INTERNATIONAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL JOURNAL

International Ayurvedic Medical Journal, (ISSN: 2320 5091) (May, 2017) 5 (5)

ROLE OF SOME AYURVEDIC HERBS IN MANAGEMENT OF MANASROGA

Satyapal Sharma1, Malvika Saini2, Sudipta Kumar Rath3, Mita Kotecha4

1M.D (DravyagunaVigyana), Govt. Ayurvedic Medical Officer, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 2Asst. Professor, Department of DravyagunaVigyana, M.L.R, Ayurvedic College, CharkiDadari, Haryana, India 3Asst. Professor, 4Professor & H.O.D PG. Department of DravyagunaVigyana, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Ayurveda states both body and mind is the seat of health and diseases. Like Vata, Pitta and Kapha are primarily responsible for physical disorders; Raja and Tama are mental/psychic factors for Ma- nasroga. Ancient seers like Charak, Susrut and Vagbhatta contributed about various aspects of Ma- nas and Manasroga and their management. Charak states that ishtasyaalabha (not to get desirable) and anistasyalabha (to get undesirable) are the main causes for Manasroga. Although Satvavajay (counselling) and Yoga are said to be the main management approach, use of herbs do play an impor- tant role in management of manasrogas because beyond a point both sharirik and manasikdoshas get entangled. Medhyarasayan, vatasamak, herbs modulating mind etc. are commonly used to manage Manasroga. In this article will review and discuss herbs like brahmi (Bacopamonnieri Linn.), shank- hapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulisChois), mandukparni (Centellaasiatica Linn.) Vacha (Acorus- calamus Linn.) etc. and their role in managing of contemporary Manasroga.

Keywords: Mind, Manasroga, Ayurvedic herbs.

INTRODUCTION Ayurveda is the most ancient and traditional for a happy and long life. Ayurveda is re- system of medicine in India. It deals with the garded as “The Science of Life” and the prac- whole life of human being starting from birth tice involve the care of physical, mental and to end of life because Ayurveda describe the spiritual health of human being. Life accord- art of living and it is a science of life that re- ing to Ayurveda is a combination of senses, veals what is appropriate as well as auspicious mind, body and soul. Ayurveda is not only Satyapal Sharma Et Al:Role Of Some Ayurvedic Herbs In Management Of Manasroga limited to body or physical symptoms but also and the several other facts extensively dealt in give comprehensive knowledge about spiri- Indian Medicine including the use of psycho- tual, mental and social health. Thus, Ayurveda tropic drugs i.e. medhyadravyas and is a qualitative, holistic science of health and medhyarasayanas5. Since curative therapy is longevity, a philosophy and system of healing expensive and largely palliative, Ayurvedic the whole person, body and mind1. The perfect medicines appear to be a natural choice to re- balance of mind, body and soul is considered duce chronic diseases. as ideal health in Ayurveda. The drugs used in allopathic treatment of men- The concept of Manasroga in Ayurveda: tal disorders have many S/Es as they are syn- In Ayurveda the evolutionary process of life is thetic material or active principles derived a complex phenomenon and accordingly the from plant sources. The continuous use of re- concept of disease especially the mental illness serpine, an alkaloid extracted from Rauvolfi- is also highly complex. Life is a complex un- aserpentina, precipitates suicidal tendencies. ion of sharira, , sattva and atma2. On the other hand suicidal tendencies are much lesser if we use the whole drug as a Thus mind, body and soul influence each powder or in the form of crude extract such as other. However grossly there are two types of decoction. Ayurveda has the general concept disease Sharirika (Somatic) and Manasika that the drugs are to be used 'as a whole 'and (Psychic) according to the location of disease. the diseases are also to be viewed as an inte- When psychic or somatic disease becomes gral whole. chronic due to their intensity, they may get combined with each other. Such combination Ayurveda categorizes treatment modalities into rarely occurs when the disease is manifested three types viz. Satwawajay, Yuktivyapashray only for a short period. Chakrapani further and DaivyapashrayChikitsa. Modern Concept interprets and elaborates their context and of psychotherapy is derived from Sattvavajay- strongly postulates the psychosomatic concept achikitsa as discussed in CharakaSamhita. of Ayurveda3. Whereas Yuktivyapashraya is rational therapy Recent scholars of Ayurveda describe this and Daivyapashray is faith healing6. There is (based on Charak and Chakrapani) in number of herbs which are used in Manasroga following ways4. It has been conceived to be like Brahmi, Shankhapushpi, Mandukaparni, functional element of ATMAN (soul). It has Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Vacha, Ashvagandha been mentioned in that thoughts deter- : etc. mine the facial appearance, thoughts influence facial expression. This can be elucidated by ManasrogaNidan7 the definition of health, the causes of disease, Several factors influence the psychological the approach to the examination of the patient, upset in a person. the application of psychosomatic constituent,  Social circumstances the regimen of mental and physical hygiene  Hereditary factors

IAMJ: MAY, 2017 1634 Satyapal Sharma Et Al:Role Of Some Ayurvedic Herbs In Management Of Manasroga  Traumatic incidents Here the term manovaha is generic & others  Personality of the person are more specific. Scholars of Ayurveda have  Biological reasons (abnormal changes in used specific term to denote specific psycho- the chemicals which play major role in physiological & psychopathological aspect. communication between neurons in brain.) Samprapti (Pathogenesis) of Manasroga: According to Ayurveda there is an imbalance Samprapti is a complete phenomenon, which in tridoshas when there is a causative factor. goes on continuously during the process of The guna of mind rajas and tamas are also manifestation of diseases. ManasVikara usu- affected simultaneously. Excess of shoka (sor- ally runs a sequential process from minor un- row), krodha(anger), chin- noticed general behavioural symptoms to the ta(unnecessarythinking), kama(lust), krod- marked alteration of buddhi, dhriti and smriti. ha(anger), lobh(greed), moha(delusion), ir- Usually these are unnoticed or noticed manas- shya(jealousy), abhimana(pride), ma- vikara symptoms act as nidanarthakararoga da(euphoria), shoka(sorrow) and bhaya(fear) (primary disease acts as an etiology of secon- are some of the negative emotions which can dary disease). contribute to mental imbalance. Holding on to negative emotions and past experiences are Regarding samprapti (pathogenesis) of ma- considered as toxins affecting mind.Charak nasroga Ayurvedic classics holds that the dis- states that ishtasyaalabha (not to get desirable) turbance of the equilibrium of ManasGunas and anistasyalabha (to get Undesirable) are leads to the origin of mental disorders along the main causes for Manasroga. with disequilibrium of sharirikadosha14. There are three qualities of mind viz. Sattva, Rajas Etiopathogenesis of Manasroga: [Manova- and Tamas. When these three remain in equi- hasrotas] librium state leads to mental wellbeing. When Explain what is manovahsrotas, what is its this state of equilibrium is disturbed i.e. when role in manasroga nidan and samprapti. Rajas and TamasDoshas are increased or re-  The understanding of the physiological duction in the qualities of sattvaguna leads to entity of channels of mind (manovahasro- development of Manasvikaras. Such disorders tas) is necessary for the better understand- according to Ayurveda are minor. But when ing of the pathology of different disorders. the somatic Doshasviz, Vata, Pitta, and Kapha  Classical literature regarding the channels are involved in the process of pathogenesis, (srotas) does not directly enumerate the the disease produced as a result of such inter- channels of mind. But in many other con- action is considered as major one. At this level texts different terms are being used to de- there is usually marked alteration of Dhi, note the channels of mind. They are mano- Dhriti and Smriti. Charaka has described the vahasrotas8,9 Buddhivahasro- samprapti of manasroga in very systematic tas,10Sangyavahasrotas,11,12Chetanavahasr way. Accordingly the etiological factors pri- otas,13 marily vitiate Raja and Tama (ManasDoshas),

IAMJ: MAY, 2017 1635 Satyapal Sharma Et Al:Role Of Some Ayurvedic Herbs In Management Of Manasroga which affect Hridaya (the seat of intellect or Yuktivyapasraya, yukti means union, connec- brain) of an Alpasattva person and causes tion and it is much rational in its approach to ManovahaSrotodusti (vitiates psychic centre treating the diseases of psychological and so- .i. e. emotion etc) and give rise to different matic origin. Yukti refers to reasoning and Manasroga. Yuktivyapasraya is based on a rational and scientific outlook. In this, treatment of mental Some Manasroga described in Ayurveda: disorders had given by specific procedures 1. Unmada (psychosis) known as Panchakarma and presiding suitable 2. Apasmara (convulsive disorder) palliative measures as a drugs (Aushadha) and 3. Apatantrakam (hysteria) diet regimen15. 4. Atatvabhinivesham (obsession) Sattvavajaya literally translated refers to con- 5. Bhrama (illusion) quest of mind. This therapy appears to be 6. Tandra (drowsiness) more rational and conclusive Ayurvedic Psy- 7. Klama (neurasthenia) chotherapy known as SattvavajayaChikitsa 8. Mada (loss of perception) (Mind Control Therapy) is composed special 9. Personality disorders status is the incorporation of Sadvrittam (ideal behaviour) or moral code. ‘Satvavajaya’ or Therapeutic Approach of Manasroga in Ay- Psychotherapy is one of the three principal urveda: categories of the approach to the patients care According to Charaksamhita, systematic line as described in Ayurvedic classics. In princi- of treatment of mental diseases includes- ple, Satvavajaya is applicable in varying forms  NidanaParivarjana (elimination of basic in all kinds of diseases, but it is essentially in- cause) dicated in mental diseases. The classical Sat-  Daivavyapasrayachikitsa, vavajaya is based on three principles viz., (1)  Yuktivyapasrayachikitsa Replacement of emotions, (2) Assurances and  Sattvavajaya (3) Psycho–Shock Therapy. Ayurveda con- ceives a set of emotions Daivavyapasraya is literally translated to like Kama (Lust), Krodha (Anger), Lobha (Gr mean any therapy that depend on the ‘Daivya’ eed), Moha, Irsya, Dwesa, Harsa (Happi- (Divine) or linked to it and it is concerned to ness), Visada (Grief), Mana (Pride), Cittodveq unknown circumstances, which are beyond the a (Anxiety) etc., These are considered as basic purview of reasoning or can’t establish on sci- components of psychopathology. Some of entific basis, and hence it is just remain as them are contradictory to certain others spiritual therapy. It in- viz., Kama is contradictory clude Mantrah (Incantations), Manidharan to Krodha and Harsa is contradictory (Precious Stones), Aushadam (Amulets), to Visada and vice versa and so on. In Sat- Mangalam (Propitiatory Rites), vavajaya, the psychotherapist attempts to Bali (Oblations), Homa (Sacrifice), Upavasa know the state of these emotions casually as- (Fasting), Japah (Prayer), Vratam (Vows). sociated to the illness in his patient and then

IAMJ: MAY, 2017 1636 Satyapal Sharma Et Al:Role Of Some Ayurvedic Herbs In Management Of Manasroga develop strategies to replace the pathogenic comprehensive Satvavajaya is not practiced by emotions with the opposite ones. Simultane- many Ayurvedic physicians but there is a po- ously, he also uses assurance therapy and in tential scope of its revival and development case of severe manifestations the psychoshock into a suitable psychotherapeutic model16. therapy is indicated. Although in current times

Table 1: Classification of herbs used in manasroga: Sl.No Name Botanical Name Medhya Rasayana 1. 1 Mandukaparni Centellaasiatica 2. 2 Yashtimadhu Glycyrrhizaglabra 3. 3 Guduchi Tinosporacordifolia 4. 4 Shankhapushpi Convolvulus pluricaulis Medhya Dravya 5. 1 Brahmi Bacopamonnieri 6. 2 Jyotishmati Celastruspenniculatus 7. 3 Ashwagandha Withaniasomnifera 8. 4 Vacha Acoruscalamus 9. 5 Jatamanshi Nordostachysjatamansi 10. 6 Haritaki Terminaliachebula 11. 7 Shatavari Asparagus racemosus 12. 8 Kushmanda Benincasahispida 13. 9 Akarakarabha Anacyclus pyrethrum

Description of Ayurvedic Herbs Used For triterpenoid saponins known as bacosides, ManasRoga: with jujubogenin or pseudo-jujubogenin moie- Brahmi (Bacopamonnieri): A small perennial ties as aglycone units.17 It also inhib- herb of scrophulariaceae family. Rasa: Katu, its acetylcholinesterase, activates choline ace- Guna: Laghu, Virya: Ushna, Vipaka: Katu, tyltransferase, and increases cerebral blood Doshaprabhav: Kapha-vataghna. This is very flow in rats.18 use full in Unmade. It Supports learning, memory and concentration. This herb im- Sankhupushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis): it is proves brain function and helps to overcome belonging convolvulacea family. Rasa: Tikta, restlessness and anxiety. Clinical studies per- Guna: Snigdha, Pichhil, Virya: Shita, Vipak: formed in India confirm that the bacosides in Madhur, Prabhav: Medhya, Doshaprabhav: Brahmi can revitalize intellectual functions in Vata-Pttaghna. Sankhupushpi has tranquiliz- children. Bacopa also prepares the brain to re- ing effects and helps to calm the person; It spond to stress in the most efficient way. It gives good sleep and is also a memory boost- helps in efficient transmission of nerve im- er. Convolvulus pluricaulis has been widely pulses. The best characterized compounds in screened for its various pharmacological activ- Bacopamonnieri are dammarane types of ities. It has relatively well documented neuro-

IAMJ: MAY, 2017 1637 Satyapal Sharma Et Al:Role Of Some Ayurvedic Herbs In Management Of Manasroga pharmacological actions such as nootropic, shaprabhav: tridoshamaka, Medhya. It is an antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticon- important drug of Indian Systems of Medicine vulsant, tranquilising and sedative activities and used in medicines since times immemo- which justify its use in CNS diseases in the rial. Charak has described of guduchiswarasa system of Ayurveda. as Medhyarasayan. Tinosporacordifolia has been claimed to possess learning and memory Mandukparni (Centellaasiatica): it is a pros- enhancing19.The neuroprotective activity of trate herb of Umbelliferae family and rooting ethanol extract of Tinosporacordifolia aerial at the nodes. Rasa: Tikta, Kashaya, Guna: parts have been shown in a study involving 6- Laghu, Virya: Shita, Vipaka: Madhur, Prab- hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rat hav: Medhya, Doshaprabhav: model of Parkinson's disease (PD)2. Evidence Kapha,Pttaghna. This enhances blood circula- also exists for aqueous ethanolic extract tion in brain and is very effective in anxiety, of Tinosporacordifolia playing a role for dif- stress, epilepsy and all mental disor- ferentiation based therapy of glioblastomas21. ders.Triterpenoid, saponins, the primary con- Involvement of Monoaminergic and GABAer- stituents of Centellaasiatica are manly be- gic Systems in Antidepressant-like Activity lieved to be responsible for its wide therapeu- of Tinosporacordifolia is shown in a study in- tic actions in ManasRogas. volving mouse model of depression using tail suspension test and forced swim test22. Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhizaglabra): A sticky, Vacha (Acoruscalamus): it is one of the exten- perennial herb with underground stems (rhi- sively prescribed herbs in brhattrayi texts. It is zomes). It is belonging to Fabaceae fami- belonging to Araceae family. Rasa: Katu, ly.Rasa: Madhura, Guna: Guru,Snigdha, Tikta, Guna: Laghu, Tikshna, Virya: Ushna, Virya: Shita, Vipaka: Madhura, Prabhava: Vipaka: Katu, Prabhav: Medhya, Doshaprab- Medhya, Doshaprabhav: tridoshahara. The hav: Kapha, vatahara. This herb is indicated phytochemical Glabridin present in the roots in Unmada, Apasmara.Vacha has been of Glycyrrhizaglabra has positive effects on screened for various pharmacological activi- cognitive functions. It increases the circulation ties. This is neuroprotective and is useful to into the CNS system, improves learning and treat hyperactivity. In India, this is given to memory on scopolamine induced dementia. It children to enhance memory and concentra- is used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease tion. Since it is a nervine tonic it is very im- also. portant in mental health. Vacha is considered to be an important remedy in Unmada, or psy- Guduchi (Tinosporacordifolia): It is a large, chosis. deciduous extensively spreading climbing shrub of menispermaceae family with several It has significant CNS actions such as anticon- elongated twining branches. Rasa: Tiktta, Ka- vulsant, sedative, hypnotic, tranquilizing, and shaya, Guna: Guru, Snigdha, Virya: Ushna, memory enhancing, which justifies its use in Vipaka: Madhura, Prabhava: Medhya, Do- some CNS diseases in the Ayurvedic system of

IAMJ: MAY, 2017 1638 Satyapal Sharma Et Al:Role Of Some Ayurvedic Herbs In Management Of Manasroga medicine. It also has acetylcholinesterase in- bilizer is clinical conditions of anxiety, and hibitor, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, anti- depression, clearance and reverses the behav- inflammatory, anthelmintic, and insecticidal ioural deficits and pathology seen in Alz- effects.23Acoruscalamus has used in Ayurvedic heimer's disease models.25 medicine on a regular basis for the treatment of memory loss and other mental disorders24. Haritaki(Terminaliachebula):it is belonging to Combretaceae family. It is a large tree, with Jatamansi (Nardostachysjatamansi DC). It is rust-coloured or silvery hairs over the younger important plant of the family Valerianceae. branchlets etc. Rasa: Kashayapradhanapan- Rasa: Tikta, Kashaya & Madhura, Guna: chrasa, Guna: Ruksha, Laghu, Virya: Ushna, Laghu, Snigdha, Virya: Shita, Vipaka: Katu, Vipaka: Madhura, Doshaprabhav: Tridosha- Prabhav: Bhutaghna (manasdoshahar), hara.Haritaki is an important and popular Doshaprabhav: Tridoshaghna. In Ayurveda, drug used by the practitioners of traditional Jatamansi is commonly used to insomnia, medicine. AcharyaBhavaprakasha has de- stress and Rasayana for memory enhance- scribed of ahritaki as Medhya and Rasayana. ment. The essential oils in roots cure depres- sion and hysteria. Jatamansi oil helps to Kushmanda (Benincasahispida) belonging to soothe the nerves. Cucurbitaceae an extensive trailing or climb- ing herb cultivated throughout the plains of Jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculatus) is be- India as a vegetable. Rasa: Madhura, Guna: longing to celastraceae. It is a large, woody, Snigdha, Laghu, Virya: Shita, Vipaka: Madhu- climbing shrub with ovate or obvovate leaves ra, Doshaprabhav: Pitta-Vatahara. It has a found all over India. Rasa: Tiktta, Guna: tissue protective preventive effect on colchi- Tikshna, Virya: Ushna, Vipaka: Katu, Dosha- cine induced Alzheimer's disease via direct prabhav:Vata-kaphahara. Seed oil (Jyotish- and indirect antioxidant activ- matiTaila) is known for Medhya action. Seed ity26.Kushmandghrit has increased immediate oil ofCelastruspanniculatus (Malkangni) re- memory, possess antidepressant activity.27 versed scopolamine-induced deficits in navi- Satavari (Asparagus racemosus): belonging to gational memory task in young adult rats. Liliaceae. Rasa: Madhura, Tiktta, Guna: Aswagandha (Withaniasomnifera): it is a un- Guru, Snigdha, Virya: Shita, Vipaka: Madhu- der shrub, erect stem. It is important plant of ra, Doshaprabhav: Vata-pittahara. Satavari is the family Solanacaea.Rasa: Katu, Tiktta, Gu- extensively used for its tonic, immunomodula- na: Snigdha, Laghu, Virya: Ushna, Vipaka: tory etc. Susruta has described of satavari as Katu, Doshaprabhav:Vata-kaphahara. Ash- medhya & Rasayana. It is very effective in wagandha is used to treat disorders that affect pettikmanasroga in females. central nervous system, particularly epilepsy, stress and neurodegenerative diseases such as Akarakarabha (Anacyclus pyrethrum): be- Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. It soothes the longing to Asteraceae. It is a hairy shrub pos- nerves and promotes mental health. Mood sta- sessing white or yellow flowers. Rasa: Katu,

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Indian J Pharmacology, 2014; 46(2): 176- How to cite this URL: Satyapal Sharma Et Al:Role Of 180. Some Ayurvedic Herbs In Management Of Manasroga. 21. Mishra R, Kaur G. Aqueous ethanolic ex- International Ayurvedic Medical Journal {online} 2017 {cited May, 2017} Available from: tract of Tinosporacordifolia as a potential http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/1633_1641.pdf candidate for differentiation based therapy of glioblastomas. Journal of plos.one. 2013; 8(10): e78764. 22. Dhingra D, Goyal PK. Evidences for the Involvement of Monoaminergic and GABAergic Systems in Antidepressant- like Activity of Tinosporacordifolia in

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