Inland Waters of the Pilbara, Western Australia
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INLAND WATERS OF THE PILBARA, WESTERN AUSTRALIA PART2 A.REPORr OF A FIELD STUDY CARRIED OUT IN OCTDBER-NOVEMBER. 1984 by R J MASINI and BA WALKER Department of Botany I and Centre for Water Research The University of Westem Australia Nedlands W A 6009 I .I Env-ironmental Protection Authority Perth. Western. Australia TECHNICAL SERIES 24 January 1989 "A contribution to the State Conservation Strategy" Q66402-l Cover Photograph: Lower Carawine Pool on tpe Oakover River. Back-Cover Photograph: Running Waters on the Davis River. (Photographs by R J Masini) ISSN 1030-0600 ISBN 0730918203 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Mr C Nicholson and Dr J Arnold of the Environmental Protection Authority, and Associate Professor A J McComb of the Centre for Water Research, The University of Western Australia for their constructive input and support during the study and for critically reviewing the manuscript. We also thank the people of the Pilbara region who shared their knowledge with us and Ms F Keating for assistance in preparing the manuscript for publication. Laboratory and computing facilities were supplied by the Department of Botany, The University of Western Australia. i ...... --- CONTENTS Page 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1 1.2 DEFINmONS 2 1.3 CUMATEAND RNER GEOMORPHOWGY 2 2. METHODS 2 2.1 FIELDWORK ............ ............ ........................................................................... .. 2 2.2 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS .......................... .. ..... ............. .... 3 2.3 BIOLOGICAL CHARACIERISTICS 3 2.4 NUI'RIENT CHARACfERISTICS 4 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4 3.1 GENERAL 4 3.2 AREA AND DEPTH 4 3.3 PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACE WATERS 4 3.4 WAJEROUALITY .................................... ......................................................... 4 3.4.1 WAJER 1'EMPERATURE .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ..... .. .. ... .. 11 3.4.2 pH ......................................................................................... ............................ 11 3.4.3 CONDUCTIVI1Y 11 3.4.4 1'01'AL SUSPENDED SOLIDS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... ... .. ...... .... ... .. .. .. .. ...... 11 3.5. FL()RA .... ... ... .... .. .... ... ... .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. ....... ...... .. .... ... ... .. 13 3.5.1 MACROPHYIES 13 3.5.2 PHYTOPI.ANKTON 15 3.5.3 BENTiflC MICROALGAE 15 3.6. FAllNA ... ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ..... ... ... .. .. ... .. .. 19 3.6.1 AQUATIC MACROFAUNA ......... .... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ...... ... .. .. ...... ........................... 19 3.6.2 BIRDS ... ... ...... .... ... .... ... .... .... .... .. .... .. .... ... .. .. ... ... ... ... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... 19 3.6.3 1'ERRES'rRIAL MACROFAUNA .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .... ....... .... ... ..... ... ........ 26 3.7 N1liRIENTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ....... 26 3 .7.1 WATER COLUMN NUf'RIEN1'S ......................... ......... .................... .................. 26 3. 7.2 SEDIMENT NUfRIEN1'S 26 ·· 11 3.7.3 NUTRIENT INTER-RELATIONSHIPS 26 3.8 lAND USE 29 3.8.1 PASTORALISM 29 3.8.2 MINING 30 3.8.3 RECREATION AND TOURISM 31 4 OVERVIEW OF THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 31 5. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS ....... .... ................................................. ... 31 6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ............................. 33 7. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT .......... ......................................... 33 8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .......................... .......................................... 34 9. REFERENCES ............................. ..................................................................... 35 APPENDIX 1. Plant specimens collected at wetland sites in the Pilbara in the course of a sutvey in October-November, 1984 .................................................................... 37 iii FIGURES Page 1. Map of the Pilbara region showing the location of sampling sites visited during October-November, 1984. ............... ......... ........................... 7 2. Vertical water column profile of Lower Carawine Pool (site 25) sampled during the course of the survey, October-November 1984 showing vertical temperature, conductivity, pH, chlorophyll a and phaeophytin strat ification. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 3. Floral species richness data (1983 and 1984) for weUand classes 1-9. 14 4. Analysis of variance for floral species richness for selected wetland class groups. ................. ..... .. ........................................................... 14 TABLES Page 1. Name, location and status ofwetland s ites studied during the course of the survey, October-November 1984. ............................................. 5 2. Wetland sites of the Pilbara (sampled in October-November 1984) classified according to ch aracteristic water source, relationship to groundwa ter, persistence, gradient of bed and predominant substrate. 8 3. Physico-chemical properties (air temperature, water temperature, pH,conductivity, total dissolved salts and turbidity) of inland surface waters of the Pilbara. October-November 1984. .. ............. 10 4. Phytoplankton collected from Pilbara inland surface waters, October- November 1984. .. ............................................. .. ................ ............................. 16 5. Chlorophyll a and phaeophytin of inland waters, and chlorophyll a, phaeophytin and wet/dry weight ratios of sediments of the Pilbara, October-November 1984. ...................... ... .............................. 18 6. Summary of aquatic macrofauna observed at the 9 wetland classes identified during the classification of the inland waters of the Pilbara, over both periods of the study. March-April 1983 and October- November 1984. .. .. .... .. .... ...... .. .. .. .... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... ........ .... ... ......... ... 20 7. Bird species observed at 19 Pilbara wetland sites. October-November 1984. .. .............................................. .. ...... ................ ...................... ... .............. 2 1 8. Summary of avifauna observed at the 9 wetland classes identified during the survey of the inland waters of the Pilbara, over both periods of the study. March-April 1983 and October-November 1984. .. ..... 24 9. Mean number of bird species observed during the classification of inland waters of the Pilbara,over both periods of the study, March- April 1983 and October-November. 1984. .................................................... 19 10. Total filtered and unfiltered nitrogen and phosphorus; total nitrogen to phosphorus ratios of inland waters and sediments of the Pilbara, October-November 1984. ................ .......................... .. .............. 27 11. Selected physical data and observations of artificial wetlands near Marble Bar, October 1984. ........ .. ... ..... ........................................................... 30 i v 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The Environmental Protection Authority has consistently emphasised the need to conserve wetland resources. While significant studies have been made in the south-west of Westem Australia, little is known of the inland surface waters of the semi-arid areas of the state, notably the Pilbara region. For this reason, a study of inland waters of the Pilbara was initiated in 1983 with the following long-term objectives: 1. To produce an inventory of permanent and ephemeral inland surface waters which identifies and documents: (i) significant physical and biological characteristics; (ii) land tenure; (iii) amenity, conservation and recreational values; (iv) pressures arising from existing and potential land uses, human access and population centres. 2. To classify the waters, using significant physical and biological characteristics. 3. To establish priorities for management and/ or reservation. 4. To develop guide-lines for appropriate conservation and management. A first phase of the s tudy began in March-April of 1983, and incorporated three main objectives: 1. To identify and document, as far as practicable, inland surface waters in the Fortescue and DeGrey river catchments in terms of their physical and biological characteristics. 2. To develop a preliminary classification system based on observations made in the field; and 3. To make recommendations for future phases of the study. The study was interrupted during the latter stages by Tropical Cyclone Lena, which prevented access to the north-eastem Pilbara, effectively excluding this area from the survey. The recommendations for future phases of the study therefore included the survey of those surface waters which could not be documented in 1983. The results ofthe 1983 study have been published as 'Inland Waters of the Pilbara, Westem Australia, Part 1' (Masini, 1988). The present report concems the results of a second study conducted during October November 1984, with the following objectives: 1. To identify .and document in terms of their important physical and biological characteristics, the wetlands of the Oakover-DeGrey catchments, with particular emphasis on Carawine Gorge, Skull Springs on the Davis River. Similarly, to survey wetlands along the Ashburton River and its catchment for inclusion in the data