. This produces two oxygen atoms. The atomic oxygen then combines with O2 to create O3. Ozone molecules absorb UV light between 310 and 200 nm, following which ozone splits into a molecule of O2 and an oxygen atom. The oxygen atom then joins up with an oxygen molecule to regenerate ozone. This is a continuing process which terminates when an oxygen atom "recombines" with an ozone molecule to make two O2 molecules. Ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is formed by the reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the presence of heat and sunlight. VOCs are emitted by a variety of sources, including motor vehicles, chemical plants, refineries, and other factories. NOx is emitted by motor vehicles, electric power plants, and other combustion sources. Ozone can be transported into an area from pollution sources found hundreds of miles upwind. Ozone is great, high up in the atmosphere as it reflects heat and other radiates. But closer to earth, ozone is an air pollutant that can be harmful to humans. Ozone is poisonous, smelly and has an irritant action in the respiratory tract, reaching much deeper into the lungs. In mild doses, its can create a flecks on upper surfaces, premature aging and suppressed growth to the plants. And in a severe doses, its can create a condition such as collapse of leaf, necrosis and bleaching. It exists in great abundance under natural conditions in the upper atmosphere. The Ozone sampling carried out at selected sampling stations revealed that it is not detectable at all sampling stations. The Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines for Ozone is 0.10 ppm average in one (1) hour period.
6.9.6 Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3) is a colourless gas at ambient temperature. Its odour is characterized as sharp, pungent and intensely irritating. Ammonia is a naturally occurring substance. It is also one of the most extensively used industrial chemicals. Ammonia is mostly used in the production of fertilizers, nitrogen-containing organic compounds, refrigerants, synthetic fibres, explosives, food additives, and as cleaning and descaling agents. Ammonia is ubiquitous and is present in the environment as a result of natural biological processes and industrial activities. About 99% of ammonia present in the atmosphere is released by the breakdown of organic waste matter. Therefore, any natural or industrial process that
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concentrates nitrogen-containing organic matter, and makes it available for decomposition, becomes a potential source of high local concentration of ammonia. Other environmental sources include emission of industrially produced ammonia, release through agricultural fertilization, as well as coal gasification or liquefaction. In the atmosphere, ammonia may undergo many transformations, and is expected to have a short residence time of 5 to 10 days. The most important removal mechanism is dissolution in water droplets, which are subsequently be removed by rain or washout. Ammonia can also be removed by reaction with OH radicals. Ammonia is corrosive and irritating, and can cause severe skin and eye burns in humans. Clinical effects of ammonia exposure are manifested as irritation to the eye, skin, nose, mouth, throat or the lungs. General symptoms of ammonia exposure may range from wheezing, coughing, nasal discharges, bronchial discharges, upper airway obstruction, bronchospasm to lung edema. Sampling results revealed that Ammonia concentration was not detected at all monitoring stations.
6.9.7 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
H2S is one of environmental concerns which appear to be universally present in geothermal fields. The impact of H2S discharge will depend on local topography, wind patterns and land use, but the effects include an unpleasant odour, corrosion, eye irritation and respiratory damage in humans. Detection by smell is possible at a concentration of about 0.3 ppm. As the concentration increases, the odour becomes sweeter and disappears at around 150 ppb, thus smell is not a reliable indicator of concentration. One of the major sources of hydrogen sulphide is the Kraft pulp industry, which uses a sulphide process for manufacturing paper. The other industrial sources of hydrogen sulphide are petroleum refineries, coke-oven plants, viscose rayon plants and some chemical operations. H2S can react with oxygen to form more oxidised sulphur compounds. Other sulphur compounds that are of interest in air pollution, principally because of their strong odours, are methyl mercaptan (CH3 SH), dimethyl sulphide (CH3 S CH3), dimethyl disulphide (CH3 SS CH3) and their higher molecular homologs. The mercaptans are emitted in mixtures of pollutants from some pulp mills, petroleum refineries and chemical manufacturing plants. Result gathered during fieldwork exercise for H2S parameter is from a ranged 0.05 to 0.25 ppm (refer Table 6.12). The value recorded at all sampling stations are noted far below the standard limit of 5.00 ppm stipulated under Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines.
6.9.8 Weather Parameters
Collection data of weather parameter such as ambient air temperature, humidity, heat index, wind speed and barometer has also being carried out on-site together with air quality sampling exercise. Detail collected data of weather parameter is as highlighted in Table 6.13. It was noted that the average ambient air temperature at the eight (8) selected sampling stations is ranged from 24.1 to 29.2 °C, which consider normal for this kind of environment whilst the humidity of selected sampling station within the proposed project site are ranged between 71.9 to 90.1%. The higher values of humidity means ambient air within the proposed project site has contains more vapour water as a result current vegetations cover the area. This matter will indirectly contribute in the increasing value of barometer. All selected sampling stations have recorded barometer value within 908.9 to 941.5 hPa. And wind speed occurred within the proposed project site is noted to be at ranged between 0.0 to 0.9 m/s in which can be classified as a low to medium condition. Heat Index (HI) is a measurement of the air temperature in relation to the relative humidity, used as an indicator of discomfort. The heat index is higher when high air temperatures occur with high humidity, and lower when they occur with low humidity. And for the Heat Index (HI), it is recorded ranged from 27.1 to 35.5 °C.
6.10 NOISE
Vehicles and equipment associated with the plantation development activity would generate temporary noise that could affect noise-sensitive receptors both on and off-site. Specifically, project traffic, movement of heavy machinery and stationary of plantation equipment on-site could affect noise levels. Noise is defined as unwanted sound that disrupts normal activities or that diminishes the quality of the environment. It is usually caused by human activity that
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adds to the natural acoustic setting of a locale. Noise sources that contribute to regional ambient noise levels are typically transportation-related (mobile) sources, including vehicular traffic, trains, ship traffic, and aircraft overflights. In contrast, noise sources that contribute to local ambient noise levels are generally from point sources, including construction sites, industrial sites, or other places where heavy equipment or noise-generating machinery is used. In order to determine how much noise has been made at any location, it must be measured and analysis at a later time. Noise levels at proposed project site were measured for 1 hour period of time for eight (8) sampling stations using SoundPro SP DL-1. The noise level will be automatically captured on the interval of 5 minutes using data logging system. The proposed project site is mostly covered by secondary forest. The source of noise within the proposed project site is generated from surrounding natural elements such as wind movement, rivers and sound of wild animals and birds. Ambient noise levels measurements exercise were conducted at the proposed project area on 8th and 9th July 2013. The noise level sampling points are as described below and as shown in Figure 6.18. The detailed noise levels recorded are presented in Table 6.14. The measurement carried out recorded noise levels ranging from 40.2 to 60.9 dBA which is below the annoyance level of 65 dBA (day time level). The readings show fairly low and tolerable noise levels, a typical of those areas within forest or agricultural land use.
Stations Coordinate Descriptions 04° 39’43.2” N Sg D (downstream) located at the southeast boundary of proposed N1 101° 30’ 55.5” E project site 04° 40’ 02.2” N N2 Sg F (midstream) located at the east part within proposed project site 101° 30’ 51.3” E 04° 40’ 01.1” N Sg K (downstream) located at the west part within proposed project N3 101° 30’ 28.8” E site 04° 39’ 45.0” N Sg I (upstream) located at the south boundary part of proposed project N4 101° 30’ 39.6” E site 04° 39’ 31.7” N Sg M (upstream) located some 50 meter at the southwest part outside N5 101° 30’ 14.8” E of proposed project site 04° 40’ 10.3” N Sg Chekau (midstream) located some 110 meter at the west part N6 101° 30’ 07.3” E outside of proposed project site 04° 40’ 11.3” N Sg J (upstream) located at the northwest part within proposed project N7 101° 30’ 32.8” E site 04° 40’ 27.7” N Sg G (midstream) located some 130 meter at the northeast part N8 101° 30’ 49.9” E outside of proposed project side Source: Detected from Global Positioning System (GPS), July 2013
6.11 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
One of the significant concerns in relation to the proposed agriculture (vegetables) plantation project is the impact of increased traffic on the current existing road networks. The proposed project site is accessible using existing plantation road via Simpang Pulai-Lojing-Gua Musang-Kuala Berang highway which is located some 1.6 km at north side (see Figure 6.11). Therefore it seems to be easy access for project proponent pertaining to transportation purposes during early stages activity until of re-planting stage. This access road is consisting of several types of road such as tarmac road, logging track and plantation road with average width of 5.0 meter. It was noted that the access road is passing through several types of landuse area such as Orang Asli settlement area (Kg Insept, Kg Jekjok and Kg King Kong) and forested area (HSK Lojing and HSK Sungai Berok). Previous data of traffic count conducted on 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012 had been used as to gather information on the usage of the existing road network which are Simpang Pulai-Lojing-Gua Musang-Kuala Berang highway and Jalan Lojing-Cameron Highland. It is observed that the average traffic flow rate captured for Simpang Pulai-Lojing-Gua Musang-Kuala Berang highway in range of 542 to 988 vehicles per day during day time (consists of cars, lorry, tractors, jeeps, 4-wheel drives, motorcycles, etc.) whilst about 508 vehicles recorded for Jalan Lojing-Cameron Highland which considered as medium
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rate of traffic flow. It was noted that the current number of road traffic data recorded at these routes are mainly generated by the individual involved with various plantation developments activity within this area. Detail information gathered from traffic survey carried out during the fieldwork exercise is highlighted in Table 6.15.
6.12 ECOLOGY
6.12.1 Flora
A preliminary survey was carried out within the project which is located adjacent to HSK Lojing and HSK Sungai Berok. The survey was carried out from 14th to 17th February 2013 to list as much as possible of the flora found within the proposed project site and its vicinity. Every tracks and paths accessible by vehicle and foot termed as transect lines were explored for the survey. It is expected that the results of the preliminary survey would provide a basic composition of the floral communities existing within and adjacent to the proposed project site. The proposed project site was partially forested characterized by hill dipterocarp and upper dipterocarp forests where the elevation ranges from about 700 to 900 metres above sea level. Although hill dipterocarp and upper dipterocarp forests are known to harbor less diversity than lowland dipterocarp forest, they still harbor certain species that may not be found in the latter. Table 6.16 lists flora recorded and expected at and surrounding the proposed project site. Figure 6.19 shown among the plants that were photographed. Nevertheless, it should be noted that there are actually hundreds of plant species flourishing within and adjacent to the project area. On a global scale, the Red Data Book (RDB) lists by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) are the most widely used classification for evaluating the status of fauna and flora. It classifies species under nine categories which are Extinct (EX), Extinct in the wild (EW), Critically endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near threatened (NT), Least concern (LC), Data deficient (DD) and Not evaluated (NE). Likewise, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) in Kepong had adapted the classification specifically for Peninsular Malaysia. However, under both classifications, most of the floras fall under the category “not evaluated” indicating lack of data on them. Though many of the species under this category are fairly common, there could be species in less unfortunate condition but lacking data for proper classification. However, many members under the dipterocarp family which is the most important timber family are classified as critically endangered and endangered. Although many species falls under the category “least concern” it should noted that the classification under the Red Data Lists is made on a global scale and may not resemble the correct status for a particular country nor a specific region. Nevertheless the status is updated by IUCN from time to time and it usually gets more critical since habitat loss is a global phenomenon.
The floral communities here were unique that some of them could only be found at highlands. The floras here are more suited to cooler and moister environment that if the temperature and moisture are to drop they would severely affect the biological components. Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants that produce exposed seed compared to the dominant flowering angiosperms which produce enclosed seeds. Gymnosperms were dominant during dinosaur ages but now overtook by angiosperms. In Malaysia, the minority gymnosperms naturally occur at highlands indicating that they prefer cooler environment. Some of timber value species also recorded here including Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.). Fruits of Meranti and Keruing are unique that they have wings in order to be dispersed farther away from the parent trees. Meranti fruits are three winged whereas Keruing two. Almost all plant habits were represented by the floral composition namely tree, shrub, herb, vine (climbing plants) and palm. Among the plant species those serve as food for animals of the forest includes figs (Ficus spp.) and Senduduk (Melastoma malabraticum). Meanwhile plants used by human for food, medicine, cosmetics, ornamental, dye etc. include the following: Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) (keruing oil), Mengkirai (Trema orientalis) (fodder), rattans (multiple products e.g. furniture). Epiphytes (plants those grow on other plant but do not cause any harm to the host plant) namely the relatively easy to find bird nest fern was found at a few locations. Parasitic plant i.e. plants those grow on other plants and cause damage to the host plants namely Rafflesia kerrii also had been adjacent to the project site which is a tourist attraction from all over the world on daily basis. The composition of plants identified constituted stratification of tropical forests i.e. the layering of plants in term of height to reduce competition for sunlight though observed to be less apparent than a mature forest. At least four classes of forest stratification had been identified namely emergent, main canopy, understorey and ground flora. Examples for each layers from the species surveyed is as follow: emergent
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(Meranti seraya [Shorea curtisii] and Keruing mempelas [Dipterocarpus crinitus]); main canopy (Keledang bangkong [Artocarpus integer var. silvestris]); understorey (Mengkirai [Trema orientalis] and ground flora [many ferns]). Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) is a well-known medicinal plant especially for the ladies. A concoction made from boiling the plant in water is given to women in labour to hasten delivery of their babies. After childbirth, it may still be consumed by mothers to regain their strength. In other medicinal preparations, it is reported to treat gonorrhoea, dysentery and eliminate excessive gas in the body. Keledang bangkong (Artocarpus integer var. silvestris) is a very close relative of Chempedak (Artocarpus integer var. integer) producing large edible fruit on its trunk. Belonging to the Moraceae family, all of its parts produce white sticky latex. Balanophora fungosa is a tuberous parasitic herb with the confirmed host being a conifer, Dacrydium sp. It is found in lower and upper montane forest in deeply shaded, humus-rich places usually above 1,200 m altitude, occasionally as low as 600 m.
Impatiens oncidioides is found only in highlands. Despite growing in damp and dark forest floor, it is easily spotted for its bright yellow flower which is bisymmetric. Beehive ginger (Zingiber spectabile) is perhaps the most commonly found ginger in the forests especially with its large and yellowish bract which often hold rain water to harbor small fauna such as frogs. However very little use to human is known for this species and it is seldom planted. Gingers are among the fascinating tropical plants in Malaysia where more than 100 species had been recorded. Some of them had long been used as ingredients in cooking such as Ginger, Tumeric and Torch ginger and ornamental plants. They prefer shady environment and often produce brightly coloured flowers. Kelempayan (Neolamarkia cadamba) is one of most commonly found tall trees but this species is relatively fast growing compared to timber species. Its timber is called laran and used for packing cases and disposable chopsticks. It produces attractive inflorescences. Lichen is the symbiotic association between fungi and photosynthetic partners usually green algae. If these two types of organisms are separated, their morphology, physiology and biochemistry seem to differ. They have also been used in making dyes and perfumes, as well as in traditional medicines. They often act as pioneer species, colonizing harsh environment and slowly provide the track for other organisms to follow. Petai (Parkia speciosa) is not only a forest tree species but also cultivated for its seeds which are served as salad despite its strong smell. Its flowers on stalks appear like microphone which later will develop into long green fruit pods. Tulang daing (Callerya atropurpurea) is frequently planted as ornamental and shade plant since it grows attractive deep purple flowers conspicuous fruits and dense crown. Its medium very hardwood is useful for decorative furniture and interior finishing. Tapak Sulaiman (Phyllagathis rotundifolia) is another medicinal plant where its decoction of leaves and roots is said to treat malaria. It is also prescribed to relieve stomachache and to regain strength during confinement. A creeping herb on the forest floor, it has large leaves and produces pink to red flowers. Calanthe ceciliae is an attractive orchid with white flowers which is bisymmetric. Its scientific name is named after the daughter of the governor of the Straits Settlement during British colonial period. Bamboos despite their appearance, belongs to the grass family Poaceae where they share some common characteristics with other grasses namely, leaves with parallel veins, produce monocotyledon seeds and grow fibrous roots. They are also among the fastest growing plants in the world and the only group of grasses that grow wood-like stems. Many bamboo species appear similar and sometimes can only be distinguished by the newly grown shoots. There are at least 59 species of bamboos classified in Peninsular Malaysia under 14 genera. Ferns are among the most primitive group of plants characterized by their propagation method through tiny spores usually located underneath the leaves.
6.12.2 Mammalian Fauna
A total of 18 mammal species were observed directly and indirectly at and surrounding the proposed project site (see Table 6.17 and Figure 6.20). They are divided into big mammals (more than 5 kg in body weight) and small mammals (less than 5.0 kg in body weight). Out of this figure, six (6) species are totally protected under the Wild Life Conservation Act (WCA) 2010, Act 716 (Amendment 2012). Meanwhile four (4) species were categorized as protected and the remaining eight (8) were not listed under the same act. Totally protected under the WCA means that these species cannot be captured, taken or kept unless by special permit by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. It is also an indicator that species are relatively low in population, endangered and sensitive at least within Peninsular Malaysia. A number of species under the protected category may be captured, taken or kept with license granted from Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP). Unfortunately many species are still not listed under the WCA comprising mostly of bats. All species were expected to present including the most abundant
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and highly adaptable wild boar. Many of them are nocturnal (active at night) and therefore detected through indirect observation during the day including foot prints and faeces except primates and squirrels which are diurnal (active during day time). Out of the 18 species observed, the most endangered is the White-handed gibbon whereas the least are the Wild boar and Common treeshrew. The Common palm civet is another forest species adapted to human environment where it could be found in buildings. Like all eight species of civets in Peninsular Malaysia, it is omnivoruous feeding both on plants and animals. The Long-tailed macaque is a very social animal that lives in groups of 5–60 or more animals. These are multi-male groups, normally containing 2–5 males and 2–3 times as many females. It is also known as Crab eating maqacue where its populations living nearby coastal areas sometimes feed on crabs. Slow loris is indeed as slow species but could be surprisingly fast when felt threatened. It is strictly arboreal and very clumsy on the ground making it very vulnerable during forest clearings. It is active at night where its searches for its food especially insects.
All gibbons are tailess but very agile and highly threatened across their entire range in South East Asia. White-handed gibbon as the name implies, is brown with white hands and ring around its face. White-tighed langur is one of arboreal (canopy dwelling) omnivorous primates. It is a highly adaptive species where it could be found from lowland to hill forests and also at disturbed forests and plantations. Though Wild boars are considered as pests in plantations, plays an important role in the forest ecosystem. One is digging soil for worms and tubers which in turn makes the soil is more suitable for new plants to grow. In fact all of the species plays a niche (roles by each living organism in the ecosystem for instance the niche of fungi is as natural organic material decomposers) and vital for the dynamics of the forest including pollination, dispersal of seeds, food source for predator species and human and regulating prey species. More than 200 species of mammals are recorded in Peninsular Malaysia with a big numbers of them being bats and rodents (rats, squirrels etc.). Figure 6.21 highlighted the general information on wildlife distribution and conflict area nearby proposed project site. It was expected that there is an existence of tiger and elephant within HSK Sungai Berok. It was expected that about 4 to 6 numbers of elephant expected available within this forest reserve area. Furthermore, some human wildlife conflict had been recorded at the surrouding of proposed project site. About two (2) cases of elephant trespassing had been recorded for year 2011 at Ladang Pandan Klasik and Kg Asli Kelait which situated approximately 5.0 and 14.0 km respectively from proposed project site. Assessment has also being made on the location of the proposed project site. Based on the Central Forest Spine (CFS) produced by Department of Town & Rural Planning revealed that the proposed project site is located outside of the potential area for CFS which approximately 11.3 km from Primary Linkage PL3 (HSK Lojing and HSK Sg Berok) thus it does not give any interruption for the ecology corridor of primary linkage.
6.12.3 Reptiles and Amphibians
For reptiles and amphibians, 27 species were recorded at and surrounding the proposed project site as listed in Table 6.18 and Figure 6.20. As the name tells, the Blyth’s river frog ranges from medium to huge size reaching two kilogrammes. It is a delicacy and usually found along rivers. There are numerous species of geckos in Malaysian forest but they are rarely seen. They are known for the ability to walk under side of even smooth object and their diets consist of primarily of insects. An interesting feature of geckos is that they can easily shed their tail in case of attack. The Forest gecko is a large gecko capable of growing up to 30 cm long. It is often heard but extremely difficult to see as it is very shy and hides instanly. It has spots on the uppperparts of its body with green eyes. The Four-lined tree frog is a common species including near human habitations. Most has four lines along its back and eats a variety of insects and other invertebrates. The Green-crested lizard is a handsome lizard striking green colour which can grow up to 58 cm. Under stress, it could darken its color to brown or dark gray. Besides forests, it is sometimes found in parks and gardens. More than 300 species of reptiles and amphibians are recorded in Peninsular Malaysia with a majority of them are very shy and active only at night. The White-spotted slug snake is a nocturnal species. It is not venomous and never attempt to bite but rather rolls itself if disturbed or it felt threatened. Although only 26 reptile and amphibian species were detected during the short period of the survey, the proposed project site and its surrounding areas are expected to be habitat and home range to many other species. Confined to streams, Larut cascade frog if often found near cascading water. Its tadpole is also have adapted to this type of environment where it will stick to rocks in fast flowing streams. Despite being small in size, Striped coral snake belongs to the same family of the longest venomous snake in the world i.e. King cobra. It is highly venomous but is shy and often hides itself among
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litter on the ground. The Malayan flying frog is one of few frogs in Peninsular Malaysia which has the ability to glide short distances. This enables it to quickly escape threat among vegetation etc.
6.12.4 Birds
The most abundant wildlife group that observed as expected was birds with 100 species (refer Table 6.19 and Figure 6.20). They were observed not only within the proposed project site but also the surrounding areas. The species composition of the avifauna resembles that of both primary and secondary forest. This was expected since a portion of the site was still forested whereas the remaining had been cleared for agriculture. Likewise, the avifauna composition consisted of rare and threatened species such as Rhinoceros hornbill. Meanwhile among the relatively abundant birds include Common tailorbird, Crested serpent-eagle and Greater coucal. In term of feeding habit, all types were represented namely frugivore (feeding on fruits), insectivore (feeding on insects), nectarivore (feeding on nectar), birds of prey or the combinations any of these. The lists also included some of the species favoured as pet, for melodious songs or as game birds including Green-winged pigeon, Red junglefowl and White-rumped shama. Birds of prey or raptors are among the largest birds with hooked and down-curved bills and strong, clappered and clawed feet. The Crested-serpent eagle is relatively the most common bird of prey usually flying high in the sky in the afternoon looking for prey such as snakes, small mammals and amphibians. The Whiskered treeswift is a relatiely small bird and prefers open forest areas where it can be seen flying around and then perching on twigs. White-rumped shama is a species recognizable through its duet calls in the forests and therefore a highly seeked species as song bird. Yellow-vented bulbul is the most common bulbul in Peninsular Malaysia especially at secondary forests and near human habitations while very rare in natural forests. The largest barbet in Peninsular Malaysia, Fire-tufted barbet is a species confined to highlands. It makes noisy calls and often moves in pair feeding both on plant and animal matter. Asian fairy bluebird has a nice lady-like scientific name i.e. Irena puella. They live in pairs or small groups of 6-8 birds and during hot weather, they bathe themselves in numbers in forest streams to minimize the risk of predation where are would be many eyes to watch potential threat. One of the tiny yet diverse flycatchers, Ferruginous flycatcher is a migratory bird. It breeds in Nepal to Taiwan to the Philippines. Unlike many other birds, the males and females do not differ in colouration etc. Confined to altitude of more than 800 metres, Black laughingthrush is the least colourful with dull colour. It is a shy bird that it is more heard through its call than heard and often moves in flocks of other laughingthrushes.
6.12.5 Fish
The habitat requirements of fish in streams are in many ways similar to those of humans in our own environment. Fish need a place to live and reproduce. The existence of good fish habitat is dependent on a number of factors, such as geology, climate, water flow, the absence of barriers to upstream or downstream movement, habitat structure (pools, riffles and shelter), water quality, the presence of sufficient food, and the lack of excessive numbers of predators and competitors. The number of fish in a stream depends on the numbers present in previous years, the survival rate, and the birth rate. The growth rate of fish affects survival, since larger fish swim faster and are better able to escape from predators. On a local scale, fish require suitable in-stream habitat and an intact riparian area along the stream. The riparian area acts to stabilize the banks and provide inputs to the stream such as plant material (which becomes food for invertebrates) and logs (large woody debris) that provide cover for fish. Fish also need additional kinds of in-stream cover, adequate water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sediment), food, and relatively low numbers of predators and competitors, particularly non-native species. Cover for juvenile and adult fish is important in that it provides protection from predators and as well as general living space. Features that provide cover include overhanging riparian vegetation, overhanging or undercut banks, deep water, turbulent water, large rocks, aquatic vegetation, and logs. Space requirements vary with fish species and age and the time of year. This kind of space is generally made up of pools within the stream. In general, more space and food means more fish. The quality of a living space (i.e., amount of cover, proper temperature, and amount of food) may be more important, however, than the quantity of living space. The proposed project site is located closed to the Sg Belatop and Sg Berok which has been classified as one of the major river basin available for the area. Information gathered the nearby local community (Orang Asli Kg Jekjok, Kg Kingkong, Kg Chekau, Kg Brooke Lama, Kg Jedip, Kg Sentok, Kg Insept, Kg Sipek, Kg
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Sangwai, Kg Liak, Kg Kuala Rengit and Kg Mengrod and Orang Asli Pos Berok) revealed that several common species of freshwater fish that could easily be found at the various rivulets, stream and rivers within and surrounding of the proposed project site area such as baung, haruan, keli, ikan putih, siput sungai, udang sungai, etc. However, almost none could be found at the Sg Berok since its has been highly affected by erosion and sedimentation problem. According to the respective local Orang Asli community, the quantity of the fish however has been reducing significantly from year to year. This basically due to the various agriculture and plantation project which has indirectly affecting the small rivulets, streams as well as river water. The moderate DO level and the lower organic load, determined in the river render the rivers suitable for most freshwater fish. Continuous disturbance and erosional process from the various plantations or other agriculture or other project activity will give a negative impact to the respective river water quality, which would result in the reduction of sensitive aquatic life, a source of food chain for freshwater fish in river or other type of water body. Thus indirectly will be affected the main source of animal protein for nearby local communities.
6.13 AMENITIES AND UTILITIES
Gua Musang and particularly Daerah Bertam is adequately provided with all the basic infrastructures, utilities, amenities and services especially when it is undergoing rapid development as described in Rancangan Struktur Negeri Kelantan 2020 (RSNK 2020) and Rancangan Tempatan Jajahan Gua Musang 2020 (RTJGM 2020). This is evident with the presence and construction of several housing schemes, commercial buildings and industrial units within the region. Thus, the area is provided with basic community facilities and services, which include schools (primary, secondary and Sekolah Agama), police station, fire station, petrol station, post office, mosque, surau, hospital and health clinics.
Water Supply At present, there are six (6) water treatment plants available within Jajahan Gua Musang within the responsibility of Air Kelantan Sdn Bhd (AKSB). There are three (3) water treatment plants which are Loji Rawatan Air Bertam Baru, Loji Rawatan Air Limau Kasturi and Loji Rawatan Air Panggung Lalat available to cater water supply demand for Daerah Bertam. Each water treatment plant having a capacity of 0.50 MLD, 4.0 MLD and 0.70 MLD respectively (refer Table 6.20). As shown in Figure 6.22, the nearest water treatment plant was Loji Rawatan Air Panggung Lalat which located about 78.0 km from the proposed project site. However, as reference made with RTJGM 2020, new water intake and treatment plant was planned to be constructed for Lojing area which fully under AKSB responsibility. And information gathered from AKSB Jajahan Gua Musang, the new water intake and treatment plant was located at the southwest part some 11.0 km from proposed project site (see Figure 6.22). The source of water for the new treatment plant is from tributaries of Sg Jelai and currently still not in operation due to incompletion of distribution piping system. Based on information gathered from AKSB Jajahan Gua Musang, as at November 2012, there are 13,100 water users for overall Jajahan Gua Musang which consumes about 459,214 m3 of water. Currently, about 2,169 water users available for Bertam area with the total water usage is about 82,289 m3. Observation made during fieldwork exercise, it was revealed that there is eight (8) tandak air found located within 5 km radius of proposed project site which supplying water to community Orang Asli Kg Jekjok, Kg Kingkong, Kg Brooke Lama, Kg Chekau, Kg Insept, Kg Jedip, Kg Sengsang, Kg Sangwai, Kg Sangwai Besar, Kg Liak, Kg Kuala Rengit and Kg Mendrod (refer Table 6.21). Assessment made on the location of the ‘tandak air’, it was expected that only ‘tandak air’ for Kg Jekjok will directly affected if development works conducted without proper measure. No issue would arise to the other ‘tandak air’ since it were located beyond proposed project site area.
Educational Facilities Based on the information gathered from Pejabat Tanah & Jajahan (PTJ) Gua Musang, there are eight (8) primary schools and one (1) secondary school available within Bertam area (refer Table 6.22). However, based on the location of proposed project site which located within HSK Sungai Berok and information obtained from Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli (JAKOA) Daerah Gua Musang, the nearest educational facility was located at Pos Berok area some 2.9 km from the proposed project site known as SRK Pos Berok. Electricity Supply
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The electricity supply for Daerah Bertam is within the responsibility of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). The current electricity supply for Daerah Bertam is source from National Grid Line through 132kV High Voltage Overhead Line and Gua Musang Intake Station with maximum of 30 MVA. Certain part of Daerah Bertam is being supplied using 3 x 32kW of generator set and solar system to generate the electricity supply. The current capacity is noted to be sufficient to accommodate the current demand. According to RSNK 2020 & RTJGM 2020, the supply will be increased from 20 mVA to 28 mVA in the 2020, which is still within the existing capacity of Gua Musang Intake Station (30 mVA). Based on information gathered from JAKOA Negeri Kelantan & Terengganu, the community of Orang Asli Kg Jekjok, Kg Kingkong, Kg Chekau, Kg Brooke Lama, Kg Jedip, Kg Insept, Kg Sengsang, Kg Sangwai, Kg Sangwai Besar, Kg Liak, Kg Kuala Rengit and Kg Mendrod had been furnished with solar system for electricity supply purposes whilst, Orang Asli Pos Berok was obtained the electrical supply from the generator set provided by government agencies (see Table 6.21). No electricity supply facility is found being provided by TNB within and surrounding the proposed project site.
Telecommunications There are two telecommunication exchanges which located at the Gua Musang town and Chiku. At present, there is approximately 6,400 lines has been occupied and used by residential, commercial and industrial users. The usage of telecommunication lines is expected to be increased together with the increasing of development in Jajahan Gua Musang as well as Daerah Bertam respectively. According to RSNK 2020 & RTJGM 2020, the usage of telecommunication lines is expected to be increased to 13,100 lines in the year 2015. It was noted that there is no telecommunication system or facilities being provided either by Telekom Malaysia, Maxis, Celcom, Digi or other service provider within and surrounding the proposed project site.
Sewerage System Currently, sewerage systems for Jajahan Gua Musang consists of pour flush latrines for rural areas (65%). The septic tanks normally used for new premises and small housing areas most around Gua Musang town whilst mechanical treatment plants for new developments in which is very rare (see Table 6.23). No desludging services are being provided by the local council at the Gua Musang area. At present, the total volume of sewerage being generated from Gua Musang area was estimated to be 17,757.00 m3/day (in year 2000). And the volume of sewer is expected to be increased significantly to 24,561.20 m3/day in year 2015. Current information gathered from JAKOA officer revealed that proper sanitary system (septic tank) being provided for school, quarter and other facilities at Pos Berok area.
Solid Waste At present the solid waste management is under the responsibility of Gua Musang Local Council and cover only the Gua Musang town area and partially area of Bertam Baru. Collection of the solid waste will be made on single handling using compact loader and dump it at the designated solid waste disposal site near Mukim Ketil with a total area of 5.2 hectare. According to RSNK 2020 & RTJGM 2020, with the development activity is actively occurred in Gua Musang area, the volume of solid waste produced is expected to be increased from 57.0 tonnes per day in the year 2000 to 84.0 tonnes per day in the year 2015. Table 6.24 shows the projected solid waste generation for State of Kelantan from the year 2001 till 2020. Based on the fieldwork carried out at the proposed project site revealed that there is no designated dumping site or landfill area available within 5.0 km radius of proposed project site area.
Health Care Facility At present, there is one (1) hospital, six (6) Klinik Kesihatan and seventeen (17) Klinik Desa available at Jajahan Gua Musang (refer Table 6.25). The nearest health care facility is Klinik Kesihatan Lojing which located at the Kompleks Pentadbiran Lojing area. However, based on the information gathered from Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah (PKD) Gua Musang, Klinik Kesihatan Lojing was only open in weekly basis (every Tuesday). Due to the location of the proposed project site, the other available health care facility is Klinik Desa Kg Raja which situated about 12.0 km from proposed project area. Meanwhile, in emergency event, nearest hospital facility available is Hospital Sultanah Hajjah Kalsom at Tanah Rata which located about 21.6 km from proposed project site (refer Table 6.26).
Fire Fighting Facilities At present the only fire brigade available within Jajahan Gua Musang is located at the Gua Musang town area some 67.6 km (straight line distance) from proposed project site. Based on the information gathered, there is also one fire brigade available at Pekan Brinchang, Pahang which the nearest fire fighting facility located about 21.6 km from the
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proposed project site. Information captured during the fieldwork exercise revealed that there is no fire fighting facility either by government of private sector at the area within 5.0 km radius from the proposed project site.
6.14 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
6.14.1 Socioeconomic
The socio economic factor proves to be a very important environmental aspect to be evaluated and assessed. These factors represent specific aspects of human environment, which may bear critical impacts. Therefore relevant socio economic information was gathered during field study from various government agencies together with documentation in order to develop baseline information prior to implementation of the proposed project.
Population Based on the Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010, produced by Department of Statistic, Malaysia for State of Kelantan was at 1,539,601 individuals with 773,698 male and 765,903 female (see Table 6.27). The population in Jajahan Gua Musang for year 2010 was 90,057 and male form 54% of the population. Parallel to the above-mentioned pattern, Jajahan Gua Musang has recorded significant growth in number of households in the district. Information gathered from Department of Statistics Malaysia, annual population growth rate for State of Kelantan is increased from 1.1 for year 2009-2010 to 1.6 in year 2010-2011 whilst average population per household is 5.3 for Jajahan Gua Musang (refer Table 6.28). Overall, Gua Musang, with the size of 7,977 square kilometer, is the least concentrated district in Kelantan. In 2000, the area supported the average of 9 individuals per square kilometres. Among the three sub-districts in Gua Musang, in 2010, Daerah Bertam is the least populated with only 23,141 individuals, followed by Daerah Chiku with 26,093 individuals whilst Daerah Galas was the most populated with 36,955 people (see Table 6.29). Based on RTJGM 2020, it was projected that population within BP3, Bertam area will increased from 9,109 individual in 2010 to 11,205 individual in 2020 whilst population at BP4, Lojing area will increased from 11,638 in 2010 to 14,315 individual in 2020 (see Table 6.30). Demographically, 74.8% of total population in Jajahan Gua Musang are Malays. There are 13,034 other bumiputeras which is 14.5% of total Gua Musang population. Chinese form 4.5% of population while Indians are the minorities with only 0.4%. The second largest population surprisingly is non-Malaysian who form 5.7% of the population (refer Table 6.31).
Orang Asli and Local Community Settlement As observed during fieldwork exercise, there is no any local settlement found located within 5.0 km radius of proposed project site. However, based on the information gathered from JAKOA Negeri Kelantan & Terengganu as well as Figure 6.23 there is one (1) major orang Asli settlement known as Pos Brooke located some 2.9 km from proposed project site. This settlement encompassed of eighteen (18) small villages as listed in Table 6.32. Total population of Orang Asli Pos Brooke is 2,352 individuals from 410 families. Meanwhile, based on the information obtained from JAKOA Daerah Gua Musang, this settlement was equipped with several facilities such as proper access road (tar), primary school, ‘balai rawatan’, playing ground and concrete bridge.
Employment In terms of economic growth, Kelantan has registered a relatively slow rate compared to other states in Malaysia. This is mainly due to the lack of economic investment in the state especially in the manufacturing sector and value-added services as well as restriction in the availability of good infrastructures. However, the Gross Domestic Productivity (GDP) value for the state has increased almost two fold, from RM 1,305.00 million in 1980 to RM 2,812.30 million in 1995, with growth of about 5.3% annually (1980-1995). Table 6.33 provides comparison of the national, state and the district GDP between the periods. Within the last 15 years, the state economic structure has experienced progressive changes where the dependence has shifted from agricultural sector to other economic sectors. Contributions from the agriculture sector have reduced more than half from 44.0% in 1980 to mere 21.6% in 1995. However, in Jajahan Gua Musang, agriculture is still the main contributor to the GDP and employment opportunity to the area. Within 15 years, the GDP value for the sector has increased two folds from RM 22.1 million in 1980 to RM 42.3 million in 1995. About 93,515 hectares of land (11.7% of the total area) is utilized for agricultural purposes. 91.4% of the agriculture area is
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planted with industrial crops such as oil palm (53.0%) and rubber (37.8%), and the remaining areas are covered with cash crops, mainly fruit trees. The manufacturing sector’s contribution to the district’s GDP and employment in rather small, however, it has recorded a significant increase. In 1980 the GDP contribution by the sector was only RM 0.7 million, but in 1995 it registered RM 18.2 million, with a growth rate of about 23.8% annually. The employment growth rate for Jajahan Gua Musang has significantly decreased between 1990 and 1995 compared to the period of 1980 to 1991, especially in the manufacturing and mining sectors. It is anticipated however, that the employment growth rate will increase two folds from 25,040 in 1995 to 65,841 in 2020, with an average rate of 3.9% per year. It is projected that the agriculture sector will continue to be the biggest contributor in the process.
Income The mean household income for Malaysia was recorded at RM 4,025 per month in 2009, an increase of 9.2 per cent as compared to RM 3,686 in 2007. The highest annual growth was recorded in 2007 at 6.5 per cent while the lowest was recorded in 1999 (-0.6 per cent). W.P. Putrajaya recorded the highest average household income amounting to RM 6,747 per month followed by Selangor (RM 5,962) and W.P. Kuala Lumpur (RM 5,488). The states which recorded the lowest average monthly household income were Kelantan (RM 2,536), Perlis (RM 2,617) and Kedah (RM 2,667). Meanwhile, the average household income of the Gua Musang is projected to also increase by two folds from RM 678.00 to RM 1,812.00 for the year of 1995 to 2020. The number of households with a monthly income of more than RM 2,000.00 is anticipated to be increased by 18.0%, while those with income lower than RM 250.00 will reduce 7.0% by 2020. Based on the information obtained from PTJ Gua Musang, individual within Daerah Bertam having an average annual income of RM 400.00 to 5,000.00 per month.
Foreign Workers For Malaysia as a whole, designated sectors for foreign workers are domestic and non-domestic services, manufacturing, construction, and plantations/agriculture. Except for domestic services, each sector allocates jobs to foreign semi-skilled workers based on a guideline provided by the Government in the late 90s, which in essence allows foreigners to be employed at the lowest and top most level of the job hierarchy where local manpower is not available. In the 70s it was the plantation sector which was the major user for foreign workers. But by 2004, the majority of these workers are now in manufacturing and services. However, as shown in Table 6.34, about 17,899 of foreign worker were recorded at Kelantan in year 2008 to 2012. Based on the cumulative data for this five (5) years more than 92.0% of foreign workers in Kelantan were involved in plantation sector. In year 2008 to 2012, the majority of migrant workers are from Indonesia (88.72%), followed by Nepal (4.06%), Myanmar (3.23%) and other countries. In the Population Census 1991, foreigners account for 4.4% of the Malaysian population of over 18.3 million. By 2000, the foreign population increased to over 1.384 million or 5.9%. It is believes that census figures on foreign nationals are understated as it is well known that, many of the illegals residing in the country at the time of the census, refrained from enumeration for fear of being identified and deported.
Health and Disease Important determinants of vectorborne disease transmission including the vector survival and reproduction, vector’s biting rate, and pathogen’s incubation rate within the vector organism. Vectors, pathogens and hosts each survive and reproduce within a range of optimal climatic conditions which are temperature and precipitation are the most important, while sea level elevation, wind, and daylight duration are also important. Human exposure to waterborne infections occurs by contact with contaminated drinking water, recreational water, or food. This may result from human actions, such as improper disposal of sewage wastes, or be due to weather events. Rainfall can influence the transport and dissemination of infectious agents, while temperature affects their growth and survival. Based on the latest information gathered from Department of Health Negeri Kelantan, about 25 cases of dengue had been registered for the Jajahan Gua Musang. As shown in Table 6.35, out of ten (10) districts, Gua Musang had recorded the lowest number of dengue occurrence for the year of 2011. Meanwhile, as referring to the Table 6.36, Jajahan Gua Musang had recorded highest number of malaria cases for five (5) consecutive years. It was noted that more than 100 cases of malaria occurrence had been reported every year for Jajahan Gua Musang starting from 2008 to 2011. A part of that, quite number of food poisoning and typhoid cases recorded in Jajahan Gua Musang in 2007 to 2010. Meanwhile, data gathered from Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah (PKD) Gua Musang had shown that several numbers of Typhoid, Hepatitis A, Dengue and Malaria cases were recorded at the Daerah Bertam where proposed project site is located. As shown in Table 6.37, more than ninety (90) cases were reported for dengue and malaria occurrence for this area from year
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2008 to 2012. Meanwhile, information obtained from Pejabat Kesihatan Cameron Highland noted that the cumulative data on infectious disease in Cameron Highlands had recorded only 1 cases of dengue fever for each year 2009, 2010 and 2011 respectively. As at March 2012, no cases of malaria being reported for the Cameron Highland area. However, 9 cases of malaria were recorded in year 2011 for the Cameron Highland area compared to 4 cases in 2010 and 2 cases reported in 2009 (refer Table 6.38). Due to the increasing pattern of the certain infectious diseases recorded at these areas, appropriate mitigating measures or preventive action must be taken for any development works in order to contain or prevent major outbreak on-site. Any symptom regarding to these cases need to be reported immediately to the nearest health care facilities or Department of Health itself.
6.14.2 Problem and Need
A random verbal communication has been carried out during the various fieldwork exercises with nearby local community (Orang Asli Kg Jekjok, Kg Kingkong, Kg Chekau, Kg Brooke Lama, Kg Jedip, Kg Insept, Kg Sengsang, Kg Sangwai, Kg Sangwai Besar, Kg Liak, Kg Kuala Rengit, Kg Mendrod and Orang Asli Poss Brooke) to gauge their opinion on the proposed agriculture (vegetables) plantation project. The locals when asked about the proposed agriculture (vegetables) plantation development project did not express any grievances, as the land belongs to the State Government of Kelantan. However, some concern had been arise from Orang Asli Kg Jekjok in term of water quality since the location of the proposed project site is located at the upstream part of the ‘tandak air’. Any development activity carry out by project proponent without proper measure may affect the quality of the water at the ‘tandak air’. Based on the communication made with En. Atan Bin Ngah (resident of Kg Jekjok) during site visit on 24th April 2013, it was informed that current development carried out within proposed project site had cause some impact to the ‘tandak air’ which supplying for Orang Asli Kg Jekjok. The physical condition of water had become slightly cloudy and it will get worse during heavy rainfall event. Orang Asli Kg Jekjok also had expressed their insecurity with development activity carried out by project proponent. Intensive work carried out on-site especially for the area closed to the settlement may generate large volume of surface runoff or landslide problem thus may result in safety hazard to the properties and individual reside at Kg Jekjok. Meanwhile, no issue expected with regards to the water quality of ‘tandak air’ for other Orang Asli settlement (Kg Kingkong, Kg Chekau, Kg Brooke Lama, Kg Jedip, Kg Insept, Kg Sengsang, Kg Sangwai, Kg Sangwai Besar, Kg Liak, Kg Kuala Rengit, Kg Mendrod) since the ‘tandak air’ is located beyond the proposed project site (see Figure 6.11). Analysis made on the water flow pattern within proposed project site revealed that most of water flow from small rivulet and stream will be catered by Sg Chekau before finally entering Sg Belatop. As shown in table below, the main source of water either from tributaries of Sg Berok or Sg Belatop (upstream of proposed project site), therefore it was expected that development activity will not give any impact to these ‘tandak air’ except for ‘tandak air’ Kg Jekjok.
Distance to Proposed Project Site # Settlement Water Source (Straight Line) 1 Kg Jekjok Tributary of Sg Berok 320.0 meter 2 Kg Kingkong Tributary of Sg Berok 700.0 meter Kg Brooke Lama 3 Tributary of Sg Berok 1.9 km Kg Chekau 4 Kg Insept Sg Awek 2.1 km Kg Jedip 5 Tributary of Sg Belatop 2.2 km Kg Sengsang Kg Sangwai Besar 6 Tributary of Sg Belatop 3.7 km Kg Sangwai Kg Liak 7 Tributary of Sg Rengil 4.3 km Kg Kuala Rengil 8 Kg Mendrod Tributary of Sg Berok 4.7 km
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Furthermore, communication with En. Leman Bin Osman (resident of Kg Chekau) and En. Sham Bin Wahab (resident of Kg Insept) during site visit on 21st May 2013 revealed that both locals had general knowledge about the proposed agriculture (vegetables) plantation however no major concern given since the proposed project is located quite far from both settlement areas and ‘tandak air’ location. A part of that, they have expressed their concern regarding to the movement of vehicles and machinery upon the kick-off development work for proposed agriculture (vegetables) plantation which may increase the generation of dust and particulate matter as well as damaging the existing road surfaces. The dust generated will affected the quality of the ambient air thus may also affect the health of the Orang Asli community. Apart of that, active movement of vehicles or machineries may also endanger the safety of the community especially for the individual which resided closed to the main access road towards proposed project site. Therefore, proper measure must be undertaken in minimizing the impact from vehicle movement to the nearby surrounding community and any issue raise regarding to this matter must be seriously taken care by project proponent in order to avoid major problem with surrounding community which could lead to the disruption for project development works. Furthermore, the proposed agriculture (vegetables) plantation project is expected to provide more working opportunities. And the preference of employment should be given to the nearby Orang Asli. This will create some opportunities for the nearby Orang Asli to participate in the development of the project as well as providing them with an opportunity to earn extra money. Their employment also will prevent social resentment or conflict and increase their positive feeling towards the proposed project.
Meeting and discussion also being made with En. Mohamad Zainal Bin Abu Bakar (Ketua Unit Pembangunan, JAKOA Daerah Gua Musang) on Sunday, 13th October 2013 as to get general feedback on the proposed agriculture (vegetables) plantation development towards nearby Orang Asli community. The main concern expressed by En. Mohamad Zainal Bin Abu Bakar is with regard to the quality of ‘tandak air’ and safety of Orang Asli Kg Jekjok. It was expected that development works may cause some erosion problem thus will significantly affected the quality of the water. Furthermore, in extreme event, landslide or mud flood will occurred thus may put the nearby Orang Asli settlement in risk of property damage or injuries. Therefore, it was strongly suggested that project proponent need to properly carry out development works together with extension effort must be taken as to maintain the good quality of the water and safety of Orang Asli Kg Jekjok. Any damaged occurred to this area must be immediately resolved by project proponent as to avoid conflict with the nearest Orang Asli settlement. In certain situation, project proponent may consider to provide help or fund for upgrading or relocation of the system. And when necessary, discussion and communication must be made with the locals in identifying new location for ‘tandak air’ and project proponent must responsible to monitor and ensure the relocation process is properly undertaken so that no distruption occur in providing water supply to the Kg Jekjok settlement area. Meanwhile, no major issue expected arise in term of Orang Asli cemetery found at the north part some 230.0 meter away since it was located outside of proposed project site. However, proper measure must be taken by project proponent as to ensure the cemetery area was not affected by development works. Furthermore, En. Mohamad Zainal Bin Abu Bakar also suggested that any action taken by project proponent in resolving any issue with nearby Orang Asli must be officially involved or notified to JAKOA Daerah Gua Musang as to avoid any conflict of interest in the future.
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Table 6.1: Proposed Major Land Use of KRT Jajahan Gua Musang, 2020
Land Use 2007 Land Use 2020 Land Use Land Use Area (Ha) % Area (Ha) % Changes Residential 1,190.56 0.16 2,694.15 0.35 1,503.59 Industrial 116.92 0.01 228.68 0.02 111.76 Trading & Services 94.72 0.01 270.07 0.03 185.35 Facilities & Amenities 744.33 0.08 1,069.22 0.11 324.89 Recreational 933.19 0.13 399.67 0.03 - 533.52 Transportation 2,457.99 0.31 2,718.74 0.33 260.75 Infrastructure & Utilities 55.39 0.01 74.66 0.00 19.27 Agriculture 106,131.64 13.31 104,468.54 13.15 -1,663.10 Forest Land 681,164.21 85.35 680,955.22 85.35 - 208.99 Water body 5,098.05 0.63 5,098.05 0.63 - Total 797,977.00 100.00 797,977.00 100.00 - Source: Rancangan Tempatan Jajahan Gua Musang, 2007-2020
Table 6.2: Current and Proposed Land Use Composition of BP3 Bertam, 2007-2020
Land Use 2007 Land Use 2020 Land Use Area (Ha) % Area (Ha) % Residential 211.98 0.47 269.44 0.60 Industrial 5.74 0.01 7.42 0.01 Trading & Services 1.28 0.00 3.54 0.01 Facilities & Amenities 72.29 0.19 75.63 0.19 Recreational 4.31 0.02 14.23 0.03 Transportation 346.35 0.77 368.64 0.82 Infrastructure & Utilities 3.01 0.02 3.01 0.02 Agriculture 14,121.09 31.29 14,024.14 31.08 Forest Land 29,746.17 65.92 29,746.17 65.92 Water body 614.99 1.36 614.99 1.36 Total 45,127.21 100.00 45,127.21 100.00 Source: Kajian Rancangan Tempatan Jajahan Gua Musang, 2007-2020
Table 6.3: Current and Proposed Land Use Composition of BP4 Lojing, 2007-2020
Land Use 2007 Land Use 2020 Land Use Area (Ha) % Area (Ha) % Residential 78.54 0.02 172.19 0.05 Trading & Services 0.09 0.00 123.54 0.03 Facilities & Amenities 156.67 0.04 239.09 0.05 Recreational 351.04 0.08 49.52 0.01 Transportation 333.74 0.08 383.67 0.10 Infrastructure & Utilities 0.12 0.00 7.44 0.00 Agriculture 15,170.85 4.17 15,116.60 4.15 Forest Land 346,218.47 95.06 346,218.47 95.06 Water body 2,006.60 0.55 2,006.60 0.55 Total 364,317.12 100.00 364,317.12 100.00 Source: Kajian Rancangan Tempatan Jajahan Gua Musang, 2007-2020
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Table 6.13: Weather Parameter Results
Stations A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 Date 08/07/2013 08/07/2013 08/07/2013 08/07/2013 08/07/2013 09/07/2013 09/07/2013 09/07/2013 Time 11.00 am 1.20 pm 2.10 pm 3.10 pm 4.30 pm 9.30 am 11.00 am 1.32 pm Ambient Air 27.8 29.2 28.7 29.0 24.8 24.1 27.5 27.2 Temperature (ºC) Humidity (%) 76.3 74.4 73.4 76.4 90.1 83.9 71.9 87.3 Average Wind 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.25 0.6 0.0 Speed (m/s) Heat Index (ºC) 31.8 34.9 33.4 35.5 27.1 25.9 33.4 32.4 Barometer (hPa) 927.6 927.8 935.4 925.4 908.9 937.6 928.3 941.5 Person involved: 1. Haji Zaidi Zin (Person In-charge) 2. Mohd Shafiq Bin Shamsuddin Source: Data gathered during field work exercise, July 2013
Table 6.14: Noise Level Measurement Result
Recommended Stations N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 Noise Level Date 08/07/2013 08/07/2013 08/07/2013 08/07/2013 08/07/2013 09/07/2013 09/07/2013 09/07/2013 Time 1034 - 1257 - 1430 - 1604 - 1730 - 0911 - 1032 - 1308 - 1135 1357 1535 1704 1831 1012 1141 1412 Cloudy & Cloudy & Clear & Clear & Clear & Clear & Clear & Clear & Weather Slightly Slightly Sunny Sunny Sunny Sunny Sunny Sunny Windy Windy
Leq (dB) 60.9 53.7 50.9 48.1 41.2 47.5 40.2 57.5 65 dB (A) Lpeak (dB) 106.3 95.6 83.6 89.4 80.4 87.3 79.7 90.8 (Day time) Lmax (dB) 86.4 65.8 59.4 65.2 59.0 63.8 50.5 64.8 Lmin (dB) 37.5 51.9 42.7 46.5 36.6 38.4 35.9 57.0
L5 (dB) 62.0 56.1 52.0 50.2 43.6 53.7 44.0 58.0
L10 (dB) 61.7 55.0 51.3 49.2 42.4 50.3 42.5 57.8
L90 (dB) 41.1 52.5 50.0 46.8 38.6 40.1 37.1 57.2 Person involved: 1. Haji Zaidi Bin Zin (Person In-charge) 2. Mohd Shafiq Bin Shamsuddin Source: Data gathered during field work exercise, July 2013
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Table 6.16: List of Flora Observed Within and Surrounding of Proposed Project Site
Species Vernacular Name IUCN Red List Malaysia Red List @ FRIM Acanthaceae (Acanthus family) Asystasia gangetica Chinese violet Not evaluated Not evaluated Peristrophe acuminata Not evaluated Not evaluated Thunbergia laurifolia Laurel clock vine Not evaluated Not evaluated Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry family) Saurauia madrensis Saurauia Not evaluated Not evaluated Anacardiaceae (Cashew/ Sumac family) Campnosperma auriculatum Terentang Not evaluated Not evaluated Gluta aptera Rengas kerbau jalang Not evaluated Not evaluated Mangifera foetida Machang Least concern Not evaluated Apocynaceae (Dogbane family) Alstonia angustiloba Pulai Not evaluated Not evaluated Araceae (Aroid family) Alocasia longiloba Keladi muka rusa Not evaluated Not evaluated Alocasia macrorrhizos Elephant ear Not evaluated Not evaluated Alocasia sp. Keladi hutan - - Arisaema filiforme Not evaluated Not evaluated Colocasia esculenta Taro, Elephant ear Not evaluated Not evaluated Colocasia sp. - - Homalomena sagittifolia Keladi kemoyang Not evaluated Not evaluated Homalomena sp. - - Scindapsus pictus Not evaluated Not evaluated Araliaceae (Ginseng/ Ivy family) Trevesia burckii Tapak hantu Not evaluated Not evaluated Arecaceae (Palms) Calamus manan Rotan manau Not evaluated Not evaluated Caryota mitis Tukas, Dudar, Fish tail palm Not evaluated Not evaluated Iguanura sp. Pinang hutan - - Oncosperma horridum Bayas Not evaluated Not evaluated Aspleniaceae (Spleenwort family) Asplenium nidus Paku sakat, Bird’s nest fern Not evaluated Not evaluated Asteraceae (Sunflower family) Elephantopus scaber Tutup Bumi, Elephant's foot Not evaluated Not evaluated Blumea lacera Not evaluated Not evaluated Balsaminaceae (Balsam/ Jewel weed, Touch-me-not family) Impatiens oncidioides Not evaluated Not evaluated Begoniaceae (Begonia family) Begonia spp. - - Bombacaeae (Bombax family) Neesia sp. Bengang - - Burmanniaceae Burmannia longifolia Not evaluated Not evaluated Calophyllaceae Calophyllum macrocarpum Bintagor bunut Not evaluated Not evaluated Calophyllum wallichianum Bintagor lilin Not evaluated Not evaluated Campanulaceae (Bellflower family) Pratia begonifolia Not evaluated Not evaluated Clusiaceae (Mangosteen family) Garcinia sp. Kandis - - Commelinaceae (Spiderwort family) Amischotolype griffithii Sentawar Not evaluated Not evaluated Amischotolype sp. - - Convolvulaceae (Morning glory family) Ipomea cairica Mile-a-minute vine Not evaluated Not evaluated Costaceae (Costus family) Costus speciosus Setawar putih, Crepe ginger Not evaluated Not evaluated Ctenolophonaceae Ctenolophon parvifolius Mertas Not evaluated Not evaluated
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Table 6.16: List of Flora Observed Within and Surrounding of Proposed Project Site (continued)
Species Vernacular Name IUCN Red List Malaysia Red List @ FRIM Cucurbitaceae (Gourd / Pumpkin family) Hodgsonia macrocarpa Not evaluated Least concern Cyatheaceae (Scaly tree fern family) Cyathea latebrosa Tree fern Not evaluated Not evaluated Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarp family) Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Keruing neram Least concern Not evaluated Shorea curtisii Meranti seraya Least concern Not evaluated Shorea leprosula Meranti tembaga Endangered Not evaluated Dracaenaceae (Agave family) Dracaena sp. - - Ebenaceae (Ebony family) Diospyros sp. Kayu arang - - Ericaceae (Heath family) Rhododendron sp. - - Vaccinium sp. - - Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family) Homalanthus sp. - - Mallotus sp. Balik angin - - Elatoriospermum tapos Perah Not evaluated Not evaluated Endospermum diadenum Sesenduk Not evaluated Not evaluated Balakata baccata Ludai Not evaluated Not evaluated Fabaceae (Pea family) Bauhinia flammifera Akar katup-katup, Sekoyak Not evaluated Not evaluated Bauhinia sp. - - Crotalaria pallida Smooth rattlebox Not evaluated Not evaluated Instia palembanica Merbau Not evaluated Not evaluated Parkia speciosa Petai, Stink bean Not evaluated Not evaluated Senna occidentalis Coffea senna Not evaluated Not evaluated Fagaceae (Beech family) Castanopsis megacarpa Berangan Not evaluated Not evaluated Lithocarpus sp. Mempening - - Gesneriaceae (Gesneria family) Aeschynanthus sp Lipstick plant - - Henckelia malayana Not evaluated Not evaluated Henckelia sp. - - Ridleyandra sp. - - Gleicheniaceae (Forked fern family) Dicranopteris currani Resam Not evaluated Not evaluated Dicranopteris linearis Resam Not evaluated Not evaluated Sticherus truncatus Not evaluated Not evaluated Hanguanaceae Hanguana malayana Bakong, Common susum Least concern Not evaluated Hymenophyllaceae (Filmy fern family) Hymenophyllum sp. - - Hypericaceae (St. Johnswort family) Cratoxylum maingayi Geronggang derum Least concern Not evaluated Hypoxidaceae (African potato family) Molinera latifolia Lemba Not evaluated Not evaluated Juglandaceae (Walnut family) Engelhardtia sp. - - Lauraceae (Laurel family) Beilschmiedia madang Not evaluated Not evaluated Cinnamomum sp. - - Phoebe sp. Medang - - Lepidoziaceae Bazzania sp. - - Lycopodiaceae (Club moss family) Lycopodiella cernua Paku serani Not evaluated Not evaluated
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Table 6.16: List of Flora Observed Within and Surrounding of Proposed Project Site (continued)
Species Vernacular Name IUCN Red List Malaysia Red List @ FRIM Lythraceae (Loosestrife family) Duabanga grandiflora Berembang bukit Not evaluated Not evaluated Malvaceae (Mallow family) Urena lobata Caesar weed Not evaluated Not evaluated Marantaceae (Arrowroot family) Donax grandis Bemban Not evaluated Not evaluated Marattiaceae Angiopteris evecta Paku Gajah/ Giant fern Not evaluated Not evaluated Melastomataceae Dissochaeta gracilis Akar senduduk Not evaluated Not evaluated Medinilla sp. - - Melastoma malabraticum Senduduk Not evaluated Not evaluated Phyllagathis rotundifolia Tapak Sulaiman Not evaluated Not evaluated Meliaceae (Mahogany family) Toona sureni Surian wangi Not evaluated Not evaluated Moraceae (Mulberry family) Artocarpus integer var. silvestris Keledang bangkong Not evaluated Not evaluated Ficus auriculata Not evaluated Not evaluated Ficus grossularioides White-leafed fig Not evaluated Not evaluated Ficus villosa Not evaluated Not evaluated Musaceae (Banana family) Musa acuminata Pisang karok, Blood banana Not evaluated Not evaluated Musa sp. Pisang hutan, Wild banana - - Myristicaceae (Nutmeg family) Myristica sp. Penarahan - - Myrsinaceae (Myrsine family) Labisia pumila Kacip Fatimah Not evaluated Not evaluated Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis biserrata Paku uban, Sword fern Not evaluated Least concern Orchidaceae (Orchid family) Anoectochilus albolineatus Jewel orchid Not evaluated Not evaluated Arundina graminifolia Grass orchid Not evaluated Not evaluated Calanthe ceciliae Not evaluated Not evaluated Eria sp. - - Spathoglottis plicata Ground orchid Not evaluated Not evaluated Pandanaceae (Screwpine family) Pandanus sp. Pandan hutan - - Pentaphragmataceae Pentaphragma horsfieldii Not evaluated Not evaluated Phyllantaceae Baccaurea sp. Tampoi - - Piperaceae (Pepper family) Piper aduncum Sireh pokok Not evaluated Not evaluated Piper sp. - - Poaceae (Grass family) Pennisetum sp. Fountain grass - - Polygalaceae (Milkwort family) Xanthophyllum sp. Minyak beruk - - Polypodiaceae (Polypody family) Dipteris conjugata Not evaluated Least concern Drynaria quercifolia Oak-leafed fern Not evaluated Least concern Platycerium coronarium Semun bidadari, Stag’s horn fern Not evaluated Near threatened Taccaceae Tacca integrifolia Keladi murai, Bat’s flower Not evaluated Not evaluated Tacca sp. Rafflesiaceae (Rafflesia family) Rafflesia kerrii Pakma/ Rafflesia Not evaluated Not evaluated
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Table 6.16: List of Flora Observed Within and Surrounding of Proposed Project Site (continued)
Species Vernacular Name IUCN Red List Malaysia Red List @ FRIM Rosaceae (Rose family) Rubus moluccanus Mollucan bramble Not evaluated Not evaluated Rubiaceae (Coffee family) Argostemma sp. Not evaluated Not evaluated Ixora sp. Jejarum, Siantan - - Myrmecodia sp. Ant plant - - Neolamarckia cadamba Kelempayan Not evaluated Not evaluated Uncaria cordata Kait-kait Not evaluated Not evaluated Rutaceae (Citrus family) Zanthoxylum rhetsa Hantu duri Not evaluated Not evaluated Selaginellaceae (Spike moss family) Selaginella sp. Paku merak, Peacock fern - - Solanaceae (Nightshade, Potato family) Solanum torvum Terung pipit/ Turkey berry Not evaluated Not evaluated Ulmaceae (Elm family) Trema orientalis Mengkirai Not evaluated Not evaluated Vitaceae (Grape family) Cayratia mollissima Not evaluated Not evaluated Cissus hastata Not evaluated Not evaluated Zingiberaceae (Ginger family) Alpinia javanica Lengkuas hutan Not evaluated Not evaluated Alpinia sp. - - Etlingera littolaris Not evaluated Not evaluated Etlingera metriocheilos (sphaerocephala) Not evaluated Not evaluated Etlingera punicea Not evaluated Not evaluated Etlingera elatior Kantan/ Torch ginger Not evaluated Not evaluated Etlingera sp. Tepus - - Globba patens Meroyan beruk Not evaluated Not evaluated Hedychium coronarium Butterfly ginger Not evaluated Not evaluated Hornstedtia sp. - - Zingiber spectabile Tepus tanah, Beehive ginger Not evaluated Not evaluated
Table 6.17: List of Mammals Recorded Within and Surrounding of Proposed Project Site
Wildlife # Species English Name Malay Name Conservation Act IUCN’s Redlist 2010 Cercopithecidae (Monkeys) 1 Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed macaque Berok Protected Vulnerable 2 Trachypithecus obscurus Dusky leaf monkey Lotong chengkong Protected Near threatened Protected 3 Presbytis siamensis White-tighed langur Lotong chenekah (P. melalophos) Near threatened Erinaceidae (Gymnures) 4 Hylomys suillus Lesser gymnure Tikus babi (Not listed) Least concern Hylobatidae (Gibbons, Siamang) 5 Hylobates lar White-handed gibbon Ungka tangan putih Totally protected Endangered 6 Symphalangus syndactylus Siamang Siamang Totally protected Endangered Lorisidae (Slow loris) 7 Nycticebus coucang Slow loris Kongkang Totally protected Vulnerable Muridae (rats and mice) 8 Sundamys muelleri Mueller’s rat Tikus lembah - Least concern Mustelidae (Martens, weasels, badgers and otters etc.) 9 Martes flavigula Yellow-throated marten Mengkira Totally protected Least concern Sciuridae (Squirrels) 10 Callosciurus notatus Plantain squirrel Tupai pinang - Least concern 11 Ratufa affinis Cream-coloured giant squirrel Tupai kerawak putih kuning Totally protected Near threatened
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Table 6.17: List of Mammals Recorded Within and Surrounding of Proposed Project Site (continued)
Wildlife # Species English Name Malay Name Conservation Act IUCN’s Redlist 2010 12 Ratufa bicolor Black giant squirrel Tupai kerawak hitam Totally protected Near threatened 13 Sundasciurus hippurus Horse-tailed squirrel - Near threatened 14 Sundasciurus lowii Low’s squirrel Tupai ekor pendek - Least concern 15 Sundasciurus tenuis Slender squirrel Tupai cerleh - Least concern Himalayan, Western striped 16 Tamiops mcclellandii squirrel - Least concern Suidae (Pigs) 17 Sus scrofa Wild boar Babi hutan Protected Least concern Tupaiidae (Treeshrews) 18 Tupaia glis Common treeshrew Tupai muncung besar - Least concern
Table 6.18: List of Reptiles and Amphibians Recorded Within and Surrounding of Proposed Project Site
Wildlife # Species English Name Malay Name Conservation Act IUCN’s Redlist 2010 Agamidae (Agamid lizards) 1 Bronchocela cristatella Green-crested lizard - Not evaluated 2 Calotes versicolor Garden fence lizard Protected Not evaluated 3 Draco quinquefasciatus Five-banded gliding lizard Protected Not evaluated 4 Draco sumatranus Common gliding lizard Protected Not evaluated 5 Gonocephalus grandis Great anglehead lizard Protected Not evaluated 6 Gonocephalus robinsoni Robinson’s angle-head lizard - Protected Not evaluated Bufonidae (Toads) 7 Phrynoidis aspera River toad - Least concern 8 Ahaetulla prasina Oriental whip snake Protected Least concern 9 Amphiesma sanguineum Cameroon keelback Protected Not evaluated 10 Dendrelaphis pictus Common bronzeback - Not evaluated 11 Orthriophis taeniurus Cave racer - Not evaluated 12 Pareas margaritophorus White-spotted slug snake Protected Not evaluated 13 Ptyas fusca White-bellied rat snake Protected Not evaluated Dicroglossidae (True frogs) 14 Limnonectes blythii Blyth’s river frog Protected Near threatened Elapidae (Cobras, Kraits, Coral snakes & Sea snakes) 15 Calliophis (Maticora) intestinalis Striped coral snake Ular pantai belang Protected Least concern Gekkonidae (Geckos) 16 Gekko smithi Forest gecko Protected Least concern 17 Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus Marbled slender-toed gecko Protected Not evaluated Megophryidae (Litter Frogs) 18 Xenophrys longipes (Malacca spadefoot frog Protected Near threatened Microhylidae (Narrow-mouthed frogs) 19 Microhyla annectens Larut Hills rice frog - Data deficient Ranidae (True Frogs) 20 Amolops larutensis Larut cascade frog Protected Least concern 21 Fejervarya limnocharis Grass frog - Least concern 22 Odorrana hosii Hose’s rock frog Protected Least concern Rhacophoridae (Afro-Asian Tree Frogs) Four-lined tree frog, Common 23 Polypedates leucomystax tree frog - Least concern 24 Polypedates macrotis Dark-eared tree frog - Least concern 25 Rhacophorus prominanus Malayan flying frog Protected Least concern Scincidae (Skinks) 26 Eutrophis multifasciata Sun skink - Not evaluated Viperidae (Vipers & Pit vipers) 27 Popeia fucata Thai Peninsula pit viper - Least concern
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Table 6.19: List of Birds Recorded Within and Surrounding of Proposed Project Site
Wildlife # Species English Name Malay Name Conservation Act IUCN’s Redlist 2010 Aegithinidae (Ioras) 1 Aegithina tiphia Common iora Kunyit kacat Totally protected Least concern Alcidinidae: Halyconidae (larger Kingfishers) 2 Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated kingfisher Pekaka belukar Totally protected Least concern Apodidae: Apodinae (typical swifts) 3 Apus affinis House swift Layang-layang Rumah Totally protected Least concern 4 Rhaphidura leucopygialis Silver-rumped spinetail Layang-layang kecil Totally protected Least concern Bucerotidae (Hornbills) 5 Buceros rhinoceros Rhinoceros hornbill Enggang badak Totally protected Near threatened 6 Buceros vigil Helmeted hornbill Enggang tebang mentua Totally protected Near threatened Campephagidae (Cuckooshrikes, Trillers, Minivets & allies) 7 Coracina javensis Javan cuckooshrike Totally protected Least concern 8 Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet minivet Mas belukar Totally protected Least concern 9 Pericrocotus igneus Fiery minivet Mas tulin Totally protected Near threatened 10 Pericrocotus solaris Grey-chinned minivet Mas dagu kelabu Totally protected Least concern Caprimulgidae: Eurostopodinae( Eared nightjars) 11 Eurostopodus temminckii Malaysian eared nightjar Tukang tabtibau Totally protected Near threatened Chloropseidae (Leafbirds) 12 Chloropsis cochinchinensis Blue-winged leafbird Daun sayap biru Totally protected Least concern 13 Chloropsis hardwickii Orange-bellied leafbird Daun perut oren Totally protected Least concern 14 Chloropsis sonnerati Greater green leafbird Daun besar Totally protected Least concern Cisticolidae (Cisticolas, Tailorbirds, Prinias & allies) 15 Orthotomus sutorius Common tailorbird Perenjak pisang Totally protected Least concern 16 Orthotomus atrogularis Dark-necked tailorbird Perenjak belukar Totally protected Least concern Columbidae: Columbinae (Typical pigeons & doves) Emerald dove, Green- 17 Chalcophaps indica winged pigeon Punai tanah Protected Least concern 18 Geopelia striata Peaceful dove Merbok aman - Least concern 19 Macropygia ruficeps Little cuckoo dove Tekukur api Totally protected Least concern 20 Streptopelia chinensis Spotted dove Merbok balam Totally protected Least concern Coraciidae (Roller, Dollarbird) 21 Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird Tiong batu, belacan Totally protected Least concern Corvidae (Crows, Nutcrackers, Magpies, Jays, Treepies & allies) 22 Cissa chinensis Common green magpie Gagak gunung Totally protected Least concern 23 Corvus macrorynchos Large-billed crow Gagak paruh besar - Least concern Cuculidae: Centropodinae (Coucals) 24 Centropus sinensis Greater coucal But-but carik anak Totally protected Least concern Cuculidae: Cuculinae (Old World Cuckoos) 25 Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive cuckoo Sewah mati anak Totally protected Least concern Cuculidae: Phaenicophaeinae (Malkohas & allies) 26 Phaenicophaeus curvirostri Chestnut-breasted Malkoha Cenok birah Totally protected Least concern Dicaeidae (Flowerpeckers) Yellow-breasted 27 Prionochilus maculatus flowerpecker Sepah puteri raja Totally protected Least concern Dicruridae (Drongos) 28 Dicrurus aeneus Bronzed drongo Cecawi keladi Totally protected Least concern 29 Dicrurus leucophaus Ashy drongo Cecawi rantau Totally protected Least concern Greater racquet-tailed 30 Dicrurus paradiseus drongo Cecawi anting-anting Totally protected Least concern 31 Dicrurus remifer Lesser racquet-tailed drongo Cecawi hamba kera Totally protected Least concern Estrildidae: Lonchurinae (Java Sparrows, Munias, Parrotfinches & allies) 32 Lonchura leucogastra White-bellied munia Pipit padi Protected Least concern 33 Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted munia Pipit pinang Protected Least concern 34 Lonchura striata White-rumped munia Pipit tuli Protected Least concern Eurylaimidae: Eurylaiminae (Typical broadbills) 35 Eurylaimus ochromalus Black-and-yellow broadbill Takau hitam kuning Totally protected Near threatened 36 Serilophus lunatus Silver-breasted broadbill Takau hitam kuning Totally protected Least concern
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Table 6.19: List of Birds Recorded Within and Surrounding of Proposed Project Site (continued)
Wildlife # Species English Name Malay Name Conservation Act IUCN’s Redlist 2010 Falconidae: Accipitrinae (Hawks, Eagles and allies) 37 Spirlornis cheela Crested serpent-eagle Lang berjambul Totally protected Least concern 38 Spizaetus alboniger Blyth’s hawk eagle Lang hantu Totally protected Least concern Genera incertae sedis (Woodshrikes, Flycatcher-shrikes & Philentomas) 39 Hemipus picatus Bar-winged flycatcher-shrike Rembah bukit Totally protected Least concern Hirundinidae: Hirundininae (Martins, Swallows & allies) 40 Hirundo tahitica Pacific swallow Sualo batu Totally protected Least concern Irenidae (Fairy-bluebirds) 41 Irena puella Asian fairy bluebird Dendang gajah Totally protected Least concern Laniidae (Shrikes) 42 Lanius cristatus Brown shrike Tirjup tanah Totally protected Least concern 43 Lanius tigrinus Tiger shrike Tirjup rimau Totally protected Least concern Meropidae (Bee-eaters) 44 Nyctyornis amictus Red-bearded bee-eater Berek-berek janggut merah Totally protected Least concern Motacillidae (Wagtails & Pipits) 45 Motacilla flava Yellow wagtail Pipit kuning Totally protected Least concern Muscicapidae: Muscicapinae (Old World Flycatchers & allies) 46 Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped shama Murai batu Protected Least concern 47 Copsychus saularis Oriental magpie-robin Murai kampung - Least concern 48 Eumyias thalassina Verditer flycatcher Sambar ranting Totally protected Least concern 49 Ficedula hyperythra Snowy-browed flycatcher Sambar rengkong putih Totally protected Least concern 50 Ficedula mugimaki Mugimaki flycatcher Sambar Mugimaki Totally protected Least concern 51 Ficedula solitaris Rufous-browed flycatcher Sambar rengkong putih Totally protected Least concern 52 Ficedula westermanni Little pied flycatcher Sambar gunung Totally protected Least concern 53 Muscicapa ferruginea Ferruginous flycatcher Sambar sampah Totally protected Least concern 54 Niltava grandis Large niltava Sambar kumbang padi Totally protected Least concern 55 Rhinomyias brunneata Brown-chested flycatcher Sambar hutan Totally protected Vulnerable Muscicapidae: Saxicolinae (Shortwings, Robins, Redstarts, Rock-trushes, Chats, Forktails, Whistling-trushes & allies) 56 Enicurus leschenaulti White-crowned forktail Murai cegar belukar Totally protected Least concern 57 Enicurus ruficapillus Chestnut-naped forktail Murai cegar Totally protected Near threatened 58 Luscinia cyane Siberian blue robin Murai siberia Totally protected Least concern 59 Myiomela leucura White-tailed robin Murai ekor putih Totally protected Least concern Nectariniidae (Sunbirds & Spiderhunters) 60 Aethopyga saturata Black-throated sunbird Kelicap gunung Totally protected Least concern 61 Anthreptes malacensis Brown-throated sunbird Kelicap mayang kelapa Totally protected Least concern 62 Arachnothera longirostra Little spiderhunter Kelicap jantung Totally protected Least concern 63 Arachnothera magna Streaked spiderhunter Kelicap jantung gunung Totally protected Least concern 64 Hypogramma hypogrammcium Purple-naped sunbird Kelicap rimba Totally protected Least concern Oriolidae (Orioles & allies) 65 Oriolus cruentus Black-and-crimson oriole Dendang mas Totally protected Least concern Paridae (typical tits) 66 Melanochlora sultanea Sultan tit Serai sultan Totally protected Least concern Passeridae (Sparrows & allies) 67 Passer montanus Eurasian tree sparrow Ciak Eurasia - Least concern Phasianidae (Pheasants & junglefowl) 68 Gallus gallus Red junglefowl Ayam hutan Protected Least concern Picidae: Picinae (typical Woodpeckers) 69 Blythipicus rubiginosus Maroon woodpecker Belatok punggor Totally protected Least concern Crimson-winged 70 Picus puniceus woodpecker Belatok mas Totally protected Least concern Picidae: Picumninae (Piculets) 71 Sasia abnormis Rufous piculet Belatok kecil Totally protected Least concern Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) 72 Alophoixus bres Grey-cheeked bulbul Merbah sampah Totally protected Least concern 73 Alophoixus pallidus Puff-throated bulbul Merbah rengkong kembang Totally protected Least concern 74 Alophoixus ochraceus Ochraceous bulbul Merbah beringin Totally protected Least concern 75 Hypsipetes mcclellandii Mountain bulbul Merbah lorek gunung Totally protected Least concern
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Table 6.19: List of Birds Recorded Within and Surrounding of Proposed Project Site (continued)
Wildlife # Species English Name Malay Name Conservation Act IUCN’s Redlist 2010 76 Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented bulbul Merbah kapur - Least concern 77 Pycnonotus melanicterus Black-crested bulbul Merbah jambul hitam Totally protected Least concern 78 Pycnonotus simplex Cream-vented bulbul Merbah mata putih Totally protected Least concern Rhipiduridae (Fantails) 79 Rhipidura albicollis White-throated fantail Sambar gila gunung Totally protected Least concern Ramphastidae: Megalaiminae (Asian Barbets) 80 Calorhamphus fuliginosus Brown barbet Takor Dahan Totally protected Least concern 81 Megalaima chrysopogon Gold-whiskered barbet Takor jambang emas Totally protected Least concern 82 Prionochilus maculatus Yellow-crowned barbet Takor mahkota kuning Totally protected Near threatened 83 Megalaima oorti Black-browed barbet Takor bukit Totally protected Least concern 84 Megalaima rafflesii Red-crowned barbet Takor gunung/ mahkota merah Totally protected Near threatened 85 Psilopogon pyrolophus Fire-tufted barbet Takor api Totally protected Least concern Stenostiridae (Canary-flycatchers & allies) Grey-headed Canary 86 Culicicapa ceylonensis flycatcher Sambar pacat Totally protected Least concern Strigidae (typical owls) 87 Strix leptogrammica Brown wood-owl Hantu punggor Totally protected Least concern Sturnidae: Sturninae (Mynas, starlings & allies) 88 Gracula religiosa Hill myna Tiong mas Protected Least concern Timaliidae (Babblers) White-bellied erpornis 89 Erpornis zantholeuca (yuhina) Yuhina perut putih Totally protected Least concern Melanocichla (Garrulax) 90 lugubris Black laughingthrush Rimba hitam Totally protected Least concern Spectacled (Chestnut- 91 Garrulax mitratus capped) Rimba genting Totally protected Least concern laughingthrush 92 Heterophasia picaoides Long-tailed sibia Sibia ekor panjang Totally protected Least concern 93 Leiothrix argentauris Silver-eared mesia Rimba telinga perak Totally protected Least concern 94 Macronous gularis Striped-tit babbler Rimba berjalur Totally protected Least concern 95 Siva cyanouroptera Blue-winged siva Rimba murai gunung Totally protected Least concern 96 Stachyris chrysaea Golden babbler Rimba mas Totally protected Least concern 97 Stachyris nigriceps Grey-throated babbler Rimba leher kelabu Totally protected Least concern 98 Stachyris nigricollis Black-throated babbler Rimba bertam Totally protected Near threatened 99 Trichastoma bicolor Ferruginous babbler Rimba sampah Totally protected Least concern Trochalopteron peninsulae Malayan (Chestnut- Least concern 100 (Garrulax erythrocephalus) crowned) laughingtrush Rimba mahkota merah Totally protected
Table 6.20: List of Water Treatment Plant In Gua Musang Area
District Source Capacity (MLD) Area of Water Supply Chiku Loji Air Felda Chiku Sg Chiku 8.0 Felda Chiku 1,2,3,5,6 dan 7 and Felda Perasu Loji Air Aring Sg Aring 1.8 Felda Aring 2
Bertam Loji Air Bertam Sg Nenggiri 0.5 Bertam Baru, Kg Pauh Loji Air Limau Kasturi Sg Galas 4.0 Limau Kasturi, Jeram Tekoh, Sg Asap & Renok Loji Air Panggung Lalat Sg Betis 0.7 Kuala Betis and Panggung Lalat
Galas Loji Air Sg Ketil Sg Ketil Bandar Baru, Kawasan Perindustrian, Taman 13.0 Damar, Taman Wangi, Taman Tropika and etc. Source: Air Kelantan Sdn Bhd, 2012
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Table 6.21: Facilities and Amenities Available at Orang Asli Settlement within 5.0 km Area
Facilities and Amenities Settlement Population Water Electrical Access Road Water Source Supply Supply Kg Jekjok 182 Tar Tributary of Sg Berok Kg Kingkong 81 Tar Tributary of Sg Berok Kg Brooke Lama 91 Crusher run Tributary of Sg Berok Kg Chekau 40 Tar Kg Insept 17 Tar Sg Awek Kg Jedip 252 Tar Tributary of Sg ‘Tandak air’ Solar system Kg Sengsang 103 Tar Belatop Kg Sangwai 230 Tar Tributary of Sg Kg Sangwai Besar Tar Belatop Kg Liak 49 Logging track Tributary of Sg Rengil Kg Kuala Rengil 34 Logging track Kg Mendrod 236 Tar Tributary of Sg Berok Source: Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli Kelantan & Terengganu, December 2012 & Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Gua Musang, 2013
Table 6.22: List of Educational Facilities Available at Daerah Bertam
Primary School Secondary School SRK Bertami SRK Pasir Tumboh SRK Meranto SRK Jerek SMK Tengku Bendahara SRK Limau Kasturi 1 SRK Limau Kasturi 2 SRK Kuala Sungai SRK Kuala Betis Source: Pejabat Tanah & Jajahan Gua Musang, January 2013
Table 6.23: Types of Sewerage System In Kelantan
Oxidizing Imhoff Contact Septic District Biosoil Hi Kleen Total Pond Tank Rotary Tank Kota Bharu 2 7 1 1 39,474 1 39,485 Tumpat 1 50 - - 2,240 - 2,291 Gua Musang - - - - 1,308 - 1,308 Kuala Krai - - - - 3,388 - 3,388 Pasir Puteh - 15 - - 1,376 - 1,391 Bachok - - - - 5,493 - 5,493 Jeli - - - - 801 - 801 Tanah Merah - - - - 6,651 - 6,651 Pasir Mas - - - - 4,712 - 4,712 Machang - 36 1 (ITM) - 5,400 - 5,437 Grand Total 3 108 2 1 70,843 1 70,597
Source: Kajian Rancangan Struktur Negeri Kelantan 2003-2020
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Table 6.24: Projected Solid Waste Generation, 2001 – 2020
Year Area 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Kota Bharu 49,134 51,099 53,143 55,269 57,480 59,779 62,170 64,675 67,243 69,933 (MPKB) Kota Bharu 29,480 30,660 31,886 33,161 34,488 35,867 37,302 38,794 40,346 41,960 (MDKB) Bachok 4,913 5,110 5,314 5,527 5,748 5,978 6,217 6,466 6,724 6,993 Tumpat 18,835 19,588 20,372 21,187 22,034 22,915 23,832 24,785 25,777 26,808 Pasir Mas 10,237 10,646 11,072 11,514 11,975 12,454 12,952 13,470 14,009 14,569 Pasir Putih 13,102 13,627 14,172 14,738 15,328 15,941 16,579 17,242 17,932 18,649 Machang 14,740 15,330 15,943 16,581 17,244 17,934 18,651 19,397 20,173 20,980 Tanah 7,370 7,665 7,972 8,290 8,622 8,967 9,326 9,699 10,087 10,490 Merah Jeli 3,276 3,407 3,543 3,685 3,832 3,985 4,145 4,310 4,483 4,662 Kuala Krai 6,142 6,387 6,643 6,909 7,185 7,472 7,771 8,082 8,405 8,742 Utara Kuala Krai 2,047 2,129 2,214 2,303 2,395 2,491 2,590 2,694 2,801 2,914 Selatan Gua 1,847 1,920 1,997 2,077 2,160 2,247 2,337 2,430 2,527 2,628 Musang Source: Pelan Strategik Pembangunan Negeri Kelantan, 2000
Table 6.24: Projected Solid Waste Generation, 2001 – 2020 (continued)
Year Area 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Kota Bharu 72,730 75,640 78,665 79,452 82,630 85,935 89,373 92,947 96,665 100,532 (MPKB) Kota Bharu 43,638 45,384 47,199 47,671 49,578 51,561 53,624 55,768 57,999 60,319 (MDKB) Bachok 7,273 7,564 7,867 7,945 8,263 8,594 8,937 9,295 9,667 10,053 Tumpat 27,880 28,995 30,155 30,457 31,675 32,942 34,259 95,630 37,055 38,537 Pasir Mas 15,152 15,758 13,689 16,552 17,215 17,903 18,619 19,364 20,139 20,944 Pasir Putih 19,395 20,171 20,977 21,187 22,035 22,916 23,833 24,786 25,777 26,809 Machang 21,819 22,692 23,600 23,836 24,789 25,781 26,812 27,884 28,999 30,160 Tanah 10,910 11,346 11,800 11,918 12,394 12,890 13,406 13,942 14,500 15,080 Merah Jeli 4,849 5,043 5,244 5,297 5,509 5,729 5,958 6,197 6,444 6,702 Kuala Krai 9,091 9,455 9,833 9,931 10,329 10,742 11,172 11,618 12,083 12,566 Utara Kuala Krai 3,030 3,152 3,278 3,310 3,443 3,581 3,724 3,873 4,028 4,189 Selatan Gua 2,733 2,843 2,957 2,986 3,106 3,230 3,359 3,493 3,633 3,778 Musang Source: Pelan Strategik Pembangunan Negeri Kelantan, 2000
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Table 6.25: List of Health Facility at Jajahan Gua Musang
Klinik Kesihatan Klinik Desa Klinik Desa Lembaga Sungai Terah Klinik Desa Ladang Sungai Terah Klinik Desa Perasu Klinik Kesihatan (Bandar) Gua Musang Klinik Desa Renok Baru Klinik Desa Panggong Lalat Klinik Desa Kuala Betis Klinik Desa Pulai Klinik Desa Chiku 1 Klinik Desa Chiku 2 Klinik Desa Chiku 7 Klinik Kesihatan Chiku 3 Klinik Desa Paloh 1 Klinik Desa Paloh 3 Klinik Desa Chalil Klinik Kesihatan Lebir Klinik Kesihatan Jeram Tekoh Klinik Desa Limau Kasturi Klinik Desa Star Klinik Kesihatan Bertam Baru Klinik Desa Jerek Klinik Kesihatan Aring - Klinik Kesihatan Lojing - Source: Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Gua Musang, February 2012
Table 6.26: Health Care Facilities for Daerah of Cameron Highlands
Type of Facilities Name of Facilities Klinik Desa Ringlet Klinik Desa Bertam Valley Klinik Desa Klinik Desa Tringkap Klinik Desa Kuala Terla Klinik Desa Kampung Raja Hospital Daerah Hospital Sultanah Hajjah Kalsom Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Cameron Highlands (Unit Vektor) Pejabat Kesihatan Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Cameron Highlands Klinik Pergigian Kerajaan Klinik Pergigian Cameron Highlands
Source: Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Cameron Highlands, October 2010
Table 6.27: Total Population by Sex, Administrative District and State, Malaysia, 2010
District Male Female Total Bachok 66,410 66,742 133,152 Kota Bharu 243,999 247,238 491,237 Machang 45,852 47,235 93,087 Pasir Mas 95,041 94,251 189,292 Pasir Puteh 58,548 58,835 117,383 Tanah Merah 61,382 59,937 121,319 Tumpat 76,929 77,047 153,976 Gua Musang 48,374 41,683 90,057 Kuala Krai 56,045 53,416 109,461 Jeli 21,118 19,519 40,637 Kelantan 773,698 765,903 1,539,601 Source: Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010, Department of Statistics, Malaysia
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Table 6.28: Population, Household and Living Quarters, Malaysia 2010
Population Household Average population State/District (‘000) (%) (‘000) (%) per household Bachok 141.4 8.5 25.1 7.9 5.6 Kota Bharu 509.4 30.5 97.7 30.8 5.2 Machang 100.9 6.0 19.1 6.0 5.3 Pasir Mas 211.1 12.6 40.9 12.9 5.2 Pasir Puteh 134.0 8.0 25.4 8.0 5.3 Tanah Merah 132.4 7.9 25.1 7.9 5.3 Tumpat 170.0 10.2 31.8 10.1 5.3 Gua Musang 104.8 6.3 19.9 6.3 5.3 Kuala Krai 119.0 7.1 23.0 7.3 5.2 Jeli 47.6 2.9 8.9 2.8 5.3 Kelantan 1,670.5 100.0 316.9 100.0 5.3 Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, July 2010
Table 6.29: Total Population by Ethnic Group, District/Mukim and State, Malaysia, 2010
Malaysian Citizens Non- Bumiputera Jajahan/Daerah/Mukim Malaysian Total Other Chinese Indians Others Malay Citizens Bumiputera Galas 30,981 103 3,808 329 91 1,643 36,955 Bandar Gua Musang 15,848 96 3,100 287 38 678 20,047 Batu Papan 1,687 - 9 - 10 128 1,834 Gua Musang 160 - - - - 3 163 Ketil 1,617 - 14 25 4 158 1,818 Pulai 1,418 4 617 16 14 134 2,203 Renok 10,251 3 68 1 25 542 10,890 Bertam 10,347 11,969 22 7 33 763 23,141 Kuala Sungai 524 - - - - 39 563 Limau Kasturi 2,009 - 6 - 7 300 2,322 Ulu Nenggiri 7,814 11,969 16 7 26 424 20,256 Chiku 22,925 498 40 14 37 2,579 26,093 Relai 22,925 498 40 14 37 2,579 26,093 Total 64,253 12,570 3,870 350 161 4,985 86,189 Note: The above figure have not been adjusted for under-enumeration Source: Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2010, Department of Statistics, Malaysia
Table 6.30: Population Projection According to ‘Blok Perancangan’, 2005 – 2020
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 BP Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % BP1 Gua Musang 31,814 42.43 36,423 42.60 39,659 42.62 43,570 42.57 48,235 42.48 BP2 Chiku 26,251 35.01 29,948 35.03 32,640 35.08 35,923 35.10 39,784 35.04 BP3 Bertam 7,416 9.89 8,398 9.82 9,109 9.79 10,030 9.80 11,205 9.87 BP4 Lojing 9,507 12.68 10,729 12.55 11,638 12.51 12,816 12.52 14,315 12.61 Total 74,988 100.00 85,499 100.00 93,046 100.00 102,338 100.00 113,539 100.00 Source: Kajian Rancangan Tempatan Jajahan Gua Musang, 2007 - 2020
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Table 6.31: Total Population by Ethnic Group and Sex for Jajahan Gua Musang, 2010
Ethnic Male Female Total Malay 35,151 32,098 67,249 Other Bumiputera 6,628 6,406 13,034 Total of Bumiputera 41,779 38,504 80,283 Chinese 2,277 1,809 4,086 Indians 207 166 373 Others 91 75 166 Non-Malaysian citizens 4,020 1,129 5,105 Total 48,374 41,683 90,057 Source: Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010, Department of Statistics, Malaysia
Table 6.32: Population of Orang Asli Pos Brooke
Suku Population Settlement Ketua Kampung Religion No. KIR Total Kaum Male Female Kg Sangwai Islam Temiar 48 119 111 230 Kg Jekjok Islam Temiar 28 84 98 182 Kg Kuala Tahu Temiar 7 28 34 62 Kg Lojing Temiar 14 28 39 67 Kg Sigar Jambu A/L Rimus Animisma Temiar 36 122 117 239 Kg Kingkong Islam Temiar 12 38 43 81 Kg Insept Islam Temiar 9 9 8 17 Kg Liak Islam Temiar 10 27 22 49 Kg Mendrop Alang Bin Busu Islam Temiar 45 133 103 236 Kg Sengsang Temiar 16 49 54 103 Kg Jelgek Ngah Bin Long Islam Temiar 15 87 89 176 Kg Bahong Temiar 17 32 48 80 Kg Chekau Islam Temiar 7 17 23 40 Kg Sendrop Islam Temiar 58 195 186 381 Kg Penangau Temiar 6 17 15 32 Kg Kuala Rengil Islam Temiar 8 14 20 34 Kg Jedip Islam Temiar 48 112 140 252 Kg Brooke Lama Islam Temiar 26 49 42 91 Total 410 1,160 1,192 2,352 Source: Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli Kelantan & Terengganu, December 2012
Table 6.33: Comparison Between the National, State and Jajahan Gua Musang GNP Between 1980-1995
GNP (RM million) Growth Rate (%) Area 1980 1985 1990 1995 80-90 90-95 80-95 Malaysia 43,510.0 57,092.0 79,331.0 120,489.0 6.2 8.7 7.0 Kelantan 1,305.0 1,640.0 2,061.2 2,812.3 4.7 6.4 5.3 Gua Musang 39.1 62.9 109.1 129.8 10.8 3.6 8.3 Source: Laporan Pemeriksaan Rancangan Struktur Gua Musang, December 1996
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Table 6.34: Foreign Workers by Job Sector and Country of Origin for Negeri Kelantan (2008 - 2012)
Job Sector Country of Total Construction Agriculture Plantation Mining Origin PB PL PB PL PB PL PB PL PB PL Indonesia 17 292 16 549 381 14,625 - - 414 15,466 Nepal - 14 - 122 - 590 - - 0 726 Bangladesh ------0 0 Filipina - - - - - 3 - - 0 3 Thailand - 12 20 21 53 108 - - 73 141 India - - - 3 5 208 - - 5 211 Myanmar - 49 - 119 - 410 - - 0 578 Pakistan - - - - - 154 - - 0 154 Sri Lanka ------0 0 Cambodia - - - 19 2 77 - - 2 96 Other Country - 2 - - - 28 - - 0 30 Total 17 369 36 833 441 16,203 - - 494 17,405 Note: PB – Permohonan Baru, PL – Permohonan Lanjutan Source: Department of Immigration Malaysia, Negeri Kelantan, January 2013
Table 6.35: Total of Dengue Cases in Kelantan According to District, 2011
State/District Total of Registered Cases State/District Total of Registered Cases Bachok 35 Machang 61 Gua Musang 25 Pasir Mas 75 Jeli 33 Pasir Puteh 47 Kota Bharu 340 Tanah Merah 51 Kuala Krai 47 Tumpat 29 Sources: Department of Health Negeri Kelantan, September 2012
Table 6.36: Occurrence of Selected Diseases for Certain District of Negeri Kelantan
Year Diseases District Total 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Tanah Merah 3 6 7 3 14 33 Jeli 12 4 6 27 18 67 Malaria Kuala Krai 4 46 34 16 48 148 Gua Musang 54 202 211 110 160 737 Tanah Merah 0 19 0 0 0 19 Jeli 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chikungunya Kuala Krai 0 56 115 0 0 171 Gua Musang 0 0 3 0 0 3 Tanah Merah 272 61 0 22 33 388 Food Jeli 222 394 0 83 152 851 Poisoning Kuala Krai 20 126 97 44 128 415 Gua Musang 53 51 50 395 0 549 Tanah Merah 2 0 2 1 3 8 Jeli 8 1 1 1 12 23 Typhoid Kuala Krai 4 26 0 0 0 30 Gua Musang 26 25 23 2 0 76 Tanah Merah 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jeli 0 0 0 3 0 3 Leptospirosis Kuala Krai 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gua Musang 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Department of Health Negeri Kelantan, February 2012
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Table 6.37: Occurrence of Selected Diseases for Mukim Bertam Area in 2008 - 2012
Year Mukim Disease Total 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Cholera - - - - - 0 Typhoid - - - - 1 1 Water & Food Dysentery - - - - - 0 Borne Food Bertam - - - - - 0 Poisoning Hepatitis A - - - 24 6 30 Dengue 21 11 45 14 2 93 Vector Borne Malaria 20 29 7 27 15 98 Sources: Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Gua Musang, January 2013
Table 6.38: Data of Selected Diseases in Cameron Highlands, 2009 – 2012 (As At March 2012)
# Diseases 2009 2010 2011 2012 1 Cholera 0 0 0 0 2 Food Poisoning 0 0 3 0 3 Dengue Fever 1 1 1 0 4 Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever 0 0 0 0 5 Leptospirosis 0 0 6 4 6 Malaria 2 4 9 0 7 Viral Encephalitis 0 0 0 0 8 Tuberculosis 5 12 10 0 9 Measles 2 0 0 0 10 HIV 0 1 4 1 11 Hepatitis B 4 1 11 14 12 Syphilis (All F.) 0 0 2 5 13 HFMD 19 11 1 10 Source: Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Cameron Highlands, March 2012
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