TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
1 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
2 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
3 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
4 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
5 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
6 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
7 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
8 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
9 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
10 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
11 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Chief Patrons Dr. T. Mohapatra, Director General, ICAR, New Delhi H.E. Eng. Wassfi Hassan El Sreihin, Secretary General, African-Asian Rural Development Organization, New Delhi
Chairman Prof S K Bhatnagar, Secretary General, SPR & Dean, College of Biotechnology, SVPUAT, Meerut
Organizing Secretary Prof. K S Rao, Botany Department, Delhi University, Delhi
Finance Secretary Prof. Minu B. Madlani, Principal, Hinduja College, Mumbai
Convener Dr. Manoj K. Nardeosingh, Assistant Secretary General, AARDO, New Delhi
Co-ordinator Prof. Sunil Pabbi, Principal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi
Jt. Organizing Secretary Dr. Khushnood Ali, Head, Research Division, AARDO, New Delhi
Co-organizing Secretaries Prof. V. P. Singh, Botany Department, Delhi University, Delhi Prof Amar Prakash Garg, Department of Microbiology, C C S University, Meerut Prof. Dolly Wattal Dhar, Division of Microbiology, IARI, New Delhi
Associate Organizing Secretaries Dr. Sangita Bansal, CIPHET, Ludhiana Dr. Renu Singh, Division of Environmental Sciences, IARI, New Delhi Dr. Laxman Prasad, Pathology Division, IARI, New Delhi
Official Email: [email protected]
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
International Advisory Committee: National Advisory Committee:
Prof Ajit Varma, Sr. President, AIMT, Amity University, Prof. Anupam Varma, INSA Sr. Scientist, New Delhi Noida Prof M N Noor, Ranchi University, Ranchi Prof Narendra Tuteja, Director, Amity University, Noida Prof. P W Ramteke, SHIAST, Allahabad Prof. M. S. Reddy, Chairman, Asian PGPR Society, USA Prof. I B Prasher, PU, Chandigarh Prof S C Chun, Konkak Univ., Seoul, Republic of Korea Prof. Sarita Nazareth, Goa University, Goa Prof T Katsaros, University of Athens, Greece Prof. D P Singh, Director, NAAC, Bangalore Prof Prem P Jauhar, North Dakota State University, USA Prof. R C Sobti, VC, BBCU, Lucknow Prof T S Kahlon, USDA-ARS, Albany, USA Prof. Arvind Kumar, VC, CU, Jhansi Prof Govindjee, University of Illinois, Illinois Prof. Parminder Khurana, DU, New Delhi Prof Arun Goel, Indo-US Found. Res. Edu., Duluth, USA Prof. I S Dua, PU, Chandiagrh Prof Alexander Hansen, Director, DFG India Office, New Prof. Hari Shankar Gupta, Borlaug Institute, New Delhi Delhi Prof. B D Singh, BHU, Varanasi Prof Dr. Andreas Burkert, Univ. of Kassel, Germany Prof. C. Dam Roy, Director, CIARI, Portblair Prof David Herridge, Univ. of New England, New South Prof. M U Charaya, CCS, Meerut Wales Prof H B Singh, BHU, Varanasi Prof Mark Peoples, Canberra, Australia Prof R K Singh, Director/VC, IARI, Izzatnagar Prof William Stock, Edith Cowan University, Western Prof Gaya Prasad, VC, SVPUAT, Meerut Australia Prof Manoj K Dhar, Jammu University, Jammu Prof Stanley J Roux, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA. Prof Rana P Singh, BBU, Lucknow Prof. Anjana Singh, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Prof Sanjay Deshmukh, VC, Mumbai University, Mumbai Prof. Robert M Stroud, Univ. of California, San Francisco, Prof Malini Pandey, Director, MGRU, Chennai USA Prof P K Gupta, INSA-Sr. Scientist, CCSU, Meerut Prof S N Puri, Former Vice Chancellor, Central University, Prof Ichha Purak, Ranchi University, Ranchi Imphal Prof. Sharif Ahmad, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi Dr. Gurdev S. Khush FRS, Member US National Acad. of Prof P. K. Yadav, JNU, New Delhi Sci., USA Dr. Pratibha Singh, Head, TAU, Department of Prof. Jagjit S. Yadav, University of Cincinnati, USA Biotechnology, New Delhi Prof. Sagadevan G. Mundree, Queensland Univ. of Tech, Dr. A. Chakraborty, Indo-German Sci. & Tech. Centre, Australia New Delhi Prof. Bernard Carroll, Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Dr Anil K Saxena, Director, NBAIM, Mau Australia Prof. Sudhir K Sopory, ICGEB, New Delhi (Former VC, Dr. Autar K. Mattoo, USDA-ARS, Maryland JNU) Dr. Kai-Wun Yeh, Inst. Plant Biol, Natl. Taiwan Univ.,Taiwan Dr. Ashutosh Sharma, DST Secretary, New Delhi Prof. Fucheng Lin, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. Prof. P. B. Sharma, VC, Amity University, Gurgaon China (Manesar) Prof. Dr. Henry H Chen, Sci. & Tech. Division, Taipei Eco. & Prof. Rajiv K. Saxena, South Asian University, New Delhi Cult. Centre, Taiwan Prof. Neera Bhalla Sarin, SLS, JNU, New Delhi Prof. Christopher Franco, Flinders University, Australia Dr. Girish Sahni, Director General, CSIR & Secretary DSIR, New Delhi H.E. Andres Barbe, Ambassador of Chile to India. Dr. V Prakash, Distinguished Scientist of CSIR
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About the Conference:
We are pleased to witness the galaxy of Ministers, policy makers, agriculturists, Biotechnologists, Botanists, Rural development activists and elite group of learned delegates to the International Conference on Technological Advancement for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (TASARD-India, 2017)” being organized by Society for Plant Research in collaboration with African- Asian Rural Development during 20-22 February, 2017 followed by Post Conference Field visits cum workshop on 23-24 February, 2017. These events are aimed to bring together international scientists, policy makers, practitioners and other stakeholders on different aspects of Sustainable Agriculture, Biological Sciences and Rural Development. The program of the conference will include the following sub areas:
1. Technological Advancement in Agricultural Production System and Value Chain Management 2. Plant Science Research for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Management 3. Phyto-remediation for Health and Environment in context of Rural Development 4. Plant Developmental Biology, Metabolomics, Genomics and Proteomics 5. Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture, Transgenic Development and Commercial Sectors 6. Plant Microbe Interaction 7. Role of Plants in Medicine, Natural Resource Conservation and Food Security 8. Geo-Informatics (GIS, GPS, Remote Sensing) for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development 9. Indigenous Knowledge/Practices for Conserving Natural Resources 10. Management of Water Resources 11. Startup of Agri-business and Value Chain Management 12. Export Promotion of Small and Medium On Farm and Off Farm Agro-based Enterprises 13. Promotion and Management of Non-Conventional Sources of Energy in Rural Areas 14. Implications of Nano-science in Agriculture and Health 15. Integrated Rural Development through Women and Community Empowerment 16. Costal Research for Human Welfare 17. Economics of Post Harvest Agriculture in Rural Upliftment 18. Livestock and agricultural prosperity
About the Organizers:
SOCIETY FOR PLANT RESEARCH (SPR)-AN INTRODUCTION Society for Plant Research was established in 1988 by the Department of Botany, Bareilly College, Bareilly, a premier college of northern India having Prof S K Bhatnagar as its Founder Secretary General and the society was given the name. The Society is having its Editorial office in the College of Biotechnology, SVP University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, 250110, India and Administrative Office at 204, Green Estate, Meerut.
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A journey started with an objective, the zeal to work and devotion. The society was established with a mandate to provide open platform to the researchers in various disciplines of Botany, Plant Sciences, Agriculture, Forestry, Environmental Sciences and modern sciences like Plant Biotechnology etc. for publishing their researches in the journal VEGETOS. Besides this, organizing Conferences and Seminar under its umbrella was an essential activity to provide an open platform for scientific discussions, exchange of view and interaction among scientists. Publication of research journal VEGETOS was also finalized and I feel proud in announcing that SOCIETY FOR PLANT RESEARCH has completed 27 successful years of service to the scientific community through lot of academic activities and achievements to its credit due to which it could reach to this height and could establish it at international level. We celebrated its Silver Jubilee in the same A. P. Shinde Auditorium at NASC complex, New Delhi as an International Conference and the then Director General (ICAR) and Secretary, DARE Dr S. Ayyappan released Silver Jubilee volume of the journal VEGETOS.
This society has so far organized 14 national and three international conferences on upcoming topics of national and international interest including Biotechnology, Biodiversity, Eco-restoration and related thrust areas since 1994 and has focused on SPR Chapters in various parts of the country. SPR is publishing a quarterly International journal VEGETOS (ISSN 0970-4078, Online ISSN 2229-4473) which is being indexed by Thomson Reuters with an IMPACT FACTOR of 0.042 (2013-14), CABI, Elsevier, Indian Science Abstract, MAAPA and NAAS (Impact Factor 6.00: 2015-16)..
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The Society for Plant Research has worldwide circulation of its journal VEGETOS and has launched Almamater Series of Lectures besides nominating FELLOWS and Conferring prestigious awards like B M Johri Memorial Award, Lifetime Achievement Award, Y S R K Sarma Memorial Award, K S Bilgrami Memorial Award and so on so forth to felicitate and honour globally renowned researchers. SPR had also been carrying out activities related to natural resource conservation from time to time. VEGETOS is now having its own website www.vegetosindia.org which can be referred for any further detail.
AFRICAN-ASIAN RURAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (AARDO)- AN INTRODUCTION
The formation of African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) in 1962 underscored the far- sightedness of the social and political leaders of Asia and Africa in recognizing the need for cooperation among the countries in the field of agriculture and rural development. AARDO which is one of the earliest examples of South-South cooperation in rural development in the African-Asian region, is an autonomous inter-governmental Organization comprising country governments of Africa and Asia. The Organization was set up with a view to promote coordinated efforts, exchange of experiences and cooperative action for furthering the objectives of development of the rural areas. AARDO is a non-political body enjoys observer status with various UN and other international organizations like Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific (CIRDAP), Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (AOAD), etc. It also promotes collaboration with various national/regional/international organizations for the economic and social welfare of the rural community.
Keeping in view the socio-economic scenario of the developing countries of the African-Asian region, AARDO is mandated to address both agriculture and rural development. AARDO’s tagline "Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" of its member countries is equally its main goal. In line with this goal, the Organization has its own Vision and Mission that provide proper direction to its activities and the targeted achievements. Vision
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The Vision of AARDO is "to improve the quality of life" of the rural people in the African-Asian member countries of AARDO.
Mission The Mission of AARDO is to catalyze efforts of the African-Asian countries, to help them "restructure their rural societies and to reconstruct the economy of their rural people", by launching concerted, and wherever possible, cooperative action with the determination of its member countries in the region. Area of Concern; as enshrined in the Constitution of the Organization, are:
1 Poverty Alleviation 2 Sustainable Agricultural Development 3 Integrated Rural Development 4 Women’s Empowerment 5 Decentralization and Community Empowerment 6 Environment and Climatic Changes in the context of Rural Development
AARDO realizes its objective, among others, by way of human resource development which is based on training programmes, workshops, seminars, study visits, deputation of experts, etc. These programmes are designed to meet the real needs of and the problems facing the rural people. AARDO’s strategies broadly are focused on four areas i.e. human resource development, financing of development pilot projects, dissemination of information and networking.
The membership of AARDO consists of governments of African and Asian countries. Currently, there are thirty one members; fifteen from Africa and fifteen from Asia as full members and one Associate Member. These members are: Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, R O China (Taiwan), Gambia, Ghana, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iraq, Jordan, R O Korea, Kenya, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Yemen and Zambia, and the associate member is Korea Rural Community Corporation (KRC). Countries falling outside the African-Asian region, as well as organizations and foundations, can join as associate members.
AARDO is a democratic organization with members holding supreme authority within the framework of the Constitution. The basic organs of the Organization include: (i) the AARDO Conference; (ii) the Executive Committee; (iii) the Secretariat, besides the Liaison Committee. The Secretariat of the Organization is located at New Delhi, India. The Secretary General is the Chief Executive having the duty to implement the policies and programmes of AARDO. He/she functions as the Member Secretary to the AARDO Conference, the Executive Committee and the Liaison Committee. The Secretariat has qualified and professional personnel to implement the policies and programmes of the Organization under the overall guidance of the Secretary General.
For better coordination and implementation of its Work Programme, the Secretariat is assisted by six regional offices set up by AARDO, three in Africa and three in Asia. These regional offices are located at: Accra, Republic of Ghana for the Western Africa; Lusaka, Republic of Zambia for the Southern Africa; Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt for the North-Eastern Africa; Amman, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for the Middle East, Seoul, Republic of Korea for the Far East and Islamabad, Pakistan for the South and Central Asia. The main objective for establishing the regional offices has been to ensure that the true image of the Organization is constantly projected and assist in the execution of approved programmes, including organization of seminars, workshops,
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conferences, etc. The Regional Offices are headed by Honorary Regional Representatives in their respective countries.
AARDO has twenty five (25) apex level Centers of Excellence in its eleven (11) member countries, namely Bangladesh, R.O. China (Taiwan), Egypt, India, R.O. Korea, Malaysia, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines and Zambia for specialized trainings/workshops on various facets of rural and agricultural development. Annually, AARDO provides around four hundred (400) fully-paid fellowships for specialized trainings ranging from one week to three months; moreover, fellowships of one-year Post Graduate Diploma in Rural Development Management (PGDRDM) at NIRD, India; Master’s Degree Programme at the Park Chung Hee School of Policy and Saemaul (PSPS) Yeungnam University, R.O. Korea; and Master’s Degree & Ph.D. Programme at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan are available for the nominees of the member countries. In addition, AARDO organizes International/Regional workshops/seminars every year, where a considerable number of participants attend from its member countries.
Financing of development pilot projects is also one of AARDO’s important activities undertaken in its member countries. The Organization lays emphasis on encouraging member countries to undertake such projects which significantly contribute in their rural economy through alleviation of poverty, provision of good living conditions, creation of opportunities for income and employment generation, etc. Since 1991, AARDO has financed more than sixty (60) development pilot projects in its twenty (20) member countries. As per modus operandi, AARDO’s projects are implemented on cost sharing basis with the concerned host government/institutions as well as the beneficiaries.
For further detailed information, the website (www.aardo.org) of the Organization may kindly be referred to.
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International Conference Technological Advancement for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (TASARD-India, 2017)
CONTENTS
S.No. TITLE Page No.
1 Invited/Awardee Lectures 1 – 37
2 Oral Presentation 38 – 101
3 Poster Presentation 102 – 278
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Invited/Awardee Lectures
Beneficial Plant Microbiome: Importance of Molecular Signals Between Microbes and the Plant Host for Successful Plant Growth Promotion
Anton Hartmann1,2,3 1Helmholtz Zentrum München, Department Environmental Sciences, Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, München-Neuherberg, Germany, 2Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Faculty of Biology, LS Microbiology, München-Planegg, 3Bashan Institute of Science Inc,. Auburn, Alabama, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Each plant harbors distinct microbial communities. Although the colonization of plants by microbes is known for more than 100 years, molecular characterization technologies are providing almost unbiased insights into the diversity and activities of these microbial communities since about one decade. For example, it turned out that plant species or even cultivars have quite unique microbial populations associated with their surfaces and also within their tissues. These plant colonizing microbes may exert great influences on plant health and development. Since the genetic capacity of microbes associated all higher organisms is by far higher than and complementary to the hosts´ genetic repertoire, the importance of prokaryote-eukaryote interactions has led to the metagenome or holobiont view of higher organisms and their associated microbiomes. The hypothesis was created that these assemblages / symbioses are the true, evolutionary superior life strategies for accommodating with rapidly changing and challenging environmental conditions. There is much to discover regarding prokaryotic diversity and their function within the plant microbiome, since many microbes are until now difficult or even impossible to isolate and to grow in pure culture and microbe-plant interactions cover a wide spectrum, from pathogenic to beneficial and even symbiotic interactions in plant and animal/human hosts. The primary selection of microbes by the plant is directed by the innate immune system and the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). However, plant´s perception of surrounding microbes goes far beyond by recognizing more general microbial associated patterns (MAMPS). To understand the establishment of beneficial interactions of microbes with plants, it is necessary to further include diverse small microbial molecules into consideration, which modulate the primary MAMP-directed innate immune response of plants. While the description of the microbial diversity within the plant microbiome has made substantial progress, only comparably little details are understood about microbe-host interaction mechanisms. Several groups of signaling molecules are known, like a multitude of bacterial volatile substances, microbial-synthesized phytohormones and other secondary metabolites, like antibiotics. Since most bacteria communicate and organize their population activities through quorum sensing-regulating molecules, these compounds are also in the discussion as candidates for microbial signals to plants. The auto-inducing small molecules (N-acyl- L-homoserine lactones, AHL) of the quorum sensing activity in Gram-negative bacteria are only recently discovered signals also between bacteria and plants. In the keynote, several cases of molecular interactions through AHLs will be presented. This covers the perception of pure AHL-compounds by several plants and also the modulation of interaction of beneficial rhizobacteria with plants through their production of AHLs. Examples and
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perspectives for practical applications will also be given. A profound understanding of the multiple molecular interactions among the plant microbiome and the microbiome and the plant host may provide better chances to improve plant performance by deliberately influencing the plant microbiome with beneficial microbes.
Mining Plant Rhizospheres and Tissues for Bacteria that Help Plants Grow under Stressful Conditions
Pilar Martínez-Hidalgo1, Maskit Maymon1, Esteban Veliz1, Pierrick Bru1, Tyler Ice1, Ethan Humm1, Noor Khan1, Kym Faull2,3 and Ann M. Hirsch1.2 1Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, 2Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, and 3Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles USA 90095-1606. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Nodules are plant organs generated on the roots of leguminous plants in cooperation with either alpha- or beta-proteobacteria, known as alpha- or beta-rhizobia, which fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia to promote plant growth. For decades, rhizobia were the most commonly studied plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). However, other microbes, which are not rhizobia, have been detected within plant tissues, including nitrogen-fixing nodules, and have also been isolated from the rhizosphere. Our laboratory has isolated a diverse group of microbes, including strains of Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, Streptomyces, Micromonospora, and many more, which contribute to plant growth in myriad ways. The isolates are tested for growth-promoting traits in vitro, and also by an analysis of sequenced genomes of select bacterial strains for specific biochemical traits. Some Bacillus strains, for example, exhibit strong biocontrol activity against Fusarium infection and the mechanism of action appears to rely on hydrolytic enzyme activity; genes encoding chitin deacytlases and cellulases are detected in the genomes of these strains. However, despite extensive testing, no evidence of bacterial volatile production was found for these Bacillus strains. Co-inoculating plants with rhizobia and PGPB promotes plant growth beyond that of singly inoculated plants. For example, when pea roots carrying a DR5::GUSA construct, an indicator for auxin response, were co-inoculated with either B. simplex 30N-5 or B. subtilis 30VD-1 and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae 128C53, the nodules were larger and more clustered than the singly inoculated plants. Moreover, the nodules had highly branched vascular bundles in which the DR5-construct was expressed. Although some auxin-biosynthesis genes were found in the genome, we could not identify an intact biochemical pathway nor could we detect any auxin production using LC/MS/MS-MRM. Another PGPB example is Micromonospora, an actinomycete, which when co- inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti increases alfalfa dry weight significantly over the control single inoculations. Micromonospora also exhibits significant biocontrol activity, which is most likely due to chitinolytic activity based on genome gazing and biochemical experiments. The continued search for information about PGPB will be useful for defining strategies to employ these bacteria in agriculture as bioinoculants that could decrease the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which pose a hazard to the environment as well as to humans. We have used this same scientific approach in the classroom to motivate undergraduate students to learn about soil and plant-microbe interactions. The combination of metagenomics technology and the more ―traditional‖ cultivation-dependent methods has become an exciting way to engage students in
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hands-on and computational-based research. The students start with soil samples isolated under the canopy of various plants, some of which they themselves collect from the UCLA Mildred M. Mathias Botanical Garden. They culture the organisms for cultivation-dependent analysis on culture plates or isolate environmental DNA (e-DNA) for metagenomic sequencing from the samples during the 10-week course. By the end of the course, each team of four students will have isolated approximately 10-20 independent isolates, which are tested for their antagonistic potential against phytopathogenic fungi and for their effect on plant growth. The strains are then identified by 16S RNA sequencing. From the cultivation-independent analyses, the students construct phylogenetic trees based on computational methods and compare these microbes with those obtained by the cultivation and metagenomics approaches for any parallels. After the course, many of the students continue with independent research projects in the Hirsch laboratory where they expand their knowledge and technical expertise.
Formulations for Inoculants of PGPR
Noga Bashan1, Luz E. de-Bashan1,2 and Yoav Bashan1,2 1The Bashan Institute of Science, Auburn, Alabama, USA; 2Environmental Microbiology Group, Northwestern Center for Biological Research (CIBNOR), La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Inoculation of plants with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) either rhizoplane, endophytes and plant symbionts to enhance performance of plants is centuries old. The majority of field inoculations done today are on cereals and legumes. Yet, numerous other crops are inoculated mostly in developing countries. In general, shortly after suspensions of bacteria, the most primitive inoculant, are inoculated into the soil without a proper carrier, the bacterial population declines rapidly for most species of PGPB. This phenomenon, combined with production of bacterial biomass, the need to sustain activity in the rhizosphere, and the physiological state of the bacteria at application time, can prevent the buildup of a sufficiently large PGPB population in the rhizosphere. These unprotected, inoculated bacteria must compete with the often better-adapted native microflora and withstand predation by soil microfauna. Consequently, a major role in the formulation of inoculants is to provide a more suitable microenvironment, combined with physical protection for prolonged periods to prevent a rapid decline of bacteria introduced into the soil. Inoculants for field-scale use have to be designed to provide a dependable source of bacteria that survives in the soil and become available to the plant, when needed. The first goal when considering inoculation of cereals with PGPB is to find the best strain of bacteria or a microbial consortium for the intended effect on the target crop. The next step is to design a specific inoculant formulation for specific target plants and a method of practical application, considering the limitations of the growers. Currently, many inoculants are in the marketplace, some that substantially improve yield.
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Gene Mining in Model and Halophytic Plants: Functional Identification of Stress Regulatory Genes by Random Gene Transfer and Large-scale Genetic Screens.
László Szabados1, Gábor Rigó1, Ildikó Valkai1, Dóra Faragó1, Edina Kiss1, Csaba Koncz2, Sara Van Houdt3, Nancy Van de Steene3 and Matthew A. Hannah3 1Biological Research Centre, 6726-Szeged, Hungary, 2Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding, D- 50829 Köln, Germany, 3Bayer CropScience, 9052-Ghent, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Extreme environmental conditions limit plant growth and impose abiotic stress to plants. Adaptation of plants to suboptimal conditions requires extensive molecular reprogramming leading to major changes in metabolic, proteomic and transcript profiles. Research on Arabidopsis thaliana has identified a number of regulatory genes, which control the pathways linking stress perception and metabolic or developmental responses. Study of a stress sensitive model has however limitations in understanding tolerance to harsh environments. Extremophile plants, such as xerophytes and halophytes can grow in arid regions or on saline soils, which are otherwise lethal to non-adapted species. Such species are valuable sources of tolerance-related genes, which can help to understand the tolerance mechanism and subsequently improve stress tolerance of crops. The Conditional cDNA Overexpression System (COS) was previously developed in our laboratory for functional identification of stress regulatory genes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Using the COS system, several novel stress-related Arabidopsis genes were identified, including the Heat Shock Factor A4A, which could enhance salt and oxidative stress tolerance upon overexpression. Regulated overexpression of the Zinc Finger 3 (ZFP3) factor imposed abscisic acid (ABA) insensitivity to germinating seeds and modulated photomorphogenic regulation of Arabidopsis seedlings (Joseph et al., 2014). The ERFVII-type transcription factor RAP2.12 was found to regulate responses to low oxygen, oxidative and osmotic stresses. To identify novel stress-related genes in an extremophile plant, we have adapted the COS system to Lepidium crassifolium a halophytic relative of the Arabidopsis model, which is tolerant to salt, osmotic and oxidative stresses. The modified COS cDNA library was transferred from salt- stressed L. crassifolium plants to the glycophyte plant A. thaliana. By screening for salt, osmotic and oxidative stress tolerance through in vitro growth assays and non-destructive chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, 20 Arabidopsis lines were identified with superior performance under restrictive conditions. Several cDNA inserts from L. crassifolium were cloned and confirmed to be responsible for the enhanced tolerance. Examples include cDNAs encoding proteins with high homologies to GDSL- lipase/esterase or acyl CoA-binding protein or proteins without known function, which could confer tolerance to one or several stress conditions. Our results demonstrate, that random gene transfer from stress tolerant to sensitive plant species is a valuable tool to discover novel genes with potential for biotechnological applications.
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Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria – Early Investigations, Present State and Future Prospects
Rainer Borriss1,2,3 1Humboldt University Berlin, Phytomedicine, Berlin, Germany 2Nord Reet UG, Greifswald, Germany, 3Bashan Institute of Science, Alabama 36853, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The major twenty-first–century challenge is how to sustainably feed a steadily growing world population. There is a need to intensify agricultural production in a sustainable manner and to find solutions to combat abiotic stress, pathogens and pests. Unfortunately, plant pests and diseases, as well as weeds, are provoking heavy losses annually in agriculture. Traditionally, agrochemicals including biocides (e.g. fungicides, bacteriocides, insecticides, nematicides) are used for plant protection, but their excessive use has already provoked undesirable side- effects especially on food- safety, and to the environment. Due to this concern, it is a worldwide desire to reduce use of chemical pesticides and research is afforded to study alternative routes for management of plant pathogens. Biologicals, based on plant growth-promoting microbes, which are often simultaneously control plant pathogens, are now considered as part of the solution, given that they are integrated in modern crop management systems. Whilst applying of biologicals is generally considered as a very modern and novel approach in sustainable agriculture, it is interesting to note, that one can trace back the first attempts in using commercial preparations of bacterial inoculants for legumes and non-legume crops, such as Nitragin®, as early as in the late 19th century. However, due to increased use of chemical fertilizer and inconsistent performance in field trials, biological products devoted for plant growth promotion disappeared from the agriculture market for long time, but basic research performed in second half of the last century yielded encouraging results in green house and laboratory. Main subject of present and past research are plant-associated representatives of the bacterial genus Pseudomonas, known as strong and persistent colonizer of plant roots. However, its commercial use is limited by difficulties in preparing stable and long-living bioformulations. Today, formulations based on plant-beneficial endospore-forming Bacilli are by far the most widely used agents on the biopesticide market. In order to understand more deeply plant-bacteria interactions, we have investigated B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 as a paradigm for plant-growth-promoting Bacilli, able to suppress plant pathogens. Its genome has been completely sequenced as the first representative of Gram-positive bacteria with plant growth promoting activity in 2007 and giant gene clusters responsible for non-ribosomal synthesis of a multitude of antifungal and antibacterial secondary metabolites were identified in this bacterium. Today, eleven compounds with antagonistic action directed against plant pathogens were described by our group. Due to latest results their action seems to be more indirect by stimulating the plant defense systems such as induced systemic resistance (ISR). Proteome and transcriptome analyses of FZB42 were performed for elucidating cross-talks occurring between plants and rhizobacteria. It is assumed that the knowledge we have accumulated in last fifteen years or so will greatly enhance success in using Bacillus-based formulations in sustainable agriculture, which have been started more than one century ago by Albert Caron in its estate Ellenbach, Germany by using as inoculant the ´Alinitbacterium´ Bacillus ellenbachensis, later reclassified as representative of Bacillus cereus. In order to improve consistency in performance of bioinoculants in a sustainable agriculture we have to integrate them as part of modern crop management programs allowing to decrease the
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amount of agrochemicals, including chemopesticides. A full understanding of the complex network of interactions between plant, soil, climate, microbiota, and the selected, highly efficient microbial inoculant will greatly enhance application success of biologicals serving as a valuable component of a sustainable agriculture, which is well armed for the challenges of the 21st century.
Folate in Plant Health
Madan K. Bhattacharyya Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Host specific resistance has been playing a major role in securing constant food supply. A series of resistance (R) genes encode race-specific or cultivar-specific resistance. It is becoming evident that all most all R genes isolated to date encode nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NB- LRR) containing proteins. Unfortunately, R genes are short-lived and usually confer resistance against only a set of physiological races or isolates of pathogens. Breeding crop plants for disease resistance (R) genes is a constant struggle for plant breeders. Nonhost resistance (NHR) provides durable and broad-spectrum immunity of a plant species against all races or isolates of a non-adapted pathogen species. For example, soybean is immune to all maize pathogens and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is immune to soybean pathogens. It is widely considered that nonhost resistance mechanisms are multilayered and are strategically employed by plant species in response to non-adaptive pathogens. Unfortunately, very little is known about NHR. Arabidopsis has been shown to use two distinct mechanisms to confer nonhost immunity against the barley pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei governed by three genes, PEN1, PEN2, and PEN3. PEN1 encodes a syntaxin protein involved in vesicular transport of free radicals to the penetration sites to suppress growth of the invading powdery mildew pathogen B. graminis f. sp. hordei. PEN2 and PEN3 work in a team; PEN2 encodes a glycosyl hydrolase that generates toxic products from glucosinolates during infection. The toxic antimicrobial products are then translocated into the infection sites by the ABC transporter encoded by PEN3. We have demonstrated that the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora soja that causes root and stem rot in soybean can penetrate single cells of the Arabidopsis penetration deficient mutant, pen1-1 that lacks PEN1 function. P. soja, however, cannot penetrate the wild-type ecotype Columbia-0. As a first step towards understanding the complexity of Arabidopsis nonhost resistance mechanisms against the soybean pathogens, P. sojae and Fusarium virguliforme, a mutant screen was undertaken in the pen1- 1 background to identify mutants that are infected by P. sojae. Inoculation of over 3,500 individual mutant families generated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) with P. sojae zoospores resulted in identification of 30 putative P. sojae susceptible (pss) mutants, pss1 through pss30. Fourteen of these mutants are also susceptible to the fungal pathogen F. virguliforme that causes sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean. We have applied a novel map-based cloning approach and cloned five Arabidopsis PSS1, 6, 21, 25 and 30 genes that are required for Arabidopsis NHR immunity against P. sojae and F. virguliforme. To determine the utility of nonhost resistance encoded by PSS genes in enhancing disease resistance, we generated transgenic soybean lines for all five PSS genes. All five
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PSS genes except PSS25 enhanced SDS resistance in transgenic soybean plants suggesting possible application of NHR in enhancing disease resistance in crop plants. Of the cloned five Arabidopsis NHR genes, PSS30 encodes a folate transporter (AtFOLT1) localized to chloroplasts. We have shown that two T-DNA-insertion Arabidopsis folate biosynthetic pathway mutants are compromised also in nonhost resistance against P. sojae. The loss of nonhost immunity in pss30 and folate biosynthetic mutants to P. sojae was rescued by feeding the mutants with folic acid. PSS30 is also required for expression of effector triggered Arabidopsis host resistance against a bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Following P. sojae infection, folate rapidly accumulates in soybean presumably to induce effector-triggered as well as basal resistance. Our genetic data strongly suggest that folate is essential for plant health.
Heavy Metal Carcinogenesis: A Possible Mechanistic Role for Apoptosis
Chanda Siddoo-Atwal President and Primary Biochemist, Moondust Cosmetics Ltd., USA. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The term "heavy metals" refers to naturally occurring elements in the periodic table with relatively high densities (at least 5 times greater than water), atomic weights, or atomic numbers. Certain heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and chromium are highly poisonous to humans. In fact, metal pollution is a serious environmental problem of the present-day. It occurs as a result of various commercial activities including the mining and smelting of metalliferous ores, electroplating, gas exhaust, energy and fuel production, fertilizer and pesticide application. Moreover, heavy metals have multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical and technological applications. These metallic elements are highly toxic and can induce multiple organ damage even at relatively low levels of exposure. Many are classed as known or probable carcinogens. However, some of the mechanistic aspects of heavy metal carcinogenesis are not clearly understood. Lead, mercury, and chromium have all been associated with an elevation in activity of cellular apoptotic or oxidative stress pathways, which can result in apoptosis. Both lead and mercury can cause metabolic perturbations by altering intracellular calcium levels in mitochondria resulting in cell death. Chromium can also cause mitochondrial-stimulated and p53-dependent apoptosis in cells. An increase in the basal frequency of apoptotic cell death in animal and human models has been linked to carcinogenesis. This paper focuses on the possible role of the stimulation of apoptotic mechanisms in heavy metal carcinogenesis based on the experimental effects of these metals.
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A Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Based Regulation of Submergence Tolerance in Rice
Alok Krishna Sinha National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi - 110067, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The sudden inundation of rice fields lead to decrease in oxygen and soil pH, which in turn leads to deprivation of nutrients. It becomes imperative to understand how rice plant perceives and transduces these varying signals and produce responses to the stress in question. The acclimation of plant to its environment requires the concerted optimization of its signal transduction pathway as well as its transcriptional machinery. SUBMERGENCE 1 (SUB1), a QTL imparts submergence tolerance to wild rice landraces. Among indica accessions of rice with SUB1A, those with SUB1A-1 allele are typically submergence tolerant, while those with SUB1A-2 allele are typically submergence intolerant. These two alleles encode proteins that only differ at a single amino acid, Ser-186 in SUB1A-1 and Pro-186 in SUB1A-2, a putative mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation site in SUB1-A1. Thus, Sub1A is designated as the master regulator, orchestrating a plethora of response during submergence stress tolerance. MAPK signal transduction networks have been extensively explored in plants; however, the connection between MAPK signalling cascade and submergence tolerance is currently unknown. We report that MPK3 is activated by submergence in a Sub1A-dependent manner and that it physically interacts with and phosphorylates Sub1A1 in an allele specific manner. Furthermore, Sub1A1 binds to the MPK3 promoter and regulates its expression in a feedback regulatory mechanism during submergence stress signalling. We present molecular and physiological evidence for the cardinal role of the MPK3-Sub1A1 module in acclimation of rice seedling to adverse effects of submergence. Overall, the results provide a more detailed and holistic understanding of submergence tolerance in Oryza sativa that will inform the deployment of this trait in varietal development.
Genetic Modification of Populus ciliata and Populus deltoides Using Agrobacterium- Mediated Gene Transfer for Better Paper Production and Insect Resistance
D. K. Srivastava Department of Biotechnology, Dr Y.S.Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan- 173230, Himachal Pradesh. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Genetic manipulation of plants at the cellular level has achieved a great degree of precision only during the last two decades, due to the development of recombinant DNA techniques and efficient system of controlling morphogenesis from cells and tissues. The availability of efficient transformation systems for crop species is of intense interest to biotechnology, agrochemicals and seed companies for the application of this technology to crop improvement. Genetic transformation and plant regeneration studies were carried out in Populus deltoides and Himalayan poplar (Populus ciliata). Two types of explants viz. leaf and petioles were used from glass house grown plants for
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these studies. High frequency shoot/plant regeneration was obtained from leaf and petiole explants of the respective plant species. Hardening procedure for tissue culture raised plantlets were standardized using sterile mixture of sand and soil/cocopeat. Effect of antibiotics (Kanamycin and Cefotaxime) was carried out to study the relative growth of tissues of both the plant species. It was found that Kanamycin concentration as low as 10mg/l is toxic to the plant tissues and 500 mg/l cefotaxime concentration was effective to control the growth of agrobacterial cells. Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA 4404 strain containing gus and npt-II genes was used for cocultivation experiment to standardize a protocol for gene transfer in these plant species. Transformation experiment could be scored as early as 3 weeks after the selection. Most of the putative transgenic shoots / plantlets have shown the presence/expression of β-glucuronidase activity. A protocol for high frequency plant regeneration and genetic transformation has been standardized in these plant species. Genetic transformation studies were also carried out to reduce the lignin content using antisense RNA technology. Antisense CAD (Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) gene was introduced in Populus ciliata using binary vector p35SASCAD Agrobacterium system. The transgenic plants were confirmed using npt-II gene specific primers and estimation of lignin content. A reduction of 2-3% in lignin content was observed in transgenic plants as compared to control plants. In Himalayan poplor (Populus ciliata) insect resistance gene (cryIAa) transfer studies has been carried out using binary vector pBin AR-1Aa. Effect of preincubation, cocultivation (time) and concentration of acetosyringone was standardized to study its effect on transformation frequency. Putative Bt transformants were regenerated and subjected for molecular analysis using PCR, RT-PCR, multiplex PCR, Southern hybridization and Realtime PCR. Bioassay of transgenic plants with Clostera anostomosis and Lymantria dispar is in progress.
Are Plant Based Epigenetic Modifiers Indeed the Next Frontier for Anti Angiogenic Therapy? Promises and Challenges
Rajiv Janardhanan, Mehak Segan and Shazina Saeed Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Angiogenesis is known to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as cancer, and restenosis. The onset and accentuation of hypoxia induced angiogenic cascades is associated with the physiological features of proliferation and migration, intrinsic to the aggressiveness of the carcinogenic/stenotic stimuli in both the angiogenic and post-angiogenic phases of the disease. The extant diversity in the gene pool of the human beings has essentially rendered the current therapeutic strategies redundant necessitating the need to develop novel therapeutic strategies to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Recent evidences have suggested that prospecting of the biodiversity for novel anti-angiogenic compounds aimed manipulation of the cell fate might provide a suitable strategy for the abrogation of the carcinogenic /stenotic stimuli. Numerous studies suggest that a number of nutritional compounds have epigenetic targets in proliferating cells. Epigenetic modifications induced by bioactive phytochemicals could potentially modify the epigenome. Conjugation of these biomolecules with nanoparticles might form the
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rationale for the development of a novel therapeutic regimen involving the development of targeted drug delivery systems.
Understanding Plant Stress Biology: Natural, Wet Lab and In Silico Approaches
Vinay Sharma Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali University, P.O. Banasthali Vidyapith- 304 022 (Rajasthan), India. Email: [email protected]
This paper has reviewed we lab and bioinformatics approaches developed by us in identifying genes/ proteins in adaptation of plants under stress. Biotic stress owing to infection of the plants by phytopathogens causes immense losses in crop yield, up to 12% annually. Abiotic stress is another major cause of crop losses worldwide, reduces average yield by more than 50% for major crops. In one model of stress adaptation in naturally growing plants, our results conclusively established that under the stress conditions characterized by scarcity of water, mineral deficiency, high irradiance and temperature, all of which together prevailed at the study site, the naturally growing woody species, in particular the dominant tree, Butea monosperma showed traits well suited for adaptation as witnessed specially by their photosynthetic performance, mineral ion, specifically the phosphorus acquisition efficiency and the V-ATPase and V-PPase amounts and activities. In recent times, high-throughput technologies (viz. next gene sequencing) have produced huge amount of genomic information and consequently the whole genome sequences of a large number of crop plants and their bacterial and fungal pathogens are now available. However with the ever growing sequence data, the functional prediction/ annotation of proteins has become a challenging task. Although the wet laboratory experiments identify the function of proteins correctly, these are time-consuming and costly and impractical to deal with the enormous genome data. With the availability of the host-pathogen sequences, the tools of bioinformatics in developing drugs against specific plant pathogens has great potential and have been currently being explored by us in the prediction of drug targets against Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola which is a major plant pathogen and infects a wide range of crop plants causing devastating diseases responsible for huge economic losses including halo blight disease in beans. We used gene sequence information for prediction of drug targets in P. syringae pv. phaseolicola using subtractive genomics to exclude common proteins with the host plant Phaseolous vulgaris, and then the codon usage biasing for the detection of high expression genes and a second subtraction step to avoid accidental targeting of ‗friendly species‘, the nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium etli. Further, in order to understand abiotic stress, we used a combination of wet lab and in silico approaches in Sorghum bicolor, the fifth most important cereal crop in the world for food, feed and biofuels with a small size genome (~730 Mb) making it an attractive model plant for functional genomics of C4 grasses. Using 2-D gel electrophoresis based proteomic approach refined with MALDI-TOF, we also analyzed drought and salt stress response proteins in sorghum. We developed a method to obtain functional distances between GO terms and analyzed distance values to allocate shortest path (SP) in GO hierarchy. We observed the expressed proteins belonged to the functional group of signal transduction mechanisms, carbohydrate transport and metabolism. The novel approach applied in this study may have great importance in further identifying proteins involved in abiotic and biotic stress conditions in crops.
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Rhizobacteria in Sustainable Agriculture Development
Pramod W. Ramteke Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad 211007, India. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agricultural practices in India are heavily dependent on agrochemicals like fertilizers and pesticides. These agrochemicals have greatly influenced natural rhizosphere microbes in agro systems and led to the frequent and deliberate contamination of cultivated soils. The economic and ecological problems of today have re-invigorated the idea of using natural rhizosphere microbial population in order to reduce the application of costly and environmentally-polluting agrochemicals to a minimum. Plant beneficial microbial resources promise to replace and/or supplement many such destructive, high intensity practices and support ecofriendly crop production. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may promote plant growth directly through the processes such as by fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, solubilization of phosphorous, production of siderophores that solubilize and sequester iron, or production of plant growth regulators (hormones), lytic enzymes and hydrogen cyanide. Some bacteria support plant growth indirectly, by improving and/or eliminating the growth- restricting conditions either via production of antagonistic substances or by inducing resistance against plant pathogens and through competition for nutrients and space can improve significantly plant health and promote growth, as evidenced by increases in seedling emergence, vigor, and yield. Thus, microbial diversity has ecological, environmental, and social benefits. It plays a crucial role as integral component of sustainable development.
Seed Biopriming: A Novel Tool for Sustainable Management of Seed and Soil Borne Phytopahtogens
H. B. Singh Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005. Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Plants and microorganisms are included in a persistent system of collaborations, some of those useful to the plants while others being detrimental. There is a rising interest for intercession of eco-friendly practices for improvement of crop yield. To achieve this goal, use of agriculturally important microorganisms is a potential other option to conventional farming methods which have seriously harmed the agro-biological system. Potential of agriculturally important microorganisms to reduces or replace the agrochemicals chemicals has been so far evaluated. Beneficial microorganisms including biological control agents (BCAs), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and fungi (PGPFs) and endophytes play a crucial role in sustainable crop production. These microorganisms provide growth promotion, crop protection and abiotic stress mitigation by the direct application. In the last decades various genera of PGPR have been identified and their application as biofertilizer and biocontrol agent has seen a great boost. They suppress plant pathogen in soil through production of
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antibiotics and siderophores and suppress plant disease in plant through induction of defense response. In addition to influencing plant health and growth, these beneficial microorganisms also strengthen the survival of plants in tolerate biotic and abiotic stress, increase uptake and nutrient availability, and improve the soil microflora diversity. Additionally various fungi have been also studied for their beneficial effect on plant. Among various fungal BCAs, Trichoderm spp. are mostly studied and are currently being used as biopesticide globally. Trichoderma (teleomorph Hypocrea), a saprophyte commonly reside in root rhizospheric. Trichoderma spp. are potential plant symbiont and and reported for antagonistic activity against wide range of soil borne phytopathogenic fungi. More than 60 % of the globally marketed biopesticides are based Trichoderma formulation. About 250 products are commercially available for field applications in India alone. Seed is a vital source for sustained growth in agricultural since ninety percent of the food crops are grown from seed. The importance of healthy seeds in crop production is key factor especially in developing countries like India where demand of food supply for ever increasing population must be achieved. The seed and soil borne diseases imposed devastating consequences on crop production. The chemical control via seed treatment has its certain limitation including high cost of chemical products, effect on non-target organism, selectivity, chances of pest resistance, contamination of food, toxicity to plants etc. Seed treatments with bio-inoculants for managing seed and soil borne diseases provide an excellent alternative to harmful chemical. Even as seed treatment with bioagents can be effective, it must be known that they differ by utilizing living microorganism from chemical seed treatments. Primary aims of seed biopriming include proper germination of seeds, management of soil borne pathogens, colonization root rhizosphere. Seed biopriming with potential strains of PGPR increases seed germination and facilitates healthy seedling establishment. Priming initiates the physiological process of germination and helps in the proliferation of PGPR on the spermosphere. Microbial consortium of agriculturally important microorganisms increases plant‘s resistance against broad range of plant pathogens through enabling plant to regulate its defense response by communicating in a synergistic manner. Enhanced protection from oxidative stress is the most reasonable explanation of the beneficial effects that plant growth-promoting rhizospheric microbes have on host plants. The antioxidant enzymatic activities offer an alternative mechanism that is observed in plant–microbe defensive mutualism. Application of various agriculturally important microorganisms in agriculture has provided a safer alternative to the hazardous agrochemicals. In this context seed biopriming with biocontrol agents proved to be efficient technology for protection from soil and seed borne diseases. This protection is in general at par with protection provided by chemical pesticides as it also increases seed germination and vegetative growth. Efficacy of seed biopriming have been reviewed by various researchers and now it could be suggested that combined application of hydro-priming and seed coating with biocontrol agents would be a sound alternative to the chemical seed treatment. Additionally, it has explored a new dimension of biocontrol and could be exploited by agricultural industries and organic farmers in sustainable agriculture.
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Agro-ecotourism for Rural Livelihood in Coastal Areas
Narendra Pratap Singh ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune – 413 115. Email: [email protected] , [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agro-ecotourism is a promising and emerging sector of eco-tourism which incorporates agriculture and allied enterprises for a profitable and sustainable agricultural system for the coastal region of India. Coastal areas encompass huge diversity of natural resources and are thus, the potential region for developing agro-ecotourism. The availability of huge natural resources including flora and fauna provides scope for integration of these resources in agriculture. Thus, an integrated farming system approach in agro-ecotourism can assist the farmers for improving their farm income through diversified products from the system. Therefore, by adopting the integrated farming approach in this system involving organic farming, on farm conservation of natural resources and socio-cultural initiatives will provide a new dimension for sustainable ecotourism. The major floral and faunal components in this system should include local germplasm of plantation and field crops, vegetables, medicinal, spices and aromatic plants, major and minor fruits, livestock and aquatic species. Thus, development of a sustainable on farm agro-ecotourism model will also have wider implications in the food and nutritional security and rural livelihood options.
Organic Matrix Entrapped Granular Slow Release Fertilizers Containing PGPR Consortium Open new Possibilities for Small Scale Rural Industries, Soil Enrichment and Higher Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Rice in Sustainable Way
Rana Pratap Singh Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025, India. Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Microbial bio-fertilizers are considered as most important component of ecological and climate resilient agriculture as conventional chemical nutrients cause global warming, water pollution and soil degradation. Bio-fertilizers, however are not in frequent use due to problems in their availability, low efficacy and consistent performance. We have developed cost effective microbial consortia using organic matrix based super granules as carriers and applied them in the experimental plots of wheat, rice and other plants. Our results indicate that optimized dose and mixed inoculation of competent microbes in consortium form can enhance soil nutrients, soil carbon and microbial richness in agricultural fields over other nutrient forms including conventional chemical fertilizers e.g. Urea and DAP. We are attempting to translate our experimental results in the farmers' field. It also opens possibilities of establishing small scale rural industries as backward linkages to increase income for better livelihood of small and marginal land holders in Indian context.
32 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
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Studies on Callus Induction, Regeneration Potential and Antibacterial Screening of Cleome spinosa Jacq. and C. gynandra L. of Cleomaceae
Ichha Purak, Aruna Singh and Sushma Das Guru Ranchi Women’s College, Ranchi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Cleome spinosa Jacq. is ornamental plant of family Cleomaceae having horizontal racemes of white or pink flowers, 5-7 digitate, alternate leaves, numerous brown seeds in siliqua, attaining height of 1-1.5 m. Cleome gyandra L. another plant of this family is annual, erect, herbaceous weed growing on waste lands having 3-5 foliate leaves. Literature reveals both plants having active ingredients, possessing medicinal properties. Antibacterial screening of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of both plants was undertaken against E. coli, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Staphyllococcus aureus. Tissue culture was performed to study callus induction and regeneration potential of both the plants. Stem segments and leaves, taken as explants were cultured on MS media containing various combinations of Auxins and Cytokinins viz. 2,4-D, NAA, IBA, IAA, Kinetin and BAP. Buds regenerated from stem segments on plain MS medium and also on MS + NAA (0.1mg/l-1.0mg/l) and BAP (0.5mg/l-2.5mg/l). In these combinations Callus formation was noted on stem and leaf explant. Callus induction on leaves was 100% at low concentrations of NAA (0.1mg/l-1.omg/l) and kinetin or BAP at concentrations (0.5mg/l-2.5mg/l). When callus was sub-cultured on MS+ Kinetin (0.1mg/l- 0.5mg/l) and BAP (0.5mg/l-1.5mg/l) 1-3 shoots regenerated per explant. MS + IBA (0.5mg/l-1.5mg/l) resulted in production of few roots on 50% of shoot buds. Callus induction and regeneration potential was found more in C. spinosa Jacq. than C. gynandra L.
Artificial miRNA-mediated Silencing of Ecdysone Receptor Gene Affects Larval Development and Reproductive Potential of Helicoverpa armigera
Sneha Yogindran and M. V. Rajam Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi-110021, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Various biotic stresses cause a colossal loss of crop yield. Among the biotic stresses, the insect pests cause major damage to crops and it is difficult to control insect pests due to their abundance, high mobility and non-specific eating habits. The conventional approaches, including plant breeding are not very successful and have certain limitations. Genetic engineering approaches, particularly Bt technology are successful to control insect pests. However, there are reports that the target insects are gaining resistance to Bt toxins. Therefore, it is imperative to look for potential alternative strategies for the insect pest management. In the present study, a recent and novel artificial miRNA (amiRNA) strategy has been used for the control of a notorious crop pest, Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) by targeting ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene. The amiRNA technology uses the endogenous precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs), where the native miRNA/miRNA* sequences
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are replaced with the desired amiRNA/amiRNA* sequences. This leads to an efficient and specific silencing of the target gene. Ecdysone is an insect steroid hormone, which plays a vital role during insect development and metamorphogenesis. The feeding bioassays with amiRNA-HaEcR construct showed decreased target gene transcripts and also affected the insect growth and reproduction when compared to controls. Further, amiRNA-HaEcR construct was used for tomato transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and generated several transformants. The transgene integration was confirmed in seven tomoto transformants by Southern analysis, and these amiRNA tomato lines showed the expression of the intended amiRNA in northern analysis. The insect feeding assays using the leaves of amiRNA tomato lines are in progress. These results suggest that amiRNA strategy can be effectively used to target HaEcR and other important genes of insect pests, and may be exploited to develop insect resistant transgenic crop plants.
The Australian Beneficial Microbes Program: Overcoming Barriers for the Microbial Control of Rhizoctonia Root Rot on Wheat.
C. Franco1, S.J. Barnett1,2, S. Zhao1 and R. Ballard2 1Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia, 2Soil Biology and Diagnostics, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia. Email: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8 is the major fungal root disease of cereals in low to medium rainfall areas in southern Australia. The application of microbial inoculants is being explored as a potential control option, because chemical and agronomic control options have had limited success. Attempts at obtaining strains effective in the field have been limited due to a lack of competence of the selected strains in the rhizosphere, and because the strain taken into commercial development did not possess the optimal traits. Success was achieved though collaboration of mycologists and bacteriologists (including actinobacteriologists) in testing a wide range (>2300) from a number of sources including the ecto and endorhizosphere of native plants, cereals, legumes and included endophytes and rhizosphere colonising microorganisms. The first phase of the high- throughput in planta screening consisted of field soil with added R. solani in 50 ml tubes and test strains added as a suspension directly to seeds. The 4.3 % of strains that reduced disease symptoms were then screened in more rigorous disease bioassays and characterised for properties important for the commercial development for such products. The 43 effective strains represented a diversity of microbial genotypes that included fungi and 4 phyla of bacteria-Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Further rigorous evaluation of minimum effective inoculum reduced the number to 6 strains for field trails. A range of inoculum delivery methods –from seed coating, drenches at different locations around the seed at sowing- and testing methods to account for the patchiness of the disease- resulted in the selection of three strains which were effective in a range of soil types in more than a single season. This holistic approach coupled with a team that understood each class of microorganism showed how inoculants can be developed to be effective in the rhizosphere.
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Non-GM and GM Approaches for Crops Improvement Under Changing Environment for Sustainable Agriculture
Narendra Tuteja Professor and Director at Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, E-3 Block, Sector 125, Noida, UP - 01313, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Every day, our planet wakes with additional populations to feed and more farmland lost to erosion. Under these conditions the productions of additional foods under stress are required for food security. Food security is generally defined as the availability of food and one's access to it. But food security could be in danger due to the negative impact of different stress which leads to low production; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop stress-tolerant crops with no yield loss for future food security. One of the innovative approaches for crops improvement for sustainable agriculture under stress conditions is to understand the plant-microbes interactions. Use of beneficial fungus (root endophyte Piriformospora indica) through non-transgenic (non-GM) and transgenic (GM) approaches could be among the best innovative approaches for crop improvement. Through non-transgenic approach P. indica has been found to provide strong growth-promoting activity during its symbiosis with a broad spectrum of plants including mustard, pea, tobacco, tomato, rice, lepidium and medicinal plant Coleus forskohlii. Despite its positive impact on the host, little is known about the P. indica genes that may be involved in stress tolerance. However, for transgenic approach to improve the crop under stress condition, first high salinity-tolerant genes from P. indica need to be cloned. Recently we have cloned several salinity-tolerant genes from P. indica fungus by functional screening, based on random over-expression of a P. indica cDNA library in Escherichia coli grown on medium supplemented with 0.6 M NaCl. Out of these one of the salinity tolerant genes from P. indica (cyclophilin; PiCypA) has been functionally validated for its role in salinity tolerance in bacteria and plant. This gene product catalyzes the inter-conversion of peptidyl prolyl imide bonds in peptide and protein substrates and functions as molecular chaperones. This is also known to be involved in pre-mRNA splicing; however, their RNA-binding activity has not been well described. We found that this protein contains unique property of RNA binding. It also provides high salinity tolerance in E. coli. Here we have also shown that the transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing fungal PiCypA provide high salinity tolerance and exhibit normal growth under salinity stress conditions. Overall, we demonstrated for the first time a direct evidence of countering salinity stress tolerance in plant by genetic modification using a fungal gene.
35 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Integration of Omics Approaches with Nutritional Science for Establishing Finger Millet as a Nutraceutical Crop for Ensuring Nutritional and Health Security
Anil Kumar Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145, Uttarakhand. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is an under-utilized crop despite its tremendous potential to be established as a viable source of nutraceuticals in daily diet. Finger millet has considerably higher calcium and essential amino acids, the quality that makes it a superior choice over other regularly consumed cereals. These superior traits must be harnessed to develop finger millet as a novel functional food. Additionally, the introgression of these superior traits into other staple crops has the potential to improve their nutritional profile. The tools available for such intervention include functional genomics for genome-wide identification of genes of nutraceutical importance. The quantitative techniques for integrated or independent study of nutrients on subtle changes in gene expression (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), or metabolites (metabolomics) in a single cell as well as whole organism have increased the knowledge about nutrient-gene interaction aiding to nutritional research tremendously. Further, high throughput screening systems have enabled the discovery of new functional compounds, metabolic pathways and responsible genes. Thus, through nutri-genomics and incorporating data mining bioinformatics tools, one can identify the lead nutraceutical molecule(s) with potential for preclusion and therapy of nutrition-related disorders. In our lab, three-pronged molecular approaches are being employed to address the complexity of calcium nutrition. Several candidate genes like CAX1, CAX3, CIPK, CAM and molecular markers associated with calcium transport and signalling were identified and needs validation to specify their role in calcium biofortification. Genome wide variant detection in crops like finger millet is a preliminary step toward linking genotypic variation and phenotypes and a total of 23,000 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers were identified from 113 diverse genotypes of finger millet and association of such SNPs with grain calcium trait is under process. Further, attempts are being made to derive the innovations on functional ingredients of finger millet by providing scientific rationales which include nano-emulsion, nutritionally and biologically important seed storage proteins enriched with essential amino acids like lysine, methionine and other ingredients facilitating calcium uptake, osteocytes differentiation and bone formation. The promotion of finger millet as a mainstream ethnic cereal would be one of the important strategies for ensuring nutritional and health security of consumers and can be promoted for socio-economic upliftment of the marginal farmers. It also provides new avenues for processors for development of functional foods and nutraceuticals while simultaneously promoting sustainable agriculture for rural development.
36 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Excellence Through Stewardship® Advancing Best Practices in Agriculture Biotechnology in India
Pratibha Singh, Sneha Rohatgi, Vishal Pradhan, Eric Frank Van Ausdal1, Christopher Holdgreve1 and SR Rao2 Technology Advancement Unit (TAU), c/o Regional Center for Biotechnology (RCB), 1st Floor Utpadkata Bhavan, 5-6 Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003, 1Excellence Through Stewardship, 1201 Maryland Ave., SW, Suite 900, Washington, D.C. 20024, 2Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Excellence Through Stewardship (ETS) is a global not-for-profit organization that promotes the universal adoption of stewardship programs and quality management systems for the full life cycle of agricultural technology products. The role of product stewardship and quality management in handling GM crops is significant and essential. Product stewardship in Indian public and private organizations will facilitate the product advancement more efficiently. A transparent system on product stewardship and quality management will enhance the mechanism of building trust areas in all stakeholders. Product stewardship is nothing but the responsible management of entire product development process. The process of product development in agricultural biotechnology starts in research laboratories and ends in the hands of ultimate user generally farmers and finally discontinuation of the product, if any. The ETS program is designed to appropriately promote stewardship and quality management regardless of the geographic location of an operation or activity and the regulatory authority under which you may be operating. Compliance with regulations is an overriding goal of the program and it is designed to assist members in meeting the particular set of regulations that are applicable to their operations by encouraging the development and implementation of standard operating procedures, product traceability, documentation and training. Indo-Swiss Collaboration in Biotechnology (ISCB) programme became as associate member of Excellence Through Stewardship® in Advancing Best practices in Agricultural Biotechnology in 2013: in facilitating the Maintenance of Plant Product Integrity of Biotechnology-Derived Plant (www.excellencethroughstewardship.org/). Under the ISCB framework, Technology Advancement Unit (TAU) in collaboration with ETS, is taking a lead role in creating awareness and coordinating stewardship programs in India among all the ISCB associations and beyond in such a way that stewardship management customized programs suit the needs of individual laboratory/ institution/ partners. The idea is not to over burden any existing quality management systems of the organization, instead providing customized stewardship modules and trainings based on the need to facilitate regulatory compliance.
37 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Polluted River Water Enhances Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Crops
Md. Lutfor Rahman, Fatima Rukshana, Nayan Chandra Ghosh, Md. Moniruzzaman, Md. Shahabuddin and Md. Khondoker Rajib Ahmed River Research Institute, Faridpur, Bangladesh. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Farmers are irrigating heavy metal polluted river water for crop production due to shortage of water in dry season. This polluted water mainly enters to rivers as an industrial waste. The aim of the study is to assess the extent of heavy metals accumulation in soil and crops due to irrigation with industry-fed polluted river water on agricultural land. Samples of water, river bed soil and crops have collected in dry season from Bongshi river in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The collected samples have been analyzed for seven heavy metals namely Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry in the laboratory. The results showed that considerable amount of these heavy metals have been found in tomato, pumpkin and red amaranth indicating heavy metals exists in our food chain. Heavy metal concentration in rice plant have found in order of root> shoot> rice. Results also revealed that concentration of heavy metals were higher in river bed soil than polluted river water as heavy metals deposited in river bed. This study recommended that soil, crops/vegetables and water quality monitoring, together with the prevention of metals enters, is a prerequisite in order to prevent potential health of metals with sewage/ industry-fed water. Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) should be used to all the dyeing and chemical industries before dispose to the rivers.
Potential of Iron Nanoparticles to Increase Growth and Yield of Wheat in Bangladesh
Toufiq Iqbal Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Iron nanoparticles may have potential to improve growth and yield of wheat plant. Three experiments like synthesize of iron nanoparticles, seed priming effect wheat seedling growth and field application of iron nanoparticles in a wheat field were conducted. An acoustic method has been considered to prepare iron nanoparticles in water by reducing their ionic salts such as FeCl3 in presence of surfactant (PVP) under oil bath heating for several minutes. The synthesized nanoparticles were purified by precipitation method. The size of synthesized iron nanoparticles were 10-20 nm. Wheat seeds were soaked in 0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 ppm solutions of iron nanoparticles to quantify seed priming effect. A sand culture seedlings growth experiment was conducted to quantify nanomaterials deliver to wheat seedlings. The BARI Gom 25 was used for seed priming and seedling growth experiment, whereas, the BARI Gom 28 was used for growth and yield of wheat in the field. Result showed that seed germination and seedlings growth was regularly affected with 1.0 to 2.0 ppm but decreased significantly at 2.5 ppm of iron nanoparticles. The growth and yield of the BARI Gom 28 significantly enhanced with 2.0 ppm iron nanoparticle as compared without nanoparticle under field experiment condition. This study concluded that optimum level of iron nanoparticle
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concentration helps to increase growth and yield of wheat plant. Further experimentation is required to explore the internal mechanism of iron nanoparticle absorption and mode of application for yield maximization of wheat.
Piriformospora indica Confers Salinity Stress Tolerance through Enhancement of the Components of ROS Scavenging Machinery in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Sarvajeet Singh Gill1, Ritu Gill1 and Narendra Tuteja2 1Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak – 124 001, Haryana;2Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Salinity stress is one of the most severe environmental constraints which negatively affects the plant growth and imposes significant loss to crop productivity globally. In the present scenario of changing climatic conditions, global food security sincerely depends on the multifold increased production of cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Piriformospora indica, a mutualistic root- colonizing endophytic fungus of Sebacinales is competent enough to colonize the roots of wide range of host plants including wheat plants and promote plant growth and protect the plants from various biotic insults including salinity. In the present work, we studied the importance of P. indica colonization with wheat roots and noted that P. indica in wheat plants conferred salinity stress tolerance by promoting plant growth and ROS scavenging capacity due to the activation of the components of antioxidant machinery in comparison to the non-inoculated salt grown plants. Salinity stress significantly reduced the leaf area, plant dry mass, photosynthetic pigments in the stressed plants in comparison to the P. indica inoculated plants. P. indica inoculation protected the wheat plants from salinity (0, 100 or 200 mM NaCl) induced oxidative stress (measured in terms of TBARS, H2O2, electrolyte leakage and DNA damage) and kept these parameters low in comparison to the plants grown in salt only under similar conditions. Furthermore, colonization of P. indica to wheat roots enabled the plants to maintain higher activities of ROS scavenging antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR) thus tolerance to salinity stress. Glutathione (GST) and ascorbate (AsA) pool has also been found higher in P. indica inoculated wheat plants than inoculated plants under salinity stress. Our results reported that root mutualistic fungus P. indica mediated salinity stress tolerance in wheat plants by keeping check on the production of ROS under salt stress, thus, providing protection to the photosynthetic apparatus and in turn the crop productivity.
39 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
DNA Barcoding: A Molecular Taxonomic Tool for Identification and Detection of Species
Shashi B. Babbar Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India, E-mail.: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT DNA barcoding is a molecular diagnostic tool which makes used of inherent variations in the nucleotide sequences in selected regions of genome among species to provide them unique molecular identities. Thus, DNA barcodes are short sequences from standardized and agreed upon locus/loci of either nuclear or cytoplasmic genome or both. These can be from coding or non-coding regions. The advantage of DNA barcoding over the current taxonomic methods, which generally require whole organism for identification, is that a species can be identified even if a small amount of its tissue/DNA is available. The concept of DNA barcoding was enunciated by Paul Hebert and his co- workers in 2003, based on the comparison of a 658 base pairs region towards the 5‖ end of Cytochrome C oxidase 1 gene (Cox 1) of 200 closely allied species of lepidopteran insects. In this study and their subsequent investigations on insects, birds and fishes, the sequence of this small region was found to be unique for each species. Thereby, Cox 1 was suggested as a universal barcode for all eukaryotes. However, Cox 1 was soon found not to be suitable for plants because of low substitution rates in plant mitochondrial genome. Search for a single locus barcode for plants led to realization that such a ‗holy grail‘ does not exist, thus raising doubts about the applicability of DNA barcoding to plants. However, the investigations since 2007 across the globe have allayed these concerns and have established DNA barcoding as a powerful diagnostic tool for species identification and detection with multiple applications. In the lecture, the concept behind DNA barcoding and how it evolved for plants, its multifarious applications, methodology involved in generation and use of DNA barcodes and the investigations carried out so far and being conducted currently at the University of Delhi would be highlighted.
Recombinant Laccase from the Yersinia sp Facilitate Biotransformation of Non- steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Krishna Kant Sharma and Deepti Singh Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multicopper oxidases (MCO), recently reported from Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Camylobacter jejuni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with role in copper homeostasis iron acquisition manganese oxidation and in pathogenesis. Non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used in the treatment of pain, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis and cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation. Amplified laccase gene (yack) from different serotypes of Y. enterocolitica was cloned in pTZ57R/T vector using TA cloning method.
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The positive clones were sequenced to confirm yack and construct a phylogenetic tree using Mega 5.0. Further, yack was subcloned into the desired restriction sites of pET28a expression vector and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) expression host. The recombinant protein was refolded and purified using His-spin protein miniprep kit, for the biotransformation of aspirin and diclofenac (NSAIDs). The biotransformation results were further in silico validated by simulation studies. Laccase from different strains of Y. enterocolitica can be used as a taxonomic tool as it showed serotype specific clades. The HPLC analysis of laccase treated diclofenac and aspirin showed complete biotransformation after 24h of incubation. The FTIR results suggested a change in C-C and C-N bonds. Laccase transform NSAIDs and may have a significant role in the colonization of laccase positive gut microflora.
Purification and Characterization of Cellulose Degrading Bacteria from the Degraded Logs
Anshul, Anita Rani Santal and N. P. Singh M. D. University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The cellulase enzymes have been exhaustively utilized for many industries ranged from paper, detergent industries and textile industries etc. Cellulases are also used for biofuel industry. A large number of cellulase enzymes have been isolated from a huge background of microorganisms. These native cellulases are not suitable for bio-refining industries as it is. They have to be first modified through protein engineering technologies such as Site Directed Mutagenesis to produce efficient hydrolytic enzyme that can be used in different industries. Cellulase enzymes are synthesised by bacteria as well as fungi naturally. Bacteria are versatile and have the capacity to resist extreme environmental conditions, because they inhabit a wide variety of environmental and industrial environments, which enables them to be good candidates for screening and isolation of novel cellulase. In the present study, cellulose degrading bacteria were purified and characterized. Out of twenty seven isolated bacterial strains, fifteen were found to be showing halo zones in congo-red dye test however, twenty three bacterial isolates showed clearance zone in grams iodine assay.
Processing and Value Addition of Food Crops: Opportunities for Sustainable Livelihood
R.K. Gupta ICAR-Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agro processing sector is considered as ‗price stabilizer‘ and ‗engine of growth‘ for rural economy. The importance of agro processing and post-harvest management is much more at the time when agriculture production has reached on plateau. Agro processing is set of techno-economic
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activity which encompasses all operations required for value addition by transforming agricultural produce into consumable form. It is of high policy relevance to investigate how socio-economic factors influence farmers‘ incentives to invest in processing sector. After production, the agricultural crops and commodities have to undergo a series of postharvest operations before reaching the consumers. The total postharvest losses range from 6 to 18% for agricultural commodities in India. The similar situation may be prevailing in other developing countries. The availability of food can thus be increased by reducing these huge losses and preserving the quality of produce to ensure nutritional security. Majority of entrepreneurs are small and unorganized. In the present context, technological challenges are becoming more complex than before as demand for raw as well as processed food is increasing and supply sources are dwindling. The science is also changing rapidly with the emergence of new tools, methods, techniques and approaches that promise technological breakthrough to accomplish the mission. Thus, there is a need to explore alternative ways for enhancement of production, preservation of produce, storage and reduction in the postharvest losses in all agricultural commodities along with assurance of food safety and quality. In this paper, appropriate technologies developed for pertaining to post-production processing and value addition of Food Crops have been discussed which will provide opportunities for income and employment generation in rural areas for sustainable livelihood for the developing countries.
Generation and Validation of Molecular Markers for Identification of Sex and Genetic Diversity Analysis in Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider]: A Potential Oil Yielding Dioecious Crop
Veena Agrawal Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba), an economically important dioecious crop is cultivated commercially for its seeds which store liquid wax (40–60% by dry weight) that is extensively employed for lubricating heavy machineries, aeroplanes, and in various industries including cosmetics, toiletries and pharmaceuticals. Since, it is a male biased agri-crop where - male: female ratio remains 5:1 and identification of sex prior flowering is not possible - generation of sex linked markers to distinguish female and male plants at juvenile stage has been reckoned as a challenging task in this crop. DNA fingerprinting studies were carried out on physiologically matured male and female Jojoba plants in order to develop sex linked markers. Three ISSR primers UBC-807, ISSR848 and VIS11 generated male sex specific bands of ~1200bp, ~1500 bp and ~1300 bp, respectively which were present in all the male and absent in female genotypes. Of the three ISSR male specific marker generated above, two UBC-8071200 and VIS111300 have been cloned, sequenced and successfully converted into sequence tagged sites (STS) markers which amplified bands of ~800 bp and ~584 bp, respectively specific to males. Both STS markers (807, VIS11) were further validated on Jojoba flower buds, seedlings and on larger population of different genotypes of different regions (Jaipur, Jodhpur & Gujarat).Besides, one SRAP primer combination E10/M9 amplified a band of 400 bp specific to males. However, its validation on larger population is yet to be achieved. In addition to above markers, RAPD primer OPG-5 produced a 1,400 bp fragment specific to males. Genetic
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diversity analysis was carried out using 15 Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) and 17 CAAT box derived Polymorphism (CBDP) markers, where latter were found to be more effective than former in terms of percentage polymorphism, polymorphic information content (PIC) value and marker index (MI). Among females, genotype MS F was highly diverse and among males, 32 M and MS M were most diverse. The work related to different sex specific markers and diversity among different Jojoba genotypes shall be presented.
Mycoremediation of Organopollutants: Whole Cell and Enzyme Based Approaches
Sukanta S. Bhattacharya and Jagjit S. Yadav Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA-45267. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Continuing use of agrochemicals such as pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and soil fumigants has resulted in widespread contamination of the agrarian ecosystems including soil and waterbodies and has exerted a hugely negative impact on human health. Microorganisms particularly basidiomycete fungi have shown great potential for biodegradation of these highly toxic and carcinogenic chemicals, although the bioremediation processes remain to be optimized. Our studies in this direction have focused on two basidiomycete fungal systems using both the whole cell- and in vitro enzymatic- strategies targeting two important pollutant groups, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Chlorophenols (CPs), respectively. For the whole cell –based bioremediation process, we evaluated the basidiomycetous white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium for its potential to transform PAHs using a novel biphasic process, initiated under non-ligninolytic (nutrient sufficient) conditions in contrast to the conventional ligninolytic (nutrient deficient) approach. This cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450)-initiated process showed >90 % degradation of the test PAH (benzo[a]pyrene) in 24 days. Two P450 monooxygenases, pc2 and pah4, were upregulated in the initial phase followed by a transition to the peroxidase expression phase. For the in vitro enzyme-mediated bioremediation approach, we evaluated laccase (polyphenol oxidase) from a hyperactive strain of Pleurotus sp. for the biodegradation of 2,4-diclorophenol. This process showed >95% biodegradation within a short period of 9 hours. Response Surface Methodology was coupled with Genetic Algorithm for optimization of the process parameters for both the whole cell- based and enzyme-based bioremediation processes.
43 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Animal Cloning Research in India
M.S. Chauhan ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT There are two basic strategies for the cloning of mammals by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) that are able to produce embryos capable of development to term. Both of these techniques require the removal of the nuclear material from the oocyte and differ only in the way in which the nuclear material of the donor cell is introduced and the subsequent activation of the reconstructed embryo. Enucleation of mature oocyte required micromanipulator system which has been considered very skillful task. At the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), we have developed a simple technique known as hand guided cloning technique for buffalo. Through this technology we have produced several of cloned buffalo calves. The same technique has been extended in goat and cloned pashmina goat has been produced. The surviving buffalo calves are now grown to normal adults and producing offspring. The progress made by us in buffalo cloning have great potential to be used for multiplying superior buffalo bulls to be required for artificial insemination program. We observed that the origin of donor cell plays a major role in animal cloning. The stem cell has been reported more compatible to be used as donor cell for cloning. Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any specialized cell type of cells, and therefore, stem cell technology offer great potential for production of quality animals and regenerative medicine. Stem cell biology has been catapulted forward by the startling development of reprogramming technology. At the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, we have carried out embryonic stem cell (ESC) research in buffalo and five embryonic stem cell lines have been generated. In my presentation the cloning and stem cell research work and problems encountered to maintain their stem cell pluripotency in the laboratory will be highlighted in order to widespread application for animal cloning. The details will be discussed in my presentations.
Role of Transboundry Diseases in Livestock Prosperity
R K Singh and V K Gupta, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, India, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Recent years have also seen growing concern over livestock as sources of disease and around 60 per cent of all diseases are zoonotic, and most of the recent emerging diseases have jumped species from animal hosts. International trade in live animals and animal products occasionally has led to the spread of disease between countries resulting in severe consequences for the agricultural economy of a country. In developing countries like India, the trends of the livestock industry have been an increase in scales of operation, a reduction in the number of holdings and a substantial increase of the importance of livestock and livestock product markets, and higher frequency and speed of movement of animals and animal products. Recent studies by several international organizations indicate that during the next 15 to 20 years the demand for livestock products will
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double. As a consequence, the introduction of infectious diseases to susceptible animals causes increasingly heavy losses. With increasing globalization, the persistence of trans-boundary animal diseases (TBDs) anywhere in the world poses a serious risk to the world animal agriculture and food security and jeopardizes international trade. Trans-boundary diseases (TBDs) pose serious challenge to agriculture in this region. In recent years, Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza, Nipah virus, foot and mouth disease, among other TBDs, have adversely affected agricultural productivity and livelihoods of associated communities in the region. In addition, exposure of humans to disease carrying vectors and pathogens of farm animals poses direct threat to human health. Managing TBDs is one of the most important areas of regional cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. Cross-boundary cooperation in surveillance, diagnostics, epidemiology and containment are the most effective means of combating this menace. Further research for developing fast and efficient diagnostic and prophylactic tools along with strengthening management systems comprising capacity building, skills development, policies, legal framework and operational strategies are warranted.
Role of Livestock for Sustainable Rural Development and Prosperity
M.P. Yadav Ex-Vice Chancellor, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (UP) and Ex- Director & Vice Chancellor, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (UP). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The organization of the International Conference on ―Technological Advancements for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (TASRAD)‖ jointly by the Society for Plant Research (SPR), India; African-Asian Rural Development (AARD) and the AIMT, Amity University, NOIDA, India is very timely and has significance to find out the challenges and future path for implementable solutions to achieve sustainable growth in agriculture with climate justice. A separate Session on ‗Livestock and Agricultural Prosperity‘ indicates the realization of the importance of livestock for sustainable rural development in overall agricultural ambit, particularly in agrarian countries in Asia and Africa including India. If agriculture is the back bone of these countries for their GDP/economy, livelihood, employment and cultural heritage; livestock and animal farming (inclusive of poultry and fishery) are equally important for crop agriculture, food and nutritional security. Globally livestock contributes about 40% of the agricultural GDP. In mountainous and semi- arid/arid regions or areas lacking in irrigation facilities and having scant rains, contribution of livestock to agricultural GDP may be as high as 50% or more. In India, the share of livestock in gross value of output and growth of agricultural sector between TE 1992-93 and TE 2008-09 was 23.3% and 26.8%, respectively, with annual growth rates of 3.6% and 2.7% in 2000s for livestock sector and agricultural sectors, respectively. Share of livestock in agricultural growth was 31.1% and 36.3% in 1990s and 2000s, respectively. The rate of growth in livestock sector was 1.6 times the growth in the crop sector and 1.3 times than the overall growth in agricultural sector. Livestock sector (LS) is an important component of agriculture in India. Serving as a ‗Bank on hooves‘ for the farmers. The LS contributes about 4% to the national GDP and source of employment and livelihood to almost 70% population in rural India. During the 11th Plan, average growth of livestock sector was 4.15% as compared to 3.6% for agriculture as a whole. Though the
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contribution of agriculture to national GDP declined from 36.4% in 1982-83 to 14.1% in 2012-13, the contributions of livestock sector to agriculture GDP increased more than 28% and is likely to further increase in future. The growth value of output from livestock sector was about 4.8% during XI Plan. Thus, over the years, livestock sector has been acting as a buffer to sustain the agricultural GDP. Milk accounting for more than two-thirds of the value of livestock output, is now the largest agricultural commodity in India. The value of milk has been larger than the combined value of wheat and rice, the main staple serials in the country. Livestock being more resilient to climatic shocks, acts as a buffer to the losses in crop production. Thus, livestock sector provides a cushion to agricultural growth and food security. A comparison of the value of output from livestock and crop sectors from 1980-81 to 2009-10 indicated that the livestock production was relatively more stable compared to crop production, and hence serves as a sustainable source of agricultural growth. For sustainable crop agriculture, livestock/animal farming serves as the best supplementary and complementary enterprise. Wastes from livestock, particularly dung and urine, are helpful in promoting organic agriculture, restoring soil organic carbon, soil biota and fertility, besides retaining more water in the soil. Livestock production and agriculture are intimately linked with each other as both utilize the waste products of the other for the survival, growth and production of plants and human being. Low input and low output based animal husbandry, generally practised in the developing countries, provide livelihood and employment to sizeable rural population. In India, 16.44 million workers were engaged in the activities related to the farming of animals, mixed farming, aquaculture and fishing (NSS 68th Round: July 2011-June 2012). Improved technologies, innovation, best practices and policy support and planning play crucial role in enhancing productivity and profitability of livestock. Adoption of artificial insemination (AI) using superior germplasm, sexed semen/embryos, balanced nutrition, both quantitatively and qualitatively, embryo transfer, MOET, area specific mineral mixture (ASMM) feeding; cross breeding, balanced total ration, green fodder and hydroponic fodder/feed; timely vaccination/medication against killer/economic diseases of viral, bacterial and fungal origin, are some of the technologies adoption of which has the potential to enhance the production of milk, eggs, meat, fish, wool and skin and hides. Simple technologies and best practices in animal feeding and reproduction, such as chaffing of green and dry fodder, soaking of straws in water overnight or treating with 4% urea or ammonia; grinding, soaking of grains in warm water, not only make the feed more palatable and digestible but also save energy used by the animal in chewing the hard feed and fodder. Innovative feeding practices using secondary plant compounds (condensed tannins, saponins), feeding of essential oils and select spices reduce methane production by the ruminants, and act as anti-parasitic to reduce parasite load. The feed energy thus saved is used by the animal for higher production of milk, meat, wool etc. Experience with AI in India has shown that the success rates are much below the expected ones. One of the reason for this is the deficiencies of micro nutrients in feed and fodder due to excessive mining of nutrients from soil for intensive crop agriculture practised using high yielding varieties of wheat, rice and other crops since 1970s onward. Feeding of ASMM has found to be a cheap and affordable solution to cure repeat breeding and infertility in bovines. Silent heat in high producing crossbred cows and buffaloes create problems in finding the right time for insemination. An innovative technology, named cystoscope, developed at IVRI to know the ideal time for insemination by examining the fern pattern of cervical mucus, has been found to significantly improve the conception rate. This can be tested in rural background without the need of laboratory or electricity with the help of battery operated equipment costing around Rs. 1000.00
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Feeding of concentrate: Farmers practice innovative practices for feeding concentrates by mixing these with chaffed green/dry fodder rather than feeding of concentrates and fodder separately as practiced in some dairy farms. High milk yielding cows are known to have higher incidence of clinical as well as sub clinical mastitis leading to significant loss in milk production. One of the reason for this is attributed to the fact that the high yielding cows tend to sit on floor immediately after milking due the drain of calcium, phosphorus and other nutrients in the milk. Therefore, concentrate is offered to the animals after milking so that they remain standing for about half an hour to avoid bacterial contamination of the udder from the floor through the open teat canal. Feeding of concentrates in the form of pellets is a good practice to ensure balanced ration free from moulds and mycotoxins. About 80% of livestock farmers in India are small, marginal, medium or landless, livestock driven agricultural growth is considered as pro-poor. Christiaensen et al. provided a global perspective on the role of agriculture on poverty reduction and observed that agricultural growth has a larger impact on poverty reduction than non-agricultural growth. It is believed that 1% growth in agriculture is equal to 2% industrial growth to achieve inclusive growth. Birthal and Taneja reported that reduction in rural poverty was more responsive to growth in livestock sector than growth in the crop sector. It is also reported that farmers‘ suicides were more where monocropping was practised and the farmers were not keeping livestock. In the present scenario, livestock, poultry, fishery and horticulture are best options for higher and sustainable inclusive growth in agriculture. Post green revolution in India, intensive crop production using high yielding varieties of wheat and rice has resulted in degraded lands on account of over mining of micronutrients as a result of unbalanced use of fertilizers, namely N, P and K. Monocropping with high yielding varieties has also reduced the biodiversity, thus losing the genetic variability, including resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Diversification of agriculture is the key to overcome these problems. Diversification of agriculture in farming system mode, preferably with livestock component (piggery, goatery, duckery, poultry, fish etc.) is an effective way of accelerating agricultural growth and reducing rural poverty. In India, lately livestock accounts for a larger share of the value of agricultural output than food grains. In TE 2009- 10, the output from livestock was valued at Rs. 2,130 billion (at 2004-05 prices) which is about 18% more than the value of food grains. In 1980s, the value of livestock output was 28% less than the value of food grains. The demand of food products of animal origin (milk, egg, meat, fish) is increasing as a result of sustained and economic growth and expanding urban population, particularly in developing countries. High rise in the prices of food commodities of animal origin, namely milk, egg, meat, fish) in recent years are mainly responsible for inflation, indirectly affecting the prices of other commodities. Though India stands 1st in milk production, 2nd in aquaculture and fish production, 3rd in egg production and 5th in meat production globally, we are able to meet only about half of the requirement of protein of animal origin for our population. For an adult person weighing about 60 kg, out of the total 60 g protein requirement, 25 g should be of animal origin (milk, egg, meat, fish) having higher biological value. Contribution of livestock to agricultural GDP has been increasing consistently from 1070s onward. In the decadal estimates made between 1970-80, 1980-90, 1990-2000, 2007-10 the growth in the livestock sector in India has been higher than the growth in the crop sector. The ‗State of Agriculture‘ document states that ―Rapid growth in livestock sector has led not only to boost agricultural growth but also to reduce rural poverty and promote rural equity. The distribution of livestock is more egalitarian than that of land. The smallholders and landless rural population together control 75
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percent of the livestock resources. Livestock is thus an important source of livelihood for smallholder and the landless and the sector‘s rapid growth benefits the poorest households the most. Evidence shows that livestock contributes nearly half of the total income of the smallholders.‖ It further documents, ―Livestock sector also seems to promote gender and social equity. About 70 percent of the total workers engaged in the livestock sector are women. The participation of women in other activities including agriculture is low compared to that of animal husbandry. Further, a majority of workers engaged in livestock sector belong to socially and economically backward communities. Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and other Backward Castes together constitute about 70 percent of the persons employed in livestock sector.‖ There is also evidence to suggest that the States (Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Kerala, Gujarat and Karnataka) having higher growth in livestock sector have less rural poverty as compared to the states (Orissa, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal) having low growth in livestock sector. Economists have suggested that if India is to become a developed country, it should have two digit (10% or more) GDP growth rate for more than a decade and to achieve this national GDP, the agricultural GDP should grow minimum 4%. Since the beginning of the Ninth Five-Year Plan in 1997, India‘s policymakers have been targeting 4% growth for the agricultural sector but so far it has been elusive. Considering the higher growth potential in livestock and fisheries, an overall growth of 6 to 7 percent per annum was envisaged during the 11th Five-Year Plan for the livestock sector as a whole, with milk group achieving a growth of 5% per annum and meat and poultry achieving a growth of 10% per annum. Against these targets, the growth value of output from the livestock sector during 11th Plan was about 4.8% per annum and from fisheries it was about 3.6% per annum. It is thus apparent that for agriculture to achieve a growth rate of 4% per annum; livestock, poultry and fishery should grow between 6 to 8% per annum. This can be achieved provided more funds for R & D and policy support is provided to these enterprises.
Agriculture growth and Livestock Prosperity
V K Gupta ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agricultural growth is critical for prosperity in rural masses. Animal farming is pursued in India as a complementary activity besides crop cultivation. According to the World Bank, India has brought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has transformed the nation from chronic dependence on grain imports into a global agricultural powerhouse that is now a net exporter of food by 2020 and will be the fourth-largest economy in the world behind China, US and Japan. Contrary to popular perception, India‘s agriculture is a success story. India ranks 11th and 12th globally in services and manufacturing sectors respectively, and second in the world in the agricultural sector. But India with its current population of one billion still faces daunting challenges of hunger, poverty and malnutrition that will only get worse as its population further increases. But we cannot propel ourself into a global economic power and also ensure equitable prosperity of its people without first transforming its agriculture specially livestock sector into a more productive enterprise. Due to
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continuous efforts by scientists and contribution of livestock sector, Indian agriculture in the 21st century has become diverse, stronger and superior to the one that existed during the Green Revolution. Despite, 70% percent of our population is rural but it still contributes about 50 percent of India‘s GDP. Nonetheless, we have an enormous and diverse animal wealth that generates primary as well as supplementary livelihood opportunities for millions of people. Animal farming supports a sizeable chunk of livelihoods, both in rural and urban areas. Income augmentation for farmers, especially of small farmers and the landless, as seen above, is the primary contribution of livestock segment towards farmers. The last few decades have seen recognition of the importance of livestock to the poor, both rural and urban. Yet, when public resources are being allocated, livestock is often the under-appreciated and inappropriately funded.
Livestock and its Productivity Enhancement through Assisted Reproduction under Changing Climate Scenario
Suresh Kumar, Mahesh Kumar, J.K. Singh, S. Saha, N. Chand, Y.K. Soni, N. Prasad, M. Pande and B. Prakash ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut Cantt.U.P.-250001, India, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The livestock sector accounts for 40% of the world's agriculture Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It employs 1.3 billion people, and creates livelihoods for one billion of the world's population living in poverty (FAO, 2006).Climate change is seen as a major threat to the survival of many species, ecosystems and the sustainability of livestock production systems in many parts of the world (Moss et al., 2000). Global demand for livestock products is expected to double during the first half of this century, as a result of the growing human population, and its growing affluence. Over the same period, we expect big changes in the climate globally. The dramatic expansion of crop production for biofuels is already impacting on the resources available globally for food production, and hence on food supply and cost. Food security remains one of the highest priority issues in developing countries, and livestock production has a key role in many of these countries. However, food security is re- emerging as an important issue in many developed countries that had previously regarded it as ‗solved‘. These interconnected issues are creating immense pressure on the planet‘s resources. We need high quality animal science to help meet rising demand for livestock products in an environmentally and socially responsible way. Global climate change is one of the most significant environmental threats to the earth planet. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has dictated that global warming/climate change could lead to many environmental problems i.e., Drought, floods, crop and animal farming, food production, and health hazards etc. Green House Gases (GHG) are released in the atmosphere both by natural sources and anthropogenic (human related) activities. During last few decades, there is a considerable increase in the amount of GHG released into atmosphere through human resources. Assessment of potential factors responsible for global climate change has been a long, tedious, and complicated process.
49 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
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LDL Sub-fraction Characterization, Cholesterol Lowering and Bile Acid Binding of Food Fractions to Gluten Free Snacks, Pasta and Frat Breads
Talwinder Singh Kahlon Healthy Processed Foods Research, WRRC, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA 94710 Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Low Density Lipoprotein sub-fractions were characterized and their accurate molecular weights were determined by meniscus depletion sedimentation equilibrium. Relative risk of heart diseases for male subjects was higher than for females. Cholesterol lowering potential for rice bran was documented in hamster feeding studies. Bile acid binding potential of cereal fibers and fractions could determine their potential to lower cholesterol. Gluten hypersensitivity has been increasing possibly due to increased pollution, use of bacterial transaminase to glue meat scraps to form low cost meat patties. Gluten-free snacks, pasta and flatbreads were tested by taste panels to offer healthy choice for all and option for vegetarians and those hypersensitive to gluten food products.
Development of Bt Chickpea and Bt Pigeon Pea for Resistance Against the Major Pest, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
Pushpa Kharb, M. Jain and S. Khatodia Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Bt chickpea and Bt pigeon pea have been developed for resistance against the pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). Transgenic plants of the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. C-235 expressing cry1Aa3 gene have been generated by tissue culture independent, rapid and efficient transformation method (Patent No. 252590) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring pBIN-35Scry1Aa3. Transgenic plants of the chickpea cvs. C-235 and HC-1 and pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.] cv. Manak (H 77-216) expressing cry1Ac gene have also been developed by the same method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring pBIN-35Scry1Ac. The transgene integration and expression was tested by PCR and ELISA, respectively. Southern analysis revealed integration of a single copy of the transgene in both chickpea and pigeon pea transgenic plants. The single copy integration was also confirmed by Real Time PCR assay with SYBER green chemistry. Quantitative assessment of Bt Cry toxins by ELISA in transgenic pigeon pea and chickpea plants showed variable level of expression of the inserted cry gene. Pod borer larval mortality up to 87 per cent was observed when fed on T4 plants of Bt chickpea and Bt pigeon pea.
50 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
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Incorporating Resistance to Fungal Diseases in Indian Mustard Using Transgenic Approaches
S. Nirwan, A. Chatterjee, A. Agnihotri and P. Sharma Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida-201313, India, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is a major oilseed crop of India and contributes about 27% of total edible oilseed produced in the country. Despite being the third largest producer of rapeseed-mustard in the world after China and Canada, India is unable to meet its domestic demand. The import of edible oils is estimated to cost US$ 10 billion per year, ranking third after petroleum and gold. There is a huge gap between the potential and realized yields due to various stresses under changing climatic conditions. With the average yield of oilseed rape stagnant at 1100-1300 kg/hec, there is an urgent need to minimize yield losses due to biotic and abiotic stresses. Phytopathogenic fungi like Albugo candida, Alternaria brassicae and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum may individually cause 40-70% yield losses in Indian mustard under unfavourable conditions. The progress through conventional plant breeding approaches has remained restricted due to limited sources of resistance to these fungi in the primary gene pool. Modern plant genetic engineering techniques offer alternative approaches for transfer of genes conferring resistance to these fungi from non-conventional sources. The recent developments in this area will be discussed.
Commercial Application of Extracellular Cellulase Free Xylanases in Pulp and Paper Industry
A.P. Garg Department of Microbiology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut-250004, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT White paper is produced by pulp and paper industry at huge environmental cost because of multistage use of chlorine based bleach technology. More than 300 highly colored chlorinated organic compounds including small quantity of highly toxic dioxins are produced during the chlorine based bleach process. Chlorine free bleach processes are very expensive and the paper technologists are investigating reduced chlorine bleach sequences. During the pulping process xylan is re-precipitated between the cellulose and lignin fibres, and blocks the channels which require greater amount of chlorine to remove residual lignin. Pre-treatment of pulps with cellulase free xylanases facilitates the removal of re-precipitated xylan which reduces the consumption of chlorine during the bleach process. We have succeeded in producing cellulase free extracellular xylanases from Streptomyces thermoviolacues, Saccharomonospora viridis, Phanerochaete chrysoporium and Aspergillus fumigatus that are able to reduce 25 to 33% of cholrine consumption during the widely used CEDED bleach sequence without adversely affecting quality of paper including the brightness. Pretreatment of Birchwood Kraft pulp with extracellular cellulase free xylanase preparations from Streptomyces thermoviolacues was highly effective at 65◦C and one cycle of 3-h treatment allowed 30-35% savings
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in chlorine in CEDED bleach sequence. Commercial preparations of Pulpzyme and Cartazyme were also used for comparison of our preparations and it was found that our enzyme preparations preserved better quality of paper fibres. High activity cellulase free extracellular xylanases were produced from a mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus on cheap substrate, wheat bran under solid state fermentation conditions. The enzyme preparation was active at 60◦C at pH 7.0 and allowed 33% savings in chlorine in CEDED bleach sequence without adversely affecting paper qualities. Though, enzyme preparations from Saccharomonospora viridis were also cellulase free and highly active at 70◦C but its activity was not as high as that of S. thermoviolaceus, P. chrysoporium and A. fumagatus. Release of reducing sugars and chromophoric materials with reduction in Kappa number were used as parameters of biobleach effect of enzyme preparations. Brightness (ISO), tear index, tensile index and burst index were taken as parameters of quality of paper. Cellulase free xylanases active at high temperature and alkaline pH values have great commercial potential in pulp and paper industry.
LDL Subfraction Characterization, Cholesterol Lowering and Bile Ccid Binding of Food Fractions to Gluten Free Snacks, Pasta and Frat Breads
Talwinder Singh Kahlon Healthy Processed Foods Research, WRRC, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA 94710
ABSTRACT Low Density Lipoprotein subfractions were characterized and their accurate molecular weights were determined by meniscus depletion sedimentation equilibrium. Relative risk of heart diseases for male subjects was higher than for females. Cholesterol lowering potential for rice bran was documented in hamster feeding studies. Bile acid binding potential of cereal fibers and fractions could determine their potential to lower cholesterol. Gluten hypersensitivity has been increasing possibly due to increased pollution, use of bacterial transaminase to glue meat scraps to form low cost meat patties. Gluten-free snacks, pasta and flatbreads were tested by taste panels to offer healthy choice for all and option for vegetarians and those hypersensitive to gluten food products.
Sierra Leone: Women‟s Role in Integrated Rural Development
Sandra Wolton University of Portsmouth, Porstmouth, UK, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In this paper I evidence women‘s key role in rural development and the positive impact this has on community empowerment based on data analysis extracted from a semi-ethnographic study I conducted in urban and rural districts in Sierra Leone during extended fieldtrips between 2011 and 2014. My findings drawn from interviews with UN agencies, INGOs, senior government officials, NGOs, CBOs, women‘s networks, women‘s organisations, women‘s groups and individuals confirm government fails to deliver national healthcare, education and welfare programmes leaving extremely poor women reliant on indigenous skills for survival. I argue this is unacceptable, that the majority of
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women are excluded from the mainstream development debate, their knowledge is invaluable, their input must be formally recognized, they must be fully involved in decision-making regarding policy and implementation of initiatives that impact on their lives. . In support of this move, I advocate comprehensive revision of the structure of large-scale international development projects that repeatedly fail to lift women out of poverty accompanied by active dialogue between grassroots women, funders, policy-makers and all levels of bureaucrats and NGOs. I propose the emphasis should be on small-scale initiatives that focus on context and are country and district specific accompanied by rigorous monitoring systems. My proposed approach is based on alternative paradigms espoused by South American post-development theorists and practitioners that already demonstrate viability. I argue that elements of these schemes if put into practice in Sierra Leone have the potential to improve women‘s socio-economic position and raise their status.
Mother Earth and Environmental Consequences
G. C. Pandey and Pradeep Kumar Sharma1 Ex. Prof. of Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. R. M. L. Avadh University, Faizabad-224001 (U.P.); 1Department of Environmental Science, Jhunjhunwala P. G. College, Faizabad-224001 (U.P.). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Our upanishad speaks ―Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam‖ (Mother Earth is the original global village) and Sarbabhuta Hita (mother earth is for the welfare of all beings) Brihadaranayaka Upanishad speaks about creature and creation ―the earth is honey for all creatures and all creatures are honey for earth‖. Our beloved earth so touchably looked upon as the universal mother, has nurtured mankind through millions of years of growth and evolution mother earth is our only home who gives life to all every living being is responsible for respecting and living in harmony with mother earth. Earth is critically wounded, degraded, poisoned and depleted by the action of human family. Colonialism, industrialization, consumerism, warfare and a lack of value based understanding are primarily drivers of this growing and relentless assault on our beloved mother earth. Now rapacious exploitation of the planet has caught up with us and a radical change in our relationship with the nature is no longer an option. If we believe the dominator ethos ―Man‘s conquest of nature‖, we will likely do irreparable harm to the mother earth. Through technology and industrialization we have changed the face of our planet and caused devastation. More people, hotter climate, less forests, depleted soils, melting glaciers, dry rivers, drained aquifers, disappearing species, acidic oceans, toxic pollution, dirty energy and depleted material resources are all causing environmental crisis. Measured on range of indicators, including fertilizer use, natural forest loss, habitat conservation, fisheries and other marine captures, water pollution, carbon emission and species threat ten countries identified with causing worst environmental damage are Brazil, US, China, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, India, Russia, Australia and Peru. Human beings took the best land, best trees, best oil, and so forth and now we have to do with lower quality materials, energy and natural bounty.
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Agro-biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Vegetable Crops: Indian Perspective
R. K. Gupta Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture Sciences & Technology, Chatha, Jammu-180009 (J&K), India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability among the living organisms and ecological complexes in which they occur. The term encompasses different ecosystems, genes, and their relative abundance. The genetic diversity have provided basic material for food, nutrition, health and livelihood security; poverty alleviation, cultural enrichment, and enhanced biological productivity. It is common heritage of mankind and key for human survival. Biodiversity is currently being lost at an unprecedented rate, thus threatening the sustainability of life support systems. A substantial portion of this diversity has been lost even before it was properly completely documented or conserved. It has been said that the loss of the world‘s genetic diversity would be worse than energy depletion, economic collapse, limited nuclear war, or conquest by a totalitarian government. Agro-biodiversity encompasses the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro- organisms that are necessary for sustaining key functions of the agro-ecosystem that supports food production and food security. The more crop varieties farmers grow and rear animals in particular region, more secure is his family‘s food and livelihood. The interaction between the genetic resources, environment and management systems often result in variability that helps all living organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions. But it takes hundreds of years before any detectable improvement in form of new species or crops are recognized. It is well established that the traditional practices of maintaining genetic diversity hold key to long-term Sustainable Food Systems in respective agro ecologies.
Should India Promote Herbicide Tolerant barnase-barstar GM Indian Mustard Hybrids?
P. Pardha-Saradhi Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110007, India, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT India is one of the centres of genetic diversification of Indian mustard and its wild relatives. Plant breeders thrive on this natural wealth of gene pool for traits such as pest/pathogen resistance, drought/salt/temperature tolerance, high nutritional quality etc. Apt exploration of heterosis (hybrid vigour) by plant breeders lead to the development of Indian mustard hybrids with 20-50% enhanced seed yield, without deploying any transgene. However, use of transgenic pollination mechanism, in particular barnase-barstar-bar system for development of hybrids would be disastrous for India. Firstly, barnase is a lethal gene as it kills cells by producing highly efficient ribonuclease (RNAse) and accordingly found application in terminator technology (US005723765A). Gene expression under
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the control of tissue specific promoters like TA29 promoter is often leaky. It is also proven beyond any doubt that (i) significant proportion of outbreeding occurs amongst the members of mustard family; and (ii) the transgenes like barnase and bar can contaminate the natural and man-made gene pools with ease. The lethal gene, barnase can play havoc in the centres of diversification of Indian mustard and its wild relatives. Contamination of non-GE Indian mustard varieties/hybrids cultivated in the farmers‘ fields, with the barnase would render the harvested seed impotent to be used for future cultivation. Ten-fold higher expression of bar under the control of CaMV35S double enhancer promoter, shows the intention of the developers to promote use of herbicide - glufosinate, which is a proven neurotoxin and has negative impact on below and above ground biodiversity in agricultural fields. Negative impact on biodiversity would hamper with self-sustainable potential of agricultural ecosystems. In addition, oil quality and seed size of barnase-barstar-bar Indian mustard are inferior to even popular varieties like Varuna. In nut shell, with no agronomic benefits over non-GE hybrids, there is no reason to jeopardize the security of our Nation‘s wealth of biodiversity and humankind, by releasing GM Indian mustard hybrids carrying barnase-barstar-bar system.
Climate Change and Water Conservation in Rural Areas
Minu Madlani KPB Hinduja College of Commerce, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Water management and conservation is one of the crucial issues which not only India but theworld is facing. Water is the main source for the development for all human beings, cattle‘s,and industries and rain is the ultimate source of fresh water. Hence mechanisms to save rain water have today become need of the hour. One of the easily adoptable ways to conserve rain water is the Rain water harvesting, a system by which, the rainwater that collects on the roofs and the area around the buildings is directed into open wells through a filter tank or into a percolation chamber, built specifically for this purpose, and same water can be used for domestic and agricultural purposes. Today we are at a juncture in life where the available water resources has deteriorated to a great extent because of multiple factors of which one being an irresponsible attitude of people towards its use and conservation. Instead of quarrelling over this scarce resource, if people participate in the management of the same, the results would be much more beneficial in terms of economics as well as satisfaction of needs. Fresh water resources are essential to human life, livelihoods, and healthy natural ecosystems. In order to provide safe drinking water in the rural areas, the Ministry has set up the norm of 40 liters per capita per day (lpcd) and additional 30 lpcd for animals in hot and cold desert eco-systems. Further, drinking water source for 250 persons in a habitation is provided. The distance determines the access to drinking water in the rural areas. As per the norms, a source should exist within 1.6 kms of the habitation in plains or 100 metres elevation in hilly areas. Despite of the impressive coverage of provision of safe drinking water facilities in the rural areas, there is a great deal of concern about both the quality and sustainability. The Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) was earlier totally Government run without the participation of stakeholders. There has been perception amongst the users that water is a free (service) commodity with the Government having the entire responsibility for running the operation. This has slowed down the
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development of more efficient, low cost options for service delivery. As a result, the users have been denied the opportunity to demand better services.
56 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
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ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Technical Session 1. Technological Advancement and Value Chain Management
Studies on Isolation and Screening for Novel Bioactive Molecules from Endophytic Populations Associated with Arisaema erubescens
Akanksha Rathore, Brajeshwar Singh and A.K. Bhat Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir -18009. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Arisaema erubescens is one of the medicinal herbs found abundantly in the Himalayan region. Healthy plant samples were collected from Patnitop situated at an elevation of 2,065 metres (33°05‘15.60‖ N and 75°19‘49.91‖ E) of District Udhampur in Jammu Division. Total nine bacterial and eight fungal endophytes were isolated from plant samples. Bacterial endophytes were identified on the basis of Morphological & Biochemical behaviour. Later on promising cultures were subjected to 16SrRNA tools for species identification. Fungal endophytes were identified on the basis of morphological & microscopic characteristics and most of them were of Aspergillus genus. Endophytes were screened for their antibiotic production potential against human pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 741), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1697), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96) and Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC 98). Out of nine bacterial isolates only MB-19 & MB-25 has shown significant anti-microbial activities against Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli, respectively. Potent endophytes were processed for identification of active metabolites at Natural Product Lab, IIIM (CSIR) Jammu. Bacterial extracts were subjected to bioassay for confirmation of presence of active metabolites in extracts. MB-19 & MB-25 has retained antimicrobial activity. Methanol and chloroform extracts of MB-19 and MB-25 were subjected to HPLC. 13 peaks were recorded in chloroform extract and 11 peaks in methanol extract for the culture.no. MB-19 and in MB-25, 18 peaks in chloroform extract and 06 peaks of methanol extract were recorded. It is presumed that these peaks contain active antimicrobial compound which can be identified further by NMR analysis of these extracts. Our studies concluded that A. erubescens retains ample biodiversity within which might be the reason for its medicinal values. As indicated in our work bacterial endophytes can be further exploited for industrial application.
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Effect and Economic Feasibility of Boron, Zinc and Iron on Growth and Yield of Cucumber under Polyhouse Condition
Dharmendra Kumar Patidar, I. B. Maurya, Jitendra Singh and Pravin Singh Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture & Forestry, (Agriculture University, Kota), Jhalarapatan city, Jhalawar-326023 India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2014–2015 to find out the dose of boron, zinc and iron to obtain high growth, yield and net returns in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Twenty seven treatment combinations with three levels of boron (control, 20 and 40 ppm), three levels of zinc (control, 20 and 40 ppm) and three levels of iron (control, 40 and 80 ppm) were evaluated. Application of boron at 40 ppm, zinc at 40 ppm and iron at 80 ppm individually and their treatment combination was found to be significantly superior with respect to maximum number of branches per plant at 45 DAS, vine length at 60 DAS, chlorophyll (a) content in leaves (6.80, 6.84 and 6.63 mg/100) at 30, 60 and 90 DAS, chlorophyll (b) content in leaves (12.48, 12.62 and12.17 mg/100) at 30, 60 and 90 DAS, average fruit weight (130.33 g.), volume of fruit (135.43 cc), yield per plant (5.62 kg), net returns (Rs. 498.67 m2) and B:C ratio (3.71) of cucumber.
Morphological Feature of Colletotrichum falcatum: A Causal Organism of Sugarcane Red Rot Disease
Sushma Sagar, R.S. Sengar and Akash Tomar Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut - 250110, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Sugarcane is important cash cum industrial crop, cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Being a C4 plant, sugarcane has high efficiency in storing solar energy and most efficient converter of solar energy to sucrose. The pathogenic fungus causing red rot disease of sugarcane is commonly known by its imperfect state, i.e. Colletotrichum falcatum Went, occurring in most of the cane growing countries. Red rot is mainly recognized as disease of standing stalk sand the planted seed pieces or cutting. It may affect any of the vegetative parts of sugarcane plant. In the initial stages of the disease, affected stalks exhibit little external indication of the disease except that a few green stalks often show purplish discoloration on rind. The disease is easily detected during the monsoon or the following period, mostly on the third and or fourth leaf which withers away at the tip and along the margin or whole leaf is usually the first indication of the disease. In severe cases, whole crown dries off in eight to twelve days in susceptible varieties. Diagnostic symptoms can only be observed by splitting the stalk lengthwise. The rate and the extent of spread of infection inside the stalk depend on the susceptibility of the sugarcane variety and environment. The affected tissue, which soon develops a characteristic, slightly acidic, starchy odour and turns dull red, interrupted by occasional whitish patches are specific to the disease and of diagnostic significance indistinguishing red rot from other stalk rots.
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Colletotrichum falcatum fungus are its acervular conidiomata, often with setae (dark- pigmented, unbranched, thick-walled sterile hyphae usually pointed at the tip), producing elongated slimy conidia and the presence of appressoria (thick-walled swellings at the end of a hypha or germ tube useful for attaching the fungus to the host surface before penetration of the tissue), presence or absence of the telomorph, colony colour and growth, production of pigments and growth rate which are mostly used for genetic characterization. Red rot disease in subtropical regions could be controlled through the use of resistant varieties.
Effect of Sequential Herbicides on Weed Control Efficiency, Crop Productivity and Economic Returns in Direct Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa)
Ajay Singh, D. P. Nandal and S. S. Punia CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125 004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during the kharif 2012 at Students‘ Farm of College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University to study the performance of sequential application of herbicides to control complex weed flora in direct seeded rice. The herbicidal treatments include two pre emergence herbicides i.e. pendimethalin 1000 g/ha and oxadiargyl 100 g/ ha and four post emergence herbicides (bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha, fenoxaprop 67 g/ha, ethoxysulfuron 18.75 g/ha and metsulfuron methyl 10% + chlorimuron ethyl 10% WP ready mix (Almix) 4 g/ha).Weed free and weedy check were also included. The results showed that grasses were the dominant weed flora followed by sedges and broad leaf weeds. Sequential application of pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha and metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl RM (Almix) 4 g/ha gave significantly lower weed density and higher weed control efficiency which resulted in better yield attributes, grain yield and higher economic returns.
A Study of Agricultural Safety Issues, Innovations and Technologies in India
Antara Sonawane K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce, Charni Rd, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agriculture provides livelihoods for millions of the poorest and most vulnerable people around the world in most of the developing and less developed countries i.e., (LDC). Agricultural sector provides food for rapidly growing populations; energy for cooking and for transport; raw materials for industry; and also its is a vital source of foreign exchange for many developing countries. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate and understand the several agricultural safety issues, innovation and technologies in adopted in Indian agricultural system. To boost productivity, development of strong agricultural innovation system needed. Agriculture sector faces the various challenges like food insecurity, climate change, increased competition for energy, water, and land, and degradation of land and biodiversity. All these issues are connected in complex ways.
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To overcome with such issues and challenges not only technology but innovation would play an very important role. Hence the attempt is made in this research paper to Study the agricultural safety issues, innovations and technologies in India.
Post-harvest Calcium Treatments Extend the Storage Life of Pear Fruits under Low Temperature Storage
P.P. S. Gill, S.K. Jawandha, A.K. Sangwan, Nav Prem Singh, N. Kaur Department of Fruit Science, PAU Ludhiana, Punjab, India -141004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The effect of calcium chloride treatments on storage quality of pear cv. Punjab Soft under low temperature storage was investigated. Fruits were given post harvest dip in aqueous solution of CaCl2 (0, 2, 4 %) for five minutes and subsequently stored at 0-1oC and 90-95% RH. The effectiveness of treatments on fruits was assessed by analyzing physiological loss in weight, fruit firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, sensory quality after the interval of 30, 45, 60 and 70 days of storage. It was observed that calcium treatments effectively reduced weight loss of fruits and maintained fruit firmness, juice acidity and sensory quality of fruits during storage. However, CaCl2 @ 2% treatment was most effective in maintaining fruit quality of the fruits at the end of storage. Further, correlation matrix studies of quality parameters revealed the inverse relationship of TA, fruit firmness and sensory quality with physiological loss in weight and soluble solids content. For extensive view of total variations contributed by each factor during storage, principal component analysis was conducted. It was observed that physiological loss in weight (PC1) contributed to maximum variation in quality parameters of fruits during its storage under low temperature.
Bioefficacy Evaluation of Pymetrozine 50% WG Against Insect Pests of Paddy
Rajendra Singh, Sudhir Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Ritesh Sharma and Amit Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-250110 (U.P). India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications of eight treatments during kharif season 2015 at Chirori university research centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut (U.P.) to evaluate the effect of some novel insecticides against insect pests of paddy. Efficacy of seven insecticides viz., Pymetrozine 50% WG (GSP sample) @ 250, 300 and 400 g/ha, Pymetrozine 50% WG (market sample) @ 300 g/ha, Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 125 ml/ha and Fipronil 5% SC @ 1500 ml/ha tasted against Green leaf hopper (Nephotettix virescens), Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and White backed plant hopper (Sogatella furcifera). The results of the experiment showed that Pymetrozine 50% WG (GSP sample) @ 300 and 400 g/ha and Pymetrozine 50% WG (Market sample) @ 300 g/ha effectively controlled BPH, GLH and WBPH pests followed by Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 125 ml/ha and
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Fipronil 5% SC @ 1500 ml/ha. No phytotoxicity symptoms on paddy crop and no adverse effect on natural enemies were recorded due to application of treatments. Since Pymetrozine 50% WG @ 300 g/ha was equally effective to 400 g/ha dose.
Waste in Fruit Production: A Case Study of Grapes Production in Maharashtra
Durgesh Kumar Dubey K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce, Charni Rd, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT India is second largest fruit producer after China. Annual growth of horticulture has seen fruit production growing faster than vegetables. Grapes occupy the premier position in export with 107.3 thousand tonnes valued at Rs. 1,086 crores in 2014-15. Maharashtra is leading state in production of grapes in the whole country consist around 80% export. The state with a processing capacity of one lakh metric tonnes has failed to exploit the surplus. Almost 30 per cent of the grapes produced by farmers are wasted due lack of infrastructure facilities, problem in supply chain management, shortage of cold storage and lack of food processing units across Maharashtra. While world over 82% grape production is utilized for processing wine and 6-8% for fresh consumption, in India 85% grapes are consumed fresh while only 12% is used for raisin, 1-2% for juices and balance for processing wine. The consumption pattern itself results in waste. Even though government gives priority to this segment due to its export value, still this sector lacks in many areas. This paper is an attempt to tackle the issues related to production and distribution and waste arising out of it. Author has also made an attempt to a give long term solution to solve the problems plaguing the system so as to minimise the waste for maximum efficiency in production and distribution of grapes in Maharashtra.
Effect of Date of Sowing and Thinning Management on Growth, Oil Yield and Relative Economics of Brown Sarson (Brassica rapa L.)
Saba Shafai, Bilal Ahmad Lone, Raihana Habib Kanth, Aijaz Nazir and Rehana Mohi-ud-din Division of Agronomy, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir 190025. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A study was carried out at KVK, Shuhama Farm, during Rabi, 2011-12. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four replications. The treatments included three sowing dates (Ist October, 15th October and 30th October) and six thinning managements (10 days after emergence, last week of November, last week of February, 50% at 10 days after emergence and 50% at last week of November, 50% at 10 days after emergence and 50% at last week of February, and 50% at last week of November and 50% at last week of February) assigned to main and sub plots, respectively. The findings of the study indicated that sowing on Ist October was found to cause significant improvement in various growth and yield attributes viz; plant height, number of leaves per plant, green area index, dry matter accumulation siliquae plant-1, seeds plant-1 and 1000 seed weight. Relative economics, oil
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content, seed and straw yield were also maximum when sowing was done on Ist October. Among the different thinning management treatments, 50% thinning at 10 days after emergence and remaining 50% at last week of November improved growth characters and thereby recorded highest yield attributes which resulted in increase in the biological yield as well as economic yield. The maximum net profit ha-1 also showed the same trend. Result of the present study indicated that for achieving higher seed yield along with improved quality characters, sowing of brown sarson under Kashmir conditions should be done on Ist October and that thinning should be done 50% after 10 days of emergence and remaining 50% thinning in last week of November.
Phenotypic Stability Studies for Fruit Yield and Biotic Stress Traits in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
Anil Bhushan and R K Samnotra Division of Vegetable Science & Floriculture, FOA, Main Campus Chatha, SKUAST-Jammu. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Experimental Farm, Division of Vegetable Science & Floriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha during 2013-14 and 2014-15 to assess the performance of genotypes across seasons and years for their adaptability and tolerance to various biotic stress traits under wide range of environments through phenotypic stability studies using Eberhart and Russel regression model. Twenty five brinjal genotypes (10 F‘1s and 15 OP varieties) were evaluated for fruit yield and prevalent biotic stress traits under six environments comprising of six different seasons viz., E1: autumn-winter2013; E2: spring-summer, 2014; E3: rainy, 2014; E4: autumn-winter, 2014; E5: spring- summer, 2015 and E6: rainy, 2015. Significant genotypes × environment interaction for all the traits provides an opportunity for selecting suitable genotypes with high mean for the trait of interest except non-significant mean square value in little leaf incidence which means less variation and least scope of selection for this trait. The portioning of environments + (genotypes x environments) mean squares showed that environments (linear) differed significantly and were quite diverse with regards to their effect on the performance of the genotypes for fruit yield and all the biotic traits. Simultaneous 2 analysis of stability parameters (µ, bi and S di) revealed three genotypes viz., PPL-74, Shamli and Punjab Sadabahar as stable genotypes capable of giving consistent performance over seasons and years in terms of marketable yield, yield /plant and fruit yield/hectare and one genotype Pusa Kranti has been found stable against fruit borer as well as phomopsis blight disease and thus can be recommended for commercial cultivation under subtropical conditions of Jammu region.
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Plant growth Promotion Activities of Novel Isolates of Trichoderma spp and its Metabolic Products on Brassica juncea
Lakshman Prasad, Sanskriti Singhania, Oinam W. Singh, Sonica Tomar and Pankaj Sharma1 ICAR-Indian Agricultural research Institute, New Delhi-12; 1ICAR- Diretorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Sewar, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Trichoderma species have been registered as species with important plant growth promoting agents. Plant growth promotion (PGP) is affected by number of biotic and abiotic factors. Investigations were made with the aim to find out potential strains of Trichoderma posing plant growth promotion activity. We have screened the PGP response of ten isolates of Trichoderma species on mustard seed germination, root length, shoot length, leaf area and chlorophyll contents using two different set of conditions i.e. blotting sheet and under pot-culture experiments. All the isolates of Trichoderma such as: five isolates of T. harzianum, three isolates of T. longibrachiatum and two isolates of T. asperellum were used to test as such in form of conidial suspension as well as its secondary metabolite @ 5% and 3% crude extracts. Mustard seeds were soaked for two hours in conidial suspension and crude extract solution of all isolates in three replications as per standards protocols in sterilized wet blotting sheet under in-vitro conditions and untreated seeds were kept as control in similar way. Under pot-culture experiment, treated seeds were sown in 8 inches earthen pot containing sterile soil in three replicates and same number of untreated seeds per pot was kept as control in similar way. All the pots containing mustard seeds were kept in glass house and observed everyday till seed germination. Three days after seed germination, all the pots were transferred to net house for proper sunlight exposure till one month. Then after 30 days plants were detached carefully from the soil and root length, shoot length and leaf area were measured followed by measuring fresh weight of each plant. For measuring the chlorophyll content of plant leaves, 500mg leaves from each treated replicate were taken; clean and surface sterilized with distilled water before crushed using pestle-mortar in presence of 20ml of acetone. These flask were kept overnight at room temperature. Next day, leaves mixtures of all the treated isolates were separated using Whatman filter paper and spectrophotometric readings were measured at 645nm for chlorophyll a and 663nm for chlorophyll b. Data were recorded on 5th day of incubation and found that all tested Trichoderma isolates showed significant positive effects on germination, root length and shoot length, among which maximum shoot and root lengths were observed in case isolate T. asperullum isolate T-48 with 5% secondary metabolite and T. harzianum isolate T-37 with 3% secondary metabolite. It was observed that seed germination was faster in those seeds that were treated with crude extract and spore culture of different isolates of Trichoderma as compared to untreated seeds. All the tested Trichoderma isolates showed significant positive effects on root length and shoot length, among which maximum shoot and root lengths were observed in by T. harzianum isolate T-19, and two isolates T-21 and T-48 of T. asperullum in both the cases isolates. The fresh weight of all the treatments were ranging between 1.5gm-3gm and the range of total chlorophyll content were ranging from 8mg/ml-28mg/ml. Highest chlorophyll contents was enhanced by T. harzianum isolate T-19 and T. asperullum isolate T-48 in both the cases. However, overall comparison of the chlorophyll content in Trichoderma isolates treated and untreated plants indicates that the high amount of chlorophyll content was recorded in tissues treated plants.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Screening of Soap Flake Formulations of Neem (Azadirachtaindica A. Juss) and Pongam (Pongamia pinnata(L.) Pierre.) Oils against Cotton Mealybug, Maconellicoccous hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae) and Cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora (Koch) (Aphididae)
V. Abarna1, Abhinav Kumar2 and S.Arivudainambi3 1Department of Agricultural Entomology, AC & RI, TNAU, Madurai - 625 104; 2Dept. of Entomology and Agrl. Zoology I. Ag. Sci., Banaras Hindu Universiy, Varanasi-221005; 3Dept. of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu-608002. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In past few years, crops in tropics suffer heavily due to the infestation of sucking pests rather than leaf feeders and borers and besides direct damage, sucking pests also known to serve as vectors for various viral diseases that increase the loss. As an alternate to chemical insecticides, Neem and Karanja oil based formulations have great potential for sustainable integrated pest management programmes rather than the synthetic products. But farmers are finding difficult in mixing the neem and pongam oils with water to prepare spray fluid. This improper mixing and application over crops reduces their insecticidal value greatly. To overcome the difficulties, the present study aimed in evaluating the organic soap flake formulation of oils of neem and pongam against polyphagous sucking pests such as aphids and mealybugs which are the major problems recently. In this paper we studied the insecticidal activity of neem and pongam oil soap flake formulations against Maconellicoccous hirsutus and Aphis craccivora at various concentrations under the laboratory conditions individually and in combinations. Foliar plant sprays of neem and pongam oil soap flake formulations were shown high and promising insecticidal activity against A. craccivora and M. hirsutus. Combinations of neem and pongam oil soap flake formulations are better than individual sprays in field level. For the management of A. craccivora and M. hirsutus, 2.5% NOSF + 2.5% POSF or 3.5% NOSF + 3.5%POSF can be recommended. But numbers of sprays are to be decided based on the severity of the pest.
Effect of Boron on Physical Disorders, Chemical Composition and Economics of Parthenocarpic Cucumber under Polyhouse of South Indian tropics
J.C. Bommesh1, P. Irene Vethamoni2, M. Mallik3 and Kattula Nagaraju1 1ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru-560089; 2Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641003; 3ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi – 110012 (India). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Boron deficiency could impact production, physiology and chemical composition of parthenocarpic cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). A two-year greenhouse experiment was conducted to study response of boron fertilizers (1, 1.5kg/ ha of borax, 0.25, 0.50% of boric acid and there combinations) on physiology and chemical composition of parthenocarpic cucumber cultivar ‗silyon‘.
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The results revealed that, nitrogen, boron concentration of leaf tissue taken at 50 (4.25%, 57.88ppm respectively) and 100 days of sowing (2.49%, 48.09ppm respectively) with their uptake was shown higher in the soil application of boron at the rate of 1.5 kg ha–1 along with foliar spray of boric acid 0.5% (82.47g, 159.55mg respectively). The treatment of Soil application of boron at the rate of 1.5 kg –1 ha along with foliar spray of boric acid (0.25%) found (T8) best for phosphorus, potassium concentration of leaf tissue taken at 50 (0.390 & 2.78% respectively) and 100 days of sowing (0.229 & 1.39% respectively) with their uptake (7.39 & 44.82g respectively) and benefit cost ratio of 2.64 rupees under optimum economic boron rate (OEBR). However, in nine treatment combinations –1 treatment T8 [Soil application of boron at the rate of 1.5 kg ha along with foliar spray of boric acid (0.25%)] found to be optimum to enhance the overall productivity of greenhouse parthenocarpic cucumber under tropical condition with reduction in curled and aborted fruit percentage (2.57 & 9.69% respectively). Similar studies with different soils in the country and initial soil-test boron levels are needed to conclude if these critical soil test values and OEBR can be applied across the region.
Genotype X Environment Interaction, Adaptability and Yield Stability of Rice Genotypes of North East India
Sudhir Kumar1, Amit Kumar2, Avinash Pandey2, A. Pattanayak3, Jogendra Singh4, I.M. Singh1, N. Prakash1, R. Bhagawati5 and S.V. Nagachan2 1ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Manipur Centre Imphal-795004 (Manipur); 2ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, -793103 (Meghalaya); 3Vivekananda Pravatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora-263601 (Uttarakhand); 4Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal- 132001, (Haryana); 5ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, A.P Centre, Basar-791101 (AP). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Rice is one of the most important food crop of India and 2nd of the world. It feeds more than 50 % of the world population. Genotype-environment interaction in rice genotypes is the differential response of genotypes to varying environmental conditions. An ideal genotype should be a high performing combined with a low degree of fluctuation, when grown over diverse environments. The present investigation was carried out to determine the agronomic performances of thirty two rice genotypes across three locations (Meghalaya, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh) in North East India in consecutive two years. The goal of this research was to interpret genotype-environment (GE) interactions and determine stable genotypes by using Eberhart -Russell and Additive Main effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. The first two principal component axes (PCA 1 and 2) cumulatively contributed to more than 95% of the total genotype by environment interaction. A biplot generated using genotypic and environmental scores of the first two AMMI components also showed that genotypes with larger PCA 1 and lower PCA 2 scores gave high yields (stable genotypes), and genotypes with lower PCA 1 and larger PCA 2 scores had low yields (unstable genotypes), as in the sites tested. Genotypes viz., RCPL 1-160, RCPL 1-300 and RCPL 1-145 were found high yielding across all environments and hence these genotypes have wider adaptability over a range of environments.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Leaf Fleck Disease Caused by Sugarcane bacilliform Virus: An Emerging Disease of Sugarcane in the Subtropical Region
B. Parameswari1, M.L. Chhabra1 and R. Viswanathan Plant Pathology Section, Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore -641007; 1ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute Regional Centre, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Leaf fleck disease is an emerging virus disease of sugarcane caused by Sugarcane bacilliform virus belongs to genus Badnavirus (family, Caulimoviridae). Recent studies conducted from ICAR- Sugarcane Breeding Institute revealed that the disease widely prevalent in sugarcane fields and causes severe symptoms on many varieties. Although the virus has been reported in many countries phenotypic symptoms of the disease has not been clearly reported outside our country. We found that the virus induces various types of foliar symptoms on the infected plants viz. varying degrees of chlorotic stripes, chlorotic mottling and pronounced flecks and in case of severe infection, plant shows stunted growth and symptomless plants also carry the virus. Earlier, serological methods like immune sorbant electron microscopy (ISEM), direct antigen coated enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (DAC-ELISA) and electroblot immunoassay (EBIA)) were used for diagnosis of SCBV and found to be distributed in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Haryanain India. Recently PCR based diagnosis was standardized and routinely used for the virus diagnosis in sugarcane field and in germplasm. SCBV particles are non-enveloped, bacilliform, 30×130–150 nm, genome consisting of a circular, relaxed, 7.5–8.0 kb double stranded DNA molecule. Genome of SCBV has three open reading frames (ORFs) on the positive strand. ORFs 1 and 2 encode two small proteins of 176-185 and 122-135 amino acids (aa), respectively with unknown functions, whereas ORF 3 encodes a polyprotein of 1,786-1,933 aa, which is cleaved into functional units by aspartic protease to produce a movement protein, a coat protein, an aspartic protease, a reverse transcriptase and a ribonuclease H (RNAse H) protein. The RT/RNAse H coding regions are usually used as molecular markers for species demarcation in the family Caulimoviridae or as targeted conserved fragments for PCR detection of SCBV. From India, till date five complete genome sequences and 24 RT/RNase H genetic regions of different SCBV isolates were characterized. The Indian SCBV isolates share identities of 69-85% for the complete genomic sequence, indicating wide genetic diversity among them, and share 70–82% identity with Sugarcane bacilliform Ireng Maleng virus (SCBIMV) and Sugarcane bacilliform Morocco virus (SCBMV), as well as 43–46% identity with Banana streak virus (BSV) and BSV-related SCBV species from Guadeloupe, indicating that the Indian SCBV isolates are distinct from SCBV isolates reported to date. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial RT/RNase H-sequence of worldwide isolates separated SCBV and BSV-related SCBV sequences into 18 SCBV subgroups viz. SCBV-A to -Q. Among them, the SCBV isolates from India are separated under H, I, J, K, L and M sub groups and identified as new species from India. Our recent studies indicate that the disease present in all the sugarcane growing states to varying severities and further studies are required to characterize the virus isolates prevailing in different states and to assess impact of the virus on sugarcane growth and yield.
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Technical Session 2. Phyto-remidiation and Economics of Post-harvest Agriculture in Rural Development
Assessment of Arsenic Removal Potential of Azolla microphylla Kaulfuss under Optimized Conditions
Rupinder Kaur and Amarjeet Singh Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147 002, India. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT Phytoremediation of metals is cost-effective green technology based on the use of metal accumulating plants for in situ removal of toxic-metals from natural ecosystems. Azolla microphylla, an aquatic free floating fern having high multiplication rate, high amount of pectins and metal detoxification mechanism at genic level is potentially useful for clean-up of waters. An attempt was made to study the assessment of arsenic removal by A. microphylla under optmized Warne medium. The experiment was conducted using 1000 mL plastic beakers filled with optimized Warne medium. The beakers were inoculated with 1 g, 2 g, 3 g, 4 g and 5 g inocula sizes of Azolla with different incubation periods, viz. 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 hrs. The pH treatments were 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, supplemented with different concentrations of sodium arsenate, viz. 5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm. Azolla were harvested from each beaker at different hours, mentioned above. The arsenic removal was recorded using Hydride Generation-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Maximum arsenic removal was recorded at 4 g inoculum size of Azolla, 8 hours incubation period, pH 7 of the medium and 10 ppm of arsenic concentration. Thus, the biomass of Azolla can be exploited for the removal of arsenic from contaminated waters and can be used to develop eco-friendly sustainable technology.
Biosorption of Pb and Cd using Staphylococcus hominis AMB-2 Isolated from Rhizosphere of a Pb Contaminated Site
Zeeshanur Rahman, Lebin Thomas and Ved Pal Singh Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110 007, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Heavy metals like lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are serious contaminants in aqueous system and deserve better management practices for their treatment. In this study, a Pb-resistant bacterium AMB-2 was isolated from a root sample of Tephrosia purpurea, family Fabaceace collected from the rhizosphere of Mandoli Industrial area, Delhi, India, contaminated with Pb due to Pb-acid battery recycling (PABC). Gram staining and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis helped in the identification of the isolated bacterium, which was designated as a Gram +ve coccus, Staphylococcus hominis AMB-2. Strain AMB-2 was non-haemolytic (non-pathogenic), when tested by growing it on sheep blood agar plates. It showed resistance to multiple heavy metals including As(III), As(V), Cd, Cr(III), Cr(VI) and Hg. But there was no resistance observed against all sixteen antibiotics tested. Biosorption
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studies were carried out using living and dead bacterial biomasses in aqueous solution of Pb and Cd (50 mg/l each) in single and binary systems. Living biomass exhibited significantly more biosorption (88-37%) of both Pb and Cd than dead biomass (80-28%). In both the systems, uptake of Pb was higher (88%) in comparison to Cd (66%). Moreover, Pb received a little preference over Cd for the biosorption in binary system. Thus, this study suggests that strain AMB-2 is a potential strain and economical and ecofriendly tool for the bioremedaition of Pb and Cd in the contaminated wastewater effluents.
Phytoremediation and Plant Microbe Interaction in Toxic Waste Contaminated Sites
M. D. Salam Amity University, Noida, India. Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Nowadays, the increasing accumulation of waste materials in the environment has led to serious concern due to various harmful effects both for the living and non-living components of the ecosystem. The electronic waste materials comprise a major portion of the waste products in developing countries. In this study, soil samples from electronic waste contaminated sites in Delhi NCR, India, have been analyzed for hazardous components. It was found that toxic metals like arsenic, cadmium, chromium and nickel are present in high concentrations. Also it has been found that there is contamination of the soil with polybrominated diphenyl ester which belongs to the persistent organic pollutants category. High accumulations of heavy metals were also observed in the native plant samples (Cynodon dactylon) of the electronic waste recycling areas. It is important to study the plant microbe interaction in the rhizosphere of such native plants which are tolerant in the highly contaminated soils and taking this into consideration the present study has been carried out.
Detection of Unique Metabolites in Halimeda tuna, Halymenia venusata, Dictyopteris marginatum (stoecospermum) Species of Seaweed Collected from Okha Coast of Gujarat
P. J. Rathod, Nilesh H. Joshi1, A. A. Chudasama, U.K. Kandoliya, H.P. Gajera, Rajesh Dave and B.A. Golakiya Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh; 1Fisheries Research Station. JAU. Okha. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In order to identify metabolites presents in three different (Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Ochrophyta) of seaweed species collected from okha coast of Gujarat in Bay of Bengal, Metabolic finger printing of. Halimeda tuna (Green), Halymenia venusata (Red algae), Dictyopteris marginatum (Brown algae) species were analyzed using LC-QTOF-MS. The compound mass (M/z) of each species were determined after filtering of other adducts, positive adduct were selected for analyzing, twenty seven metabolites in H. tuna and thirty two metabolites of each species, were found
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in H. venusata and D. marginatum, Inclusive of these ethyl acetate extracts of each species showed lipid metabolites in number of 13, 12 and 10 respectively. All three species indicated higher variation in lipid metabolites, H. tuna showed 6FA (fatty acyls,), 1GP (glycerophospholipids), 1PR (prenol lipids) and 5SP (sphingolipids). While in case of red algae we found FA (7), GP(1), PR (1), SP (1), and ST(2) metabolites, brown algae (D. marginatum) species indicated FA (2), 3PK (polyketides), PR (2), SP (1) and 2ST(sterol lipids) lipid metabolites. These all three species having some unique metabolites It can be potential useful in cytotoxic, neurotoxic, apoptotic and antiproliferative activity.
Problems Constraining the Growth of Agro-Based Small Scale Enterprises in India
Shehnaaz Nazkani K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agro-based industries play a vital role in the development of Indian rural economy. Agro based small scale enterprises are increasingly recognized for their contribution to employment generation, food security and poverty reduction in developing countries. They also stimulate domestic and regional activities that have significant contribution to imports and exports. Some estimates suggest that in developed countries, approximately 14 per cent of the total work force is engaged in agro-processing sector directly or indirectly. However, in India, only about 3 per cent of the work force finds employment in this sector revealing its underdeveloped state and vast untapped potential for employment. The findings from literature revealed that there are many problems constraining the growth of agro based small scale enterprise such as inadequacies in the supply and delivery of farm inputs, shortage of working capital, low level of technology, poor post-harvest processing and storage technology, environmental hazards, labour and land use constraints, marketing problem, infrastructure inadequacies, lack of government support and incentives among others. This study assessed the problems constraining the growth of Agro-Based small scale enterprises and recommends that in order to facilitate overall development; government should adopt an integrated rural development approach which is a multidimensional strategy for improving the quality of the life of the rural people.
Off-farm Food Entrepreneurship: Barley Based Food Products
Alka Vasan1, Pinky Boora2, Neelam Khetarpaul2, Manisha Mani2 and Bunty Sharma3 1ICAR, Delhi; 2CCS Haryana Agricultural University; 3GJU S&T, Hisar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Barley, a cereal grain botanically known as Hordeum vulgare L., is considered one of the top five cereal grains in the world. Only ten percent of barley is used as human food, while the remaining percentage is used for brewing malt beverages, but the majority of harvest barley is used for livestock feed. Bakery products which are very much popular among the youth have a varied portfolio of
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products including cookies, cake and other products. Cookies are liked very much by the children and they can be enjoyed with different tastes, aroma and ingredients. They are one of the most popular bakery products in the world, which is usually sweet, baked and made of refined wheat flour, due to its gluten content. Cookies are composed of protein, fats and carbohydrates but with low levels of other nutritious compositions, so incorporating super healthy grains like barley to the ever-loved cookies can not only make it more delicious but better bakery product from the health point of view. The present study is an attempt to show how an off-farm business can be started by the means of incorporating barley supplementation, using barley genotype namely BH-942 along with chickpea and wheat (with variations in combinations of 40:50:10, 50:40:10 and 60:30:10 for barley flour, chickpea flour and refined flour); in order to prepare cookies that too with three types of food processing techniques, viz. soaking, popping and malting. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of cookies made by partially substituting refined flour with barley flour in combination with chickpea flour. Their physical, sensory and nutritional characteristics were recorded in the present investigation and it was found that highest mean score of overall acceptability was recorded from malted flour based cookies along with the control cookies. Cookies having the malted barley flour also had the highest crude protein, crude fibre and ash contents. Similarly, the total soluble sugar and reducing sugar contents were highest in the cookies containing malted barley flour.
Technological and Policy Interventions for Doubling Farmers‟ Income
Subhashree Sahu, Reshma Gills and J P sharama ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Today, India has become self-sufficient in food production. However, agricultural sector is facing severe challenges like declining agricultural land availability, declining natural resource base, urbanization, industrialisation, disintegration of joint to nuclear families, disenchantment of youth towards agriculture. Traditional agriculture would not be able to sustain farmer‘s interest. In this context, if agriculture has to survive, we have to explore ways and means to make it more profitable. Our policies were usually farm-centric and not farmer-centric. The present orientation has to shift from production to profitability. For this, micro-level action plans are required. Farmers‘ income can be improved with increasing productivity, which can be achieved through increase in area under irrigation, watershed development, provision of quality seeds and nutrients based on Soil Health Cards, use of climate resilient varieties. Doubling farmers‘ income needs a robust institutional credit flow mechanism to enhance farmers‘ access to credit in an equitable manner. PM Fasal Bima Yojana aims to provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of crop failure as a result of natural calamities, pests & diseases. Income also goes up if the cost of production comes down through smart nutrient management, low input agriculture, organic farming. Greater emphasis should be given on reducing post-harvest losses through investment in warehousing and cold chains, food processing. Another important source is better price realisation for farmers through competitive markets, efficient value chains and improved linkage between field and fork. Government should scale up its support to NGOs, SHGs, MSMEs and FPOs through focussed schemes so as to achieve economies of scale and counter the smallholder problems effectively. In this paper an attempt has
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made to deliberate the technological and policy intervention in our nation for doubling farmers income.
Doubling Farmers Income: A Case Analysis of Beyond Production Scenario
Reshma Gills, J.P. Sharma and Anjuly Shrama1 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi; 1Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Farmers are main focus in all research, development and extension happening in agricultural sector. After the green revolution and production boom happened in this sector all the functionaries and practitioners are working hard to bring an evergreen revolution which helps the farmers for doubling the income in a sustainable way. But all the efforts intended to achieve this aim are directed to enhancement of production and not beyond that. Since the inputs and resources for the agriculture are shrinking year after year, the capacity of the land to produce more output almost reaches the pinnacle. Hence, doubling income through the enhancement of production is far away from reality. Even if farmers are well efficient in production techniques, producers share in consumer‘s price is ranging from 15-30 per cent, not beyond. Besides, 18-25 per cent of total produce in India is being wasted annually due to insufficient supply chain management. This reduced producers share in consumer‘s price, due to unscrupulous middleman and post-harvest losses diminishes the charm of agriculture as a profession. Hence, retaining the interest of the farmers in farming through diversification, decreasing the wastage and increasing the profitability of the farmers through value addition and marketing innovations are need of the hour. The country in this context surely needs a revolution, which would not stop at production but would lead beyond the horizons of production. This paper addresses the present status of post-harvest value chain development in India quoted with few farmer cases, who can successfully ventured in value chain management.
Technical Session 3. Plant Development Biology, Metabolomics, Genomics and Proteomics
Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Among Pisum Accessions
Deepika, Reetika Mahajan, Padma Lay, Prachi Sharma, R.K. Salgotra and Susheel Sharma SKUAST-Jammu, Main Campus, Chatha, India – 180009. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a very important leguminous crop consumed both as vegetable and as dry seeds (pulse). The possibility of improvement in any crop is measured by variability available in the crop. An attempt was made to study the extent of genetic variability in Pisum germplasm
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collected from diverse sources, including some notified varieties as well as indigenous and wild accessions. A set of these forty eight genotypes was sown in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications during rabi 2015-16. The data on different morphological traits viz., days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), branches/plant, pods/plant, grams/pod, average pod weight (g), pod length (cm), pod diameter (mm), total soluble solids (obrix), powdery mildew resistance (PMR) and yield per plant (g) were recorded. The analysis of variance for design of experiment revealed significant differences for all the traits under study, indicating that the germplasm used was genetically diverse. In the present investigation there was only a slight difference between PCV and GCV for majority of traits indicating that environmental factors have little influence on the expression of these traits and thus offers ample scope for improvement. The genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) were found high for pods per plant, plant height and pod yield per plant suggesting high potential of improvement of these traits by selection. These traits also showed high heritability coupled with high genetic advance thus suggesting the role of additive gene action for the inheritance of these traits and are thus likely to respond better to selection. The data on powdery mildew screening categorized twenty three genotypes as resistant/ tolerant. These lines can further be validated and exploited for identification of novel genes. Therefore, it might be concluded that the highly divergent and resistant/tolerant lines so observed can further be used in pea pre-breeding programmes to broaden the narrow genetic base of existing varieties as an assurance against unforeseen biotic and abiotic stresses.
Studies on DNA Isolation, Quantitative Estimation and RAPD Analysis of Cleome spinosa Jacq. and C. gynandra L. of Cleomaceae
Sushma Das Guru, Aruna Singh and Ichha Purak Ranchi Women’s College, Ranchi, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Cleome spinosa Jacq. is ornamental plant of family Cleomaceae having horizontal racemes of white or pink flowers,5-7 digitate, alternate leaves, numerous brown seeds in siliqua, attaining height of 1-1.5 m. C. gyandra L. another plant of this family is annual, erect, herbaceous weed growing on waste lands having 3-5 foliate leaves. Literature reveals both plants having active ingredients, possessing medicinal properties. DNA markers as RAPD are more reliable because the genetic information is unique and can be employed for characterization of different species of same genus. In the present investigation the plant genomic DNA was isolated by CTAB methodology, purified, qualitatively and quantitatively estimated for purity and concentration of extracted DNA. As PCR based markers depend on purity of DNA, the extracted DNA was repeatedly purified. The quantity of DNA extracted from C. spinosa Jacq. and C. gynandra L. leaves were found to be 34µg/mL and 22µg/mL, respectively. Purified DNA was further proceeded for PCR amplification and RAPD analysis.
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DNA Barcode psbA-trnH for Detection of Safed Zeera Adulteration in Black Zeera
Sangita Bansal1, Sujata Thakur1, Manisha Mangal2 and Anupam K Mangal3 1ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana; 2ICAR-IARI, New Delhi; 3CCRAS, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Kala zeera (Bunium persicum) is a herbaceous plant belonging to family Apiaceae and this highly valued medicinal plant is used worldwide for culinary purpose. Safed zeera (Cumin cyminum) is one of the major biological adulterant in kala zeera and is mixed due to similar physical appearance. Biological adulterants often go undetected by the conventional methods thus DNA based techniques involving molecular markers which are more specific, can be used. Nowadays, DNA barcoding which uses small sequences of DNA to discriminate between species is used to detect biological adulteration in medicinal plants. A non-coding plastid intergenic spacer region barcode psbA-trnH was used as a DNA marker for detection of safed zeera in black zeera. Method of Moller et al., 1992 with minor modifications was used for DNA isolation from safed zeera and black zeera. PCR conditions were optimized by varying annealing temperature in the range of 48-55°C and MgCl2 concentration from 1.5mM-2.5mM. PCR reaction was conducted on approximately 40 ng of DNA template, in a 25 µL reaction containing 1X Standard Taq reaction buffer with MgCl2 concentration from 1.5mM-2.5mM, 0.2 mM dNTPs mix, 10 pmol forward and reverse primer respectively and 1.25 units of Taq DNA polymerase. Amplification was performed as follows 94°C for 5 min, 35 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, gradient temperatures for 1:30 min, 72°C for 1:50 min, followed by one cycle of 72°C for 7 min. Annealing temperature of 50ºC and MgCl2 concentration of 2mM was found to be optimum. The amplification product was resolved on 1.5% agarose gel and visualized under UV light in a gel documentation system. Single amplicon of size 322bp for safed zeera and 250bp for black zeera, respectively were obtained by PCR amplification with psbA-trnH primer set. DNA barcode psbA- trnH could be able to detect 10% of Safed zeera adulteration in Kala zeera.
Strigolactones: A Novel Phytohormone with Varied Function
Enosh Phillips St. Aloysius College (Autonomous), Jabalpur. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Strigoloactone (SL) a carotene derived phytohormone act as a signaling molecule in regulation of shoot development. Under suboptimal condition like phosphate deprivation SLs concentration increases many folds thus affecting lateral root development and encourages development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that helps plant through symbiotic relationship in achieving phosphate requirement from soil. It is also been reported recently that SLs analogues were successful in suppressing the development of cancerous cell lines with lesser effect on non-cancerous lines. Thus, SLs play crucial role in stress management of plants. This presentation discusses the role
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of SLs in the developmental biology of plants thus giving more space in developing species with varied architecture and properties.
Effect of IBA on Rooting of Kiwifruit Cuttings under Zero Energy Polyhouse
Mohammed Tauseef Ali, Umar Iqbal, Rafiya Mushtaq, Shahid Qayoom Dar and Tawseef Rehman Baba Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 191121, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Chev) is a deciduous, dioecious fruiting vine native to south and central part of China. The kiwifruit is an important fruiting vine which has difficult to root nature in cuttings. In, India, kiwifruit has shown potential for cultivation in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir and North Eastern states. For commercialization of kiwifruit in Kashmir, there is increasing demand of planting material which has necessitated the need for development of an easier, quicker and economic method of propagation. To improve the rooting response of kiwifruit cuttings IBA was applied at different concentrations. IBA with increase in concentration showed good effect on rooting percentage and other parameters. Maximum rooting percentage of 56.94 was recorded when IBA was applied at 3500 ppm followed by 53.61 at IBA application of 2500 ppm. IBA at 3500 ppm increased the number of roots per cutting, number of secondary roots per cutting, average root length (cm) and other parameters with respect to control.
Interspecific Hybridization in Genus Abelmoschus
Kattula Nagaraju1, M. Pitchaimuthu1, A.T. Sadashiva1, E.S. Rao1, J.C. Bommesh1, A. Rekha1, K. Joseph John2 and R. Venugopalan1 1ICAR- IIHR, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560089; 2National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Regional Station, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agriculture University P.O., Thrissur - 680 656, Kerala, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Interspecific hybridization in okra is of immense value with a view to exploit the diversity of species in the genus Abelmsochus for developing male sterile lines and advance breeding lines possessing resistance to YVMV, ELCV diseases. The current investigation was carried out during the year 2015-16 to study the pattern of interspecific hybridization in genus Ablemoschus involving ten wild species viz., A. angulosus var. angulosus, A. angulosus var. grandiflorus, A. caillei, A. ficulneus, A. manihot ssp. tetraphyllus, A. moschatus, A. tetraphyllus var. pungense, A. tetraphyllus var. tetraphyllus, A. tuberculatus and new taxa IC 0433556 with eight genotypes of cultivated species (Abelmoschus esculentus). Hand pollination was undertaken, fruit set, seed set, seed germination and pollen viability per cent were calculated. The results of cross compatibility studies revealed that the
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cultivated A. esculentus genotypes were found compatible with A. caillei, A. manihot ssp. tetraphyllus, A. tetraphyllus var. tetraphyllus, A. tuberculatus when they were used as male parents. Interestingly, there was no compatibility when A. tetraphyllus var. pungense and new taxa IC 0433556 crossed with cultivated okra genotypes (IIHR-285 and 10-11-594). However, there was limited fruit set observed in A. angulosus var. angulosus, A. angulosus var. grandiflorus, A. moschatus and A. ficulneus upon crossing, their F1 seeds were failed to germinate due to under developed embryos. There was significant difference (at 1% probability) among the interspecific hybrids for pollen viability per cent. Germination per cent was higher in parents than that of interspefic hybrids. Crossability index per cent ranged from 0 to 100 per cent among the selected cross combinations.
Defence Gene Expression in Arachis hypogea Against Botrytis cinerea in Leaves and Roots of Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars
Shweta Gupta and Vinay Sharma Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Plant resistance to pathogen infection can be achieved by systemic regulation of the defense- related genes that respond to specific systemic signals. Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) is one of the important oil seed crops of India, growing in the semi–arid tropics. Disease of groundnut reduces yield quality and increase the cost production wherever the crop is grown. The fungal disease, botrytis blight caused by Botrytis cinerea is a foremost yield restraining factor of Arachis hypogea around the world. The expression of gene induced in general defence response can be endowed with clues to reveal major defence mechanism against pathogen infection in Arachis plant. The role of chitinase gene in response to B.cinerea in Arachis was studied under control growth conditions using a real- time polymerase chain reaction. Here, we report the expression analysis of antifungal gene in two cultivars viz. RJ510 (resistant) and RJ382 (susceptible) at different days (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 day) after inoculation with B.cinerea isolate MTCC 369.chitinase were induced in RJ510 within 5 day and in RJ382 in 15 day respectively, after inoculation. However, the expression levels of chitinase in resistant cultivar were significantly higher. The result showed that chitinase can be effective to enhance resistance to B.cinerea.
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Isolation of unique (Deep lobed-Papaya leaf shape) in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Monech] genotypes :Morphological and Molecular characterization]
M. Pitchaimuthu, E.S. Srinivasa Rao, K.V. Ravishankar, Chaudhari Ganesh Vasudeo, K.V. Sarika and M. Gayathri ICAR-IIHR, Bangalore-560 089. E-mail: muthu@[email protected]
ABSTRACT Okra [Abelmoschus esculents (L) Moench] is an important vegetable crop and annual dicotyledonous; thought to be an African in origin. A total of three hundred advance lines were evaluated in an observational row trail at IIHR, Bangalore for various morphological growth parameters, fruit characters including yield. Among them, five advance-lines possess unique leaf structure which were Individual Plant Selection (IPS) from pedigree selecting between GMS-4 X IIHR-285 (Market Collection from Attur, Tamilnadu). The five IPS lines were subjected to morphological characterization according to guidelines from descriptor for okra IBPGR, 1991. Twelve M13 tailed SSR markers were initially standardized, and later employed for molecular characterization of five advance IPS lines. The dendrogram analysis for five the lines were done. Fragment size data were further subjected to crop DNA Fingerprinting database to generate a barcode which can be used for the identification of different varieties. Morphological characterization showed a unique pattern of five IPS lines having a unique papaya leaf shape and deep lobed structure; it may be used as a morphological marker for the hybrid development programme. DNA Fingerprinting profile of each papaya leaf shape line showed a unique pattern, thus this profile can be further used as a standard or reference of an individual with absolute certainty.
Determination of Seed Vigour Assessment Parameters for Evaluation of Vigour Potential of Various Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Genotypes
Sanjay Kumar and Sanjay Khajuria CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125004, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In the present investigation, Sixty-four coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) genotypes were evaluated for assessment of seed vigour potential for their further use as identified germplasm in various crop improvement strategies. Seed vigour testing is comprised of estimation of all those qualities that determines the latent of rapid, uniform emergence and development of normal seedling under vast range of field conditions. A number of laboratory tests i.e. standard germination (%), seed vigour index-I&II, accelerated ageing test (%), dehydrogenase activity test, tetrazolium test (%), peroxidase test (mg protein-1 min-1), electrical conductivity test (dsm-1/50 seed), pH test of seed leachates and field parameters i.e. seedling emergence index, seedling establishment (%) were also evaluated for seed vigour assessment of coriander genotypes. Mean data of two consecutive years (2014-15 and 2015-16) revealed that maximum vigour potential was shown by Hisar Surbhi, Hisar Anand, Hisar Bhoomit, DH-294-1, DH-320, DH-325, Hisar Sugandh, DH-337, DH-296, DH-301 and
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DH-326 genotypes that showed significant superiority for almost all vigour parameters. Standard germination, vigour indices, tetrazolium test and Accelerated ageing test were found the most suitable predictors for seedling establishment in coriander.
Role of Growing Condition and Size of Floral Reproductive Organs on Rate of Pollination in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
Arpita Srivastava, Manisha Mangal, Madhusmita Dishri, B. Arun Kumar, Pritam Kalia and B. S. Tomar ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Chilli or hot pepper is although naturally a self-pollinated crop but a considerable amount of out crossing is observed in it due to insect activity. In order to know the self- pollination behaviour of different chilli genotypes under different growing conditions, a study was undertaken under three conditions namely natural open field, naturally ventilated condition and controlled protected condition to find out whether the growing condition and size of floral reproductive organs affect the rate of pollination (self or cross) or fruit setting in chilli. Natural field growing condition gave maximum fruit set followed by protected condition with fans. Protected conditions however showed least fruit set. The genotypes with less or more stylar length (SL) than filament length (FL) of androecium (SL to FL ratio less than 1 and more than 1.5) showed less fruit setting when compared to genotypes where styles and filaments were almost of same height (SL to FL ratio of 1 to 1.5). This becomes important for chilli improvement program where selfing is to be undertaken and is a component in inbred & population development and varietal maintenance and improvement programs.
Effect of Growth Regulators and Pinching on Feather Traits of Apple Nursery Plants cv. „Royal Delicious‟
Shahid Qayoom Dar, Irfan A. Bisati, Mohammed Tauseef Ali, Abdul Waheed Wani, Tawseef Rehman Baba, Mohd Iqbal Dar, Ghulam Irshad Hassan and Amit Kumar Khokhar Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, J&K, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field study was carried out on one-year old apple nursery plants cv. ‗Royal Delicious‘ grafted on semi-dwarfing clonal rootstock MM-106 at Private Fruit Plant Nursery, Magam, district Budgam, Jammu and Kashmir, during the year 2015 to study the effect of different plant growth regulators and
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pinching on apple nursery plants. The results revealed that number of feathers, number of short laterals including number of short spurs and long spurs, length and diameter of feathers, percentage of feathered trees, angle of feathers, distance between feathers and height of the first feather from ground level were significantly highest under the treatment BA+GA3 @ 450 ppm (three times) + pinching, whereas the lowest values of these traits were recorded under the control treatment. Further, the superiority of these parameters was noticed with higher number of sprays of BA + GA3 along with pinching.
High Na+, ROS, Cell Death and Calcium in Roots of cbl9 and cipk23 Knock Out Mutants of Arabidopsis Under Salt Stress
Manoj Nath1, Deepesh Bhatt2, Shabnam Saifi3, Sandep Yadav3 and Narendra Tuteja1,3 1Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313; 2Department of Biotechnology, Shree Ramkrishna Institute of Computer Education and Applied Sciences, Surat, Gujarat, 39500; 3Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Negative impact of salinity stress on plant growth and development is one of the major cause of plants yield reduction. The detailed mechanism associated with the salinity stress tolerance is still lacking. Moreover, calcium (Ca2+) signatures and associated signaling cascade is well known players during adaptation in response to salinity stress. In plants, a unique Ca2+ sensors, Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) activates the kinases (CIPKs) and these CBL-CIPK complexes involved in the stress adaptive responses including salt stress adaptation. The present report deals with the investigation the role of CBL9 and CIPK23 genes in salinity stress. In order to dissect the involvement of CBL9 and CIPK23 genes, here, we have analyzed sodium ion (Na+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytosolic 2+ calcium [Ca ]cyt and cell death in roots of the knock out mutants cbl9 and cipk23 under salt + stress(100 mM NaCl). Overall, the results of the present study indicates higher Na , ROS (H2O2), Ca2+ and cell death in salt stress-treated roots of knock out mutants i.e. cbl9 and cipk23 as compared with WT which clearly suggests involvement of CBL9 and CIPK23 genes in regulation of Na+, ROS 2+ (H2O2), Ca homeostasis and cell viability in response to salt stress. Further, elucidation of the detailed mechanism associated with CBL9 and CIPK23 in salinity stress will provide an improved understanding of salinity stress tolerance and further open new ways to manipulate genome to achieve higher agricultural production under stress.
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Estimation of Heterosis in F1 Generation of Desi Cotton for Morphological and Yield Contributing Characters
Anil Kumar, H.V. Kalpande, Kuldeep Singh Chandrawat and P.U. Dhone Department of Agricultural Botany, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (MS) 431 402. E-mail:- [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation was undertaken to study the heterosis for morphological and yield contributing traits in line x tester programme involving twenty four hybrid combinations which were derived by crossing six arboreum lines (PA-720, PA-08, PA-528, PA-532, PA-255, PA-402) with four arboreum testers (AKA-7, GAM-162, Dwd-arb-10-1, JLA-802). These crosses and parents including 2 checks (PKVDH-1 and NH-615) were evaluated in RBD with three replications at Cotton Research Station, Mahboob Bagh Farm, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani during kharif season of 2012-13. The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences in genotypes for all the studied characters. The cross PA-528 x AKA-7 for seed cotton yield and PA-720 x JLA-802 for number of bolls per plant was found superior and can be used in future breeding programmes. Further, the crosses viz., PA-402 x GAM-162, PA-255 x AKA-7 and PA-08 x AKA-7 for days to maturity; PA-255 x AKA-7 for seed oil content; PA-532 x JLA-802 & PA-532 x AKA-7 for plant height and PA-532 x JLA-802 & PA-720 x AKA-7 for sympodia per plant, showed higher heterosis so can be utilize in breeding programmes.
Characterization of Cultivated and Wild Genotypes of Hot Pepper Using CAPS Markers
Manisha Mangal, Arpita Srivastava, Gokul Gosavi and Pritam Kalia Division of vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute- New Delhi, 110012. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Diversity of twenty four Capsicum genotypes representing five species with 19 genotypes from C.annum, two from C. fruitescens and one each from C. Baccatum, C. chinense and C. chacoense has been analyzed using a set of 27 CAPS markers uniformly distributed throughout the pepper genome. These 27 CAPS loci amplified a total of 95 alleles among the 24 genotypes with 1 to 10 alleles per loci. The average number of alleles per loci was found to be 3.51. The highest polymorphism information content (PIC value) was observed to be 0.844 for marker Hba181H07SP6 located on linkage group 4. Hierarchical analysis distributed all the genotypes under study into two major clusters each including different species under study with genetic similarities in the range of 59–80 % and a mean value of 70%. It was observed that genotypes were randomly distributed in each cluster and there was no clear cut pattern. Even the Chilli leaf curl resistant/ tolerant lines were found to fall in both the major groups such that WBC-sel-5 and DLS-sel -10 were present in Cluster I and DKC-8, CJL-S-1, Tiwari and DCL-2 in Group II. Other cultivated capsicum spp such as C. chinenese, C. baccatum and C.fruitiscens and wild relative C. chacoense were grouped in Cluster II.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Crop Environment Interaction Assessment in Brassica rapa var. Brown Sarson
Asmat Ara, Z.A. Dar, Asif Iqbal, Shifa and Deelak Amin Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar – 190025, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Analysis of variance for the Brassica rapa genotypes evaluated using Eberhart and Russell model (1966) revealed that all genotypes possessed significant difference for various yield related traits. Estimation of genetic parameters over locations revealed that the environments were significant. Mean squares due to G X E interaction were significant for all the traits. The component analysis of environment (G X E) revealed significant mean squares for all the traits. Mean squares of linear and non-linear components revealed that environments (linear) were significant for all the traits and the significant mean squares for E + (G x E) for all the traits arose due to environments (Linear) and linear response of the regression of the cultivars to environment. Stability performance of all the traits showed significant mean squares for pooled deviation which means prediction of stability could be precise and reliable. The good performance of different traits and their stability across the environment indicated that the genotype KBS-49 and KBS-33 were stable for almost all traits.
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Technical Session 4. Plant Microbe Interaction
Study of Activity Enhancements of Soybean (Glycine max) Urease with Various Thiols
Sandeep Kumar Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut 250110, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Urease (urea amidohydrolase; EC 3.5.1.5) was first reported from the leaves of legume, soybean. Urease is known to contain one or more sulfhydryl groups as integral part of its catalytically active site. The various thiols namely, β-ME, DTT and L-cysteine were studied for their effect on soybean urease. All thiols were shown to enhance urease activity at low concentration, while at higher concentration the inhibitory effects were observed. The β-ME and DTT exhibited the enhancement effects over a wide range of concentration while L-cysteine showed some enhancements only at low concentrations. All thiols showed two or three peaks of activity enhancement at low concentrations (0.01-3 mM). The β-ME was found to be the most effective enhancer of urease activity, being two times more efficient than DTT and three times than L-cysteine. L-cysteine showed inhibition beyond 3 mM. From these studies it was observed that the order of effectiveness as enhancer of urease activity followed the sequence β-ME > DTT > L-cysteine. The observed activation of urease by various thiols was suggestive of the protection of the SH groups of the enzyme by added thiol. It is
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likely that the thiol reagent itself is consumed by oxygen, leaving the SH group of the enzyme intact for the catalytic functions. Further with time dependent studies the enhancement effects were shown to occur in two different phases; the initial fast phase, in which the rate increases almost instantly and linearly (first-order kinetics) and the later slow phase, in which no significant enhancements were observed (zero-order kinetics). Similar studies have been reported for watermelon urease and the thiols were found to follow the similar trend of activation.
Combined Effect of Salicylic Acid and Azospirillum on Yield and Quality Characters of Onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. ALR
Sunil Prajapati1 P.K. Jain1 and Yogendra Singh2 1Department of Horticulture, 2 Departments of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Collage of Agriculture Jabalpur; Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur-482004,(Madhya Pradesh) India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation comprised of 18 treatment (1 Control) combinations of Salicylic acid (SA) and Azospirillum in onion cv. Agrifound Light Red to estimate the best responsive treatments, this work was carried out during Rabi season of 2013-2014 and laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.). This study resulted that all the growth parameters under study noted that (T17) Salicylic acid (250 mg/lit.) at 30 DAS, 30,45,60 and Azospirillum (5 kg/ha) at 60 DAT was performed superior over control such as highest plant height at 30, 60, 90,120 DAT (35.18 cm), (38.74 cm), (48.44 cm) and (49.97 cm) respectively, length of leaves at 30, 60, 90,120 DAT (32.16 cm), (38.74 cm), (43.16 cm) and (45.37 cm) respectively, number of leaf plant-1 at 30, 60, 90,120 DAT (8.29), (12.44), (17.67), (19.77) respectively, Neck thickness at 30, 60, 90,120 DAT (12.05 mm), (15.88 mm), (14.20 mm) and (12.91 mm) respectively, dry weight of leaf at 30, 60, 90,120 DAT (1.80g), (2.50 g), (3.43 g) and (4.05 g) respectively. The growth yield and quality traits also reported best under (T17) as chlorophyll content index at 30, 60, 90 DAT (30.19), (43.36) and (45.36) respectively, TSS (14.08%), average weight of bulb (80.53g), equatorial diameter (64.04mm), polar dimeter (61.40mm), double bulb(0.33%)lowest, A,B and C grade bulb (on weight basis) (38.49%),(66.37%) and (13.29%) respectively, bulb yield polt-1(14.90 kg), marketable bulb yield (28.53 t/ha.), total bulb yield (29.66 t/ha) higher in T11.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Co-inoculation Response of Rhizobium and PGPR on Soybean and Chickpea
F.C. Amule, A. K. Rawat and D. L. N. Rao1 Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, JNKVV, Jabalpur; 1ICAR - Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Field experiments were carried out during 2011-12 in Vertisols of central India on soybean- chickpea cropping sequence. Soybean and chickpea crops were grown in kharif and rabi seasons respectively with 17 treatments (previously screened 3 best isolates each of Rhizobium and PGPR as mono-inoculation and their combinations as co-inoculation along with fertilized un-inoculated control (FUI) and unfertilized un-inoculated control (UFUI) using RBD with four replications. Co- inoculation of rhizobia with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) played an important role in both promotion of nodulation and plant growth of leguminous crops. In this study, the effect of mono- inoculation and co-inoculation on soybean and chickpea were observed on soil properties, nodulation, yield, total nutrient uptake by crop, harvest index, nitrogen harvest index and additional BNF (biological nitrogen fixation). Status of major available soil nutrients was found better in the post- harvest soil samples after both the crops (soybean and chickpea) which received co-inoculation (Rhizobium + PGPR) as compared to mono-inoculation. 14 kg soil available N was found as left over N by soybean crop for chickpea. Co-inoculation played a synergistic role with native rhizobacteria for promotion of nodulation, better additional BNF (biological nitrogen fixation), seed yield, harvest index and nitrogen harvest index of soybean and chickpea due to co-inoculation of seed as compared to mono-inoculation, FUI and UFUI. Significant correlations for both the crops between total nitrogen uptake, soybean grain and straw yield with oven dried weight of nodules were also observed.
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Dynamics of Appressoria Formation in Magnaporthe oryzae under Temperature Influence
L. S. Rajput, Taru Sharma, P. Madhusudhan and P. Sinha Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Temperature rise due to climate change is expected to change pathogenicity of pathogen. Temperature has significant influence on fungal growth, sporulation, conidial germination and appressoria formation of rice leaf blast pathogen (M. oryzae). At optimal temperature (27°C), mycelia growth, sporulation, conidial germination and appressoria formation of the pathogen is to be higher compared to suboptimal (22°C) and supra-optimal (32°C) temperatures. The pathogen requires minimum 3 h to germinate, 6 h to initiate of appressoria formation and 9 h for development of appressoria at optimal temperature (27°C), it is lower than suboptimal (22°C) and supra-optimal (32°C) temperatures. Enzymatic activity of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase A (PKA) increases significantly till the time of appressoria formation and then it
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declines slowly. Enzymatic activity of cAMP dependent PKA is higher at optimal temperature (27°C) compared to suboptimal (22°C) and supra-optimal (32°C) temperatures. Externally application of cAMP shows increase in spore germination, appressoria formation and cAMP dependent PKA activity up to a certain concentration. It indicates that cAMP dependent PKA activity is associated with appressoria formation and other cellular process. Therefore, pathogenicity expression is a temperature-dependent process. Under climate change scenario, leaf blast infection pattern is to be linked with temperature. In future climate, temperature influence is to be an important component for development of management strategies as well as evaluation of resistance.
Dry Root Rot Resistance in Chickpea: Studies on Genetic and Molecular Variations
P. B. Desai1, B. S. Patil1, A. G. Vijayakumar2, M. P. Basavarajappa3, A. E. S. Subramanya4, C. Bharadwaj5 and V. R. Kulkarni6 1IARI, Regional Research Centre, Dharwad; 2AICRP for Dry land Agriculture, RARS, Vijaypur; 3Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot; 4University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru; 5IARI, New Delhi; 6ARS Dharwad. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Dry root rot of chickpea caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola is emerging as a serious threat to chickpea production and gaining importance in the changing climatic scenario especially in tropical arid and semiarid region. The disease causes 10-20 % yield loss. The objective of the present study was screening and identification of DRR resistant genotypes and to assess the molecular variability among the genotypes showing different response to DRR. Fifty five chickpea genotypes were screened for resistance to dry root rot in sick pots using A1 as susceptible check. The number of days taken to wilting was recorded as a measure of DRR resistance and the genotypes which complete their life cycle by setting seeds were considered as resistant to DRR. Significant difference was observed among the genotypes for number of days taken to wilting which may be attributed to polygenic nature of the trait. The genotypes K 850, KAK 2, H 208, BG 14-4, BG 12-119 and ICC 14395 were identified as resistant in present study could be used as donors in resistant breeding programme. Based on previous reports, genotypes with differential response to dry root rot (3 resistant and 3 susceptible) were subjected for molecular analysis employing 32 SSR and 13 RAPD markers. However, in the present study only one of them (ICC 14395) was found to be resistant. Two SSR (GSSR106 and TR19) and two RAPD (A05 and A18) markers showed distinct polymorphism between dry root rot resistant and five susceptible genotypes. These markers could be used to investigate possible linkage with dry root rot resistance.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Exploiting Potential Plant Growth Enhancing Bacteria from Unexplored Niches of North East India
Hillol Chakdar1, Pragya Saxena1, Prem Lal Kashyap2, Alok K Srivastava1, Arjun Singh1, Pandiyan K1, Kumar M1 , N Karthikeyan1, Mandira Barman3 and Anil K Saxena1 1ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Kushmaur, Maunath Bhanjan, U.P.-27103; 2ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Regional Station, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh; 3ICAR-Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT North-Eastern states of India represent a huge resource of biological diversity. Since last two decades, organized efforts have been initiated to explore these resources especially the microbial resources. However, very little of this rich microbiological resource has been sustainably exploited for the benefit of mankind. In the present report, two different explorations were made to Sela Lake, Arunachal Pradesh and a tropical ever green forest (Nongkhyllem Wild Life Sanctuary, Meghalaya) to prospect potential plant growth promoting bacteria. From the soils collected from Sela lake, four cold adaptive mineral phosphate solubilizing bacteria with multiple plant growth promoting attributes were characterized. The isolated bacteria belonged to the genera Pseudomonas and Paenibacillus. The isolated bacteria could luxuriantly solubilize tri- and di-calcium phosphates both at mesophilic and psychrophilic ranges. These bacteria could also retain their plant growth promoting traits under low temperatures. In vitro growth promotion studies on Wheat showed significant effects on root length and shoot length. The bacterial isolates could significantly enhance the plant biometric parameters under pot trials. Four promising K solubilizing Bacillus strains were recovered from tropical evergreen forests of Meghalaya. When tested for mineral solubilizing activity in vitro, Bacillus tequilensis NPH2 showed maximum K solubilization (4.71 ± 0.17 mg L-1) while B. aryabhattai NPH4 showed highest rock phosphate (280±5.2 mg L-1) solubilization. K and P content in maize were significantly improved by all the strains. During pot experiment, treatment with B. aryabhattai NPH4 resulted in highest available K (35±1.0 g kg-1) and P (3.13±0.01 g kg-1 dry weight) in maize. Bacterial strain B. aryabhattai NPH4 was able to survive at a wide range of pH (5-11) and temperature (5°-45°C) which can help it to adapt a wide range of edapho-climatic conditions. The bacterial isolates reported in the present study holds immense potential to be used as bioinoculants to enhance the crop productivity under different agro-ecological conditions.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Field Screening of Arthrobacter Isolated from Different Crop Rhizospheres on Soybean in a Vertisol of Central India
N. G. Mitra, F. C. Amule and B. Sachidanand Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Thirteen isolates of Arthrobacter were short listed under field conditions at Research Field of Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, JNKVV, Jabalpur during Kharif 2015 to evaluate the efficiency on plant growth, yield attributing characters, seed yield of soybean and availability of nutrients in soil. The experiment was conducted using Randomized Block Design with three replications. Soybean seeds were inoculated with Arthrobacter isolates along with recommended dose of fertilizers with two controls i.e. fertilized uninoculated and unfertilized uninoculated. The experiment revealed that most of the isolates stimulated early seed germination at 4th and 6th DAS. Maximum germination was recorded with the isolate AR2 (42%) and overall average of all isolates by 25% over FUI while at 6 DAS the highest germination of soybean seed was recorded with AR2 isolate (59%) and the overall average performance of all isolates by 10% more to FUI. Maximum chlorophyll content was recorded with isolate AR2 (2.25 mg/g fresh leaf) which was 25% higher to FUI (1.80 mg/g fresh leaf), shoot length by 23% and plant biomass by 19% all at 45 DAS. Similarly, maximum number of nodules (33%) and nodule biomass (10%) were formed by isolate AR2 followed by AR4, AR9 and AR1. While the highest nitrogen content in nodules was also recorded with the isolate AR2 (3.69%) followed by AR8 (3.55%). With regard to contents of nutrients in plant and grain at 45 DAS, isolate AR2 possessed the top rank in increasing N (2.39%) and P2O5 (0.18%). In context of grain and straw yields at harvest, only three isolates AR2, AR4, and AR7 contributed significantly. Soil pH, OC, and EC remained unaffected due to inoculation with different isolates. Amongst the 13 isolates, AR2 exhibited the best overall performance followed by AR4, AR7 and AR8.
Screening of Maize Genotypes for Resistance to Damage Caused by Stem Borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) under Temperate Conditions
Irham Rasool, Abdul Rouf Wani, Meinaz Nisar, R.K. Nehru and Zahoor Ahmad Dar Department of Entomology, Sher-e-kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, 190025, Shalimar Srinagar Kashmir, Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Twenty four maize genotypes were screened against maize stem borer (C. partellus) during kharif season 2014 under artificial infestation in field conditions and entire screening was based on Leaf Damage Score (LDS), dead heart formation and tunnel length. Based on LDS scale (0-9), CM- 133 and CM-123 were found to be highly resistant with Leaf Damage Score of 0.93 and 0.86, respectively, whereas, KDM-895A, KDM-381A, KDM-362B and KDM-402 were found resistant
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exhibiting a range of 1.73-1.86 LDS, respectively. KDM-340A, KDM-361 and KDM-935A were highly susceptible with a range of 7.93-8.13 LDS and Basi-local was observed extremely susceptible with 8.86 LDS. Dead heart percentage was recorded 60 in KDM-340A, KDM-361 and KDM-935A whereas, 80 per cent dead heart was recorded in Basi-local. Zero per cent dead heart was recorded in CM-133, CM-123, KDM-895A, KDM-381A, KDM-362B and KDM-402. Highest stem tunnel length was observed in Basi-local (12.02 cm) whereas zero tunnel length was recorded in CM-133, CM-123, KDM-895A, KDM-381A and KDM-362B. These maize genotypes could be utilized as sources of resistance against C. partellus.
Technical Session 5. Biotechnology and Transgenic Development for Sustainable Agriculture
A study of the Genetic Variability of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. (Pink and Blue Ginger) in Kerala Using Various Agro-morphological Characters
V. Soorya, V.V. Radhakrishnan and K.V. Mohanan Genetics and Plant Breeding Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala - 673635. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. the so called ―pink and blue ginger‖ is an important underexploited wild starchy tuber crop of the family Zingiberaceae, valued for its food value as well as medicinal importance. The knowledge of genetic variability and its contributing factors form the basis of conducting any breeding experiment. The present study was conducted with an intension to explore the extent of genetic variability prevailing in Curcuma aeruginosa in Kerala State of India based on sixty eight accessions collected from Kerala. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design with three replications per accession. Analysis of variance showed significant variations for all the fifteen agronomic characters studied indicating the broad genetic base of the species. Yield per plant with a CV of 26.54% was found to be the highest varying character and plant height with a CV of 7.38% was the most stable character. All the characters exhibited higher values of PCV than corresponding GCV indicating the influence of environment on the expression of these characters. Highest PCV and GCV were observed for yield per plant and the lowest PCV and GCV were shown by length of mother rhizome and plant height respectively. Broad sense heritability varied from 19.30 (for length of mother rhizome) to 69.20 (for plant height). The highest genetic advance was shown by yield per plant (31.25%) followed by number of tillers (26.13%), number of secondary fingers (26.09%), number of primary fingers (19.64%) and the lowest by length of mother rhizome (4.70%). Characters having high heritability coupled with high genetic advance could be utilized for selection for further improvement of this species.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Genotype X Environment Interactions in Tomato Varieties Under Kashmir Conditions
Ummyia H. Masoodi Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture and Technology, Srinagar. J & K. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Sixteen open pollinated varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) were evaluated for their performance and stability at three locations in Kashmir valley during kharief 2011 and 2012. As per the model of stability analysis by Eberhart and Russel (1966), pooled analysis of variance for stability revealed significant differences among the genotypes and environments for all the traits studied. The interaction component genotype × environment was significant for all the traits. The linear component of environment followed the same trend as non-linear component. Shalimar-I, Heemsona, Local, Roma, NDT-9, Arka Meghali, Arka Abha and Arka Vikas were well adapted for plant height, Heemsona, Punjab Chhuhara, Roma, Arka Meghali for number of fruits per plant, Shalimar-I, Shalimar-II, Roma, NDT-5, VR-35, VTG-93, Arka Meghali, Arka Abha, Arka Vikas for average fruit weight, Shalimar-II, Arka Vikas for yield per plant and per ha in all the six environments. From quality parameter analysis, CO-3 (2.113 mg/100g) had the highest lycopene content, Arka Vikas (3.687 mg/100g) had the highest total carotenoids and VTG-93 (33.740 mg/100g) the highest Vitamin C content. VTG-93 had the highest dry matter content (5.45 %), Punjab Chhuhara had the highest mean for TSS (8.173 0B), Arka Meghali had the highest juice/pulp ratio (6.070). Shalimar-I showed highest total titratable acidity (0.683 %); specific gravity was highest in VR-35 (1.040). Genotypes stable in all environments for most of the traits viz., Arka Meghali showed suitability for fresh market purpose while varieties Shalimar-II, Roma and Arka Vikas showed suitability for both processing and fresh market purposes.
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) Gene Expression Analysis in Tomato under Moisture Stress Conditions
Deeksha Jamwal, Gyanendra Kumar Rai, Sreshti Bagati, P. K. Rai and Diksha Bhadwal Sher- e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, J&K, India- 180009. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Tomato a major horticultural crop consumed all over the world, suffers heavy losses due to drought. Water deficit induces various physiological and biochemical changes in plants. In response, plants utilize a number of protective mechanisms to maintain normal cellular metabolism and prevent damage to cellular components. Tolerance to water stress in plants is generally associated with maintenance of plant water status. Two genotypes Kashi Vishesh (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) and WIR-13706 (Lycopersicum ceresiforme) were collected from IIVR, Varanasi. Both genotypes were sown in ten pots each under both controlled and drought conditions. MDA activity was found to
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increase in two cultivars grown under drought stress conditions and ranged between 9.24 – 13.77 (nmol g–1fw) and 3.61 - 5.69 (nmol g–1 fw) respectively. The cultivars grown under controlled conditions showed significant increase in the relative water content which ranged between 186.38%- 561.72%. Electrolyte Leakage conductivity increased under controlled conditions and ranged between 87.57% - 102.36%. The ascorbate peroxidase activity increased under drought stress condition and ranged between 14.30- 19.50 (min–1 g–1 fw). Super-Oxide dismutase activity ranged between 10.22 - 14.01 (min–1 g–1 fw) under controlled conditions and 17.15 - 26.16 min–1 g–1 fw) under drought stress condition. SOD gene expression increased from 1.90 to 2.99 in WIR-13706 and 1.37 to 3.38 in Kashi Vishesh under drought conditions. APX gene expression increases from 0.78 to 1.96in WIR-13706 and 0.98 to 1.84 in Kashi Vishesh under drought conditions. Since, drought resistant variety (WIR- 13706) showed more expression than the susceptible species (Kashi Vishesh), hence this wild variety can be used for further crop improvement programmes.
Stability Analysis for Grain Quality Parameters Among the Mutants of ADT(R) 47 Rice (Oryza sativa)
T. Radhamani1, D. Packiaraj1 and D.Sassikumar2 1Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore; 2Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted during 2015 at four environments namely, Aduthurai (E1), Thanjavur (E2), Tirur (E3) and Madurai (E4) to assess the stability of thirteen different grain quality traits among the 16 mutants of the rice variety ADT (R) 47 rice (Oryza sativa L.). ANOVA of Eberhart and Russell revealed that, performance of different mutant lines fluctuated significantly from their respective linear path of response to environment. Most of the grain quality parameters showed non-significant mean squares except gel consistency and amylose percentage indicating the influence of genotype x environment (G x E) interactions on these two grain quality measures. The environmental indices for the expression of the traits revealed that Thanjavur is favourable for linear elongation ratio and amylose content. Tirur was favourable for the traits viz., hulling percentage, milling percentage, head rice recovery percentage, kernel length, kernel breadth, kernel length after cooking, breadth after cooking, gel consistency and volume expansion ratio whereas Madurai was favourable for L/B ratio and breadthwise expansion ratio. From the overall assessment, the mutant 200- 21-1 was identified to possess have desirable head rice recovery percentage and cooking qualities along with stable yield. These mutant is declared stable in expression of trait through Eberhart & Russell model, hence identified as the best mutant for promotion as variety.
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Genetic Improvement of Parasitoids and Predators
Sudhanshu Bala Nayak and T. Manoharan Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Genetic selection of parasitoids and predators for pesticide resistance has been shown to be a practical and cost effective tactic for the biological control programme. Field tests have been conducted with several manipulated phytoseiid species and some are being used in integrated pest management programs in agriculture. Development of resistant strains of parasitoids and insect predators currently lags behind efforts with predatory mites, but several laboratory selected insect natural enemies are being evaluated for incorporation into integrated pest management programs. The use of mutagenesis and recombinant DNA techniques could improve the efficiency of genetic improvement projects. Critical research needs include identifying and cloning useful resistance genes, developing methods for maintaining fitness of the manipulated strains, learning how to manage and maintain released strains, and developing improved methods for inserting resistance genes into the germline of beneficial arthropods. Protocols for evaluating risks associated with the release of arthropod natural enemies that have been manipulated with r-DNA methods need to be developed well in advance so that excessive delays in evaluating efficacy and fitness in the field can be avoided.
Assessment of DNA polymorphism and genetic diversity among heat tolerant and susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties by ISSR markers
Avinash Kumar Pathak1, Rajesh Kumar Gupta2, Partha Ray Choudhury1,3, Sunil Kumar Singh2and Asit B. Mandal1,4 1ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Mau, UP-275101; 2ICAR-NRC on Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, Pusa, New Delhi-110012; 3ICAR-Crop Science Division, ICAR, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi-110001; 4ICAR-CRIJAF, Barrackpore, West Bangal-700120. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Wheat is third staple food after rice and maize. Several varieties has been developed pertaining to particular character and suitable to microenvironment, against particular insect pest or disease. The time long cultivation is known to minimize the diversity present in different landraces and to access those markers like ISSR is of utmost importance. ISSR markers are highly polymorphic and are useful in studies on genetic diversity, phylogeny, gene tagging, genome mapping and evolutionary biology. In the present study, 22 ISSR primers were used to study the genetic diversity in 14 heat tolerant and 9 heat susceptible wheat varieties with polymorphism information content (PIC) ranging from 0.05 to 0.46 with an average of 0.23. The ISSR band profiling exhibited 49.4% total amplicon polymorphism for characterization of the heat tolerant and heat susceptible wheat varieties. Analysis of
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molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated sufficient genetic differentiation within populations and a low level of variation among populations of CZ, NEPZ & NWPZ. Population structure analysis elucidated distinct clustering of wheat genotypes as revealed by DARWIN which was further supported by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and STRUCTURE. The ISSR markers identified in this study are considered appropriate for wheat genetic profiling as well as in genetic purity test.
Correlation and Path Co-efficient Studies in 150 Fenugreek Genotypes (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
N.C. Mamatha, S.K. Tehlan, M. Srikanth, V.K. Batra, and P. Kartihik Reddy Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Fenugreek [Trigonella foenum-graecum L.] is an annual herb and is largely cultivated in warm temperate and tropical regions. The analysis of genotypic as well as phenotypic correlations showed that, the yield per plant had significant and positive association with plant height, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, pod length, pods per axis, pods per plant, seeds per pod and test weight. The trait days to 50 per cent flowering showed significant negative correlation and days to 75 per cent maturity showed non-significant positive correlation with the yield per plant. Path co-efficient analysis revealed that high positive direct effects were exerted by traits like primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod and test weight. And plant height exerted moderate positive direct effect, on yield per plant. This suggests that these traits directly contribute towards yield per plant. So, importance is given for these traits during crop improvement programme to increase yield per plant.
Assessment of Genetic Divergence in Promising Ricebean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi] Germplasm Collection from Himachal Pradesh
V.S. Meena, R.K. Mittal1 and P.R. Choudhury Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi -110001; 1Department of Crop Improvement, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur -176062. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The genetic divergence in 64 promising genotypes of ricebean was assessed by using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. The genotypes were grouped into seven distinct clusters. Cluster I was the largest consisting of 26 genotypes followed by cluster IV and cluster II consisting of 20 and 14 genotypes respectively. The remaining clusters (III, V, VI and VII) were solitary. Major clusters did not show any definite relationship between geographic and genetic diversity. Highest intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster IV followed by cluster I while, maximum inter-cluster distance was
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observed between cluster II and VII followed by cluster VI and VII. Crude protein (66.37%) and 100-seed (21.92%) weight exhibited maximum contribution to the genetic divergence. Genotypes RBHP-39 and RBL-1 were found to be ideal for future breeding efforts.
Study the Inheritance of Resistance for Bacterial Leaf Blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) in Indica rice Basmati cv. HUBR 10-9
Prakash Singh1,2,3, Ravi P. Singh1, Savita Dadheech1, Ram Lakhan Verma2, H. B. Singh4, S. Singh5, S. Samantray2 and Onkar N. Singh2 1Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005; 2Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (formerly Central Rice Research Institute), Cuttack, Odisha-753 006; 3Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture, Dumraon (Buxar), (Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour), Bihar – 802 136;4Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh- 221005; 5Department of Agricultural Botany, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221002, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to examine the mode of inheritance against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease resistance in rice cultivars TN-1 (used as susceptible check), HUBR 10-9, PB-1460 and their six populations of cross HUBR 10-9 × PB-1460 against the bacterial strain BXO1 and BX043 (wild type) of pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (XOO). The resistance cultivars PB- 1460 showed 4.49 % disease severity, while susceptible cultivar HUBR 10-9 showed 53.64% disease severity and susceptible check TN-1 showed 75.71% disease severity against BLB. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of resistance cultivar was 70.06 which are significantly less than the susceptible cultivar (656.11) and check (898.55). The F1 plants were observed to be resistant with an average disease severity 9.01% and AUDPC 116.19. The F2-segregating populations were classified in to four distinct classes on their genotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 and phenotypically these populations were grouped in two distinct classes resistant and susceptible with their ratio of 13:3 (inhibitory gene action), respectively. However, back-cross (B1 and B2) populations were classified in to two distinct classes as resistant (Resistant/ moderately resistant) and susceptible (moderately susceptible/ susceptible) in the ratio of genotypic 1:1:1:1 and 1:1 and phenotypically 1:1 and 1:0 (non-segregating type), respectively. The disease resistance occurs in the population is mainly due to cumulative effects of two resistant genes i.e., Xa21 (dominant) and xa13 (recessive gene). Chi-square analysis of the population was confirm the inheritance of resistance with their value are 1.66 and 0.43 (non-significant at P > 0.05) indicating that the observed data are in order with expected ratio and follow Mendelian pattern of inheritance of resistance to bacterial leaf blight in B1 and B2 generations and modification in the Mendelian ratio of inheritance in the F2 segregating populations, it revealed inhibitory gene action i.e., 13:3 that means dominant gene have cumulative effect of recessive gene.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Bio-Priming of Tissue Culture Raised Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph & V. Chandras) Venter KMA 05 Clones with the Phyllospheric Bacterium, Methylobacterium sp. VP 103 and its Biocontrol Potential
Shikha Srivastava, Nellie laisram, Hari Ram and Ved Pal Singh Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Decalepis arayalpathra (J. Joseph & V.Chandras.) Venter, which belongs to family Apocynaceae popularly known as ‗Amruthpala‘ by the native Kani tribe is a lithophytic, woody, laticiferous under shrub. The rapid pace of deforestation in the Western Ghats has depleted the wild strains of Decalepis arayalpathra. Natural regeneration and conventional propagation of this plant is also very difficult because of several factors like poor fruit set and seed germination. Hence, it has been enlisted as a critically endangered species. As a step towards conservation, an improved and successful protocol for clonal propagation of Decalepis arayalpathra viz. Amruthpala was attempted at CIMAP- Lucknow for effective root induction and greenhouse establishment of the plantlets. Further studies on this plant was conducted with a phyllospheric bacterium Methylobacterium sp. VP 103 which was identified from the leaves of green-house established Decalepis arayalpathra KMA 05 clones using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Methylobacterium sp. VP 103 showed maximum pairwise similarity with Methylobacterium aminovorans. All shoot tip explants, when inoculated with this bacterium, produced with greener and broader leaves, as compared to control. The chemical profiling of the metabolites of this bacterium was also done through Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compound present with maximum area was Pyrrolo [1, 2-a] pyrazine-1, 4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl), an antibacterial compound. Another compound, 1H-Purine- 6-Amine, [(2-Fluorophenyl) Methyl] which is also known to play a significant role in cell division and plant growth was also present. Thus, the role of this bacterium as potential biocontrol agent in promoting the growth of the plant and its survival in field conditions has been established.
Technical Session 6. Management of Water Resources and Island Resources
Physiological Evaluation of Productivity of Advanced Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Lines Under Restricted Irrigation
Ompal Singh S.K.Dwivedi and R.K. Samaiya Department of Plant Physiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT It is resulted that the seed quality parameters were also significantly influenced by high temperature during seed development stage of genotype G7, G12, G16,, G14 and G10. Wheat genotypes had higher seed proline, protein, fiber, fat and ash content .The nutrient analysis of nitrogen,
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phosphorus and potassium was estimated under maintained parameter followed by G12, G15, and G15. The maximum carbohydrate was estimated under G14 genotype as carbohydrate metabolism plays an important role in tolerance to heat stress. The genotypes G23, G8, G11, G12, and G19 registered maximum seed yield per plant under rainfed condition due to improved structural attributes of yield, biological yield with efficient partitioning efficiency and finally seed yield per plant. The correlation analysis reported that grain yield plant-1 shared positive significant association with days to physiological maturity, crop growth rate at 45 days, leaf area duration at 45 days and 75 days, leaf area index at 45 days and 75 days, biomass duration at 45 days, chlorophyll content at 70 days, plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of spikelet per spike, number of grain per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield per plant, spike length, proline %, protein % and carbohydrate. So it could be possible to bring about gene up gradation in one character by selection of the other pair. However, grain yield plant-1 reported significant negative association with days to maturity, content at 90 days, RWC at 75 days and 90 days, harvest index, this indicates that simultaneous improvement in both the traits were not possible. It may be concluded that rainfed condition had an additive influence on all phenological developments, physiological, biochemical and morphological structural yield attributing parameters. Genotypes G23, G8, G11, G12, and G19, were promising for seed yield and its attributes under rainfed conditions. The high RLWC and chlorophyll content are the good indicators for the temperature tolerance capacity of these genotypes and these genotypes may be further utilized for the development of temperature tolerant wheat varieties for rainfed conditions.
Effect of Alternate Wetting and Drying Method of Water Management on Low Land Rice (Oryza sativa)
Kishor Mote, V. Praveen Rao, V. Ramulu, K. Avil Kumar and M. Uma Devi Professor Jayasankar Telangana State Agricuture University, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A study was conducted with the objective to study the comparative performance of rice in terms of growth under continuous submergence and Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water management practice. The eight treatments were laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Maintenance of Continuous Submergence depth of 3-cm from transplanting to PI and 5- cm from PI to PM (I1) registered significantly superior performance in terms of plant height (106.8 and 107.8 cm ), tiller production (17.9 and 19.5 hill-1), LAI ( 4.15 and 4.16) and dry matter production (54.04 and 56.37 g hill-1) in 2013 and 2014, respectively over rest of the irrigation regimes except that it was on par with I2 (Flooding to a water depth of 3-cm between 15 DAT to PM as and when ponded water level drops to 5-cm BGL in field water tube), I5 (Flooding to a water depth of 5- cm between 15 DAT to PM as and when ponded water level drops to 5-cm BGL in field water tube) and I6 (Flooding to a water depth of 5-cm between 15 DAT to PM as and when ponded water level drops to 10-cm BGL in field water tube). Whereas, I4 (Flooding to a water depth of 3-cm between 15 DAT to PM as and when ponded water level drops to 15-cm BGL in field water tube) registered significantly inferior performance in terms of plant height, tiller production, LAI and dry matter production.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Improvement in water productivity without yield penalty of direct seeded rice under micro irrigation systems and tillage options in Indo- Gengetic plain of India
Rajiv Kumara, NS Rana a, YS Saharawat b, Amit Mishra c, Vivak Kumar d, Mahesh K. Gathala e, Robin Kumar f and Ashish Dwivedi a * a Department of Agronomy, SVPUA&T, Meerut -250110; b IARI Pusa Campus, New Delhi -110012; c IRRI- India Office, NASC Complex, Pusa Campus, New Delhi -110012; d Department of Agricultural Engineering & Food Tech, SVPUA&T, Meerut -250110; e Cropping systems Agronomist, CIMMYT, Dhaka, Bangladesh; f Department of Soil Science, SVPUA&T, Meerut - 250110. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Declining water table in alarming rate is major challenge of sustainability of rice in South Asia. To address this challenge a field experiment was conducted from kharif 2012 and 2013 on a loam soil to evaluate the performance of irrigation systems and tillage options. The substantial water saving 41 to 94 mm/ha in 2010 and 86 to 144 mm//ha in year 2011 was recorded with all the micro irrigation systems. The highest water productivity was recorded with sprinkler irrigation system than remaining irrigation techniques during both the study years. No yield penalty was recorded under micro irrigation systems. The performance of drip and sprinkler irrigation on yield contributing charter and yield was found at par with flood irrigation however, LEWA and Chapin technologies still need refinement for being applicable at field scale. In first year, grain yield of rice was better in reduced tillage however it was similar to zero tillage in second year of study. Overall results suggested that micro irrigation system especially drip and sprinkler has the potential to sustain rice yield with substantial water saving. But these micro irrigation systems and tillage methods needs to evaluate long term and over the wide range seasonal, site conditions and varieties.
Effect of Enriched Farm Yard Manure and Fertilizer Levels on Root Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency of Aerobic Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
M. Ashwini1, C.J. Sridhar1, B.G. Yamuna2, Saraswathi2, S. Sridhara1 1Department of Agronomy, UAHS, Shimoga- 577204; 2Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, UAHS, Shimoga- 577204. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of enriched farm yard manure and fertilizer levels on yield and economics of aerobic rice, results showed that application of 125:62.5:62.5 NPK -1 -1 kg ha significantly longer root weight (6.01 g) compared to A2 i.e. 100:50:50 NPK kg ha (5.45 g) -1 however, it was on par with A3 i.e. 75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha (5.15 g). In fertilizer level A1 i.e. 125:62.5:62.5 NPK kg ha-1 recorded significantly longer roots length (22.26 cm) however, it was on -1 -1 par with A2 i.e. 100:50:50 NPK kg ha (20.80 cm) and A3 i.e. 75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha (20.56 cm). Water use efficiency differed significantly due to fertilizer levels and method of application of -1 manures. Significantly higher water use efficiency (46.33 kg ha-cm ) was noticed in A1 i.e. -1 -1 -1 125:62.5:62.5 NPK kg ha which was on par with A2 i.e. 100:50:50 NPK kg ha (44.63 kg ha-cm ) -1 -1 than A3 i.e. 75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha (38.42 kg ha-cm ). Among the methods of application spot
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application of enriched manure was recorded significantly higher WUE (46.64 kg ha-cm-1) which was on par with broadcasting of enriched manure (44.02 ha-m-1), spot application of manures and fertilizer (42.00 ha-cm-1) and in separate application of manures and fertilizer (39.57 ha-cm-1).
Variation for Selected Morphological Related Traits Among Mungbean Farmers‟ Varieties Collected from Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Awnindra K Singh, Utpal Biswas, Divya Parisa, T.P. Swarnam, S. Swain, R.K. Gautam and S. Dam Roy ICAR - Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair - 744 101, (Andaman & Nicobar Islands). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The mungbean is known for its excellent seed quality and is the good source of vegetable protein in the human diet. DUS based morphological markers allowed setting apart the latter landrace for the benefit of local farmers. Traditional mungbean varieties maintained and cultivated by farmers are likely sources of germplasm for breeding of new mungbean varieties. They possess traits potentially adaptable to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses. Specific adaptation of these farmers‘ variety to their respective agro-environments and possible evolution into distinct ecotypes may be the reasons of their genetic differentiation compared to other farmers‘ varieties. In order to give useful information for more targeted conservation and valorization as well as more efficient use in breeding programs. The present investigation was carried out during rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16 comprising of 51 mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) farmers‘ varieties collected from different parts of Bay Islands to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of using DUS based morphological markers. There were substantial variations for the investigated morphological characteristics. The genotypes were grouped in to various groups based on quantitative traits, indicating the diversity of genotypes. The statistical analyses highlighted different groups with contrasting sizes with moderate to high genetic diversity within and between accessions, a main group containing the largest number (cluster III, 22 accessions) and a two groups (cluster V and VI) with less numbers (each with 02 accessions) of farmers‘ variety. The analysis of variance revealed that the differences among 51 accessions were significant for all the studied characters. Some accessions showed very good agronomic performance for some traits. Positive and negative correlations existed among different morphological and agronomic traits. Morphological characterization of accessions indicated high level of variation among gene pool. High GCV, PCV, heritability coupled with high genetic gain of agro-morphological traits viz., number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, number of seeds per pod and days to flowering, indicating that selection will be effective for these traits. Characterization of these germplasm in mungbean breeding provides valued information for the conservation and utilization of farmers‘ varieties in future breeding programme. This study may give better chance to select the genotypes with different weight for mungbean improvement.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Identification of An Unique Ornamental Red Ginger (Alpinia purpurata) Genotype (CIARI Red Ginger 1) in Bay Islands
V. Baskaran, K. Abirami, Gourav Mazumdar, p. Simachalam and S. Dam Roy ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute (CIARI), Port Blair-744101. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Red ginger (Alpinia purpurata (vieill). K. schum) is a tropical ornamental plant belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It is one among the ornamentals, which is gaining popularity as a commercial cut flower. This tender perennial is highly suitable for tropical conditions and can be successfully grown without many efforts. The inflorescence with deep purplish red coloured bracts is attractive and valued for prolonged post-harvest longevity. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, bestowed with tropical humid climatic condition, which favour the cultivation of red ginger as an intercrop in plantation based cropping system. It grows very well under partial shade condition and hence commercialization of this crop in Bay islands is highly beneficial. During our evaluation study of local red ginger collections from the different parts of the Island, a unique germplasm of red ginger was identified. Usually in red ginger, only vegetative offshoots are produced. In one local accession collected from South Andaman, multiple floral spikelets (CIARI Red Ginger 1) were observed in the inflorescence instead of vegetative offshoots. The number of floral spiketlets ranged from 3-6 in each inflorescence of red ginger accession. This unique type of multiple floral spikelets, result in additional flowers per plant with multiple spikes in an inflorescence. This may be utilized for aesthetic purpose in flower arrangements and in floral bouquets making and is a potential genotype which may be utilized as effective parent in ornamental breeding programme to produce novel genotypes.
Performance of Vegetable Crops Grown in Raised Beds in Coastal Areas
A. Velmurugan1, T.P. Swarnam1, S. Dam Roy1, M.J. Kaledhonkar2, R.L. Meena and B.L. Meena2 1ICAR-Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 101; 2ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132001. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Direct effect of organics on vegetable production and soil parameters were studied after making permanently raised bed furrow system in a coastal degraded soil influenced by climate change and sea water intrusion. The degraded soils were acid saline with pH ranging from 4.6 to 6.0 and EC from 0.9 to 4.6 dSm-1. Ten numbers of permanently raised bed and furrow system (PRB) with 5 m wide furrow, 4 m wide raised bed with 1.0 m slope were made at farmers field so as to harvest the rain water in the furrows and facilitate vegetable cultivation in the raised bed. After making BBF system the soils were allowed for leaching of toxic compounds using rainwater. Different organic combinations comprising vermicompost, poultry manure and coconut waste compost were applied in each bed before sowing of vegetable seeds. The beds of BBF showed highly significant reduction in salt concentration (EC) and improvement in soil pH than the original land.
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Vermicompost + poultry manure application improved the soil pH and exhibited liming effect whereas coconut husk compost alone resulted in low pH. Application of vermicompost recorded 26% higher soil organic carbon followed by coconut husk compost and poultry manure than control. It also increased microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity which followed the same trend. It also helped to harvest rainwater of 3800 m3 ha-1 in the furrows which was used for fish production and supplemental irrigation during dry season. As a result the cropping intensity has increased to more than 200% after interventions which contributed to realize the net income of 44,000 – 60,000 per intervention (0.2-0.25 ha) house hold per year. Thus, raised bed technology is a viable option for growing crops and application of vermicompost + poultry manure is appropriate for sustaining the vegetable production which helps to cope up with the climate change like events in island ecosystem.
Evaluation of Arachnis orchid (Arachnis flosaeris) under open field condition in Bay Islands
V. Baskaran, K. Abirami, P. Simhachalam, Avinash Norman and S. Dam Roy ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute (CIARI), Port Blair-74410. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Arachnis is an epiphytic, monopodial orchids commonly called as spider orchid or scorpion orchid. It is an outstanding cut flower with pretty long flower spikes grown in shade as well as open sun light. The field experiment was carried out for two consecutive years ie, 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Division of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Island Agricultural Research Island, Port Blair, to study the flowering performance of three genotypes of Arachnis orchid under open field condition in randomized block design with six replications. Significant differences were recorded for the floral characteristics. The Cv. Yellow ribbon recorded early flowering from spike emergence (13 days) and maximum floret size (11.2 cm). Maximum number of florets per spike (8.2), spike length (54.5cm) and intermodal length between two florets (6.5 cm) was recorded in Cv. Red Ribbon. Cv. Red Ribbon took minimum number of days taken for next flower spike emergence (12 days). Maximum longevity of flower spike within the plant (46 days) was recorded in Cv. Maroon Ribbon when compared to the other genotypes. Arachnis orchid is an excellent cut flower and well adapted for its growth and flowering in open sunlight in Bay Islands.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Technical Session 7. Natural Resource Management, Climate Change and Indigenous Knowledge
Temperature Influence on Components of Rice Leaf Blast Resistance Under Climate Change Scenario
P. Madhusudhan1, L.S. Rajput1, T. Sharma1, S. Gopala Krishnan2, V.Bhuvaneswari3, A.K. Singh2 and P. Sinha1 1Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012; 2Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012; 3Andhra Pradesh Rice Research Institute & Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru - 534 122, Andhra Pradesh. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Temperature rise due to climate change is reported to alter host-pathogen interaction. For rice, temperature influence on components of blast resistance is estimated based on infection efficiency and sporulation efficiency. For a near isogenic line possessing R gene, relative resistance for infection efficiency (RRIE) and sporulation efficiency (RRSP) with reference to susceptible recurrent parent is observed to be higher at suboptimal (22°C) and supra-optimal (32°C) temperature as compared to optimal (27°C) temperature for infection. Irrespective of resistance higher infection ability of the pathogen is noted at 27°C. Combined relative resistance (RRc) is calculated on RRIE and RRSP has indicated a pattern of a convex parabola and appeared to be a mirror image of the pathogen‘s infection ability. Variation in resistance pattern is the reflection of pathogen‘s sensitivity to temperature rather than the effect of resistance. Thus, higher performance of resistance at suboptimal and supra-optimal temperature is attributed to lower level of infection ability. Blast simulation based on RRIE and RRSP has indicated that the components of resistance are effective to combat leaf blast infection at suboptimal as compared to optimal temperature for infection. Evaluation of resistance components in relation to temperature can be useful for future breeding programmes.
Breeding Strategies for Climate Resilient Trait in Potato ((Solanum tuberosum L.)
R. Dolkar., R. K. Gupta., Nomita., R. K. Samnotra., S. Spaldon and S. Kumar Divison of Vegetables Science and Floriculture, Sher-e-kashmir University of Agriculture Science and Technology, Jammu. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Climate change factored rise in temperatures coupled with the climatic variation like temperature, rainfall pattern and humidity are going to be major limiting factors in sustainable vegetable production. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important global food source, after wheat, rice and CPRI has projected that against the current production of 45.1 mt India will have to produce 56.15 and 124.88 million tonnes of potato during the years 2025 and 2050, respectively to meet the future demands. At the same time the crop is sensitive to heat, drought and moderately sensitive to
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cold and salinity stress which results in reduction of size and number of tubers. However, large germplasm and wide range of species and genetic diversity in potato provide opportunity to develop climate resilient genotypes to minimize the impact of climate change. Different breeding strategies for potato which could help in climate resilient breeding program includes 1) Screening of wild relative for resistant sources; 2) Utilization of the resistant species in hybridization and somatic hybridization; 3) Identification and mapping of stress tolerant QTLs; 4) Marker assisted selection of tolerant gene; and 5) Transfer of stress tolerant genes from other unrelated crop through transgenic approach. There is various report of successful transfer of genes in potato such as development of heat tolerant variety (Kufri Surya) through hybridization (Anonymous, 2006). Cardi et al., 1999, developed somatic hybrid between S. tuberosum and S. commersonii for frost tolerance. Anithakumar et al., 2012, identified 28 drought specific QTLs and 17 under recovery treatment in potato. A BADH gene from spinach under the control of the stress- induced promoter rd29A from Arabidopsis thaliana was introduced for salinity and drought tolerant in potato cv. Gannongshu 2 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens methods. Therefore, location specific suitable new breeding approaches need to be formulated for developing climate change resilient varieties of vegetable crops for sustaining the self-sufficiency in this sector.
Differential Cadmium Stress Tolerance and Gene Expression in Triticum aestivum Genotypes
Nilima Kumari, Pooja Parmar and Vinay Sharma Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, P.O. Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan - 304022, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Cadmium (Cd) concentration in agricultural soils is increasing at an alarming rate and due to this food security is at high risk. This work reports the synergistic effects of natural genotypic variation and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association in cadmium stress alleviation. In the present study, two selected cultivars of wheat i.e. RAJ 4161 (Cd resistant) and PBW 343 (Cd sensitive) were treated with different concentrations of Cd (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg kg-1 soil). The Cd application resulted in increased lipid peroxidation and decreased plant growth. However, AM inoculated RAJ 4161 displayed significantly higher ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and higher content of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The study further focuses on the expression profiles of some defence genes [phytochelatin synthase (PCS), GR and APX] of wheat by qPCR. The expression of PCS gene was up-regulated significantly in roots of RAJ 4161 while down-regulated in PBW 343. However, the expression of APX and GR was enhanced in both roots and leaves of both the cultivars. The study showed that cv. RAJ 4161 employs a better mechanism for protection against deleterious effects of Cd mediated stress. Hence, it can be concluded that the selection of resistant cultivars and AM association may significantly contribute in plant protection against high Cd in the soils.
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Effect of Elevated Temperature on Soil Functions and Microbial CO2 Efflux Under Diverse Agroecosystems
Rama Kant Dubey1, P. C. Abhilash1 & H. B. Singh2 1Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005; 2Institute of Agricultural Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Enhancing food production and reducing trace gases emission from agroecosystems is an important step towards the agricultural sustainability. Temperature plays major role in soil carbon pool and atmospheric CO2 feedback mechanism. Therefore the present article was aimed to test the hypothesis that temperature variation will alter the rhizospheric responses, microbial community structure, soil CO2 efflux and aboveground-belowground nutrient allocation under cropfield. These differences might be depending upon the specific soil-water relationships including soil physicochemical, biological, aggregation and enzymatic activity. Field experiment was carried out among Brassica juncea, Cicer arietinum, Vigna mungo and Zea mays crops grown under diverse agroecosystems of Uttar Pradesh with different agro-biotechnological and conventional practices. Soil samples were collected periodically from each plot and mesocosm experiments were performed at 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45ºC under plant growth chamber. Soil physicochemical, biological and enzymatic analyses were done at regular interval and data were correlated with the ambient and elevated temperature. Diurnal variation in the microbial CO2 efflux was monitored continuously in each setup. Our results showed significant difference (p<0.05) in soil organic carbon, soil microbial biomass and soil enzymes at elevated condition compared to the ambient temperature. Also the incubated soil from C. arietinum conventional plot showed linear increase and maximum microbial CO2 efflux (114.19±13.17-173.35±16.64 mg m-2 hrs-1) at 45 ºC than the managed plots (84.60±11.78-92.05± 16.22 mg m-2 hrs-1) at elevated temperature. Thus the application of above mentioned practices could reduce the soil CO2 efflux and provide multipurpose benefits to the global agroecosystems under warming.
Genetics of Heat Stress Tolerance Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Kartikeya Srivastava, Sunil Kumar, H. R. Bhandari and A. Vaishampayan Institute of Agril. Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. E mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT High temperature during crop growth severely restricts the yield and quality of tomato. Pollen viability, pollen germination, corolla tip burning, stigma exertion, membrane thermostability and fruit set are affected severely under high temperature and in turn affect total yield. An improvement in these traits may result in increased tolerance towards high temperature. This necessitates knowledge of gene action governing these traits under target environment. Hence, present investigation was carried out to unravel the gene action governing these traits using six generations of ten interacting crosses of tomato under high temperature regime. Pooled data over two
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years were used for statistical analysis. The results revealed complementary gene action for corolla tip burning in all the crosses. In contrast, stigma exertion was controlled by duplicate gene action in all the cross-combinations. For rest of the traits duplicate gene action was noted in majority of the crosses. Significant and high values of epistatic variances are suggestive of efficacy of selection between families and lines following hybridization.
Nitrogen Losses Though Ammonia Volatilization from Wheat
Renu Singh, Arti Bhatia, Pawan Loni and Anurag Bhaskar Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agricultural management practices are among the major drivers of agricultural nitrogen (N) loss. Nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture are negatively impacting groundwater, air, and surface water quality. Losses of nitrogen from the soil system not only reduce soil fertility and plant yield but can also create adverse impacts on the environment. Urea is the most widely used form of N fertilizer with about 50% of the applied N often lost via ammonia volatilization, denitrification and leaching. Nitrate (NO3) leaching from agricultural soils can represent a substantial loss of fertilizer nitrogen (N). Losses from the system averaged 49 kg N ha−1, with an average drainage nitrate -1 concentration of 15.5 mg N L . Ammonia and oxides of N (NOx) are also emitted from agricultural systems and may be transported off-site and serve to fertilize other systems which leads to enhanced production of N2O. Eventually, all N that moves through the soil system will be either terminally + sequestered in buried sediments or denitrified in aquatic systems. The concentration of NH4 Nitrogen in soil surface and the amount of ammonia lost through volatilization increased with increasing nitrogen application and temperature levels and peaked at 4-5 days after nitrogen application. The amount of ammonia lost via volatilization after nitrogen application depending upon the stage when it was applied. The total loss of ammonia via volatilization ranges from 6.1-17.3 kg ha-1 season-1.
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Moss as Tool for Large Scale Monitoring of Atmospheric Metals from Seven Indian States during 2000-2010
Dinesh K Saxena 1Department of Botany, Bareilly College, Bareilly, 243005, (U.P.), India. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT Atmospheric contamination is one of the most pressing problems facing the world at present. Instrumental techniques used to evaluate atmospheric levels of the main contaminants are accurate but (i) provide data of short period, (ii) and very costly as there is need of man power and number of
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instruments to run simultaneously to monitor at many place is again expansive. It also requires power to run instruments which is not possible in remote areas. On the contrary, bryophytes (mosses) are an ideal biomonitoring agent as (i) it does not require power to run instrument, (ii) thus enabling intensive surveys to be carried out at large number of different monitoring sites simultaneously, (iii) Bryophyte reactions to environmental changes is quicker and more direct than those of the majority of vascular plants and (iv) The morphological constitution makes them an excellent tools to monitor the deposition of airborne pollutants. In present study, moss species have been identified most clearly from metro-towns of undertaken states in the India‘s in longest running metal monitoring programme. For this tolerant (validated by using PEA) and widely distributed moss species were calibrated (interspecies calibration) and were transplanted on annual basis during 2000-2010 and were sampled end of each year for metal analysis from Garhwal, Himanchal, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kumaon, Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh and from west Bengal. Analysis of annually exposed moss transplants showed presence of Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Fe and Al in harvested moss exposed each year. Lead values were highest in Dehradun during 2000 and 2010 and lowest in Manesar (Jammu). Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni and As values were maximum in Moradabad during both periods. However Mn values were highest from Bhowali, Fe was high in moss from Nainital, and Al in moss samples of Cherrapunji. Values of Cd, Zn, Mn, and Fe were lowest in moss samples from Mysoore while Pb and Cu values were low in moss samples from Manesar. Low values for As and Al were from Ranikhet and from Mysoore while Ni values were lowest in moss samples of Moradabad. Most of metals in atmosphere crossed FEPA and WHO threshold limiting values except from Mysoor and Dhanolti. Results showed their levels varied from element to element and from location to location. Present study reports widespread exceedance of the critical load for lead, copper, cadmium, nickel, iron, and zinc from the study regions.
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Technical Session 8. Natural Resource Conservation and Integrated Rural Development
Exploring Nutritional and Antioxidant Potential of Mango Kernel for Use as By- Product of Mango Processing Industry
Shalini Gaur Rudra, Charanjit Kaur and Gyanendra Singh Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Mango kernels constitute upto 23% of weight of mango. The pulp processing industry in India generates 3144.44 tonnes of kernels every year. Its use as source of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds can be a viable alternative to reduce the burden on environment for degradation and dumping. Mango kernels of 14 varieties were analyzed for their protein, moisture, fat, starch, tannins, antioxidant activity and minerals. The protein content ranged from 5.4% to 7.29%. Dehydrated kernels of mango were found to possess very high phenolics and antioxidant activity (upto 8.7 µmol
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TE/ g). These kernels were also found rich in potassium (upto 90 mg/ 100g) and magnesium (26.58 mg/ 100 g) with highest content in Langra variety, though iron and calcium contents were quite less (< 21.68 mg/ 100g). Our findings indicate their potential as nutraceutical supplements in various functional foods owing to high antioxidant activity. In order to counter the astringency of the kernel flours, hydrothermal treatment was given as a means to decrease their bitter taste perception. The treated mango kernel flour was incorporated in pasta at 5 to 15% level and was found acceptable to trained sensory panelists.
Insights into the Role of α-Tocopherol in Plants: Potential Application for Human Health and Abiotic Stress Alleviation in Plants
Deepak Kumar1,2, Mohd. Aslam Yusuf1,3 and Neera Bhalla Sarin1 1 School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067; 2 Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Jammu-180011; 3 Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow-226026. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT Alpha (α)-tocopherol, the biologically most active form of vitamin E, is a major antioxidant that bulwarks the cells against oxidative damage. It constitutes a small fraction of the total tocopherol pool in most oilseed crops. We generated transgenic (TR) Brassica juncea plants with ~6-fold higher α-tocopherol levels compared to the wild type (WT) plants by overexpressing γ-tocopherol methyl transferase. To better understand the roles of different tocopherol forms in plants we compared the performance of TR plants under conditions of abiotic stresses induced by NaCl, CdCl2 and mannitol. Seed germination and leaf disc assay showed that TR B. juncea had enhanced tolerance to these stress and that induced by high temperature and methyl viologen. Damage caused by the induced stress was lower in TR plants compared to WT plants as assessed by their higher relative water content, lower MDA and electrolyte leakage. Lesser superoxide and H2O2 accumulation was observed in TR seedlings exposed to these stress. The levels of antioxidant enzymes and molecules were higher in TR plants when compared to WT plants under similar stress. We further checked the efficacy of feeding α-tocopherol enriched seeds in securing antioxidant defense in mice. We found significant increase in the content of various phase I and phase II enzymes with a corresponding decrease in peroxidative damage. Also, the transgenic seeds were found to have chemopreventive effects against DMBA- induced skin papillomagenesis in mice model. Our results highlight the potential of increased α- tocopherol in transgenic B. juncea in health of humans and agricultural crop plants.
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Standardization of Turmeric Nodal Segment Seedlings as a Source of Planting Material
K.Ravindra Kumar1 and S. Narasimha Rao2 1Horticultural Research Station, Ambajipeta, Dr. YSRHU, Andhra Pradesh-533214; 2College of Horticulture, V.R.Gudem, Dr. YSRHU, Andhra Pradesh-534101. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is an herbaceous perennial and native to Asia and India. The rhizomes are mostly used as spice, dye extraction and medicines. India ranks number one in turmeric production in the world and uses 80% of it. Most often turmeric farmers encountered continuous losses mainly due to fluctuating prices in the market, spreading of diseases through planting material, expensive and large quantity of the seed material requirement. The present investigation was conducted to minimize the requirement of seed material thereby lower the cost of cultivation. The treatments were, 5-6 g single nodes (T1), 8-10 g two nodes (T2), 11-15 g mother rhizome bits (T3) directly sown in the field and in T4, T5 & T6 the above three types of propagation material used for seedling production in pro-trays and transplanted after one month. These treatments compared against conventional direct planting of primary (T7), secondary (T8) and mother rhizomes (T9). The experiment was conducted in RBD with three replications during 2011-2014. Plants raised through nodal cuttings recorded lower heights as compared to conventional planting methods. However, transplants produced highest number of tillers (9) in comparison to farmer‘s practice (3.5). The maximum leaf area was recorded in T9 (1134.5 cm2) followed by T5 (809 cm2). The highest rhizome yield per plant (377.8 g) was recorded in T9 followed by T5 (300 g) and on-par with each other. Among the treatments, in T9 recorded the highest cured turmeric yield (6.13 t/ha) followed by T7 (5.53 t/ha). However, the B:C analysis revealed that single node transplanting is found to be highly profitable (5.23) followed by two node transplants (4.54) as against popular check T7 (2.59). Based on the observations, it can be concluded that single nodal transplanting technique is the best as it is having lot of advantages like producing disease free, healthy planting material, saving in cost as it requires only 150 kg primary rhizomes per hectare over conventional planting (1000 kg/ha). This method is also handy in rapid multiplication of newly released varieties, which are available in limited quantities.
Isolation and Characterization of Phaseolinone from Macrophomina phaseolina
Preeti1, Vinay Sharma2, Nilima Kumari2 and A. P. Garg1 1Department of Microbiology, C.C.S. University, Meerut; 2Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Though, several extracellular phytotoxic substances from Macrophomina phaseolina Tassi (Goid) have been reported in scientific literature, yet none of them is purified and characterized. Present paper deals with the isolation and characterization of phaseolinone from M. phaseolina using TLC technique. M. phaseolina produces extracellular substances in liquid cultures that exhibit similar disease symptoms that are produced by pathogen under natural conditions. The isolated toxin from
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leaf sample was separated using silica gel TLC plate (Merck India Ltd.). Phaseolinone was isolated, separated and purified from extracellular metabolites of one week old culture M. phaseolina on Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB). Besides pure phaseolinone, autoclaved crude culture filtrate of M. phaseolina was also used as a source of phaseolinone to identify the presence of other substance(s) that inhibit or facilitate the process of infection. The spots were developed by exposing the TLC plate to iodine vapours. TLC plates showed a single major spot which exhibited high phytotoxic activity while other minor spots were either nontoxic or weakly toxic. Purified phaseolinone toxin affected seed germination, seedling growth and necrosis in tissue culture. This toxin was highly stable and non- biodegradable at temperature of 45◦C. This toxin was capable to induce leaf necrosis in several other plants also. Induction and regulation of these toxins are helpful to understand plant-microbe interaction and the mechanism of plant responses to infection.
Sequences of Meiosis in Charophyta: A Cytological Problem
M. N. Noor Department of Botany, Ranchi University, Ranchi- 834 008 (India). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT An appreciable amount of work has been done on mitotic attributes of Charophyta, however, cytologists have failed quite miserably on its meiotic front. The sequence of meiosis still remains to be a botanical problem but certainly not an enigma as visualised by Fritsch for heterocyst in blue- green algae. Some sincere efforts have been made in some world labs. in India, France, Japan and U.S.A. to discover this process in the recent past. But there has been no break-through by Charophytologists. The presence of identical set of chromosome numbers both in spermatogenous and vegetative structures quite vividly demonstrates its haploid nature of this group which gives a clear clue as an indirect cytological evidence for the occurrence of meiosis. The process of true meiotic figures, however, still remains a far cry. The difficulties encountered during the investigation are quite really formidable due to the presence of thick, pigmented and 3-walled oosporic membrane. Even the germination of oospores during culture studies in the most advanced laboratories did not yield positive result. Then again, the sites and timings for this process are some other problems which have been tackled. The oospore covering has to be dissolved or removed with a new technique before staining procedure. On the basis of observations made so far during 1916 to 1982, altogether four well- recognized hypotheses have been proposed by Oehlker from Germany, Turtle from U.S.A., Goncalves da Cunha from Portugal and Guerlesquin and Noor from France and India, the last hypothesis appears to be the most correct in Charophyta as had happened with Godward while discovering meiosis in Spirogyra crassa. It is alarming news for the scientific community that the search for meiosis has virtually been stopped. It is advisable to the younger generation to come forward with some modern methods and technologies to unveil this mystery of nature.
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Vulture Safe Zone in Central India: A New Life to Vanishing Vultures
Hishmi Jamil Husain Rio Tinto, 21st Floor, Tower A, Building No. 5, Cyber Terrace, DLF Cyber City, DLF Phase III, Gurgaon - 122 002, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT Nine species of vultures are recorded from India of which five belong to the genus Gyps. Three Gyps vultures, namely the Oriental White-backed Vulture (OWBV) Gyps bengalensis, Long- billed Vulture (LBV) Gyps indicus and Slender-billed Vulture (SBV) Gyps tenuirostris are residents, and the remaining two, the Eurasian Griffon Gyps fulvus and Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis are largely wintering species and a small population breeds in Himalayas. OWBV and LBV were abundant across large parts of India until the 1990s. Whilst vultures feed primarily on large ungulates, they were also historically the key scavenger of the dead from the ancient Parsi religion, who lay their dead out in the open in enclosures or specially constructed ‗Towers of Silence‘. Vultures also have spiritual significance in Hindu mythology, as the vulture-king Jatayu died attempting to protect Sita, one of the principal characters of the Hindu epic ‗Ramayana‘, from the demon king Ravana, while her husband Prince Rama was away hunting. Vultures are a critical part of the food chain. By removing dead meat they maintain a balanced ecosystem and prevent the spread of disease. The dramatic crash in the Indian vulture population is directly linked to animal husbandry practices, namely the use of the pain killer, diclophenac, to treat cattle. Today almost 99% of the vulture population in India has disappeared. The Vulture Action Plan 2006 of the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India and South Asian Vulture Recovery Plan 2004 recommended a complete ban on veterinary use of diclofenac, identification of a vulture safe drug and establishment of Vulture Conservation Breeding Programme to save the vulture from imminent extinction. The population is however under constant threat of diclofenac poisoning - vultures have to feed only once on the diclofenac laced carcass to ingest a fatal dose. The negative effect of the declining vulture population on the economy, public health and culture in India cannot be underestimated. It is therefore important that concerted efforts are made around in the areas where there are extant populations of vultures and safeguard them against diclofenac poisoning, with this in mind the concept of Vulture Safe Zone has emerged. Rio Tinto is playing a leading role to help in vulture conservation. In early 2014 Rio Tinto started new partnership aimed at protecting India‘s critically endangered vulture species with the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) initially for five years. Together with Birdlife International and the Bombay Natural History Society, establishing of a Vulture Safe Zone in central India, the Bundelkhand geographic region of Madhya Pradesh which comprises of Chattarpur, Tikamgarh, Ashoknager, Vidisa, Sagar, Damoh, Panna and Satna districts, covering about 32,000 sq.km area. The implementation of this project is to providing self-sustaining populations of vultures in South Asia and ecosystem services provided by them.
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Role of Women in Agriculture and Food and Nutritional Security
Premlata Singh, Shikha Chaudhary, V.Sangeetha and Satyapriya Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Women play a major role in food production and form a large proportion of agricultural work force (43%) in developing countries. Their contribution in agriculture and allied sector is noteworthy. All over the world more than 50 percent of grown food, is produced by the women. They are the chief bread winner in 25 percent poverty suffering families. In agricultural household, women play triple role: productive, reproductive and social (module). Their role in animal husbandry, agriculture and in household activities make them the manager of the living environment. They are better managers and serve to raise their income to escape from poverty. In many developing countries, women are engaged more than half of farm activities and abide responsibilities for food security and contribute to household well being by their income. They play a catalytic role in food security and translate the products of vibrant agriculture sector for nutritional security of their household. They ensure healthy lives and nutrition of all the family members. In the enhancement of the socio- economy and the wellbeing of human life, the contribution of women is more considerable than has been traditionally recognized. However their participation in economy has not been valued. This paper explores the role of women in food and nutritional security; their contribution to food production, processing, preservation, animal husbandry etc and as preservers of biodiversity, indigenous practices etc. It also discuss about the constraints they face in achieving food and nutritional security in detail.
Agro-tourism a Booming Sector in India
Shital Mody K.P.B Hinduja College of Commerce, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economy 90 million farmers are dwelling in 6.25 lakh villages producing more than 300 MT of food grains feeding the country. In general, agro-tourism is the practice of attracting travelers or visitors to an area or areas used primarily for agricultural purposes. Very often, the idea of tourism stimulates images of mass-produced travel that attracts a large number of travelers. Poor agriculture commodity prices coupled with rising input costs are slowly but substantially eroding small farm incomes in India , As a result, farmers are acquiring second job or leaving their farms altogether in order to sustain their household income. The term agro-tourism emerged in the late twentieth century. It includes agricultural farms that are related to tourism. This notion represents all activities related not only to tourists but also to the organizers of the holidays in general. Agro tourism is very important for rural communities as well as urban areas.
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It can provide several advantages: income, employment, use accommodation, activities, natural resource conservation, recreation and education. But the main problem for many countries is the low level of farm income. Agro tourism intends to obtain higher standards of living for rural communities especially through increased income for people who work in agriculture. Agro-tourism can be a primary, complementary and primary activity. Occasionally hosting guests on the farm would be a supplementary activity, whereas, the some portion of production in the farm could be sold to a wholesaler and the remaining portion could be sold to the guest visiting the farm this would be a complementary activity and As the primary enterprise, agro in India-tourism would be the dominant activity on your farm. For instance, you may decide to open a winery on your farm and invite guests to spend the day or the weekend tasting wine.
Integrated Rural Development through women and Community empowerment
Ansari Mohd. Nasir K.P.B Hinduja College of Commerce, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT It is believed that individual forms the group and the group of individuals form family which in turn lead to formation of the society and community. Sociologically speaking, individual is the core element and he/she is the catalyst of any development process in a country. In this paper, the focus is to understand how development, especially rural development could be achieved through improving, involving and empowering the women and the community towards the path of inclusive and integrated rural development. The present day development policy of government (both Centre and State) and the ideas and thoughts shared by developmental study practitioners believe that active participation by the local people in the development process is essential. At present, almost all rural development policy focuses on similar themes i.e. to empower the women and the community in the rural India so as to develop India as a whole. The rural-urban divide in terms of lack of basic infrastructure facilities and inability to fulfill people's needs are adding to the problem of rural development. This needs to be accomplished so as to stop migration due to the 'push' and the 'pull' factors of the modern day society. The study uses survey method to gather data based on open ended questionnaires.
Role of Women Enterprenuers in Rural India
Mrunalini Shringare K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce, Charni Road, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Women constitute the integral part of our society by contributing to the economic and social development. Traditionally women in rural areas played a passive role in the economic development as her role was confined to only domestic household duties as she faced many challenges in the male
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dominated society such as poor educational background, lack of finance, lack of motivation, social obstacles, poor managerial skills etc. But this scenario has changed gradually with their significant contribution in the overall economic development due to education, training programmes, and modern technology which has been possible due to support from male members. According to the Census 2011, the population of India is 1210.19 million comprising 586.47 million (48.5%) females and 623.72 million (51.5%) males. Females have a share of 48.1% in the urban population and of 48.6% in the rural population indicating that the share of women in Indian demography has raised to equal. India can achieve rapid economic growth if there is overall development of women in both urban and rural areas. Thus there is need to empower rural women by shifting her role from the primitive agriculture sector towards new and modern entrepreneurship avenues. Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a women or a group of women who initiate, organize and run a business enterprise. Women owned business are highly increasing. These new avenues will help in creating employment opportunities for both women and men. This present paper focuses on the role and challenges of rural women and various government schemes for promoting rural women entrepreneurship. Thus there is a need to promote rural entrepreneurship by organising short, medium and long term training programmes in the areas of finance, marketing, and promoting business skills.
Extension Programme for Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms for Economic Empowerment of Rural Women
Dinesh Panwar1, Sona Singh2, Suresh Chandra2, Sudha Garg3 and N.S.K. Harsh2 1Department of Microbiology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut; 2Forest Pathology DivisionForest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 3Department of Political Science, S.M.P. Government Girls P.G. College, Meerut, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Mushrooms have high nutritional and medicinal value with great potential for enhancement of income of rural population. Rural people are well acquainted with wild mushroom since long and they consume them as staple food. Extension of mushroom cultivation on simple and cheap substrates is the need of current policy of Government of India for generation of awareness in rural population to facilitate them to utilize their skills for alternative sources of income to uplift their living standards. Cultivation technology was developed by Forest Pathology Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun for edible mushrooms like Pleurotus sajor-caju, P. ostreatus and medicinally important mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Four villages - Ummedpur, Shuklapur, Pitambarpur and Devipur near Dehradun were selected for sensitization and rapport building among women self-help groups and marginal farmers for mushroom cultivation using offices of Baghban Gramodyog Samiti, Premnagar, Dehradun. Nineteen hands-on training programmes were conducted for the rural people especially selected women self-help groups of these villages. Training was also provided to cultivate Oyster mushroom and to prepare value added products such as nuggets, biscuits, papar, pickle etc. Capacity building programmes were also organized at Forest Pathology Division, FRI, Dehradun for volunteers who worked with women self-help groups for mushroom cultivation. A total of 226 people were trained for cultivation of both edible and medicinal mushrooms. A significant awareness was
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generated among rural people especially women about nutritional as well as monetary value of mushroom.
Technical Session 9. Agribusiness, Value Chain Management, Nano Science and Non- conventional Energy Sources
Perception of Youth Towards Agripreneurship
Shradha Jain K.P.B. Hinduja College, Mumbai-400004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship has become an everyday buzzword. Policymakers, economists, academicians and even university students are talking about it. Today, entrepreneurship is regarded as one of the best economic development strategies to develop country's economic growth. India being agricultural country there is massive scope for young prospective entrepreneurs to start entrepreneurial activity in agricultural and allied activity. The current study was carried out to investigate the perception of youth towards agripreneurship. It was aimed to identify the most influencing factors of potential young agripreneurs and to understand the external factor influencing youth. The data of the study was collected from hundred respondents who were in their final year. Data were collected through structured questionnaires. The results showed that 60% of the respondents felt that agripreneurship is a risky option. And 47% of respondents are of the opinion that they do not know the available opportunities. Moreover among respondents majority of male youngsters prefer taking agripreneurship as career option. 90% of the respondents felt that government support and policies is the most influencing factor which perceives them to take agripreneurship. This study argues that social support is an important enabler in entrepreneurial activity in a country or a region to develop agripreneuship. 58% of respondents were of the view that financial backing plays a very important role to take such chancy ventures. The results also show that innovativeness and diligence were the entrepreneurial personality traits that scored very high. Infrastructure, finance, and technical factors were revealed to have been constraining their potentials, while the education system and the rate of information technology development were perceived to have positively impacted their attitude. The study concluded that entrepreneurial internal factors, such as personality traits, experiences, social factors and culture; and entrepreneurial external factors, such as information technology development and education system have influenced the favorable attitude of the youth towards agripreneurship. Thus government and higher education should work jointly to come up with suitable workshops and programs to augment more and more agripreneurs.
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Startup Projects of Agro-based Industry: Opportunities and Challenges
Khyati Vora and Kuldeep Sharma K. P. B. Hinduja College of Commerce, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT India is the agro based economy. Tremendous transformation has been observed in agriculture industry since 1960. In recent times agriculture has rapidly transformed into a technology and market oriented ―industry‖ which extends from agricultural production, to sophisticated agriscience, and agribusiness. Startup projects intend to promote entrepreneurship in the various fields which also includes agro-based industries. In the recent decades, there has been substantial growth and transformation of the agribusiness sector in India. In this paper an effort is made here to identify some of the challenges and opportunities in startup project of agro-based industry. The structure of agro-based industry has two main pillars in agro-infrastructure and agro- management. The challenges of agro-based industry are thus categorised into three components i.e., challenges related to agro – infrastructure, challenges related to agro – management and miscellaneous challenges. Few such challenges are scarcity of land and the need to improve productivities, markets, urbanisation and increasing commercialisation of agriculture, changing food consumption pattern and demand for quality and convenience, development of the rural economy, infrastructure, information and communication technology revolution, etc. The startup projects in agro-based industry has also lead to several opportunities such as, contribution to GDP, Break – Even Output, employment generation, exploring the natural resources, leads to decentralisation of economic power, meeting international standards, it ensures the equitable and sustainable economy livelihood of the masses, etc. To study these challenges and opportunities secondary data was collected through reference books, reports, journals etc.
Role of Women in Coastal Fisheries
Archana Arya, Malobica Das Trakroo and Hema Tewari SVPUA&T, Meerut; CFSc, Pantnagar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In the last few decades fisheries and aquaculture have contributed much to improvement of livelihood of thousands of people in the coastal regions of India. Women not only constitute half of the population but also play an important role in wide range of fisheries activities. In the coastal states women contribute significantly in sorting, handling, processing, preserving, selling and even marketing of fishes and other aquaculture species. This has helped them in uplifting their socio- economic status and has provided them a prominent place in the fisheries sector. But unlike many other countries, where women have remain unaffected by gender bias and imbalances and have established themselves as entrepreneurs or boat owners, the fisherwomen in India have to face many challenges. Women from fishing communities in India, who work as wage earners in fishing industries are paid less as compared to their male counterparts. The longer working hours makes it difficult for them to fulfill their other domestic roles. There is an urgent need for active government
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programmes, professional trainings, SHGs, cooperative societies and developing databases for strengthening the women and their participation in fisheries sector. The paper gives an overview of need for women empowerment in fisheries, their role and importance, challenges and solutions.
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Value Chain Development in Horticultural Produce
Shruti Kushwaha, Reshma Gills and J P Sharma ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT India is the world‘s second largest producer of horticultural produce. It shares12.5 per cent and 14 per cent of world‘s fruits and vegetables respectively,however, the postharvest loss of the total fruits and vegetables production estimated to be 30-40 per cent. Moreover, only 2 per cent of vegetable production and 4 per cent of fruit production are being processed. Due to the perishability of horticultural produce, high fluctuations in demand and prices, forced selling of the farm produce by farmers, increasing consumer concerns for food safety & quality and dependence on climate conditions post harvest value addition and value chain development is essential. The existing chain in horticultural sector involves many intermediaries, who eat up all the share of about 75 percent of the total net margin accruing to the entire chain. The analysis of prices at different levels indicates that overall the average share of the farmers in the consumer price is only around 48 per cent for vegetables and 37 per cent for fruits. In addition, poor infrastructure, conventional small scale unorganized retailers, poor linkages in the marketing channels, lack of information, skills and institutional support makes the value chain development challenging in the present scenario. Therefore, development and promotion of an efficient value chain is critical for the accelerated development of the sector and for increasing producer shares in consumer prices. Considering the above listed facts, this paper suggest some technical and policy interventions to enhance the income of fruit and vegetable growers through value chain development.
Value Chain Management in Agriculture and Horticulture for Enhancing Farmers‟ Income
Rahul Singh, R. Roy Burman, Sanjay Kumar Gupta and D. U. M. Rao Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-12. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agriculture today is at crossroads. On one hand, there is a great promise in the new agricultural technologies and great demand for processed food products from middle class consumers and on the other hand, agriculture sector is overburdened with innumerable small and marginal farmers and rural youth bent upon leaving agriculture as it is not at all remunerative and sustainable. While the farmers were not able to get desired returns from agriculture and middle class consumers with increased incomes are paying high prices for agricultural food processed products, it is the
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traders and processors who are found to be exploiting both the farmers and consumers and earning bigger margins in the share of consumer rupee. Such a grave situation can only be ameliorated with promotion of farmer producer companies for better value chain management in agriculture and horticulture, especially in fruits and vegetables. According to Dunn (2014) an agriculture value chain can be a vertical linking or a network between various independent business organisations and can involve processing, packaging, storage, transport and distribution. The conceptual framework of agricultural value chains includes a sequence of value adding activities, from production to consumption, through processing and marketing. Each segment of a chain has one or more backward and forward linkages. A value chain in agriculture identifies the set of actors and activities that bring a basic agricultural product from production in the field to final consumption, where at each stage value is added to the product. Several successful cases are available for research studies and drawing lessons.
Exploration of Wheat Germplasm Potential for Salt Tolerance and High Protein Quality – A Case Study at Allahabad Climatic Zone
K. Prasada Rao, A.M. Lal, Ummar Khan, Md. Abdul Basith and P.W.Ramteke SHIATS Deemed University - Allahabad-211007, UP, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Soil salinity is a world-spread low-yielding environment with climate change has turned out to be major threat to the wheat productivity and FAO indicated that wheat yields improvements will be critical in ensuring global food security. Wheat genotypes (of 20) under taken for salt tolerance and high protein with quality evaluation to develop hybrids at SHIATS Allahabad,Uttar pradesh- India . The aim was to assess salt stress effects on varietal performance and their interaction, on growth, membrane integrity and response of ascorbate-glutathione pathway enzymes up to 25.2dS/m for identifying inbred lines and to introgress for high yield and salt tolerance. The plant height and number of leaves, spike number, , length of spike ,dry weight were observed to be enhanced in superior genotypes AAIW6, AAIW1, AAIW10, AAIW3 and PBW523 in comparison with check K- 65 and growth was down regulated at 17.2 &25.2dS/m-1 salinity in K9465,AAIW5,AAIW7 ,AAIW8. The maximum yield of grain was in AAIW6, AAIW8, AAl-W1 (30.33) AAIW10 and PBW 523 AAIW3 under salinity. In GR highest valve was observed in AAI-W3 (7.54) and lowest value was observed in AAI-W4 (1.781). In protein estimation the highest value was observed in K65 (0.97) at 150mM and lowest value was observed in AAI-W8 (0.42) at 200mM. From the investigation it is concluded that genotype AAI-W3 (7.54) higher tolerance than other genotypes.
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Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fueled with Castor Biodiesel
Payal Chaudhary1, Surendra Kumar2, V.K. Gupta3 and A.P. Garg1 1Department of Microbiology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut-250004; 2Department of Chemical Engineering, I.I.T., Roorkee, Uttarakhand; 3Department of Chemistry, I.I.T., Roorkee, Uttarakhand. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Biodiesel is becoming an apparent option as an alternate fuel because of decreasing petroleum reserves and adverse environmental impact on account of release of carbon which is mainly responsible for green house effect. Mono alkyl esters consisting of long chain fatty acids form biodiesel. These esters are derived from renewable feedstock like plant oils, animal fats and microbes as residual oils. Choice of biodiesel feedstocks depends on the process chemistry, physical and chemical changes in characteristics of virgin or used oils and economy of the process. Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) has become apparent as a biofuel crop with commercial potential for its production in marginal land. In this investigation, castor oil ethyl esters (CEE) were prepared by the transesterification reaction using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst and ethanol as solvent. These ethyl esters were used in four strokes, single cylinder variable compression ratio type diesel engine. Tests were performed at different speeds with different loads. Straight castor oils (virgin oil) shows operational and durability problems when subjected to long term usages in diesel engines. These problems are mainly due to high viscosity, low volatility and unsaturated character of vegetable oils. The transesterification process is found to be a cost effective method of reducing vegetable oil viscosity and it eliminates operational and durability problems. The important properties of ethyl esters of castor seed oil are compared with diesel fuel. It was concluded that the lower blends of biodiesel increased the break thermal efficiency and reduced the fuel consumption in diesel engine. The results showed that the use of castor origin biodiesel in compression ignition engine is a viable alternative to diesel.
Yield Gap Analysis and Total Rainfall of Rice Crop of Onset of Monsoon in Different Sectors of UP
Ajit Singh, A.K. Singh, Smita Gupta and U.P. Shahi Department of Agricultural Meteorology, N.D.U.A & T, Kumargang, Faizabad (U.P). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The onset date of south west monsoon in eastern U.P./central U.P. shifted to 19th/20th June from normal date 15th June. Total rainfall in relation to onset of monsoon decreased by 6 % if monsoon reaches on 19th June in eastern U.P. as compare to rainfall of normal date (15th June) and 9.5 %if monsoon reaches on 25th June. Consequent upon length of rainy season was also decreased from normal 108 days to 99 days in eastern U.P. whereas reduction in length of rainy season in other sectors of U.P. ranged between 12-13 days. Rainy day and rainfall intensity both reduced in all
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sectors of U.P. In eastern U.P. rainfall intensity reduced from 25 mm/day (1971-1990) to 17.2 mm/day (1992-2011), i.e. 32 % reduction hence crop planning may be made accordingly in respective sectors. Yield gap of crop has been calculated at particular amount of rainfall over the year of data with difference of maximum yield and minimum yield at same amount of rainfall. Variability of seasonal rainfall in different sectors of U.P. was also in same order and magnitude as that of total rainfall.
Plant Quarantine Decision Support System
Madhu Bala Priyadarshi, Mool Chand Singh, Jameel Akhtar, SC Dubey and Shashi Bhalla ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Weeds are an important component in crop production. They compete with crop plants for water, nutrients and space, thereby decrease the yield and loss in yield is variable depending on weed flora, intensity, management practice etc. However, yield losses due to uncontrolled weed growth is very high. At present level of food production, total loss amounts to 20-30 million MT per year. Losses caused by weeds (45%) exceed the losses from any other category of agricultural pests (Insects-30%; Diseases-20%; Other pests- 5%). Noxious Weeds are a plant arbitrarily defined by law as specially undesirable, detrimental, troublesome and difficult to control and which may cause damage or loss to a considerable portion of the land or human beings or livestock of a community. Considering the erratic and unpredictable behaviour of weeds and the diverse agro-climatic conditions of the country, it is too risky to make any predictions about their establishment and importance. A weed species considered as of minor importance in one country may attain the status of major weed in another country. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the introduction of exotic and potentially dangerous weeds that may come along with plant/ plant material which are being imported into India. It is necessary to carry out detailed weed risk analysis. Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order 2003 has special provision to prevent introduction of Quarantine weed species (Clause 3(12) and Schedule VIII that no consignment of seed or grain contaminated with quarantine weeds shall be permitted unless deviatalised. Information is one of the important components of today‘s life. There is large amount of observed evidences that intuitive judgment of human being and capacity of decision-making is far from the desired and best decision, and it further become worse even with complexity and stress. To improve quality of decision, disciplines such as economics, statistics and operations research developed various methods for making intellectual choices. Within the past few years, techniques from information science and artificial intelligence have been implemented in the form of computer programs. In this project a decision support system is developed to get filtered data on the base of query of user. Over the last few years, it has become increasingly difficult to maintain the information system crop models, partly due to fact that there were different sets of computer code for different crops with little attention to software design at the level of crop models themselves. Some of them are: The DSSAT cropping system model, World Agro Meteorological Information Service (WAMIS), EasyGrapher: Software for Data Visualization and Statistical Evaluation of DSSAT Cropping System Model and the CANB Model.
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Non-Conventional Sources of Energy - Consumption and Generation, the Way Ahead for India
Seema Narendran K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce, 315, New Charni Road, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT As India marches to take its place as an economic superpower, the main aspect it will have to focus on is energy consumption and generation. Increase in energy consumption is seen as direct fallout of increased economic productivity and output. In 2009, India was the fourth largest oil consumer in the world, after the United States, China, and Japan. This economic spurt can be sustained only if the country focuses on harnessing non –conventional sources of energy such as bio – gas, solar power, hydro-electric power and wind –mill energy. The renewable sources of energy derived from fossil fuels are not inexhaustible. The extensive use/misuse of such renewable sources leads to the every looming danger of not only exhausting these precious resources but also global warming, urban air pollution and acid rain. India fortunately is gifted with large amount of sustainable non-conventional energy resources like solar power, wind and biomass along with small hydro power and industrial and domestic wastes. These resources are natural, cost free, available abundantly and readily usable for the generation of energy in different forms. Moreover these are ecologically safe and dependence on home grown sources of energy will also reduce the country‘s dependence of oil and crude gas imports. Realizing the potential for energy from renewable sources, the government set up the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES) in 1982. This has to a great extent helped in setting up small projects all over the country to generate power through non-conventional energy sources.
Plant-Nanoparticle Interactions: A Sustainable Approach for Agricultural Practices and Plant Productivity
Ram Prasad, Narendra Tuteja and Ajit Varma Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, India. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT Nanoparticles due to their unique physiochemical properties are being used in the field of nanobiotechnology and agriculture system. Previous several studies have been documented to explore mechanism by which NPs influence on plant growth and development. Application of biosynthesized NPs in agricultural field leads us for sustainable development. Nanomaterials are carriers of agrochemicals and they enable site targeted delivery of numerous nutrients desired for better growth and productivity of plants. Other applications of nanoparticles in agriculture system in nanobiosensors for the crop protection and nanodevices for genetic manipulation of plant. The recent advancements are working on nanomaterials minimize the negative impacts on the environment. This presentation
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reflects the application of nanomaterials in agriculture which may play a vital role to increase agriculture production in forthcoming to feed a growing population.
Technical Session 10. Livestock and Agricultural Prosperity
Vaccination Strategies to Overcome Animal Brucellosis in India
Amit Kumar, A.K. Verma, S.K. Yadav and V.K. Gupta 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology , 2Department of Veterinary Epidemiology, DUVASU, Mathura; 3Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, (UP). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Brucellosis is caused by organisms of the genus Brucella and was first reported from the cases of Mediterranean fever in human by Bruce in 1887 in Malta. Brucella infections are mostly species specific with some nonspecific infections like zoonoses of Brucella abotus and B. melitensis. . Based on antigenic variation, molecular typing and primary host preference genus Brucella consists of nine well recognized species viz., B. abortus (cattle); B. melitensis (sheep and goats); B. suis (Swine); B. ovis (sheep); B. canis (dogs); B. neotomae (wood rats); B. microti, B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis (marine mammals). Being zoonotic the attempts are being made to control Brucellosis and the spread of Brucellosis has been controlled in many developed countries with, slaughter of infected animals and vaccination of Brucella negative animals however, Brucellosis is still prevailing in the Mediterranean region, Middle East, South East Asia including India, parts of Africa and Latin America. The incidence of is largely dependent on the animal reservoir and high rates of Brucella infection in cattle, sheep and goats which usually cause the greatest incidence of infection in animals and humans (CFSPH, 2009). In India, Brucellosis is persisting as an epidemic causing economic losses of a median loss of US $ 3.4 billion (5th-95th percentile 2.8-4.2 billion).
Issues of Veterinary Biologicals in India: Risk Assessment
Sandeep Kumar Singh, Sudam Bag, Sweta Raghuvanshi and Praveen Malik CCS National Institute of Animal Health, (DAHDF, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India), Baghpat-250 609, Uttar Pradesh. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Livestock sector contributes 6% to GDP next to agriculture. With an expansion of population the demand for food stuffs in the future will become even greater, resulting in increased pressure on Agriculture and Livestock for higher level of production. The global animal health care market is forecasted to witness positive growth in coming years and the biologicals segment is expected to be fastest growth segment. However, quality, efficacy and /or safety of veterinary biologicals are major concerns in India, which have direct pertinence to success of their application. Inadequate and
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inefficient control of preventive diseases can be assigned to use of substandard biologicals or their improper use among many other factors. A number of reasons and the conditions thereof may be attributed to such situation including lack of appropriates technical knowledge, variation and invalidated production protocols and quality control system and poor implementation of GMP. The large discrepancies in term of facilities and experience between state owned veterinary biological production units and private sector engaged in production of veterinary biologicals also resulted in poor control of diseases in past. The safe and potent veterinary vaccine have a major direct impact on livestock productivity and affects safe food supplies to human population. There is lack of uniformity in production and quality control protocols and this pause a heavy risk on effective control on such diseases. There is additional risk associated with importing veterinary biologicals without considering the cross protection of indigenously circulated pathogen or introduction of exotic diseases through imported biologicals. On one side, imbalance finance to state owned biological production units affects quality of veterinary biologicals, the waste of resources by way of inefficient production or improper implementation adds to this on the other. We thus need to achieve excellence in production of safe and effective veterinary biologicals in India by harmonizing the one as per global standards.
Transformation Pastoral Economy under Traditional Buffalo Production System in Banni, Kachchh
K P Singh ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Sirsa Road, Hisar – 125001, Haryana. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Banni area of Kachchh, Gujarat, is a land of grasses and this bountiful grassland, once known as Asia‘s best grassland, is endowed with several nutritious grass species. It is the land known for finest and 11th buffalo breed of India ―BANNI‖ recognized by ICAR-NBAGR in 2010 with accession number: INDIA_BUFFALO_0400_BANNI_01011. The most important and significant activity for livelihood support of Banni pastoral (Maldharis) is rearing Banni buffaloes for milk production. Maldharis adopted buffalo husbandry exclusive livelihood approach; they have invented locally adapted extensive production system to reduce cost of production. Banni buffalo has special features of adaptation in traditional extensive production system under conditions that are close to those prevailing in the wild environment and harbors the physical fitness of high performance stock, resistance to drought and disease and resilience in harsh climate. Livelihood security based on animal husbandry is a holistic way to address the conservation, improvement, utilization of animal biodiversity and sustainable management of natural resources. This concept serves many functions likely to understand the factors influencing livestock keepers‘ ability to enhance their livelihoods, improve economic condition and a superlative way of eradicating poverty. Till 2009, there was no milk marketing network and Maldharis always forced to sale their milk to middle man @ Rs. 8 to 10 per liter (2008-09). But the work for characterization and evaluation on Banni buffalo was initiated by the author (2003) and various programs organized to create awareness in Maldharis and to promote understanding of the roles and values of Banni buffalo germplasm in the immediate and future. The efforts were made to develop linkage / networking between Maldharis, NGOs, Government
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institutions and policy planner and to plan framework for marketing infrastructure and formation of Maldharis breeders association. These programs transform the buffalo production system and Maldharis economy. The important factors leads to reviving pastoral economy are highlighted as: i) The Banni buffalo recognition, ii) Establishment of milk marketing network, and iii) Formation of Banni Breeders Association. Now, with the milk marketing network in Banni, milk has become a major source of income and since last five years, the milk economy favoring Maldharis, the income from selling of buffaloes / animals has reduced significantly, whereas, income from sales of milk increased many folds. The important change in Banni area has been observed the shift towards buffalo husbandry for milk production and changed the Maldharis aptitude from sales of buffalo (breeders) to doodhwalas (milkmen). The recent development and initiatives have redefined and transform the Maldharis economy, buffalo production system and has revitalized younger generation's interest in buffalo Husbandry.
Modulation of Peripartum Stress in Goats Using Common Plants
Anu Rahal, Ashok Kumar, Nitika Sharma, Kaushalya Ghosh and Deen Dayal Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, U.P., India- 281122. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Peripartum oxidative stress changes play an important role in the initiation and development of many transition disorders and metabolic diseases in livestock which affect their productivity. Many Indian plants have been claimed in for effective in modulating the reproduction and productivity in ruminants but scientific evidence for clinical efficacy is lacking. The present study was designed to study the effect of peripartum feeding of five combinations stem of neem (dried leaves), babool (dried leaves), guduchi (stem) and calotropis plant on oxidative parameters viz. lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels, and catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in erythrocytes of thirty six goats alongwith milk production and kid growth. Optimal oxidative stress profiles during the transition from gestation to lactation stage were observed with feeding of babool, guduchi and calotropis mixture followed by neem and Babool leaves combination. Milk production (recorded on monthly basis) and kid body weight gain (recorded fortnightly) was also higher for babool, guduchi and calotropis mixture group. On the whole, babool, guduchi and calotropis mixture resulted in minimal transition stress to the goats and resulted in better milk productivity and kid growth.
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Need of New Diagnostics for Control and Eradication of Glanders - A Zoonotic and Notifiable Equine Disease
Harisankar Singha, Praveen Malik1 and B. N. Tripathi ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsar Road, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India; 1CCS Institute of Animal Health, Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Glanders is a fatal infectious and notifiable disease of equines caused by Gram-negative bacterium, Burkholderia mallei. The natural hosts for B. mallei are horses, donkeys and mules but infection many transmit to other species, including human beings. Glanders, an ancient disease, that was described toward the beginning of recorded history. The disease was endemic around most of world during for several centuries, but this disease was eradicated from most countries by the mid- 1900s. It is now considered a rare disease in the developed world. In contrast, the disease is still endemic in in Middle East and Southern Asia, part of South America and Africa. There is no data of economic loss due to glanders outbreak. However, severe economic consequences of an outbreak include direct loss due to mortality of animal, impact on racing events, breeding units and trading of horses. Economic loss to owners result from quarantine and culling of infected equines, restricted movement of animals. Continuous occurrence of glanders in India and other endemic countries warrants national preparedness and commitment of government authorities with political and financial support to control glanders outbreaks in future. Regular organization of an awareness campaign to educate equine owners and continuous veterinary education to refresh the knowledge of local veterinarians about the disease would be of immense help in sensitizing them about the disease. The key interventions needed to achieve the targets include detecting carrier animal early before visible clinical signs occur empowered with advanced diagnostics.
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POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Agriculture on Primetime Television: A Content Analysis of Doordarshan‟s Kisan Channel
Rommani Sen Shitak K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce, 315, New Charni Road, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Television in India, was conceptualised with the objective of promoting development communication. India‘s public service broadcaster, Doordarshan, has been at the forefront of agriculture extension activities by showcasing programmes such as Krishi Darshan, educational features for farmers, and the ongoing regional programmes on aspects such as weather reports, Kisan credit card, agriculture news bulletins and Mandi bhav bulletins (market prices), and publicity of minimum support price (MSP) among others. However, in the post-liberalisation period, agriculture has remained largely invisible in the mainstream television space barring extreme incidents of farmer‘s suicides or severe rural distress caused by successive droughts. The year 2015 marked a change in this scenario when DD Kisan was launched to provide information about best agricultural practices and related content. The channel has been dedicated to agriculture and related sectors, which disseminates real-time inputs to farmers on new farming techniques, water conservation and organic farming among other information. One of the objectives of setting up the channel is to highlight the efforts of progressive farmers, so that their innovations can be replicated across the country. In this context, this research study will examine the primetime content of DD Kisan over a month to understand the nature of such programmes. Further, expert interviews would be conducted to assess the impact and worth of such content. The research paper would, therefore, explore the role played by Doordarshan‘s Kisan channel in highlighting key agriculture issues.
Patents and IPRs in Reference to Fisheries and Aquaculture
Archana Arya, Deepak Sisodia and Vineeta Verma Department of Basic Science, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agiculture & Technology, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The most significant article in the TRIPS agreement with reference to agricultural sector including fisheries is Article 27. The fisheries sector contributes very significantly to gross GDP and Agricultural GDP of the country. Various advanced technologies have been developed for different types of fish culture systems, pearl culture, fishery by products, fish processing, advanced gears and nets and advanced efficient equipments etc. Out of these, some technologies have been protected and safeguarded by patents. However, improved species or strains of fishes and other aquatic organisms cannot be patented in India because according to Indian Patent Act, no living organisms, obtained as a
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whole from nature can be patented. The number of patents granted in fisheries is relatively fewer. Further, patents for innovations in fisheries for Indian applicants are less than that of foreign applicants. Patenting in fish processing technology has shown a steady increasing trend while in the case of fishing technology a declining trend is seen. The maximum number of patents have been granted in fish processing sector, followed by fishing technology and lastly in aquaculture sector. The National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, is the Nodal Institute, identified by ICAR for development of system for registration and documentation of diverse fish genetic resources of our country.
Food Consumption Pattern and Strategies for Nutrition Education of School Children
Shikha Chaudhary, Premlata Singh, V. Sangeetha and Satyapriya Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In India, the annual food grains production is 260 million tones and the production of fruits and vegetables is 227 million tones, though the nutritional status of the vulnerable section of society is not up to the desired mark. Children and youth are not consuming the minimum amount/number of daily serving of nutrient rich foods. Balanced nutrition has a major influence on physical and mental growth and development and the well-being and potential learning ability of the child. To critically understand the consumption pattern and develop strategies for nutrition awareness of school children, a survey was conducted with the help of structured interview schedule in four schools (urban and rural) in district of Aligarh, U.P., India. The results revealed that all the students consumed wheat daily, while pulses and vegetables consumption was found weekly. Regarding fruits, consumption was found rarely in rural areas and monthly in urban areas. Milk and milk consumption was found daily by majority of the respondents in rural area while in urban area it was found weekly. The results also revealed that one group of children was unable to take sufficient good quality and safe food, and the other group was taking an excessive and unbalanced food. However, some of the respondents had enough awareness about the daily food diet. It had also been observed that insufficient and unhealthy food choices can occur from several reasons like customs, superstitions, illiteracy, food fads and cultural behavior which majorly affect the food consumption pattern. This study concludes that food habits during the childhood can influence their food choice throughout their life. Parents undeniably have a big influence on children‘s eating habits followed by schools which have the biggest influence on children and their eating pattern. Next to parents and schools, the peer cluster has the major influences in the food choices. This study suggests that to combat with this problem and to promote healthy eating habits, nutrition education in schools can be proven a key element in promoting nutritional security. There are also many other opportunities in school to reinforce and support healthy eating.
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Organic Farming: Way for Social and Nutritional Security of Small and Marginal Farmers of Uttarakhand
D. K. Singh, Shilpi Gupta, Y. Sharma and V. V. Singh Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand-263145, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Organic agriculture is developing rapidly across the globe and statistical information is now available from 170 countries of the world. Its share of agricultural land and farms continues to grow in many countries. A total of 43.1 million hectares of agricultural land are managed organically by more than two million producers. Market Research Company Organic Monitor estimates the global market for organic products in 2013 to have reached 72 billion US Dollars. The United States is the leading market in the world. In many countries most areas of organic agriculture has affected with food production often starting in niche markets such as ‗direct to customer‘ or on-farm processing. This has resulted in a multitude of sustainable and profitable organic enterprises emerging round the world showing that organic agriculture can have a central role in ensuring sustainable agriculture. A major eco-friendly community subscribes to the philosophy that a successful organic system begins with the soil - a healthy soil produces healthy plants and, in turn, healthy livestock and people. Uttrakhand state is originally hill state. This is one of the five states in India, which has been declared as UNESCO‘s World Heritage Biodiversity Site. The state enjoys versatile geography of the Himalayas with multi-dimensional agro-ecological outfits. Total geographical area of state is 53.48 lakh ha out of which 7.59 lakh hectares (14%) land is under agriculture. Agriculture and its allied aspects are being practiced as livelihood security of the people in the hills. The Bhabar areas are moderately productive, while the plains of Tarai are engaged with high intensive cultivation. Fifty six per cent of total agricultural land is distributed in hilly areas which are rainfed and untouched with ‗Green Revolution. The hill regions of the states are disconnected from the plains due to a poor road network and, thus, use of fertilizers and agrochemicals are limited, expensive and farmers are traditionally doing organic by default. Though, scientific organic farming is quite different than traditional organic farming by default. Organic agriculture comes across as a promising opportunity for the farmers of Uttarkhand, especially the tribal, small and marginal farmers in the rainfed regions (or regions which have traditional practiced low-input farming). Therefore, in such areas, there is ample scope to increased number of organic activities with scientific backstopping. In a study it has been observed that in the hilly region organic farming can reduce the cost of production producing the major crops like basmati rice, mandua, small millets, pulses and vegetables. Average production per ha of these crops under organic system has increased. With increased production of the various crops a major benefit will be food and nutritional security especially poor farmers. The replacement of external inputs by farm-derived resources normally leads to a reduction in variable input costs under organic management. In a few cases, higher input costs due to the purchase of compost and other organic manure have also been reported. It has also been observed that the common organic agricultural combination of lower input costs and favourable price premiums can offset reduced yields and make organic farms equally and often more profitable than conventional farms. Because the market price of organically grown produces is at least 150 times more than non – organic product. The Food crops will be mostly used for household consumption and basmati rice,
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processed pulses, vegetables, medical and aromatic plants will further add to the yearly household income of the marginal and small farmers. The application of organics under organic production system not only increases the soil matter content; rate of infiltration and percolation of water but also the water holding capacity which promotes the growth and activity of useful microorganisms in soils which in turn can benefit the crop. In a study at Pantnagar, it has showed that the organic farming practices resulted in lower soil bulk densities and higher soil microbial activity which was caused by the higher inputs of organic matter an energetic substrate for the present microbial communities that were activated to assure the turnover of applied nutrients which in turn sustains the productivity under basmati rice cropping systems in low productive areas in long-term. It has also been studied that global warming potential is low in organic system as compare to chemical. Therefore, shifting towards organic farming in low productive areas where most of the farmers are resource poor who cannot bear heavy prices of chemical fertilizers could sustain productivity of basmati rice and other crops grown in hilly areas and soil health in long run with increased carbon stocks in soil profile ultimately bringing in second green revolution in those areas.
Socio Economic Status of Potato Farmers in Agra District of Uttar Pradesh
Ishan Yadav1 and Hemlata2 1School of Law & Management, Singhania University Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan; 2Division of Floriculture and Medicinal Crops, ICAR-IIHR, Hessarghata, Bengaluru (Out-reach campus of IARI, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The Agra district of Uttar Pradesh produces 40% of total potato production of the state. The study was conducted to analyze the socio-economic status of potato famers in the region. The data on family composition, education, land holding pattern, occupations and income were collected from personal interviews of farmers. It is found that the majority of the potato farmers belong to small, marginal and even land less farmer‘s category. The average age of household family head was 55.51 years and in most of the cases they are male members. The average family size comprises of 8.66 persons having average literacy rate 77.76% in the sampled population. On an average 78.56 percent females are occupied in agriculture and only 57.51 percent males are engaged in agriculture. The average net income and cost benefit ratio of potato farming were Rs.76,282 per hectare and 1.6, respectively. The study suggests that for improving the socioeconomics, small landholding farmers must unite their land and other resources for higher returns. Simultaneously, the existing economy of the farmers can further be strengthened due to convergence of government‘s interventions through fiscal incentives, dissemination of technology, extension services, access to easy credit, crop insurance and post-harvest infrastructure management support which will strengthen the farmers.
124 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
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Organic Farming Production in Foot Hills of Himalayan Region
Shahid Ahamad, Jag Paul Sharma, Banarsi Lal1 and S.K. Singh Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu-18009, India; 1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Reasi (J&K)-182301, SKUAST-Jammu. India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Modern crop farming has enhanced the food grain production with many problems to the environment and human health. Besides, it has also contributed to global warming. The imbalanced use of agro-chemicals in soil is damaging the soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes has given rise to phenomena like pest resistance and pest resurgence. Dependence on the external inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, machines etc. have increased farmers indebtedness and created dependencies. There has been indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In order to increase the agricultural production and control of insect-pests and diseases, our country is increasingly depended on agro-chemicals. Now the people are questioning the impact of modern agriculture on environment, economic and social aspects. Many farmers are seeking the alternative practices that would make agriculture more sustainable and productive. Organic farming is the ecofriendly alternative taking care of all ecological aspects. A natural balance needs to be maintained for sustainability of production systems. The chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides are not renewable and diminishing in availability. They also cost heavily on foreign exchange in future. Therefore, recycling of resources through organic farming approach is of paramount importance. The organic farming is based on mutual sustainable relationship. The understanding of these relationships is the nucleus of organic farming. The organic farming is not only derived from organic matter application but rather is a type of farming comprised of organic principles. Organic farming can be perceived as a system which should always be in search of natural alternatives suitable to the local specificity. The organic manures supply the nutrients in the soil, promote microbial activities and improve physical, biological and chemical properties of soils.
Impact of Vocational Training Programmes on Income of the Rural Youths in Foot Hills of Himalayan Region of Hilly Areas of Jammu & Kashmir, India
Banarsi Lal and Shahid Ahamad1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Reasi (J&K)-182301; 1Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-Jammu) Jammu & Kashmir, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) imparts need-based and skill oriented training to increase the agricultural production and to create the employment for the rural youths. The rural youths not only required knowledge of the technologies but also skills in various agricultural and allied operations to increase their knowledge. The training programmes are designed to impart the latest knowledge to the farmers through work experience. The KVK provides the trainings not only in agriculture and allied vocations but also in other income-generating activities that increase the income of farm families. The
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present study was conducted in hilly district Reasi of Jammu and Kashmir which was selected purposively as the KVK is catering the needs of the farmers of the district.264 trained rural youths were selected for the study purpose. Impact analysis was done to find out the knowledge gained and increased income of the participants. Study revealed that vocational training programmes had a positive impact on the knowledge gained by the rural youths and there was increase in the income of the respondents after training. Rural youths responded that vocational trainings played an important role in developing their skills and also benefitted for their income generation.
Impact of Different Extension Approaches in Enhancing the Productivity of Ginger and Turmeric
Nagarajappa Adivappar1 and B.C. Hanumanthswamy2 1ZAHRS; 2KVK, Navile, Shivamogga-577 204, Karnataka. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Spices in Shivamogga district in Karnataka occupies an area of 6,695 ha with a productivity of 7.85 t/ha. The important spices grown as sole/intercrop are: ginger, pepper, turmeric and chilli. But the productivity is low. Hence, the efforts are required to enhance the productivity. During 2010-2015 different extension approaches viz., 18 trainings, four method demonstrations, 48 field visits, six On Farm Tests (OFT) by involving 950 stake holders, three radio and two TV programmes were conducted on Integrated Crop Management (ICM) of ginger and turmeric. Before the intervention the knowledge level of 60 ginger and turmeric growers was analysed. The studies revealed low to medium level of knowledge of farmers on production of ginger and turmeric. The OFT was conducted to know economic performance of ginger and variety ‗Varada‘ recorded higher B:C (2.91) followed by ‗Rio-de-Jainero‘ (2.85). Among the nine varieties tested in turmeric viz., Prathibha, PTS- 24, Salem, Rajapuri were found superior with respect to number of secondary rhizomes, number of tertiary rhizomes, rhizome fresh weight (t/ha), net returns and B:C. Medium to high level of adoption was noticed on beneficiaries compared to non-beneficiaries. It is observed that the trained stake holders have implemented the 10 selected scientific methods in enhancing the productivity of ginger and turmeric in an area of 300 ha.
Enhancement of Productivity of Chickpea through Front Line Demonstration at Farmer‟s Field
B.K. Tiwari, K.V. Sahare, K.S. Baghel1 and A.K. Pandey1 JNKVV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Umaria, Madhya Pradesh-484661; 1JNKVV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh-486001. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The front line demonstrations of chickpea were conducted at farmer‘s fields, to demonstrate production potential and economic benefit of improved technologies consisting suitable variety (JG- 16), integrated nutrient management (20:60:20:20 kg NPKS/ha+ Rhizobium+ PSB @ 5g/kg of seed)
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and need based plant protection measures (seed treatment with Trichoderma viridae) in sandy soils at Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh during rabi seasons of 2011-12 & 2012-13 by the scientists of Krishi Vigyan Kendra. The improved technologies recorded mean grain yield of 12.99 q/ha, which was 37.5 percent higher than that obtained with farmers practice of 8.12 q/ha. Improved technologies gave higher mean net return of Rs. 22341/ha with a benefit cost ratio 2.53 as compared to farmers practice (Rs. 9772/ha, benefit cost ratio 1.77). The mean additional net return of Rs. 12569/ha was found due to improved practices through front line demonstrations. By incorporating proven technologies of chickpea, yield potential and net income from chickpea cultivation can be enhanced to a great extent with increase in the income level as well as pulse production of the farming community of the district.
Role of Extension Activities in Diversification of Rice-Wheat Cropping System through Vegetable Crops
J.K. Nandal, J.S. Bamel, Parminder Singh and J.S. Tomer K.V.K., Sonipat, CCS HAU, Hisar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Rice-wheat cropping system is most widely adopted system in Haryana state. The overall growth rate of paddy-wheat, however, has come done to nearly 2 percent in the previous decade of late; the farmers of the region practicing this crop sequence are facing environmental stress. The problems include; depletion of underground water level, degradation of soil fertility decline in bio- diversity, development of insect-pests and weed resistance. Other concerning issues at macro level are shrinking resources base of the farmers and change in demand and consumption pattern. The resultant scenario has thrown up new opportunities and threats to the states agriculture. Rapid economic and demographic transition in our country is having a bearing on its agri- economics scenario. The consumption patterns have diversified towards high value agricultural produce such as fruit, vegetables, processed foods besides, opening up of export of such produce. Thus, for the farmers of this region diversification of agriculture is the need of the hour. More specifically diversification towards vegetable crops has great scope keeping in view the overall agri- economic scenario. A major shift in consumption pattern of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables in underway. Also vegetable crops give much higher yield and quick returns in a short span of time. There has been renewed emphasis on promotion of vegetable crops and off season vegetable crops including protected vegetable cultivation which also need to be harnessed at a much larger scale. Complete technical know-how including post-harvest handling and marketing in farmer‘s participatory extension mode is must for obtaining maximum returns per unit area and time. Besides providing agro-technique and removing constraints specific and targeted extension activities are to be undertaken for diversification for promoting vegetable. These include training of farmers cultivation and extension functionaries, demonstration, farmer-scientist interaction, exposure visit of farmers & extension workers, field days, Kisan Melas, group approach, use of information technology, developing linkages, efficient marketing, awareness regarding government policies, market information, trade and pacts etc.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Role of Climate Change in Livestock Sector
Manoj Kumar Singh and Jinu Manoj College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The livestock sector plays a key role in climate change. Climate change quite often disrupts the natural ecosystems by providing more suitable environments for infectious diseases, allowing the disease-causing bacteria, viruses and fungi to move into new domains, where they may harm wild life and domestic species, as well as humans. The global warming, closely associated with emission of Greenhouse gases (GHG) and livestock supply chains are emanated primarily from feed production and processing (45% of the total), outputs of GHG during digestion by cows (39%) and manure decomposition (10%) and the remaining attributable to the processing and transportation of animal products, estimated to be 7.1 gigatonnes of Carbon-di-oxide equivalent (CO2-eq) per year, representing 14.5% of all the human-induced emissions. It has been well studied that cattle-raising contributes 65% of the livestock sector‘s total GHG emissions; beef and cattle milk production account for the majority of emissions, contributing 41 and 19%, respectively of the sector‘s emissions, while pig meat and poultry meat and eggs contribute respectively 9% and 8% to the sector‘s emissions. The impact of and responses to rising temperatures for farming practice are likely to differ across the world. Livestock breeds which are less susceptible to heat may be used, but this change may increase susceptibility to certain pathogens. In some areas, more animals may be moved inside in an attempt to avoid heat exposure and stress, giving increased opportunity for transmission of disease. Changes in animal husbandry practices (intermingling or crowding of food animals) in response to natural disaster or climate-induced changes might promote the transmission of pathogens between animals, resulting in greater pathogen load in faeces and increased prevalence of carcass contamination. Climate change may result in changes in the incidence of food-borne zoonoses and animal pests and possibly in increased use of veterinary drugs. Periods of excessive precipitation and drought can influence both the availability and the microbiological quality of water. New demands on existing water sources could occur if sea levels rise as predicted, adversely impacting water availability to livestock. Climate change and general anthropogenic factors together modify both the farming and the natural landscapes and in the process influence the health of animals in multiple ways. Importantly, changes in host distribution, density and their availability to existing pathogens may translate in disease emergence in animals and at the animal-human interface.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Prevalence and Drug Resistance Profile of Bacteria in Clinical Bovine Mastitis
Yashu Gupta, S.K. Dwivedi, Amit Kumar and Manoj Kumar Gupta Department of Veterinary Microbiology, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvavidhilaya Ewan Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura (UP)-281001, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT As mastitis has assume top most importance in the dairy industries due to heavy economical losses as well as production of poor quality milk and hazards to the public health. Mostly bacteria are responsible for mastitis. Therefore, this study was aimed to find out the bacteria responsible for causing mastitis in bovines. Total 30 samples were collected from 18 cows and 12 buffaloes suffering with mastitis visiting at Kothari Hospital. These samples were confirmed for mastitis by California mastitis test (CMT), White side test, Bromocresol purple test, Hotis test and all of them were found positive for mastitis. 68 bacterial isolates belonging to the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, E. coli, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas were isolated from these samples. These isolates were further characterized on the basis of their colonial, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Out of total 68 bacterial isolates, 28 were Staphylococcus, 22 were Streptococcus, 10 were E. coli, 6 were Klebsiella and remaining 2 were Pseudomonas. All these bacterial isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test by disc diffusion method. This diffusion method by using 5 commonly used antibiotic disc namely Ampicillin (10mg/disc), Cephalexin (30mg/disc), Cloxacilin (10mg/disc), Tetracyclin (30mg/disc) and Erythromycin (15mg/disc).Their antibiogram revealed that Staphylococcus, Streptococcus were resistant to Oxytetracyclin and Erythromycin. E. coli and Klebsiella also showed similar pattern of sensitivity whereas Pseudomonas showed resistant to all the 5 antibiotics.
Drug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Animal Pus Samples Origin
Ritika Yadav, Vinod Kumar Singh, Amit Kumar and Sharad Kumar Yadav Department of Veterinary Microbiology, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvavidhilaya Ewan Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura (UP)-281001, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In the present investigation, 100 pus samples from cattle, buffalo and dogs were examined for the presence of S. aureus bacteria. The isolates were screened for antibiotic sensitivity test to observe the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of all the isolates against the commonly used antibiotics. 40 isolates of S. aureus were found out of 100 pus samples. On screening the isolates for antibiotic sensitivity pattern it was found that overall S. aureus is most sensitive for Chloramphenicol (95%), Gentamicin (90%), Streptomycin (90%), Cefoxitin (88.5%), Clindamycin (82.5%), Amikacin (77.5%), Vancomycin (57.5%), Ticarcillin (57.5%), Ciprofloxacin (52.5%), Methicillin (42.5%) less sensitive to Penicillin G (17.5%) and Erythromycin (12.5%) and least sensitive to Cefotaxime (10%) and
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Amoxycillin (5%). S. aureus in case of bovines is most sensitive for Chloramphenicol (96.8%), Streptomycin (96.8 %), Clindamycin (90.6%), Cefoxitin (90.6%), Gentamicin (87.5), Amikacin (75%) and less sensitive for Vancomycin (62.5%), Ticarcillin (56.25%), Methicillin (43.75%) and Ciprofloxacin (53.12%) and least sensitive for Penicillin G (21.87%), Erythromycin (15.6%), cefotaxime(6.25%) and amoxicillin (6.25%). Canines isolates are most sensitive for Gentamicin (100), Amikacin (100%), Streptomycin (75%), Chloramphenicol (75%), Cefoxitin (87.5%) and less sensitive for Vancomycin (50%), Cindamycin (50%), Ciprofloxacin (50%), Ticarcillin (62.5%), and Methicillin (37.5%), Cefotaxime (25%), least sensitive for amoxicillin (0%).
Antibacterial Properties of Hot Aqueous Extract of Cassia fistula Leaves
Rakhi Gupta, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Amit Kumar and S.K. Dwivedi Department of Veterinary Microbiology, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvavidhilaya Ewan Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura (UP)-281001, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT There are more than thousands plants and herbs which have been described to have medicinal values in Ayurveda, an ancient traditional system of medicine. Among these medicinal plants, Cassia fistula by virtue of vast applications in treating various ailments of man and animals and has also been studied vividly with promising therapeutic source. Therefore keeping it medicinal values in vitro this study was carried out. Antibacterial properties of C. fistula was studied against two bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli using 2, 5, 10 and 20mg/disc of aqueous extract of C. fistula leaves. Zone of inhibition was measured after 24 to 48 hours incubation. The extract of C. fistula leaves exhibited in vitro antibacterial effect against both the bacteria. The study revealed that the effect was directly in correlation with concentration of the extract and increased with the increase of concentration of extract. At last it could be concluded that the aqueous extract of C. fistula has antimicrobial effects and has promising medicinal properties.
Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Punica gratum and Holarrhaena antidysenterica Against UspA Expressing Multi-drug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates Recovered from Neonatal Diarrhoeic Goat Kids
Nitika Sharma, Chandresh, Ashok Kumar, Anu Rahal, Shivasharanappa N., A.K Mishra, K. Gururaj and Gopal Dass Animal Health Division, C.I.R.G, Makhdoom, Mathura- 281122 (U.P). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Herbs used in traditional Indian medicine contain a wide range of ingredients which can be utilised to treat various infectious diseases. A total of 36 isolates of E. coli were recovered from 54 faecal samples of clinically diarrhoeic kids. These isolates recovered were biochemically characterized and further confirmed by Polymerase chain reaction assay. Antibiotic sensitivity test
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revealed susceptibility to Amikacin and Furazolidone but resistance to Fluoroquinolones, Penicillin group, Sulfonamides, Cephalosporins, Erythromycin, and Oxytetracycline. The pattern of antibiotic resistance shown by UspA expressing E. coli isolates indicated their multi-antibiotic resistant status. Therefore, an unconventional approach was adopted for the management and control of E. coli diarrhoea in kids. Antibacterial activities of methanolic extracts of 9 herbs were evaluated against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of E. coli using disc diffusion method. Methanolic extracts of Punica gratum (rind) and Holarrhaena antidysenterica (bark) showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of E. coli. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of methanoloic extracts was determined. This study revealed that E. coli has acquired multiple-drug resistance hence herbal therapy can be used as an alternative approach for the management and control of E. coli diarrhoea in kids.
Comparative Protein Profile of Multi Drug Resistant Pseudomonas Isolates of Different Origin
Lalita Sharma, V. K. Singh, Amit Kumar, Amit K. Verma and S. K. Yadav College of Biotechnology, U. P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, U.P., India – 281001. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Pseudomonas is an opportunistic pathogen causing a wide variety of acute and chronic infections with significant levels of morbidity and mortality in majority of species. It can survive in utmost environmental conditions expressing numerous virulence factors including toxins. The intrinsic resistance of Pseudomonas against commonly used antibiotics makes the treatment and eradication of these infections very difficult. In present study, a total of one hundred and thirty samples were collected from skin wound of horse, milk of cattle with mastitis and uterine discharge of human from Mathura and its surroundings to establish the prevalence of Pseudomonas in the region. All the isolates were subjected to cultural, morphological and biochemical characterization. On the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics, 12 out of 130 samples revealed Pseudomonas bacteria with the prevalence rate of 9.2 % in the region. All the isolates were resistant to more than 3-6 commonly used antibiotics. These isolates revealed two different protein profiles with the presence of one major protein in two isolates that was absent in other isolates. The SDS-PAGE of all the isolates revealed 5-7 major polypeptides among 30-34 polypeptides in the range of 8-120 kD. This protein profiling by SDS-PAGE revealed the subdivision of the strains in two groups, to such a convincing level to imply that the technique may be valuable in typing strains isolated during disease outbreaks.
131 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Superbugs: Biotechnological Approaches for Treatment and Prevention
Lalita Sharma, Deepti Singh, Ajay Singh, Amit Kumar Verma and Amit Kumar College of Biotechnology, U. P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India- 281001. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Superbug is the resistance of microorganism against antimicrobials so that they can survive in drugged environment. These infections are contagious, potentially fatal infection consisting of several multi drug resistant genes. Antibiotic drug resistance gene resides on plasmids that facilitate the transfer. Bacteria get converted into superbug through conjugation, transformation, transduction and mutation. Among bacteria, Gram negative bacteria are more infectious due to the presence of cell wall and structures that are difficult for antibiotic drugs to penetrate. Some of common bacteria that may be superbugs are Enterococcus, including E. faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella including K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species including E. cloacae and most well-known superbug is MRSA. Glycopeptides are the backbone antibiotics for the treatment of superbug infections. These are some drugs reported to have a range that covers drug resistant gram negative class of bacteria: TP-434, Plazomicin. Discrete therapeutic potency and less side effects makes AMP‘s interesting for concurrent or subsequent use in diverse bacterial infections. Inactivated vaccine bacterial strains have shown extremely immunogenic effect against. DNA-vaccine, encodes the antigen in combination with right adjuvant for strengthening the immune response. Nano-based drug carriers for existing antibiotics enhance their bioavailability and make them more target-specific. In addition, the combination of nanoparticles (NPs) along with antibiotics makes them more lethal for microorganisms. Functional genomics techniques are proved to be indispensible for in vitro target authentication and elucidating mechanism of action of novel antibacterial. It also offers novel mechanism based screening options by generating and characterizing point mutations that confers drug resistance. Complementary to approach of drug discovery, antimicrobial peptides and development of vaccines may also be found useful and more economical. Superbugs have escaped the clinical settings and attain the status of community acquired pathogens. There is a need to adopt alternative approaches for the discovery of next generation of antibiotics, interesting strategy to explore novel drug, to provide information about gene which is responsible for the infection.
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Nanobodies: An Update and Recent Applications in Livestock Welfare
Deepti Singh, Lalita Sharma, Ajay Singh, Amit Kumar Verma and Amit Kumar College of Biotechnology, U. P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India – 281001. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Antibodies, also known as ‗immunoglobulins‘ are antigen-specific defense molecules produced by any vertebrate hosts. Structurally, they have two heavy (H) and two light (L) polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bonds. It is produced by repeated inoculation of antigens in suitable animals and has been used for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. In comparison to this, nanobody has a unique structure consisting of a single variable domain, a hinge region and two constant domains (ch2 and ch3). Lack the first domain of the constant region (CH1), the absence of the CH1 domain explains the absence of the light chain in the HcAbs. Single domain antibodies (12-15KDa) are much smaller then common antibody (150-160 KDa). Nanobody is a emerging technology in the new era of biotechnology. These nanobodies were discovered in the blood of camels at the end of the 1980s and usually found in camels, shark and llamas. Due to their small size, they can penetrate tissues more easily than conventional antibodies and can recognize uncommon or hidden epitopes. Nanobodies are distinguished from other conventional antibodies by their unique properties of size, solubility, intrinsic stability, easy tailoring into pluripotent constructs, recognition of uncommon or hidden epitopes, binding into cavities or active sites of enzyme targets, ease and speed of drug discovery and ease of manufacture. Today, in several laboratories, the nanobodies have been used as a research tool and in a variety of diagnostic or therapeutic applications. Nanobodies either are used as targeting devices for toxic enzymes or block a specific molecular interaction. Several nanobody therapies are also being developed for treatment of oncology or inflammatory diseases based on blocking molecular interactions. For the development of therapeutics, llama dAbs is being used for prevention of transmission of foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever virus in pigs. The dAbs are being used in biosensors and in vivo imaging technology to develop for rapid diagnosis of FMD infections. Nanobodies have many advantages for biotechnological applications and can be economically produced in microorganisms and have a high stability. Veterinary medicine and animal health improvement programmes will definitely draw enormous benefits from these developments in immunotechnology.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Isolation, Characterization and Lytic Efficacy of Bacteriophages against Goat Dermatitis of Staphylococcus aureus Origin
Annu Singh and Anil Kumar Mishra Goat Health Division, Central Institute of Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura-281001. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In goats, staphylococcal infection may cause dermatitis either primarily or secondary to chorioptic mange or contagious pustular dermatitis (parapox virus infection). The present study was to isolate phages that were active against Staphylococcus, and to characterize them with respect to structural proteins, stability to various physico-chemical exposures and lytic efficacy. These characterization studies of the phage were carried out to evaluate its potential as therapeutic agent against infections caused by Staphylococci including goat dermatitis. The isolation of Staphylococci associated with goat dermatitis was carried out as per the standard cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics and further confirmed through PCR by targeting the nuc gene which encodes an extracellular thermostable nuclease. The phage was isolated from sewage and goat-feces using agar overlay method along with streak plate method and propagated by conventional liquid culture method and soft agar wash method. The phage titer of the stock suspension was determined by serial dilution method. The structural proteins of the phage were characterized by SDS-PAGE and In vitro lytic activity of the phage against various isolates of Staphylococcus associated with goat dermatitis was determined by spot inoculation method. During the study, a total of 21 sewage/fecal samples were collected from the CIRG animal sheds and Mathura city and then processed for isolation of bacteriophages. Out of 21 samples, the phage presence was detected in only one sample. After purification, the phage was tentatively named as S. aureus phage/CIRG/7. The titer of the phage stock was found 9.5×107 pfu/ml. The isolated phage was tested for its stability at 30˚C to 60˚C at 10˚C intervals. At 30˚C and 40˚C, the lytic efficacy remained stable/unchanged. This indicates that the phage will best work between 30˚C and 40˚C. The stability of the phage was tested at pH 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5. At pH 6.5 and 7.5, survivability was found 100%.So; pH range from 6.5 to 7.5 is optimum for the activity of the phage. The chloroform treatment did not reduce lytic efficacy of the phage to a greater extent. 4 prominent polypeptide bands of 74,59,51,39 kDa were seen in SDS-PAGE. The sensitivity of target organism against the phage was observed by formation of clear lytic zone. S. aureus phage showed lytic efficacy against all three isolates of Staphylococcus. It can be concluded that Staphylococcus aureus phage/CIRG/7 could be used as therapeutic agent against goat dermatitis caused by Staphylococcus after in vivo study in experimental animals.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Assessment of Protective Effect of Polymer Gel Based Brucella melitensis Vaccine in BAlB/c Mice
Amit Kumar1*, V. K. Gupta2, S. K. Yadav1, K. Gururaj3, A. K. Verma4, and Anu Rahal3 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, DUVASU, Mathura- 281001(India); 2CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar- 243122 (India); 3Divison of Goat Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG), Farha- 281122 (India); 4Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences, DUVASU, Mathura-281001(India). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Brucella sp. produces humoral as well as cellular immune response. To assess the protective effect of intra nasal polymer gel based formalized killed Brucella melitensis in BALB/c mice. Vaccine was used to assess its efficacy in BALB/c mice, divided in three groups group A, B and C. Group A mice were vaccinated with 1.47X108 CFU/mouse. Group B mice received adjuvant while Group C was sham immunized with PBS (pH 7.4). Half of the mice in each group were booster vaccinated on 21st day of primary vaccination and challenged on 28th day post vaccination and booster vaccination with virulent B. melitensis biovar 3 IND1 (1.47X109 CFU/mouse) intra peritoneal inoculation. Mice were sacrificed one week after challenge (35th day of vaccination and booster vaccination). Various parameters like live weight of vital organs, CFU count in spleen and liver; splenocyte proliferation assay; Th1 and Th2 cytokine plasma levels and expression in splenocytes; measurement of humoral and cellular immune responses were recorded. Vaccination showed significant reduced spleen and other vital organs size and reduction in the numbers of CFU per gram of spleen and liver. The IL-4 and 10 levels were significantly higher in unvaccinated group, whereas INF-ɣ level was many folds higher in vaccinated group. The spleen cells of immunized mice proliferated at significantly higher level on exposure to Brucella LPS. The spleen cells revealed many fold higher expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, INOS, TGF-β, and TNF-α in unvaccinated mice and INF- ɣ in vaccinated mice. The booster vaccination showed further reduction in size of liver, spleen and CFU/g in spleen and liver, higher splenocyte proliferation, INF-ɣ plasma level and expression in vaccinated mice spleen cells. The vaccine showed a protective response against challenge of high dose of homologous virulent strain of B. melitensis in BALB/c mice.
Quality Assessment of Frozen Thawed Frieswal Bull Semen
Suresh Kumar, Mahesh Kumar, N. Srivastava, Sarmesh Arya, A.S. Sirohi, Nemi Chand, Srikant Tyagi and B. Prakash ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Post Box No.17,Grass Farm Road, Meerut Cantt.- 250001. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation is a part of mandatory regular quality assessment of seminal attributes as a part of quality control measures at ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut Cantt.UP. The eligible ejaculates qualifying for initial prefreeze evaluation were frozen in
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0.25 ml mini straws using automatic freezer (Nicool IMV, France). The representative samples from frozen thawed straws were evaluated for semen quality over a period of eighteen months (April 2015 to October, 2016 as per CMU guidelines. From 4379 ejaculates 2825 (64.51 %) passed the PTM with a base line of minimum 50% Post thaw motility. Frozen semen straws from 302 bulls were thawed at 370C for one minute and subjected to quality evaluation based on Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), Incubation test (30 min. & 60min.), acrosome integrity, concentration (106/ml) of sperm cells in 0.25 French mini straws. The post thaw motility at 0, 30 and 60 min. was 55.25±0.74,49.36 ± 0.25 ± and 43.65±0.79 %,respectively. At 150mosm/L the host positive cells were 63.25±0.891 %. The intact Acrosome was 66.85 ±0.85 %. The average number of sperm cells in 0.25 ml straw was found to be 22.25±0.49 millions. The mean count of colonies was 3475 ± 572 .55 cfu/ml . The study indicates that the incidence of semen/sperm wastage in the form of rejection is considerably high in frieswal (cross-bred) bulls and needs critical prefreeze screening as well as intensive post thaw evaluation to sustain the quality semen production.
Commercial Strawberry Cultivars: Evaluation for Growth, Yield and Antioxidant Enzymes for Salt Threshold Tolerance
K. Prasada Rao1, A.M.Lall1, Md. Abdul Basith1, P.W. Ramteke1 and G. Abraham2 1SHIATS Deemed University - Allahabad-211007, UP; 2CCUBG, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Commercial Strawberry Cultivars (Adina, Belrubi, Chandler, Dana, Etna, Pajaro and Selva) and its wild (Fragaria vesca L.,) species were evaluated under induced NaCl stress levels (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 3.0%) with regard to growth and antioxidant enzymes for two consecutive seasons under Allahabad subtropical agro climatic conditions. The cultivars Adina, Belrubi, Chandler, Dana, Etna, Pajaro and Selva of commercial importance and its wild relative (Fragaria vesca L.,).In growth, the plants attained the height in tolerant cultivar (selva) of 22 cm with 14 number of leaves 19 cm plant spread 82 cm2 leaf area 11.4cm petiole length and 07 number of fruits 6 and number of runners at 1.5% NaCl, selva and Belrubi cultivars produced higher amount of chlorophyll under salinity than wild species. SOD activity in the leaves of the salt sensitive cultivars Adina and chandler exhibited a decline with the increasing NaCl levels, moderately salt tolerant Dana and pajaro cultivars showed a decrease in SOD activity at high salinity level whereas the tolerant selva and belrubi did not show any decline in SOD activity at all, in fact a slight increase in SOD activity was observed with increasing salinization. The CAT activities decreased in all the treatments only in Adina cultivar while it remained almost unchanged or slightly increased depending on the crop period in selva, belrubi, and to certain extent in pajaro and dana at 0.75% NaCl. APX activity sharply increased in0.75%% NaCl treatments for Period in selva, Belrubi Cultivars respectively.All the results indicated that the high salt tolerance (tolerance LT 50) and higher constitutive activity of antioxidant enzymes made Selva, Belrubi, tolerant cultivars and Pajaro and Dana moderately salt tolerant cultivars.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Cost-Benefit Analysis of IARI Improved Wheat Varieties in Lower Shivalik Range of Uttarakhand
Pinaki Roy1, R. Roy Burman1, J. P. Sharma1, V. Sangeetha1, M. S. Nain1, Ramanjeet Singh2 and Lakhan Singh2 1ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-12; 2ICAR-IISWC, Dehradun. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agriculture sector has been recognized as a key fundamental for spurring growth, overcoming poverty, and enhancing food security. Uttarakhand state with diverse agro-climatic endowments, the plains and hills present differing scenarios for agriculture. In Uttarakhand more than 75 percent of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. Instead of 87 per cent irrigated land with fertile soil, productivity of cereal crops is low as compared to other part of the Shivalik hills (Jammu region of J&K and Malwa region of Punjab). Keeping these limiting factor in mind, IARI improved wheat varieties (HD-2967 and HD-3086) were introduced to assess the benefit in economic terms which help them to adoption and multiplication of improved technology for future use. The study was conducted Roorkee, Laksar and Narsan blocks of Haridwar district of Uttarakhand. The results revealed introduction of wheat varieties (HD-2967) and (HD-3086) provides yield of 52 q/ha and 45 q/ha as a consequence yield increase of 14% and 2% per cent than the local ones (PBW-226, PBW- 292) with as profit of Rs.11841.00 and Rs. 3572.00 respectively. This result shows that the B:C ratio of IARI improved wheat varieties are double as compared to local varieties which shows a positive impact in increasing productivity of the farming family.
Economics of Oil Processing of Rapeseed-Mustard
Shailendra Sharma, J. S. Raghuwanshi, Rahul Singh and D. U. M. Rao Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-12. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Rapeseed-mustard seed is mainly used for processing as rapeseed-mustard oil and it is necessary to examine cost and returns in the processing of rapeseed-mustard oil. In a study conducted by the researcher in Morena, Porsa and Kailaras blocks of Morena district of Madhya Pradesh it was found that the oil processors were able to get a per day net profit of Rs. 7884 for the average size of the oil milling plant. The total processing cost which includes fixed cost, working cost and cost of raw material and its procurement cost, was estimated at 86.06 lakh per plant in the study area. The total processing costs for small, medium and large plants were Rs. 38.01, 79.74 and 140.42 lakh per plant. Cost of raw materials and its procurement was a major cost item accounting for 97.35 per cent of the total processing cost. The total fixed cost and working cost account for 0.48 and 2.17 per cent, respectively in terms of percentage break-up of different costs to total processing cost, they were identical irrespective of size of plants. The profitability of rapeseed-mustard processing plants was worked out on the basis of per year profit, per day profit and per quintal profit. The research revealed that per annum efficiency (net income) was higher on large size plant accounted Rs.2295931 per plant followed by medium size plant accounted Rs.1781379 and small size plant accounted Rs.1028248
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respectively. The break-even analysis shows that all the three type of processing plants were running much above the break-even point and getting good profits.
Economic & Social upliftment of rural women through value added products from aromatic plants
1Sneh Gupta, 2 Charu Gupta and 2Dhan Prakash 1Department of Zoology, RGPG College, Meerut (UP); 2Amity Institute for Herbal Research & Studies (AIHRS), Amity University UP, Sec-125, Noida-201313. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In the present study, the rural women of villages (Matki, Ghunna, Ghanna kheri, Bejopura, Bijopuri, Maheshwari khurd, Telipura to name the few) near dist. Saharanpur were trained on the cultivation and processing of aromatic plants to produce value added products. The aromatic plants that were selected in the project are lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and tulsi (Ocimum sanctum). The plants were selected as per the agro-climatic conditions and the market demand at the project implementation site. The rural women of about 10 villages (in Saharanpur district, Western UP) were imparted training in agro-technology of lemongrass and tulsi and their products such as lemongrass tea, tulsi tea, lemongrass leaves powder, tulsi powder, floor cleaner, face-toner, mosquito repellent spray and agarbatti, herbal hand sanitizer, herbal lemongrass bath, herbal astringent. The rural women were also trained on the extraction of essential oil from lemongrass and tulsi through onsite demonstration on mini distillation unit. More than 20 training programs have been conducted till date in which around 300 rural women and farmers were imparted training. The aromatic plants were planted on their unused backyard land such as kitchen garden, community land, Gram Panchayat land etc. without disturbing their conventional crops. The market linkage was also developed through the project where the rural women got returns from the sale of their lemongrass and tulsi leaves.
Agripreneurship – Way for Women Empowerment
Jagruti Darji K. P. B. Hinduja College of Commerce, Department of Accountancy, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agripreneurship is generally sustainable, community oriented, directly marketed agriculture. The average age of farmers is increasing globally and encouraging a new generation of farmers and agribusinesses is crucial for the future of food and nutrition security. This is more prominent in many developing countries where youth migrate from rural to urban areas in search of work. Even when they stay in rural areas and agriculture being their primary occupation, youth is not interested in agriculture. The participation of rural women in economic activities, especially agriculture seems necessary not only from a human resource point of view but also essential even from the objective of
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raising the status of women in the society. Social and Economic development of women and women empowerment is necessary for development of society and growth of the nation. Women, being the better halves in a society, play an important role in entrepreneurship development too. Women empowerment is necessary for the growth and development of the nation. Women empowerment includes the social, economical and entrepreneurial empowerment and evaluated in terms of participation, access, employment opportunities and decision making. Women agripreneurs provide their families sufficient safe and nutritious food that is affordable, medical care and schooling for their children. Poverty drains resources from rural families. Agripreneurship helps to build resources. They sell their quality produce to generate income and disposable cash to sustain their family and the growth of their business. With the advent of media, women are more aware of their rights and work situations. This paper deals with concept, emerging issues of women as women agripreneurship, challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and motivational factors encouraging women to become successful agripreneurs and steps taken by government in this regard. The focus of this research is women agripreneurship specifically in the context of empowering women towards careers in market- oriented agriculture and agribusiness. This involves encouraging them to explore options for income generation and to develop business plans and enterprises.
Financial Inclusion for Agriculture: A strategic Move to Overcome the Rural Poverty in India
Jitendra Aherkar K. P. B. Hinduja College of Commerce, Department of Accountancy, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Financial inclusion has emerged as a tool for the socio-economic development of the society. To begin the process of financial inclusion one should be financially literate i.e. one needs to understand financial products, usage, operation and management of accounts. Financial education is a prerequisite for effective financial inclusion, which ensure the financial services to reach to the unreached section of the society. It plays an important role in changing the behavior of consumer and makes them confident towards financial decisions. It may offer the solution to India‘s rural credit shortage. Through micro financing it offers poor people access to basic financial services such as loans, savings, money transfers services and micro insurance through a variety of institutions, including commercial banks, non-governmental organizations and co-operatives. Development of agriculture is vital for economic growth and development adequate finance is a panacea for this. Presently under priority sector /government and RBI are guiding to commercial banks channelizing more and more funds to farmers at easy terms. In institutional finance to agriculture, commercial banks including RRBs now are emerging in top ranking. Most importantly the role of money lenders is decreasing and reaching near the bottom level there is sign of relief for the rural poor from the dreaded clutches of moneylenders. Thus financial inclusion by nature is incremental. Financial Inclusion is a necessary step in ensuring the large scale economic development. The combine and inclusive efforts of all can solve the problem of poverty which is the root cause of all the problems. In
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addition to public banks, cooperative banks may be brought into effort to expand financial inclusion, as the shareholders of cooperative banks are also their stakeholders.
NABARD and Its Role in Strengthening Rural India
Sangramsinh Musale K. P. B. Hinduja College of Commerce, Department of Accountancy, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Rural segment is an important segment in India as about 69 percent of India‘s population stays in rural areas (population census for the year 2011). Most of the People residing in rural areas especially landless laborers, small and marginal farmers and other backward classes and lower caste people are financially weak and depend on rain-fed agriculture and fragile forests for their livelihoods. Due to lack of production resources, knowledge and technology, dependence on land, traditional ways of farming and shortage of funds these people are trapped in the vicious circle of poverty. The Rural sector is an important segment of the Indian economy. People residing in rural areas especially landless laborers, small and marginal farmers and other backward classes and lower caste people are financially weak. A major cause of poverty among India‘s rural people, both individuals and communities, is lack of access to productive assets and financial resources. High levels of illiteracy, inadequate health care and extremely limited access to social services are common among poor rural people. A major challenge thus arises is, how to feed India‘s growing population with rising incomes with the given land and water resources. The expansion of income opportunities in the agricultural sector and progressive absorption of people into nonagricultural activity would be the most appropriate solutions to this challenge. The Government of India took various initiatives for Development of Rural India since the beginning if the planning period. One such initiative was the establishment of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development [NABARD) on 12th July 1982 by an act of parliament with a mandate to provide ―credit for the promotion of agriculture, small scale industries, cottage, village industries, and other allied economic activities in rural areas with a view to promoting integrated rural development and securing prosperity of rural areas‖. Thus National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) became the apex institution to play a pivotal role in the sphere of policy planning and providing refinance facilities to rural financial institutions and for augmenting their resource base.
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The Potato Pathogen Database: An Online Database of Gene List Annotation for Phytophothora infestans
Mamta Chauhan and Shashi Rawat Division of Agricultural Knowledge Management Unit, Central Potato Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Shimla-171001, Himachal Pradesh, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT We present a resource of high quality lists of functionally related Phytophothora infestans genes, e.g. based on molecular function (kinases, transcription factors, etc.), cellular function (e.g. autophagy, signal transduction) and structural function. Annotation of gene groups is an ongoing effort and scientific need will typically drive decisions regarding which gene lists to pursue. The genome of P. infestans revealed large complex families of effector genes encoding secreted proteins that are implicated in pathogenesis. Genes encoding effectors and also other proteins that are involved in the host-pathogen interaction require a precise spatial and temporal expression to facilitate the successful colonization of the host. GO annotations (molecular function, biological process and cellular component) were graphed with the Blast2go software to show the amount of sequences that could be annotated using one or more approaches. The genome sequence of these pathogens facilitated insights into the large repertoire of proteins involved in the interaction with the host. For example, proteins containing the amino-acid motifs RXLR and LXLFLAK (Crinkler) belong to two distinct classes of effectors that are targeted to the inside of the plant cell presumably to promote infection of the host. This resource has provided a unique opportunity for the distributed collaborative study of genus from which relatively little sequence data are available. Results may lead to insight into how better to control these pathogens.
Effect of Different Concentrations of ZnO Nanoparticles on Reproductive and Biochemical Parameters in Sunflower Variety SSH6163
Saumya Shukla, Pragati Misra, P.W. Ramteke and Pradeep Kumar Shukla Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University) Allahabad 211007, UP, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Nanotechnology has the potential to reinforce the mission toward ever-green revolution by enhancing agricultural productivity with limited inputs. Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) an oilseed crop, contains a good percentage of oil, protein, crude fibre, ash, soluble sugar and hull, all these made it valuable for human food. Zinc plays a vital role in growth hormone production, internode elongation and sexual reproduction through affecting production and shape of pollen and changes in the stigma. Keeping above facts under consideration an experiment was conducted to study the effect of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on reproductive and biochemical parameters in sunflower. Four different concentrations of ZnO NPs (100ppm, 250ppm, 500 ppm, 1000ppm) were employed under different modes of application (viz. treated seeds & treated sand, treated seeds and untreated sand,
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untreated sand & treated seed and treated seeds & foliar application) on sunflower variety SSH6163 to study variations in reproductive and biochemical parameters. Treated and untreated seeds of sunflower were grown in sand culture supplemented with zinc deficient Hoagland solution in order to provide representative indication of the impact of ZnO NPs on plants under environmentally relevant conditions. Plants treated with nanoparticles exhibited early flowering, improved pollen viability and high starch content in leafs with respect to control. Flowers bloomed first in seeds and plants treated with nanoparticle at 250 ppm, followed by 1000 ppm concentration of treated seeds and untreated sand. The highest pollen viability was found in treated seeds and treated plant at a concentration of 500 ppm and the lowest in treated seeds with foliar application at 1000 ppm. Starch content was the highest at 250 ppm in treated seeds and untreated plants and the lowest in treated seeds and treated plants at 500 ppm concentration. This experiment revealed that ZnO NPs has noteworthy effect on reproductive and biochemical parameters of sunflower plant at different concentrations and under different modes of application.
Bioethanol Production from Agro Waste Under Solid State Fermentation Condition
Pankaj Chauhan, Sneha Gautam and Shalini Pal Department of cell biology, College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture And Technology, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agro-industrial wastes are generated during the industrial processing of agricultural products. These wastes are generated in large amounts throughout the year, and are the most abundant renewable resources on earth. Due to the large availability and composition rich in compounds that could be used in other processes, there is a great interest on the reuse of these wastes, both from economic and environmental view point. The economic aspect is based on the fact that such wastes may be used as low-cost raw materials for the production of other value-added compounds, with the expectancy of reducing the production costs. The environmental concern is because most of the agro- industrial wastes contain phenolic compounds and/or other compounds of toxic potential; which may cause deterioration of the environment when the waste is discharged to the nature. Lignocellulosic substances such as agricultural wastes are attractive feed stocks for bioethanol production. Agricultural wastes are cost effective, renewable and abundant. Bioethanol from agricultural waste such as fruit wastes could be a promising technology though the process has several challenges and limitations such as biomass transport and handling, and efficient pretreatment methods for total delignification of lignocellulosics. Ethanol is a renewable resource of energy and is potentially cleaner alternative to fossil fuels. Although the production of bioethanol offers many benefits, more research is needed in the aspects like feedstock preparation, fermentation technology modification, etc., to make bioethanol more economically viable.
142 Society for Plant Research (VEGETOS) www.vegetosindia.org African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) www.aardo.org
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Green Technology
Tabassum Afshan and Pamil Tayal Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi – 110 027. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In the era of drought and climate change, pioneers have joined forces to tackle most pressing issues of climate change through application of intellect knowledge for the genesis of non-toxic and eco-friendly energy advancements. It acts as a boon to improve the national economy, aids in food security with simultaneous conservation of natural resources. Promising solution to revolutionize these real threats include energy supply management and power generation, green chemistry, construction of eco-friendly buildings, transportation services, waste and sewage treatments and green tourism. The technology advances in developed nations, as it does not emit harmful particles in the air, bring economic benefits, requires less maintenance, can slow or mitigate the effects of global warming and is based on renewable energy resources that will never deplete. Policymakers, scholars and business leaders should come forward to address the pertinent issue and implement emerging green technology avoiding its consequences.
A Study on Perception of Urban Youth Towards Agriculture and Its Allied Activities for Source of Income with Special Reference to Western Mumbai
Mehul C. Chhatbar and Rashmi Maurya K. P. B. Hinduja College of Commerce, New Charni Road, Mumbai-04. Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agriculture has been a way of life and continues to be the single most important livelihood of the masses. Agricultural policy focus in India across decades has been on self-sufficiency and self- reliance in food grains production. Considerable progress has been made on this front. The youth of India is diverse in ethnicity, religion, and socioeconomic backgrounds and Young minds are also creative minds and are capable of achieving seemingly impossible tasks such as monsoon management, climate change adaptation and mitigation and enduring malnutrition. India need the growth of a strong services sector in rural India. Agri-business centres and agri-clinics are needed on a big scale. Primary data has been collected from the sample size 200 respondents ageing 16 to 35 years in western Mumbai City area from Churchgate to Dahisar which has been selected on Random Sampling Method. The survey is based on the structured online questionnaire designed for achieving the objective. Questionnaire consists of basic profile of youth such as Gender, Education, Major Occupation of Family and personal occupation. The perception of youth towards agriculture has been studied through 5-Pont Likert Scale from (1= Strongly agree to 5= Strongly Disagree) and analysis and interpretations are made through testing of Hypothesis using One-Sample t-test. It has been concluded that Western Mumbai Urban Youth have negative perception towards agriculture and its allied activities as a source of earning.
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Dry Flower Production: Emerging Approach Towards Sustainability and Employment Generation
Aqiba Qureshi1 and Y. C. Gupta2 1SKUAST-Kashmir, bDr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT From past few years, focus of the Indian policy makers has shifted from more agriculture production to agricultural sustainability. Floriculture, as an emerging intensive branch of agriculture assures attaining sustainability goals in the near future, as the income generated per unit area from floriculture is much higher than any other allied branch of agriculture. But the potential of floriculture as an industry has not been exploited properly in India. Dry flower industry is trending globally as a lucrative business option, where the dry flower based value enhanced products like- Greeting Cards, Bookmarks, Table mats, Paper weights, Pendants, Nail Art, Dry flower arrangements, Potpourris and so on- fetch higher prices in the market. Dry flower production as a cottage industry can be taken up by the farmers individually as well as cooperatively (forming self-help groups), as an addition to the main agriculture and horticulture production assuring additional income. The techniques used are very basic, like Press drying, Air Drying, Solar drying, Embedded drying or Microwave drying, and also the raw material used is either farm waste or underutilized plant parts or commercial flowers, thus the input cost involved is minimal. Most of the farm work is taken up by women, although not systematically accounted for in statistical and national data collections, for them particularly it can ensure financial empowerment and less drudgery in comparison to other field work.
Agri and Food Entrepreneurship: An Initiation Towards Food Security
Manisha Mani1, Alka Vasan2, Manasvi Singh1, Ved Pal Sheera1 and Bunty Sharma3 1GJU S&T, Hisar; 2ICAR, New Delhi and 3CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The change in climate had been a threat to the food safety and security in developing countries like India. The ever rising population and the high levels of poverty, declining water resources and visible malnutrition have worsened the situation more. This proved that a need was felt that some steps should be taken so that not only the needy are provided access to food but farmers too must be incentivized to produce more grain to reduce reliance on imports. Similarly, resource use efficiency should become a higher priority to ensure the crop‘s sustainability in the long-term. The food entrepreneurship and food business industry inclusive of businesses that produce, pack up, prepare, and serve up foods and beverages are trying their best to provide us a food supply which is readily available, and low in cost that maximum of the world‘s populations acquire sufficient food to meet daily needs. The paper suggests some policy measures for improving food security situation in the country and open up some areas for further research. The information provided here is essential for consumers as well as food business leaders if we as citizens are to develop and maintain an
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adequate, health-promoting, sustainable food system capable of meeting the needs of the twenty- second century.
Performance of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Under Drip and Micro Sprinkler Fertigation System
Jeetendra Kumar Soni1 and N. Asoka Raja2 1CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, 2Kumaraguru Institute of Agriculture, Erode- 638315. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field investigation was carried out at TNAU, Coimbatore, during 2015 to evaluate the performance of drip and micro sprinklers fertigation on groundnut. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments, three replications with two irrigation levels (100% and 75% PE), two fertigation levels (100% and 75% RDF), two irrigation systems (drip and micro sprinkler) and one surface irrigation with soil application of recommended doses of fertilizer (RDF). The use of drip and micro sprinkler system offers a great degree of control over water and fertilizer application (fertigation) to meet the requirement of crops. The analysis of the data of moisture content was done before and after irrigation and soil moisture contour maps for longitudinal cross section of the soil moisture were plotted by using software ‗Surfer‘. It was observed that under drip and micro irrigation, the moisture content was near to the field capacity with little fluctuation in between before and after irrigation whereas, under surface irrigation from 48 hours after irrigation, there was sharp decline in soil moisture content with time. Results indicated that the significantly higher plant height (15.72, 30.61, 39.20 and 40.17 cm), leaf area index (LAI) (1.85, 2.95, 3.86 and 3.42) and dry weight per plant (7.09, 19.28, 26.55 and 27.48 g) at all the growth stages (30, 60, 90 days after sowing (DAS) and harvest, respectively) and pod yield (3495 kg ha-1) as recorded under drip irrigation at 100% PE with fertigation at 100% RDF with WSF, as compared to all other treatments and lowest under surface irrigation.
An Overview of Drip Fertigation Technology in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) Crop
Ankush1, Vikram Singh2 and S.K. Sharma1 1Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science,Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur 313001; 2Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar 125001. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Water use efficiency of surface irrigation method is very low in comparison to drip irrigation techniques. Evaluation of drip irrigation method is of paramount importance keeping in view of water scarcity in Rajasthan state. It has been proved that water use efficiency; nutrient use efficiency and quality of different crops have increased with drip irrigation technique. So it becomes imperative to test this technique in tomato crop in Rajasthan. A study was carried out to study the impact of drip
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irrigation and fertigation in tomato crop at RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur during rabi season 2015-16. The experiment consisting of three irrigation levels viz., 100% (I1), 75% (I2) and 50% PE (I3) through drip and five fertigation levels viz., 100% RDF (F1), 75% RDF (F2), 75% RDF + 2 foliar spray of 1% urea phosphate (F3), 50% RDF (F4) and 50% RDF + 2 foliar spray of 1% urea phosphate (F5) was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Nutrient content in plant and fruit was found higher with I1 -1 and F1 treatment. Maximum NPK uptake by tomato i.e. 166.83, 41.59 and 183.08 kg ha , respectively was recorded with treatment combination I2F3. The highest water use efficiency i.e. 26.37 ka/ha-cm was recorded under I3F3 treatment and fertilizer use efficiency with drip irrigation upto 75% PE and under F5 treatment (157.11, 241.01 and 361.52 g/kg NPK, respectively). Maximum fruit yield (201.25 q ha-1), TSS (6.25 oBrix), total sugar (3.97%), reducing sugar (3.03%) and B: C ratio (2.40) was recorded under I2F3 treatment.
Water Management: Necessity of India
Hemant Bhatti K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce, Mumbai. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT India has a tropical type of climate it is hot & humid it has seasonal rainfall the amount of rainfall varies from region to region & makes the water supply problem more complicated. Southern areas have surplus leading to flooding while some areas like rain shadow zone face drought condition. The distribution of water supply facilities & the areas of surplus & scarcity of water in India basically depends upon the distribution of rainfall in order to have crops and food supply, water supply must be present that is the countries have various multipurpose projects on various rivers. The big dams were constructed & extensive irrigation projects were completed the huge reservoirs stores enormous quantities of water to be used for hydroelectric water & irrigation all this development has also some drawbacks once the reservoirs are developed the different section of the society & activities claiming for water supply the first importance should be given to water supply for drinking purpose than farms urban are as & last industries & power generation however this has not been followed in most of the areas therefore still there are large threats where drinking water have to be brought from distant areas the problems of water supply in India is also complicated due to the changing government policy Interstate & International river dispute limited financial resources & geographical diversity. On account of large perennial rivers flowing from Himalaya towards the Bay of Bengal the country has large potential in water resources. The attempts are being made to develop & integrated river linking network to divert the extra flood water from the northeast towards the drought prone areas of southern plateau by diverting & linking various rivers by canals.
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Impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) on Agricultural Practices: A Case Study for Rural Development in Haryana
Rupender Kumar, R.S. Hudda, Krishan yadav and Pardeep Chahal Department of Extension Education, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana. E-mail:- [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to find out the Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools on agricultural practices in Haryana. The study was conducted in sixteen villages of eight blocks from the four districts, namely, (Yamunanagar, Karnal, Hisar and Fatehabad) of Haryana. A total of 240 respondents were selected according to their different cropping pattern. The present study showed that majority of farmers‘ use of Mobile Phone and Television followed by other ICT tools for the purpose of agriculture related information. The study revealed that majority of farmers use the ICT tools for the purpose of varieties related information (1.22) followed by Plant Projection Information (0.91), Fertilizer Management Information (0.77) Preparation of Seedling of Crops (0.76), Weed Management Information (0.74), Irrigation Management Information (0.74), Land Preparation and Sowing Information (0.70) and Harvesting and Post Harvesting Technology (0.67). The present study was carried out to find the association between the agriculture practices and socio-personal status through Multiple Regression Coefficient and Correlation Coefficient.
Indigenous Knowledge for Conserving Natural Resources
Ashutosh kumar1 and Nighat Mushtaq2 1Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour 813210, Bihar; 2Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shalimar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The effective relationship by indigenous communities with the surroundings has led to the development of knowledge system which has a great importance in all respects of life and enterprise ranging from human and animal health, food and agriculture, textiles, handicrafts to natural resource management and so on. This knowledge system is quite dynamic and is known as indigenous knowledge (IK). For example, land races bred by farming communities serve as a foundation material of modern plant breeding and global food security. Biodiversity and associated IK are extricably linked but there are many challenges facing IK protection like loss of biodiversity, community negligence and absence of explicit system both at national and international levels. This has led to loss of its appeal particularly among youth. In order to accord legal protection to IK, there should be increased awareness about the loss of biodiversity, habitats and ecosystems across nations. Some national and international efforts may include in this respect, in the form of agreements, legislation and non-legislation efforts but these have been largely in effective, suffering as they do from lack of serious intent and lack of a implementation framework that this regard for IK continues despite the burgeoning instances of biopiracy and illegitimate patents on products derived from IK is a matter of concern.
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Indigenous Rice Cultivation Practices of Farmers of Nadia, West Bengal
Rajarshi Roy Burman, P. N. Mathur and Rahul Singh Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-12. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Farming is an ancient as human civilization. In India, the history could be traced back to more than ten thousand years and during this period farmers have developed various technologies in crop and livestock husbandry by trial and error, continuous observation and evaluation. Importance of putting time and effort into understanding, recording and utilizing indigenous knowledge systems in agriculture and rural development has been highlighted by Warren (1989). He also stated that indigenous knowledge system offers low cost approach with potentially high benefits. Warren (1991) stated that understanding and working with indigenous knowledge and decision making system can enhance participation, capacity building and sustainability in a cost effective way. In a study conducted in Nadia district of West Bengal on indigenous rice cultivation practices it has been found that majority of farmers were using several indigenous practices, thereby proving that sustainability depends on using local on-farm resources with least dependence on external inputs and resources. Some of the indigenous practices included are: using well decomposed cow dung as organic manure, burning rice stubbles and mixing straw ash in soil for killing insect pupae in soil, using well decomposed water hyacinth plants as a compost and organic manure, etc. All these indigenous rice crop management practices were found to be scientifically rational by both the scientists and extension workers. It has been observed by the researcher that the farmers were following both the recommended and traditional practices in rice cultivation in various combinations. Some of the rational traditional practices of farmers were integrated into mainstream scientific advisories of the agricultural extension functionaries.
Geoinformatics for Quantifying Salt Affected Soils in Gohana, Haryana Using Soil Techniques
Mohammad Amin Bhat, Dinesh, K. S. Grewal, Inderpal Singh, Sheeraz Ahmad Wani1 CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar – 125004; 1Division of Agronomy, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar-190025 (J&K). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Long-term irrigation with salt affected water results in soil quality decline. The salt affected soils of Gohana were mapped and evaluated using visual interpretation of IRS-P6 satellite false colour composite (FCC) image with ground survey and laboratory analysis. A total of 72 soil samples across the study area were sampled based on the quality of groundwater used for irrigation at four depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm). The texture in both normal and salt affected soils was loamy sand to sandy clay loam. The cation exchange capacity, exchangeable sodium percentage, organic carbon and calcium carbonate in normal and salt affected soils of block Gohana varied from 6.81-22.19, 3.18- 20.93 cmol (p+) kg-1; 3.42-13.84, 21.61-72.26 percent; 0.12-0.47, 0.06-0.46 percent
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and 0.10-1.75, 0.10-7.00 percent, respectively. The electrical conductivity, pH and sodium adsorption ratio of soil saturation extract of normal and salt affected soils ranged from 1.26-3.79, 1.44-15.82 (dSm-1), 7.06-8.47, 7.39-9.74 and 2.68-9.06, 5.71-36.85 (mmol l-1)1/2, respectively. A strong + 2+ 2+ − 2− correlation was observed between EC and pH, Na , Ca , Mg , Cl , SO4 , ESP, SARe; CEC and clay and saturation percentage and clay. Available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were low to medium in both normal and salt affected soils. From satellite imagery, it was observed that out of 2.41% salt affected area in block, 1.13% and 1.28% is moderately salt affected and strongly salt affected, respectively.
Geospatial Technology for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development
Deepak Kumar AMITY University, Sector 125, Noida – 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT Adoption of improved agricultural technology with optimal use of spatial and temporal variability inputs for crop yields & soil properties can act as a valuable methodology to enhance yields. Due to diversity in crops, cropping systems, farm sizes and socio-economic conditions, agricultural systems need to adopt the geospatial technology. Harvest optimization is very much easier with the use of geospatial technology, which can be helpful in monitoring the health of individual crops to evaluate the differences in soil types, sunlight, and slope. These detailed observations can refine crop forecasts and planning. The detailed models of the field conditions are prepared to identify the optimal locations for individual crops through scientific spatial analysis. Therefore a Geospatial technology for sustainable agriculture and rural development concept utilizes geographical information to maximize the output from a farm land having spatial variations of soils types, moisture content, and nutrient availability and so on. Geospatial technologies offer an information resource that can be used to make informed decisions in conjunction with experience and expertise to get maximum benefits. On these grounds therefore, this article emphasis on the use of geospatial technologies sustainable agriculture to achieve decision making process through geospatial Data Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation. A few approaches for implementing current technologies in the local context are presented.
Conservation, Metabolic Profiling and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Sarcostemma acidum – an Endangered Medicinal Plant of Semi-Arid Ecosystem.
Smita Shekhawat1, N.S.Shekhawat2 and Veena Agrawal3. 1Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007; 2J.N.V. University, Jodhpur-342005, Rajasthan, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Sarcostemma acidum (Asclepediaceae) is a leafless, branched, straggling shrub. Widespread habitat destruction has adversely affected natural populations of this species. The plant has antiviral,
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antibacterial properties and used in curing asthma and general disability. The present study explores the potential of aeroponic system for clonal propagation of S. acidum. Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of exogenous auxin (NAA, IBA and IAA) on various root morphological traits of cuttings in aeroponic chamber. Amongst all the auxins tested, IBA (1.0 g l−1) for 3 min. produced 90% rooting in stem cuttings of S. acidum. The percentage response and number of adventitious roots per cutting rooted aeroponically were significantly higher than the soil grown stem cuttings. More than 95% of aeroponically rooted plantlets survived on transfer to soil. This is the first report of clonal propagation in an aeroponic system for S. acidum and can be employed for conservation and sustainable utilization of this endangered and medicinally important species. For in vitro culture, nodal segments were inoculated on MS medium with 25 µM BAP and 10 mg/l AgNO3, on which 3-4 shoots per node were produced. For further shoot multiplication, attempts were made through repetitive transfer of original explants and by subculturing, although it could not be achieved. Radical scavenging activity of the crude extract was evaluated using DPPH assay which revealed an IC 50 value of 27.41 µg/ml. Primary metabolite profiling of the methanolic crude extract using GC-MS revealed the presence of approximately 100 compounds such as, Furaneol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Oleic acid, Syringaldehyde, Stigmasterol, Sitosterol and Thymol. Furthermore, LC-MS analysis showed the presence of tromethamine, nevirapine, aprobarbital, thiacetazone, butalbital, amobarbital, shikonin, tetrazepam and F- amidine.
Ethnoveterinary Therapeutic Potential Flora of Bahraich (UP) India
T.P.Mall and S.C.Tripathi Postgraduate Department of Botany, Kisan P.G. College, Bahraich-271 801 (UP). E-mail: [email protected]; drtejpratapmall@gmail,com
ABSTRACT Bahraich district of Eastern Uttar Pradesh is situated in Upper Gangetic Plane. It lies between 27°43ʹ and 28°51ʹ North Latitude and 81°8ʹ , and 82°10ʹ , East longitude with a total area of about 6944 sq km. Due to vast area of natural forests Bahraich is also known as City of Forests. The present ethno medicinal investigation was under taken for the documentation of information regarding the uses and conservation of ethno medicinal plants being used in various veterinary ailments. Out of one hundred thirty four families with six hundred genera and one thousand twenty seven plant species found in Bahraich the plants of seventy two families represented by one hundred and forty six genera of one hundred seventy eight plant species are found to be being used in various veterinary ailments. Papilinoideae is found to be the biggest family represented by fourteen plant species of thirteen genera followed by Poaceae with twelve species of eleven genera; Asteraceae and Solanaceae with nine species each and five and eight genera respectively; Caesalpiniaceae with seven species of four genera; Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Acanthaceae with six plant species and three, five genera each; Lamiaceae, Moraceae and Liliaceae with five species each of three, two and three genera respectively; Menispermaceae and Apiaceae with four species of three and four genera respectively; Apocynaceae, Amaranthaceae, Piperaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Zingiberraceae with three plant species; Cleomaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Anacardiaceae, Mimosaceae, Rosaceae, Combritaceae, Myrtaceae Lythraceae, Rubiaceae, Asclepiadaceae Verbenaceae,
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Chenopodiaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Cyperaceae with two plant species each and rest thirty seven families Ranunculaceae, Annonaceae, Papaveraceae, Fumariaceae, Capparidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Bombacaceae, Linaceae, Oxalidaceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae, Leaceae, Moringaceae, Punicaceae, Cactaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Primulaceae, Sapotaceae, Oleaceae, Buddiejaceae, Cuscutaceae, Bignoniaceae, Plantaginaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Basellaceae, Aristolochiaceae Polygonaceae, Lauraceae, Loranthaceae, Ulmaceae, Cannabinaceae, Musaceae, Agavaceae, Araceae, and Cannaceae were found to be represented by single genus and species each.
Exploitable Vegetables For Food And Health In Bahraich (UP) India
T. P. Mall and S. C. Tripathi Postgraduate Department of Botany, Kisan P.G. College, Bahraich-271 801 (UP). E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT Bahraich is very diverse climatically, agro-ecologically and ethnically. A significant number of wild edible plant wealth is present in this Tarai region. Less exploited vegetables play crucial role in poor people‘s livelihood as well as significant potential for commercialization. These vegetables are not only potent nutrimental due to their rich source of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients like carbohydrates, high quality proteins and fats as well have high potential for medicinal purposes for better health because of quality secondary metabolite phyto-chemicals. Some less exploited but significant vegetables in this region are Alternenthera polygonoides L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Boerhaavia diffusa L., Enhydra fluctuans Lour., Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. D.C., Hygrophila auriculata K. Schum, Leucas aspera Willd., Malva verticilata L., Portulaca oleracea L., Trianthema partulacastrum L. and Trigonella balansae Boiss. & Reut. Thus plants have potential in contribution for food security, nutrition, health, income generation and environmental services because they are adapted to diverse climatic conditions and marginal soil. The high nutritional and ethno-medicinal qualities indicate that the cultivation and consumption of these crops may be helpful in overcoming the nutritional deficiencies and also boost the socioeconomic condition.
Potent Ethnomedicinal Weed Flora of Shrawasti (U.P) India
S.C.Tripathi and T.P.Mall Postgraduate Department of Botany, Kisan P.G.College Bahraich (U.P). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Weed is an undesirable plant which is wild. It is commonly considered to be a nuisance in garden, lawn or in the agricultural fields, more specially the term is often used to describe plants that often grow and reproduce aggressively. Weeds may be unwanted or undesirable because they limit the growth of other plant by blocking light and /or competes the gown plant for nutrients from the
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soil. Same weeds are beneficial as they are edible, used for food or used as herbal medicine to cure various ailments. The paper deals with the study of twenty three important medicinal weeds viz. Abutilon indicum, Achyranthes aspera, Alternanthera sessiles, Amaranthus spinosus, Amaranthus viridis, Boerhaavia diffusa, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Cyperus rotendus, Eclipta prostrata, Elephantopus scaber, Androgoaphis paniculata, Phyla nodiflora Euphorbia thymifolia, Parthenium histerophorus, Majus rogosus, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, Anagalis arvensis, Tridex procumbens, Solanum xanthocarpum, Gnaphalium affine, Sonchus arvensis and Cannabis sativa. The weeds are valuable medicines and should be protected. The society must be made aware of medicinal value of weeds. This will help the availability of medicinal plants in abundance and promote ayurvedic and traditional medicine.
Underutilised Potent Nutrimental Plants of Bahraich (U.P.) India
T.P.Mall and S.C.Tripathi Postgraduate Department of Botany, Kisan PG College, Bahraich (U.P.). E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present study reveals about vast diversity of plants being used by tribes as well as poor villagers of Bahraich as feed. The wild flora of Bahraich is represented by one thousand twenty seven plant species of six hundred genera and one hundred thirty four families. Out of this diversified flora one hundred ninty three plant species belonging to one hundred sixty two genera of seventy families are found to be potent nutrimental plants. Papilionoideae is found to the biggest family with seventeen genera and twenty three plant species followed by Poaceae with fifteen genera and sixteen plant species; Cucurbitaceae with eight genera and fifteen plant species; Asteraceae with six genera and species; Caesalpiniaceae with five genera and species; Sapotaceae and Verbenaceae with four genera and species;Moraceae with three genera and six species where as Rutaceae by three genera and five species and Myrtaceae with three genera and four species; Menispermaceae, Anacardiaceae, Meliaceae, Mimosaceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae, Plantaginaceae and Euphorbiaceae with three genera and species each; Amaranthaceae with two genera and six species; Asclepiadaceae and Lamiaceae with two genera and three species; Annonaceae, Nymphaeaceae, , Rubiaceae, and Liliaceae with two genera and species each; Rhamnaceae one genera and four species; Portulacaceae and Combretaceae with one genera with three species each, Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Malvaceae. Tiliaceae, Moringaceae and Cyperaceae with one genera two species each where as the rest thirty five families viz., Nelumbonaceae, Cleomaceae, Bixaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Linaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Averrhoaceae, Oxalidaceae, Vitaceae, Sapindaceae, Crassulaceae, Combretaceae, Barringtoniaceae, Punicaceae, Trapaceae, Passifloraceae, Molluginanaceae, Aizoaceae, Alangiaceae, Ebenaceae, Ehretiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Bignoniaceae, Acanthaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Basellaceae, Polygonaceae, Piperaceae, Cannabaceae, Orchidaceae, Zingiberaceae, Commelinaceae and Araceae are represented with single genera and species each.
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Cyanobacteria and Food Security for Rural Areas
Rizwana Tabassum1, Subodh K Bhatnagar2, Dolly Wattal Dhar1 1Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-12; 2College of Biotechnology, S V P University of Agricultural and Technology, Meerut 250110. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT At present world is facing a grave problem of increasing in population and making it staring at the insecurity of food and basic amenities, particularly in rural areas. Therefore, strategic research is essential on nutrient management system cum availability of livelihood in rural areas, in order to meet the growing need. Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic and nutritionally rich Gram negative bacteria and they are known to possess considerable amount of various pigments, antioxidants, lipids, proteins, vitamins and carbohydrates. Therefore, the present study was based on screening of potential cyanobacteria for their nutritional value. For this purpose the selected cyanobacterial strains have been procured from Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), IARI, New Delhi. Cyanobacterial strains were grown under the standard conditions in culture room at 52-55 µmole photon/m2/s light intensity with 16/8 light and dark period and 28±2⁰ C temperature. These strains were subjected to analysis of different parameters i.e. pigments (chlorophyll; carotenoids; phycobilins, µg/mg dry wt), total soluble proteins (µg/mg dry weight), total carbohydrates (µg/mg dry weight), total lipids (%) and antioxidants (mmole Trolox/g dry wt). Different cyanobacterial strains exhibited varied value of all the parameters. The best strains were selected for further assessment of their fatty acid profile, amino acid profile and vitamins analysis to ensure for their definite nutritional value of the selected cyanobacterial strains. The nutrient rich cyanobacterial strains could be further utilized for preparation of food for man, fodder for cattle and feed for poultry and aquaculture etc. In this way, cyanobacteria can play an important role in order to increase the accessibility to nutritional supplements for malnourished rural children as well as good opportunities of small scale employment. That can be established at village level by self-help groups by mass production of the microalgae for their directional average utilization.
Harnessing the Potentials of Nano-embedded Mycorrhiza for Growth and Value Addition to Medicinally Important Plant Brassica olearacea (Broccoli)
Uma1, Manika Khanuja2 and Ajit Varma1, 1Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201303; 2Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi -110025. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Nanobiotechnology has a great potential to enhance the quality of life through its wide range of applications in Agriculture including Nano-Fertilizers, Nano-pesticides, Nano-herbicides. In this direction, an investigation has been initiated to study the effect of ZnO nanostructured materials on the growth of Piriformospora indica (Hymenomycetes Basidiomycota) which is a novel and new
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cultivable mycorrhiza. This fungus possesses multifunctional activities like plant growth promoter, biofertilizer, immune modulator, obviates biotic and abiotic stresses, bioherbicide, phytoremediator, etc. In the present ―nano-agriculture‖ study, P.indica is treated with ZnO nanoparticles. In particular observations, colonies were found to be more distinct, larger in size, smooth and round in ZnO nanoparticles infused medium as compared to control without nanoparticle where fungal surface is rough and overall colony size was not very large. The results of the study examined by fresh and dry weight, spore count, scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopic analysis. It is inferred that addition of ZnO nanoparticle resulted in promising enhancement in the biomass of P.indica. Treatment of Brocoli seeds with nanoembedded fungal propagule resulted in early germination as compared to control.
Alternate Food Sources for Modification of Digestibility of Common Foods
Vikono Ksh, Shalini G. Rudra and R.R. Sharma Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Common foods such as bread, pasta, noodles, etc. are widely consumed by the majority of the world‘s population. The increase in lifestyle diseases (diabetes, obesity, etc.) coupled with the global awareness on these issues has led to a high demand for foods with lower glycemic index (GI). One of the best ways of developing food with improved health benefits is by the incorporation of alternate food sources having higher resistant starch fractions such as banana pseudo-stem flour (BPF), sweet potato flour (SPF), barley flour, etc. in the commonly consumed foods. Besides reducing the GI, resistant starch (RS) incorporation in food system might also promote colon health by the production of short chain fatty acids and reducing pH. RS remains unhydrolyzed even after 16 hour of ingestion and hence acts as a dietary fiber. Various in vitro digestion models are available to generate knowhow about the complex physicochemical and physiological events occurring in the human gastro-intestinal when novel fortified food products are developed. We seek to elaborate the methods for in vitro digestibility estimation adopted by researchers during development of low GI functional foods. Also, some techniques for improvement of quality of these foods through use of hydrocolloids are presented.
Hydrothermal Processing for Enrichment of Semolina Pasta with Pseudocereal Grain Amaranth
V. Anand, Shalini G. Rudra and G. Singh IARI, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Amaranth being a source of high quality proteins, fibre and fatty acids was sought for enrichment of pasta. Fusilli pasta was cold-extruded and dried in tray drier using various
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combinations of amaranth and semolina (25:75; 50:50; 75:25). The raw amaranth flour could only be substituted at 25% levels yielding satisfactory extrusion behaviour, cooking quality, texture and leaching loss. However use of hydrothermally treated amaranth flours could enhance the level of replacement up to 70%. The antioxidant activity in terms of TEAC was 11.83% higher upon use of extruded amaranth flour compared to raw amaranth flour, while increase in flavonoids was recorded at 15.81% level. The various parameters for quality evaluation of pastas were: increase in length, breadth upon cooking, gruel loss, volume increase upon cooking, colour, antioxidants, flavonoids, hardness, stickiness and firmness of pasta. Upon inclusion of extruded amaranth flour at 25% level in pasta, the cutting force of the pasta was decreased to 15.37 ± 1.53 N (75 %) while stickiness was reduced by 45.87 %. Overall cooked pasta made from 25% extruded amaranth was not found statistically different from semolina pasta. Even at substitution levels as high as 70% the enriched pasta quality parameters were found to close to semolina pasta.
Effect on Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) Runner Production and Growth Under Different Protected Conditions
Vivek Beniwal, Anil Kumar Godara, Prince and Sourabh Department of Horticuture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana- 125004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is a monoecious octoploid hybrid of two largely dioecious octoploid species, Fragaria chiloensis Duch. and Fragaria virginiana Duch. Strawberry is usually propagated through runners. Thus the plant propagates naturally itself by the vegetative method of runner production. Presently availability of good quality plant material of a required cultivar in a large quantity is a major limitation in expansion of strawberry cultivation in northern India. The cultivation of strawberry is increasing due to its genotype diversity and wide range of environmental adaptations. The demand for its plants is increasing. The technological developments particularly the plasticulture applications have made its cultivation even more profitable. The use of protected structure for its cultivation has not only increased its yield and quality but also reduce the risk factors involved in its cultivation. The environmental conditions can be suitable amended by various structures such as greenhouses, poly houses, shade net and net houses etc. The objective of the present study was to study the effect on growth of mother plants and runner production of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under different protected conditions. The present investigation was carried out at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during 2009-10. The strawberry plants were planted under different protected conditions in the month of July at 1m x 1m spacing and normal package and practices shall be followed. Ofra cultivar of strawberry was selected for the study. Numbers of plants per unit were 10 and replicated 5 times. The treatments of the study were Greenhouse, Naturally ventilated polyhouse, Shadenet house (50%) and Open field conditions. The observations were recorded at fortnightly interval up to October. For collection of the data from the field individual plants were selected and tagged in each treatment sparing the border plants. The data of Table 1 show the effect of different protected conditions on spread of the runner
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plant (cm) indicates that spread increases significantly as the time interval has increased after planting. It was observed the maximum (17.81 cm) after 110 days of planting and the minimum (0.89 cm) was found 35 days after planting. The spread of the runner plant under Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse was maximum (10.23cm) which was significantly more than the other two structures. It was concluded that number of runner produced was maximum under shadenet and with respect to growth parameters, the plants perform better under naturally ventilated poly house.
Association of Pedilanthus Leaf Curl Virus and Croton Yellow Vein Mosaic Alphasatellite with Carrot (Daucus carota) in India
R. K. Saritha1, Parul Dubey, Singh Shrawan2, P. Kalia2, R K. Jain1, V K. Baranwal1 1 Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi-110012; 2 Division of Vegetable Science Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi-110012. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Incidence of leafcurl disease was observed on carrot accessions grown in the experimental farms of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India in 2015-16. Tender stem and leaves of affected plants showed downward curling without yellowing and reduced vigor. Smaller size of the carrots and umbels affected the root and seed yield of the diseased plants. The complete begomoviral genome was amplified by rolling circle amplification (RCA). RCA products when monomerised with the endonuclease BamHI yielded a 2.7 kb fragment and a 1.3 kbp fragment. Both these were cloned in pUC18 vector and sequenced. The 2.7 kb fragment (Accession no KX168427) shared 99.0% identity with a strain of Pedilathus leaf curl virus- PeLCV-[PK-Mul-06] (AM712436.1) and the 1.3 kb fragment (Accession no KX168428) shared 94% identity with Croton yellow vein mosaic alphasatellite (CroYVMA) (FN658710.1). This is the first time leaf curl disease is being observed on carrot. To our best knowledge this is the first report of PeLCV and CroYVMA infecting carrot. This disease is an emerging problem and may impact both root and seed production of carrot.
Antifungal Activities of Some Medicinal Plants and Weeds
Neha Bisht, Jyoti and A.P. Garg Department of Microbiology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut-250004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The leaf extracts of Acacia arabica, Callistemon lanceolatus, Lantana camara, Mentha piperita, Murraya koenigii, Parthenium hysterophgrus showed significant antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum and Penicillium spinulosum. 25% and 50% concentrations of the leaf extracts of Acacia arabica showed a substantial increase in inhibition of A. fumigatus, A .niger and Penicillium spinulosum. Callistemon lanceolatus leaf extract showed a pattern to inhibit A. fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum and Penicillium spinulosum. Lantana camara
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leaf extract showed maximum inhibition of A. fumigatus followed by A. niger and P. spinulosum in 50% concentration of leaf extract but at 25% concentration maximum inhibition of A. niger was found followed by A. fumigatus and P. spinulosum. The leaf extracts of Mentha piperita also showed maximum inhibition of A. fumigatus and P. spinulosum at 50% and 25% concentration. The aqueous leaf extract of Murraya koenigii showed maximum inhibition of P. spinulosum followed by A. fumigatus and A. niger both at lower as well as higher concentrations. The leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus showed maximum inhibition of P. spinulosum, A. niger, A. fumigatus and minimum inhibition of Cladosporium. Present paper deals with the applications of antimicrobial activity of six plants.
Prevalence of Janus Kinase 2 Mutant in Indian Patients Suffering from Polycythemia Vera
Jyoti, Sudha Sazawal, Neha Bisht and A.P. Garg Department of Hematology, AIIMS, New Delhi; 1Department of Microbiology, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The acquired Janus Kinase 2 (JAK-2) V617F mutation shows a high frequency in diverse BCR/ABL-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders (CMPD). It is typically associated with polycythemia vera (PV). PV is a myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) that arise from the clonal proliferation of a pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor, leading to over production of one or more myeloid lineages. Recently, a specific mutation in the JAK-2gene which encodes a tyrosine kinase has been shown to be associated with the myeloproliferative phenotype observed in PV. In this study, the JAK-2V617F mutation was detected in 31 Indian patients who visited OPD of Hematology Department in AIIMS during the period of Feb to August, 2015. Of these, 25 patients (80%) were found positive for V617F mutation in exon 12 of JAK-2 gene. It was found that 20 patients were homozygous and 5 heterozygous. Our study revealed that males are more prone to mutantion than females. Patients with JAK-2 mutation may be a potential candidate for JAK-2 inhibitor studies.
Computational Analysis of Homology of Human Heat Shock Proteins Between Plants and Human
Anu, Pooja Sharma, Bharti, Reetu Gaur, Ajay Kumar Shukla and A.P. Garg Department of Microbiology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut-250004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a class of functionally related proteins. Their expression is increased when cells are exposed to elevated temperature or other stresses. Some heat shock proteins are also responsible for the production of chaperone protein. HSP exhibit great variety of level of expression and types both in animals and plants. Prominent types of HSPs are HSP20, HSP70,
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HSP90 and HSP100 that are thoroughly studied in a plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Of these, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 and HSP100 are most commonly found in human too. In the present study, BLASTp search of the entire group of Angiospermic plants against all human HSP classes was made to find out a protein of unknown function from Populus trichocarpa closely similar to human HSP70 through sequence alignment using BLAST2. The sequence and structure of this unknown protein was extensively compared with human HSP70 which revealed a functional correlation between these two proteins which we analysed by multiple sequence alignment through Clustal Omega and other various computational tools like Vistag, modullar. The predicted protein may comprise of human HSP70 like function. Though, these hypothetical functions of this predicted protein (Hsp_Populus1) by Swiss- Pdb Viewer seems to be correct however need to be further characterized by laboratory and fieldtrials before their existence can be conclusively affirmed. The results presented in this study facilitated the identification of structurally similar protein of heat shock proteins family. The findings can provide new insight in plant protein characterization.
Search for Novel Antifungal Compound Targeting Cytochrome-b of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici by Virtual Ccreening
Reetu Gour, A.P. Garg and Ajay Kumar Shukla Department of Microbiology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut-250004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is a soil borne plant pathogen belonging to Class Hyphomycetes. It causes fusarial wilt specifically in tomato. Cytochrome b protein plays an important role in electron transport chain during respiration and is considered as crucial target for developing anti-fungal compounds. We predicted the protein model of cytochrome b in Fusarium oxysporum based on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome b template. Chain-A of cytochrome b in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is identical to the N-chain of cytochrome b of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Predicted cytochrome b structure was used to screen ZINC database compounds through DOCKBlaster which yielded 200 top scoring compounds. In this paper, we report best two compounds namely, ZINC53788 and ZINC18029029 which can be further evaluated for their anti- fungal activities through field or laboratory trials. The binding affinity scores for these two compounds has been calculated as -37.55 and -37.09 kcal/mol respectively using SAS. They are expected to inhibit the functions of cytochrome b at the ubiquinol binding site based on higher predicted binding affinity. This inhibition is expected to inactivity the toxic effect of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by preventing binding of ubiquinol on cytochrome b protein by interfering in its metabolic process. The mode of action can further be elucidated and proved using the potential of ZINC53788 and ZINC18029029 compounds as anti-fungal agents.
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Isolation of Keratinophilic Fungi and Allied Dermatophytes from Soils Using Different Keratin-Rich Substrates
Shabista Khan, Monika, A.P. Garg and Jyoti Department of Microbiology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut-250004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A total number of 64 soil samples were collected from various location in Meerut and Saharanpur from different ecological sites of animals habitats. These were examined for the isolation of keratinophilic fungi and allied dermatophytes using fat free keratinous bait technique. Keratinophilic fungi and allied dermatophytes were identified using morphological characters of isolated species. Microsporum gypseum and Chrysosporium spp. were the predominant species which accounted for 46.87%, M. audouinii (18.75%), M. canis (6.25%). Chrysosporium indicum (9.37%), Chrysosporum pannorum and Chrysosporium tropicum (each 7.81%), Ctenomyces serratus (3.12%), Epidermophyton floccosum (1.56%), Histoplasma capsulatum (4.68%), Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (12.5%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (4.6%), T. rubrum (18.75%) and T. tonsurans (10.93%) were the other species isolated from different soil samples. Interestingly, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis was the only species which was isolated from those soil samples which were baited with nails as keratinous bait material. It is therefore, suggested that isolation of all keratinophilic species and allied dermatophytes, the mycologists should include different types of keratinous materials as bait in the studies. There were two species of non keratinophilic fungi which were frequently isolated from soil samples. These included Aspergillus niger (52.94%) and Fusarium oxysporum (60%) which showed no keratinolysis of keratinous substrate. It may be that these species might be growing on cemented non-keratinous material present in the wool and human hair.
Prebiotic Efficiency of Blue Green Algae on Probiotic Microorganisms
Sneh Gupta1, Amar P. Garg2, Charu Gupta3 and Dhan Prakash3 1Department of Zoology, RGPG college, Meerut (UP); 2Department of Microbiology, CCS University campus, Meerut; 3Amity Institute for Herbal Research & Studies (AIHRS), Amity University UP, Sec- 125, Noida-201313. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Blue green algae also called cyanobacteria are considered to be the photosynthetic prokaryotes. Their similarities with both higher plants and simple bacteria have made them ideal model systems for intensive research in varied spheres of biology. Their role in nitrogen fixation is well known but their importance to function as prebiotics to support the growth of probiotic bacteria is an upcoming field of study. Prebiotics includes mainly indigestible carbohydrates mainly oligosaccharides that benefit the host organism by selectively stimulating the growth or activity of one or a limited number of probiotic bacteria in the colon. Spirulina, a cyanobacterium is a photoautotrophic microorganism, widely distributed in nature and is consumed as human food
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supplement for centuries because of its best known nutritional value. It contains 78% proteins, vitamins, 4-7% lipids, minerals, carbohydrates and some natural pigments. Due to the presence of these phyto-nutrients, it has corrective properties against several diseases like cancer, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, anaemia etc. Research studies have reported that the extracellular products produced by Spirulina platensis significantly growth promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. The present paper would focus on the prebiotic efficiency of certain blue green algae on probiotic microorganisms.
Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Rhizobium from Root Nodules of Mungbean (Vigna radiata)
Purushottam1, Shruti1, Akash Tomar1, Ravindar Kumar1, B.P. Dhyani1, Anil Sirohi1, R.K.Naresh2, Shefali Poonia3, Archit Kumar Sharma1 and Nikita Balyan2 1College of Biotechnology, SVPUA&T, Meerut (U.P); 2College of Agriculture, SVPUA&T, Meerut (U.P); 3Department of Botany, D.N. (P.G.) College, Meerut (U.P). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The Rhizobium-legume symbioses have received most attention and have been examined extensively. In present study a total of 8 isolates were isolated and characterized on the basis of their colony morphology and biochemical test. Colonies of Gram‘s negative native isolates of Rhizobium depicted rod shaped bacteria pink in colour, as Gram‘s negative bacteria. Samples were processed many times till only one type of colonies started appearing same as Rhizobium on Selective (YEMA) and differential (CrYEMA) media. Each and every culture forms single colony. Sample S1, S2 S3 R.N, S7 and IARI 1 showed convex elevation diverging it, samples S3 Simple showed raised and S9 have flat elevation. S1 performed well in citrate test, triple sugar iron agar test, S2 strain well performed in all biochemical except catalase, strain S3 simple, S3 R.N, S9 shows their best outcomes on all the samples.
Effect of pH and Temperature on Different Strains of Rhizobium from Mungbean in Different Regions of India
Archit Kumar Sharama, Purushottam, Akash Tomar, Ravindar Kumar, B.P. Dhyani, R.K. Naresh and Pryanka Pal SVPUA&T, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Rhizobium is one of the most common bacterium which is found inside the root nodule symbiosis enables and fixed the atmospheric Nitrogen. The symbiotic association between legumes and rhizobia is highly influenced by various environmental factors, temperature and pH being the most important one. The growth and survival of rhizobia in soils and their symbiotic association with
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leguminous plants are adversely affected by temperatures and ph. It is a gram negative, motile, non- sporulating rods shaped bacteria. In present study a total of 7strains were isolated and characterized on the basis of their colony morphology and biochemical test. 7 Rhizobium strains (6 strains are Gur8, Mor12, Pur34, Lur16, IARI1, IARI2 mixed with charcoal and one native strains SVP) were isolated following standards procedures. Theses 7strains grow at different temperature (28˚c, 30˚c, 35˚c, 40˚c) and pH condition (6.5, 5.6, 4.5). Observed the effect of these strains on different pH and temperature. First to isolates enriched in Rhizobium broth (YAM) and then transfer into a Rhizobium medium (YAMA) or observe the growth on petri plate. Presumption colonies of bacterial agents on media plates were subjected to conventional identification test (Gram staining and ryu‘s test)and it‘s biochemical characterization by TSI test (Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test), urease test, citrate utilization test, indole test, MR-VP test, motility test.
Enhancement and Value addition of Growth Parameters in Rabi Crops (Mustard and winter Maize) through Microbial Associations under Strict Rain-Fed Conditions in Kandi Region of Shivalik Mountainous Range
Hemesh Joshi, Amit C Kharkwal and Ajit Varma AIMT, Amity University Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh- 201303. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Piriformospora indica and its related consortium are essential attributes for sustainable agriculture. The study was conducted in the Kandi region (31°10'2"N 76°28'50"E) of Shivalik mountainous range, which falls under strict rain fed area category. Treatments were prepared, T1 (2% of fungal biomass mixed in MgSo3), T2 (2% fungal biomass + Azotobacter chrococcum mixed in MgSo3). Photosymbionts were Musturd and Winter Maize. Experiment was carried out in 3 acre land per plant at Nurpur Bedi, Punjab. Field was thoroughly ploughed and equally divided (T1, T2 and Control) by raised soil bed (2x1 ft). Seeds were primarily moistened with Jaggery solution (2%) and then mixed with formulation (T1 & T2) and non-treated seeds were control. After harvesting (mustard: 135d & maize:145d) data was collected. In mustard, Gross Yield of T1 and T2 were found to be 10.2% and 49.1% higher than the control respectively. In maize there was an increase of 4% in T1 and 15% in T2 GY as compared to control. Shoot Length in mustard was 11.5% T1 and 23.5% T2, vic. significantly higher than control; whereas SL in maize was 22.3% and 26.5% enhanced, in T1 and T2 respectively. Root Length in mustard was noted significantly higher; T1: 66.9% and T2: 116% vs. control whereas in maize RL of T1 was -3.5% and T2 12.5% higher compared to control. These results concludes that P. indica and its related consortium works efficiently under rain fed conditions and P. indica can be the new face of sustainable agriculture.
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Effect of Organic, Inorganic and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR) on Growth and Yield of Cabbage in Mid Hills of Himachal Pradesh and Study of Their Economics
P. Yadav Ram1, A. K. Sharma2, Rajesh Kaushal3, Maneesh Kumar Singh4 and Ashish Kumar Maurya1 1Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, B.H.U., Varanasi (U.P)-221005; 2Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Dr. YSPUHF, Solan (H.P)-170230; 3Department of soil Science and water management, College of Forestry, Dr. YSPUHF, Solan (H.P)- 170230; 4Indian Institute of Vegetable Science, Varanasi (U.P)-221005. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out with cabbage cv. Pusa Mukta in a randomized complete block design with three replications with the objective to evolve integrated plant nutrient supply system for higher productivity of cabbage on sustainable basis. The experiment comprised of 15 different combinations of three different sources of nutrients including organic, inorganic and PGPR alone and in combinations which were applied following the proper procedures as per treatment. Integrated use of fertilizers, manures and PGPR significantly influenced yield and plant growth attributes of cabbage crop. The conjoint use of 75 % recommended dose of NP + Vermi- compost and Enriched compost @ 2.5 t/ha + PGPR (T14) resulted in significantly maximum gross head weight (1580 g), net head weight (1050 g), harvesting index (66.45 %) and head yield (530.34 q/ha). This treatment recorded 34.4 per cent increase in yield over recommended practice (T1) along with highest net returns (Rs.3, 89,992/-). From present investigation, it can be concluded that above integrated combination of chemical fertilizers, organic manures (VC and EC) and PGPR resulted in saving of 25 % chemical fertilizers (NP), better growth, higher yield which statistically matched with the recommended package of fertilization which utilized 100 % NPK along with 20 t FYM.
Rhizosphere Bacterial Strains Potentially Antagonize Bacterial Wilt of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculetum Mill.)
Mehjabeen Afaque, Aanisia Zahoor, Suchit A. John , Pradeep K Shukla and P. W. Ramteke Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Bacterial wilt of tomato caused by soil-born pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) cause plant death and significant yield loss and consequently, has turned out into a serious issue on tomato. PGPRs (Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) have been reported to be potential biological agent as they are known for growth promotion as well as causing disease reduction in crops as PGPR elicit induced systematic resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases. Among these PGPRs, the strains of Pseudomonas and Bacillus on broad spectrum are highly effective. To investigate potential outcomes
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for the development of biological control for the disease, 120 rhizobacteria were screened against R. solanacearum. On the premise of in-vitro screening three strains (PR3, PR9, 3NAA8) with maximum inhibitory impact were identified in-vivo studies. Rhizosphere soil and tomato seedlings were treated with the antagonists and their effects were studied under in-situ conditions. The study revealed that 3NAA8 (Bacillus) and PR9 (Enterobactor) strains significantly diminished disease incidence and augmented vegetative growth of tomato plants. Plant dry weight showed an increase through the 3NAA8 and PR9 strains inoculation by 96% and 79%, respectively. 3NAA8 was found to be the most beneficial strain in disease suppression and also growth promotion resulting in 73% dry weight increase compared to untreated control. The study revealed that 3NAA8 and PR9 strains are promising strains whose effectiveness under field conditions and their mode of action should be investigated.
Evaluation of Actinomycetes, Rhizobium and PGPR Consortium on Soybean in a Vertisol
F. C. Amule1, Pawan Sirothiya1, U.S. Mishra1 and N. G. Mitra2 1Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Satna (M.P.); 3Dept. of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In the present scenario, an increasing demand for low-input agriculture has resulted in a greater interest in soil microorganisms which are able to enhance plant nutrition and health, and to improve overall soil quality. For this study, mono- and co-inoculation of Actinobacteria, Rhizobium and PGPR isolates used which proved to be highly efficient in initial screenings under controlled conditions in soybean and chickpea under glass house conditions were further used for evaluation under field conditions of Vertisol. Mono-inoculation group Rhizobium isolates (R33-Bradyrhizobium japonicum) & (R34-Bradyrhizobium spp.) + PGPR isolates (P3-Bacillus megaterium) & (P10- Bacillus subtilis) + A10 & A17 isolates Streptomyces spp.), co-inoculation [CRP (Rhizobium +PGPR) + Streptomyces spp.)] were evaluated. Co-inoculation showed significant differences in improving plant growth attributes and yield components of soybean at different growth stages. Among the isolates -1 tested (CRP + Streptomyces A10 & A17), inoculated plants showed higher uptakes of N (177 kg ha ), -1 -1 P2O5 (16 kg ha ) and K2O (70 kg ha ) and there was no significant difference with respect to soil pH, EC and organic carbon content in soils at post-harvest stage of soybean. In post-harvest soils, CRP + -1 Streptomyces with isolates of A10 + A17 recorded the highest available N (336 kg ha ), P2O5 (23 kg -1 -1 ha ) and K2O (352 kg ha ). The maximum activities of different enzymes were dehydrogenase (95.8 µg TPF/gm/day) acid phosphatase (60.2 µg p-nitrophenol/g of soil/hour) and alkaline phosphatase (133 µg p-nitrophenol/g of soil/hour) and FDA (5.1 µg fluorescein/g of soil/hr) were recorded in soils treated with Rhizobium + PGPR and Actinobacterial isolates (CRP + Streptomyces A10+A17). This isolates inoculated soils also recorded higher population of bacteria (46.2 x 105 cfu g-1 soil) fungi (20.9 x 103 cfu g-1 soil) and actinomycetes 20.7 x 104 cfu g-1 soil) and beneficial microbial population (Azotobacter 18.7 x 105 cfu g-1 soil) and PSB (Bacillus sp.,) (14.6 x 105 cfu g-1 soil). Among the mono- and co-inoculation of Rhizobium, Actinobacteria and PGPR strains tested, mono-inoculation of
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(CRP + Streptomyces A10) and (CRP + Streptomyces A17) were found best for improving the yield of chickpea and also soil health.
Effect of Different Sowing Dates on Growth and Yield Attributes of Wheat in Udham Singhnagar District of Uttarakhand
Smita Gupta1, R.K. Singh2, Ajit Singh1, U.P. Shahi1 and Ashok Kumar1 1Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology-250011; 2Department of Agrometeorology, College of Agriculture GBPUA&T Pantnagar-263145. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Globally, wheat is a major staple crop and it is also significant for India. After rice it is second most important staple crop in India. Because of its wider adaptability it is grown from temperate irrigated to dry and high rainfall areas and from warm humid to dry cold environment. Optimum date of sowing is an impotant parameter which affect the growth and yield attributes of wheat among other cultivation practices.To find out optimum date of sowing for wheat variety UP- 2565 an experiment was conduted at at experimental farm of N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of the G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, district Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand). From the experiment it was found that no. of days to attain different phenological stages,leaf area index,dry matter,grain yield as well as biological yield was significantly influenced.The crop sown under late sown condition took less number of days to attain maturity in comparison to the crop sown timely. Maximum reduction in grain yield and dry matter was found for the crop sown on 6th December. Reduction in dry matter, grain yield and biological yield was more in the year 2015-16 in comparison to 2014-15 probably because of high temperature at the reproductive stage during the crop growing season.
Plant Microbiome in Agro-Ecosystem-A Sustainable Approach
Manoj Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Narendra Tuteja and Ajit Varma Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida-201313, UP. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Endophytic microbiome have been found in almost every plant studied, where they colonize the interior tissues of their host plant and may form a range of diverse associations including interdependent, synergistic, mutualistic, commensalistic and trophobiotic. Most endophytic microbes appear to originate from the rhizosphere or phyllosphere; however, some may be transmitted through the seed. Potential endophytic microbiome can encourage and stimulate plant growth and produce and can also act as biocontrol agents. On the other hand, these endophytes can also be valuable to their host plant by producing a wide range of natural products that could be utilized for possible use in medication, agronomy or commerce. Furthermore, it has been revealed that they too have the potential to remove soil contaminants by enhancing phytoremediation process and could play a
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significant role in soil fertility improvement through nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization. There is an increasing interest in developing the biotechnological applications of potential endophytes for improving crop growth, phytoremediation and the sustainable production of food crops for biomass and biofuel production, which is a viable step towards sustainable agriculture.
Commercialization of Plant Growth Promoting Fungus Piriformospora indica for Sustainable Agriculture
Diksha Bhola and Ajit Varma Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Piriformospora indica, an Arbuscular Mycorrhiza like fungus that colonizes majority of terrestrial plants is renowned to up-regulate plant growth, augment the active ingredient, escalate seed production and defend plants against biotic as well as abiotic stress. So far, the fungus has been interacted with more than 148 plants which include members of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (both monocots and dicots), including orchids. Another striking feature of P. indica is its ability to be axenically cultured. The fungus can be cultivated on simple defined medium both in solid and liquid broth. Optimum conditions for growth are temperature 27°C ± 2, pH 6.8, carbon energy 1.5% glucose and incubation on rotary shaker at 120 rpm. These salient properties have rendered the fungus to be a pioneer biofertilizer. The next step was commercialization of P. indica for beneficial usage by the common farmers. Fungal cultures were raised under optimal conditions and harvested separating the biomass through filtration. The biomass was formulated with an inert carrier material, magnesium sulphite and used as a biofertilizer. For optimal effectiveness, 2% (w/w) fungal biomass was mixed with carrier material keeping 20% moisture and 109 colony forming units (CFU) constant. The prepared biofertilizer is henceforward commercially used by application to the seeds before sowing. Hence to overcome modern agricultural problems one needs to go back to the nature to re-establish the lost equilibrium and P. indica is a potent key to establish such equilibrium between sustainable agriculture and modern farming practices.
Rhizospheric Microbiome of the Wonder Plant Hippophae rhamnoides L.
Pooja Bhadrecha1, Manoj Kumar2 and Madhu Bala3 1Lovely Professional University, Punjab; 2AMITY, Noida; 3INMAS, DRDO, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Hippophae rhamnoides L., commonly known as ―Seabuckthorn‖ is a treasure plant which offers highly desirable characteristics that find applications in medicinal, food, and animal fodder sectors. It has high concentrations of bioactive compounds like vitamins, phenolics and carotenoids that can be exploited for human/animal nutrition. The plant is found in Leh, Himalayas, a place with
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harsh environmental conditions, with temperature varying from -30 to 30°C, very low annual precipitation, and limited atmospheric oxygen. These features drew or attention to the mystery of the related microorganisms which help this wonder plant to survive in these adverse climatic conditions, so we made an attempt to intrude in its rhizosphere to divulge the microbiome present there. We incurred a diverse range of bacterial strains isolated from the rhizospheric soil and plant roots. A great variation in the total microbial population was discovered when these isolates were identified by 16SrRNA sequencing; the isolates were from the genus Frankia, Bacillus, Azorhizobium, Pseudomonas and Clostridium. This addressed our interest in the direction of unveiling different roles played by these strains, and the variety of beneficial biomolecules they must be producing to offer the plant. Exploring the databases we found ORFs coding for folate synthesis by the isolates, which was further confirmed in wet lab by isolation and HPLC analysis of intra- and extra-cellular folic acid produced by all the isolates, in varying concentrations. We also examined the mode of infestation of these strains in the plant root, which is a very strong physical barrier for intruders. We were able to identify (qualitatively) and quantitatively analyze (enzyme assay) the root degrading enzymes ―pectinase‖ and ―cellulase‖ from the isolated bacteria, which enable them to trespass the plant roots. These enzymes are of great industrial significance and are mass-cultivated for commercialization.
Isolation, Characterization and Possible Use of Halotolerant Bacteria from Coastal Soils for Plant Growth Promotion under Salt Stress
Protup Kumer Sarker, Fahmida Sultana Rima, Sudip Biswas, Md. Rakibul Islam and Zeba I. Seraj Plant Biotechnology lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Salinity is one of the most major abiotic stresses in the coastal regions of Bangladesh and the area of affected land is increasing day by day. It limits the growth and productivity of crop plants and causes yield losses. On the contrary, many bacteria are habituated in this saline environment and exhibit modified physiological and structural characteristics. Beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere, promote plant growth by different direct and indirect mechanisms. So, the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in stressful conditions has been proved to be effective and sustainable. In this study, twenty four bacterial strains were isolated from the soil of saline prone regions of Debhata and Satkhira in Southwest Bangladesh. Among them, seven bacterial isolates were selected based on their highest degree (3000mM of NaCl) of salt tolerance. 16S rDNA sequencing result of these seven strains revealed that they belong to Halobacillus, Bacillus, Acenitobactorgenus. These seven bacteria showed Nitrogen Fixation activity but there was negative result of Phosphorus Solubilization. In order to investigate the effect of these seven bacteria on rice physiology and yield, bacteria were inoculated in soil under both control and salt stress (0 mM; 40 mM, 50 mM, 80 mM and 100 mM NaCl). Plants of inoculated soil showed better phenology compared to control plants. Under control condition (0mM NaCl), plants of inoculated soil showed better phenology compared to plants in non-inoculated soil. Under stress condition (50mM NaCl), plants in inoculated soil showed significantly higher plant height, lower spikelet damage compared to plants in non-inoculated soil.
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Effect of Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid and Ethrel on Growth, Yield and Quality of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) var. G-282
Bharat Meena and Indira Yadav College of Horticulture and Forestry, Agriculture University, Kota Campus Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar- 326 023 (Rajasthan). Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In order to study the effect of salicylic acid and ethrel on growth, yield and quality of garlic as a randomized block design with three replications. The phyto-hormone salicylic acid and ethrel @ 100, 200, and 300 ppm each as single and twice spray, single spray done at 45 DAP and twice spray done at 60 DAP with 13 treatments. The application of treatment T8 (salicylic acid 200 ppm with twice spray) was found most effective in parameters i.e. number of leaves per plant (11.13), chlorophyll content of leaves at 90 DAS (0.76 mg/g), fresh bulb weight (57.66 g), bulb length (4.16 cm), clove diameter (1.10cm), yield of bulb per hectare (214.20q), dry matter of bulb (47.00%) and pungency (67.71μmol/g) as compare to control. Further, the treatment T12 was found at par with treatment T8 for number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll content of leaves, dry matter content and pungency. The maximum net return (246201) and B:C ratio (3.28) were also recorded under treatment T8 (salicylic acid @ 200 ppm with twice spray).
Effect of Growth Regulators and Micronutrients on Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) cv. Winter Dawn
Indira Yadav and Bharat Meena College of Horticulture and Forestry, Agriculture University, Kota Campus Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar- 326 023 (Rajasthan). E-mail- [email protected]
ABSTRACT The effect of foliar application of growth regulators and micronutrients on growth, production and quality of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) cv. Winter Dawn under open field condition was studied. The study consist of seventeen treatments viz. Control (T0), NAA 5ppm (T1), NAA 10ppm (T2), NAA 15ppm (T3), GA3 25ppm (T4), GA3 50ppm (T5), GA3 75ppm (T6), BA 5ppm (T7), BA 10ppm (T8), BA 15ppm (T9), Morphactin 25ppm (T10), Morphactin 50ppm (T11), Morphactin 75ppm (T12), Boric acid 0.2% (T13), Boric acid 0.4% (T14), Zinc sulphate 0.2% (T15) and Zinc sulphate 0.4% (T16). Data were recorded on quality parameters like TSS (°Brix), Titratable acidity (%), TSS/ acid ratio, Vitamin C (mg/g), Sugar (%), Juice (%), Anthocyanin content (mg/100g), 3 Specific gravity (g/cm ) and Sensory score. The result of the study showed that foliar spray of T14- Boric acid 0.4% after 45 days of transplanting was found superior over all other treatments with respect to quality parameters like TSS (7.38°B), titratable acidity (0.67 per cent), TSS/acid ratio (11.00), total (5.62 per cent) and reducing (3.48 per cent) sugar and sensory score (8.94).
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Impact of N, P and K Fertilization on Physiological Traits of Gladiolus cv. Trader Horn
M Lakshmi Durga1, D V S Raju1, R N Pandey2, Renu Pandey3, Kanwar Pal Singh1, Prabhat Kumar1 and S Gopala Krishnan4 1Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, 2Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, 3Division of Plant Physiology and 4Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Information on crop growth rate with reference to plant nutrition is essential for effective nutrient management. A field experiment was conducted on gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) cv. Trader Horn to illustrate the effect of different combinations of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) on physiological attributes and spike yield. Corms were dibbled with eight NPK fertilizer doses (N0P0K0, N0P2K2, N1P1K1, N2P0K2, N2P2K0, N2P2K2, N2P3K3, and N3P3K3), where -1 N1P1K1 corresponds to recommended dose i.e., 200, 80 and 80 kg ha of N, P and K, respectively. The trial was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The observations were recorded at three leaf (30 days after planting (DAP)), six leaf (60 DAP), spike appearance (90 DAP) -1 and full bloom stages (120 DAP). N3P3K3 (300-120-120 kg NPK ha ) recorded higher growth rate -1 with respect to all physiological traits, closely followed by N2P3K3 (200-120-120 kg NPK ha ), whereas least was reported in control (N0P0K0). Spike yield depicted a rising tendency with increase -1 of NPK dosage and significantly highest yield was recorded in N3P3K3 (134.50 q ha ) in comparison with control (92.14 q ha-1). Significant increase in leaf area, SPAD index, crop growth rate was observed during vegetative growth phase (30 through 90 DAP), which decreased upon flowering; while relative growth rate and net assimilation rate decreased from 30 to 120 DAP in response to fertilizer application. Results indicated that gladiolus is highly responsive to fertilizer nutrition, hence scheduling the right dose in synchrony with the critical crop growth stage would help to attain high quality spike yield.
Utilization of Kitchen Waste Compost as Soil Amendment for Increased Crop Production
Simranjit Kaur1&3, Randeep Singh Saini2, Tanu Sharma3, Dinesh Goyal1 1Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Patiala; 2Salvia Block, Amravati Enclave, Panchkula; 3Eco Laboratories & Consultants Pvt. Ltd. E-207, Phase 8B, Industrial Area, Sector 74, Mohali. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Compost was prepared from source segregated kitchen waste including both raw food waste with vegetable peelings and cooked food waste i.e. the leftover food using mechanical cum biological composting having C:N 26.54 (SD 0.51). To study the effect of compost, trials were done on wheat in green house (0-4months). Soil with no added chemical fertilizer or compost was used as control and
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compared with soil containing 1/3 rd compost. The addition of compost increased the organic matter (1.21% to 10.27%) and moisture content (4.23% to 5.88%) however no major change was observed in pH (8.04 to 8.4). The results showed that the soil containing 1/3 rd compost had potentially increased the shoot length upto 63% and plant biomass upto 70% as compared to the control. There was a considerable increase in root length upto 40%. Kitchen waste generated from household, restaurants, mess etc can be recycled into compost which can be used as soil amending agent which can help increase the plant growth and biomass to improve plant health and add to the agronomic value.
Standardization of the Protocol for Screening and Evaluating Phosphorous Solubilizing Activity of Native Trichoderma and Other Microbial Strains
Nitika Vihan, Sushma Sagar, Sorabh Chaudhary, Siddharth N. Rahul, Purushottam and Akash Tomar S.V.P. Univ. of Agril. & Tech., Modipuram, Meerut-250110, U.P.. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The applied phosphorus in the soil is not available directly to the plants; it has to be solubilized by the various microorganisms present in the soil. Only then it mixes with the soil water and grabbed by the plant as the solution. Various isolates of Trichoderma, Aspergillus and Pseudomonas are ubiquitous and are relatively easy to isolate and culture. Trichoderma and Pseudomonas, genus of fungi and bacteria, respectively are widely present in soil and have the ability to act as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens and to solubilize the micronutrients present also in the soil. In the present investigation phosphate solubilizing capability of native Trichoderma spp. and other microbial strains has been studied on optimized medium. A total of 02 Trichoderma strains (TP1 and SPT1), 01 Aspergillus (A1) and 03 Pseudomonas bacterial strains designated as P2, P4 and P10, were isolated from six soil samples which were belongs to Vill. Siwaya, Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) and Vill. Bafawat, Meerut respectively. Morphological study showed that these strains are similar to that of Trichoderma harzianum. The PVK medium supplemented with Methyl red was best for visualization of pH reduction and halo zone produced by PSM. A total of 67 microbial strains, 61 different Trichoderma isolates which were collected from Department of Recombination Techniques & Pl. Pathology, 01 Aspergillus strain, 01Yeast, 01 Fusarium moniliforme and 03 Pseudomonas strains were used to evaluate their phosphate solubilization activity on optimized PVK media. A total of 19 strains showed phosphate solubilization activity and formed clear halo zone around the inoculum that indicate phosphorus solubilization in PVK medium. The efficiency of strains in solubilizing Index and Efficiency (SI/ SE) was in following order (Pseudomonas P2>P4>P10> Aspergillus AspA1> Trichoderma Sug-6>S-41>S-47>S30). A total of 10 of these strains were evaluated for P solubilization in PVK broth culture and estimation of P solubilization was done by Chlorostannous Method (Jackson, 1967). The best strains solubilizing phosphorus on basis of Solubilization at 4 day are (Pseudomonas P2>P4>P10> Trichoderma S32>S27>S11> Aspergillus AspA1> S47>S30>Si-16) and at 8 Day as (Pseudomonas P2>P4>P10> Aspergillus AspA1> Trichoderma S27>S11>S32>S47>S30 and Si- 16). The results showed differing P solubilizing ability in Solid and Liquid medium condition by
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microbial strains. These microorganisms may have an important and differing role in phosphate solubilization in soil and these studies may be conducted in future. Also with optimization of screening and soluble P estimation more microorganisms may be tested for their efficiency.
Isolation of Probiotic Microorganisms from Different Curd Samples
Vedikaa Dhiman, Sugam Mohan, Sachin Kashyap, Deep Kumar, Binti Srivastava, Ansikha Yadav, Diksha Dubey, Sushma Sagar, Sorabh Chaudhary, Siddharth N. Rahul, Purushottam and Akash Tomar S.V.P. Univ. of Agril. & Tech., Modipuarm, Meerut-250110, U.P. Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Probiotics are defined as the living microorganisms administered in a sufficient number to survive in the intestinal ecosystem. Probiotics have various effects on human health like well being of digestion, improved immune system, protection against diarrhoea and controlling some cancers. Many types of bacteria are classified as probiotics microbes. Although probiotic microorganisms are present in various food products but milk and fermented dairy products are considered as very good source for these microorganisms. Most common species found are Lactobacillus, Yeast, Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Bifidobacterium. These strains are commercially used in many dairy products like curd and other fermented products. Apart from that, the consumption of dairy and non- dairy products stimulates the immunity in different ways. Curd is most popular traditional Indian fermented dairy product prepared by fermentation of milk by these microorganisms. Thus, the present investigation was carried out to isolate and characterize a potential probiotic bacterium from different curd samples from different areas. Four curd samples were collected from different sources like dairy, sweet shop, house-made etc. From these 4 curd samples, a total 2 micro-organisms were isolated on AC Agar and PDA medium. These microorganisms were identified as, yeast and Lactobacillus (designated as CV2 and CV4) based on their colony morphologically and microscopy. These strains were preserved using slant culture and stored at 40C for further use. This study helped to find out native strains of probiotic microbes in curd and which have economic importance.
Isolation of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms from Different Soil Samples
Binti Srivastava, Anshika Yadav, Sachin Kashyap, Deep Kumar Verma, Vedikaa Dhiman, Sumit Tripathi, Diksha Dubey, Sushma Sagar, Sorabh Chaudhary, Siddhartha N. Rahul, Purushottam and Akash Tomar S.V.P. Univ. of Agril. & Tech., Modipuarm, Meerut-250110, U.P. Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agriculturally important microorganisms isolated from different soil samples to explore the role they play in soil fertility, plant nutrition, biocontrol efficiency and above all to know their importance in crop yield. Fertile soil contains a wide variety of microbes which include different
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species of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses. Mostly, they are found in rhizosphere, where they decompose organic matter into humus. Lack of microorganisms may result in accumulation of organic matter which can affect the soil fertility by clogging the soil texture. A study was conducted on the isolation, identification and characterization of different microorganisms which are beneficial to soil fertility and induce plant growth. A total of 8 soil samples were collected from various crop fields from different geographical areas. Total 4 microorganisms (3 bacteria and 1 fungi) were isolated from 8 different soil samples using serial dilution method. These microorganisms were identified and characterized by their morphology and microscopy. Three micro-organism were identified as Azospirillum (Azospirillum media), Azotobacter (Azotobacter media), Pseudomonas (King‘s B media) based on their colony morphology and Gram staning. One native fungal strain was identified as Trichoderma spp. (PDA media) based on colony morphology and microscopy.
Yield and Yield Attributes as Exaggerated by Different Sowing Dates and Different Maturity Classes Cultivar on Direct Seeded Rice
Sucheta Dahiya, S.S. Punia, Jagdev Singh and Suresh Kumar Kakraliya Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (HR) - 125004, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Field experiment was conducted to appraise the effect of different sowing dates and different maturity class‘s cultivars on yield and yield attributes of the direct seeded rice during the Kharif season of 2014 and 2015, at Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal. Experiment comprised of four sowing dates viz. 10th June, 25th June, 10th July, 25th July and different maturity classes cultivar viz. Arize-6129 (Early), Arize-6444 (Mid) and Pusa-44 (Long). Data on yield related parameters of direct seeded rice were recorded. Results revealed that direct seeded rice sown on 10th June with early maturing cultivar Arize-6129 proved to be the best for obtaining maximum grain yield and yield attributes such as number of panicles per m2, 1000- kernel weight and paddy yield.
Multi-functiona Enzyme Ability of Fungal Strain, Aspergillus niger, Screened from Dump of Pig Waste
Sonika Tyagi1, Suman Lata1, Alka Sahrawat2 and Purushottam3 1Department of Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut- 250005; 2Department of Microbiology, CCS University, Meerut; 3Department of Pathology & Microbiology, SVPUA&T, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Microbes are the crucial source of industrial enzymes which are of great importance. Fungi have relevant biotechnological applications in several industrial areas for production of many enzymes. In this study, the thirty seven fungal strain isolated from various locations or places such as
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poultry farm and dumps of pig wastes from different regions of (U.P.). For the purpose of this study, thirty seven fungal isolates were examined for capable to hydrolyse wide range of organic complex molecules or substrates such as sodium phytate, citrus pectin starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, tannic acid, casein in presence of phytase, pectinase, amylase, cellulases, tannase and protease enzyme activities respectively. Isolated fungal culture was inoculated on substrate specific solid agar plates to check the multi-functional enzymes. After incubation of 30°C, the fungal culture exhibiting enzyme activity showed zone of clearance around the colony growth and have ability to hydrolysed substrate. The fungal culture, Aspergillus niger (FN2) was isolated from soil dumps of pig waste, Ghaziabad (UP). It exhibits maximum phytase activity to hydrolyse sodium phytate. The fungal isolate also exhibits pectinase and amylolytic activities and capable to hydrolyse citrus pectin and starch, respectively on solid agar plate. No cellulase, tannase and protease activity were showing on substrate specific solid agar plates. These fungal enzymes have relevant biotechnological application in feed, food, textile, leather, paper and pharmaceutical industries.
Effect of Potassium and Zinc on Growth, Yield and Quality of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cv. CO-34
Pravin Singh, Kavita Aravindakshan and D.K. Patidar Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Agriculture University, Kota, Jhalawar-326023 (Rajasthan), India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field experiment entitled ‗‗Effect of potassium and zinc on growth, yield and quality of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cv. CO-34‘‘ was conducted at the Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar during rabi season 2014-2015. The experiment consisted of sixteen treatment combinations having four levels each of potassium (0, 80, 100 and 120 kg/ha) and zinc (0, 10, 20 and 30 ppm) in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The individual application of potassium 120 kg K2O/ha significantly increased the number of tubers per plant (4.60), average weight of tuber (275.31 g), length of tuber (16.77 cm), diameter of tuber (5.69 cm), tuber yield per plot (9.71 kg), tuber yield per hectare (49.04 t), T.S.S. (11.58 ºBrix) and carotenoids content (3.48 mg/100g), respectively as compared to control. With the foliar application of zinc (30 ppm) significant increase in number of tubers per plant (4.18), average weight of tuber (234.73 g), length of tuber (18.12 cm), diameter of tuber (5.16 cm), tuber yield per plot (8.33 kg), tuber yield per hectare (42.05 t), T.S.S. (10.96 ºBrix) and carotenoids content (3.12 mg/100g), as compared to treatment Zn0 was recorded The treatment combination K3Zn3 (120 kg K2O)+(30 ppm Zinc) recorded the maximum yield parameters i.e. average weight of tuber (302.17 g), length of tuber (19.82 cm), diameter of tuber (5.97 cm), maximum tuber yield per plot (11.02 kg), tuber yield per hectare (55.67 t) and also qualitative parameters i.e. maximum total soluble solids (12.39 ◦Brix) and carotenoids content (3.64 mg/100g), While, the treatment K3Zn2 (120 kg K2O)+(30 ppm Zn) had the maximum number of tuber (4.86) thought minimum number of tuber was recorded in K0Zn0 (control). From the application of potassium and zinc the benefit-cost ratio (B: C ratio) of 4.22:1 was obtained.
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Negative Impact Analysis of Pigment Contents in Legumes in Response to Sulphur Dioxide Treatment
Shefali Poonia*, Purushottam1 and Vaishali Poonia2 Botany Department, D. N. College, Meerut;1Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, SVPUA&T, Meerut; 2Department of Chemistry, Vardhman College, Bijnor. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present work deals with SO2 pollution and its effect on chlorophyll and carotenoid content of some major legumes. The undertaken research was carried out on four widely grown leguminous crops in western UP, viz. Vigna mungo L. cv.T-9, Pisum sativum L. cv. Arkil, Cajanus cajan L. cv. UPAS-120 and Cicer arietinum L. cv. Avrodhi. The plants were fumigated with four different concentrations of sulphur dioxide, viz. 653, 1306, 2612 and 3918 µg m-3 daily for 2hrs. The analysis was made for Chlorophyll and Carotenoid contents at 40d and 80d of the plant age. Reduction observed in total chlorophyll content was maximum at 3918 µg m-3 in all four leguminous crops. Decrease in the value of chlorophyll a was found to be more than chlorophyll b. In Vigna mungo the reduction in chlorophyll was maximum followed by Pisum sativum, Cicer arietinum and Cajanus cajan. Reduction in carotenoid was maximum in Vigna mungo followed by Pisum sativum, Cicer arietinum and Cajanus cajan.
Bioactive Peptides in Milk – Functions and Their Application
Khyati Lehari, Abhinav Singh and Anchal Chauhan College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut - 250110, (U.P.) India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Milk is an excellent source of well balanced nutrients and also exhibits a range of biological activities that influence digestion, metabolic responses to absorbed nutrients, growth and development of specific organs, and resistance to disease. These biological activities are mainly due to the peptides and proteins in milk. Bioactive peptides have been defined as specific protein fragments that have a positive impact on body functions or conditions and may ultimately influence health. Upon oral administration, bioactive peptides, may affect the major body systems—namely, the cardiovascular, digestive, immune and nervous system. The beneficial health effects may be classified as antithrombotic, antihypertensive, mineral carriers, opioid activity, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory. Bioactive peptides are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein and can be released in three ways: (a) enzymatic hydrolysis by digestive enzymes, (b) food processing and (c) proteolysis by enzymes derived from microorganisms or plants. Membrane separation technique and ultrafiltration have been employed for the enrichment of bioactive peptides of specific molecular weight. The potential health benefits of milk protein-derived peptides have been a subject of growing commercial interest in the context of health-promoting functional foods. Peptide with different
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bioactivities have been found in a number of dairy products, such as various cheese varieties and fermented milk products like yogurt, curd and sour milk. It is envisaged that this trend will expand as more knowledge is gained about the multifunctional properties and physiological functions of milk peptides.
Isolation, Identification and Biochemical Characterization of E. coli from chicken in Meerut Region of Uttar Pradesh, India
Namo Narayan Maurya1, Deepa Shikha Chouhan1, Srishti Yadav1, Shahbaz Husain1 and Purushottam1 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A study was conducted to determine the distribution of E. coli in organs of chickens (Gallus gallus). A total of 30 samples consisting of 8 liver, 8 intestine, 6 leg, 5 chest and 3 heart samples were aseptically collected from 6 selected chicken shops of Meerut suspected for Escherichia coli and subjected to bacteriology and biochemical examination. 30 E. coli isolates were isolated following standard procedures. Processed each sample was cultured primarily on Peptone Bacteriology and Peptone water broth and then secondarily on MacConkey agar and then isolates are transfer on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar and Rapid HiColiform agar. Presumptive colonies of bacterial agents on media plates were subjected to conventional biochemical characterization. The result of biochemical test identified the E. coli isolates from the samples of chickens, almost 80%. The overall prevalence of E. coli was 80% and high rate of infection.
Isolation and Characterization of E.coli from Cheese Samples
Deepa Shikha Chouhan, Srishti Yadav, Namo Narayan Maurya and Purushottam S.V.P.Univ. of Agri. & Tech., Meerut-250110, U.P. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Escherichia coli (E.coli) is most versatile bacterium that normally inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, but can cause infection in other parts of body, especially the urinary tract. E.coli is Gram-negative, rod-shaped, flagellated, motile, oxidase negative, facultative anaerobe and is classified under the family Enterobateriaceae. The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of Escherichia coli isolates of cheese samples. 25 samples of cheese were collected from different region of Meerut and different companies and analyzed for the presence of E. coli isolates and subjected to bacteriology study using different biochemical testing method. Isoltion of E.coli was done by Alkaline peptone water and peptone bacteriology which streaked on MacConkey agar which gave pink coloured colonies and EMB agar medium which gave metallic sheen or greenish colonies and Rapid HiColiform agar medium which gave Blue-Greenish colonies. Only 16 (64%) samples showed the presence of E.coli. Further characterization was done only 10 (40%) samples by
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Identification test (Gram staining, Ryu‘s test) and biochemical test (Citrate utilization test, Lactose utilization test, Catalase test) shows the presence of E.coli.
Isolation and Characterization of E.coli from Milk Samples
Srishti yadav, Deepashikha chouhan, Namo Narayan Maurya and Purushottam S.V.P. Univ. of Agri & Tech , Meerut – 250110 (U. P.). E-mail:- [email protected]
ABSTRACT Escherichia coli (E.coli) is most versatile bacteria, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, flagellated, motile, oxidase negative, facultative anaerobe and is classified under the family Enterobateriaceae. The present study was undertaken to estimate the incidence of opportunistic pathogen, Escherichia coli (E. coli) in different raw milk (cow‘s and buffalo‘s etc.) and different Pasteurize milk (Amul, Family, Mother dairy, Ananda milk etc.). Twenty five milk samples (Raw and pasteurize milk ) were randomly collected and inoculated on Alkaline peptone water and peptone bacteriology which streaked on MacConkey agar which gave pink coloured colonies and EMB agar medium which gave metallic sheen or greenish colonies and Rapid HiColiform agar medium which gave Blue-Greenish colonies. The results revealed that 72%(18 samples) of samples were E.coli positive. Further characterization was done only 48% (12 samples) of samples by Gram staining, Ryu‘s test, Citrate utilization test, Lactose utilization test, Catalase test shows the presence of E.coli.
Character Association and Path Analysis Studies for Yield and Yield Attributes in Green Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
Ashish Kumar Maurya1, M. L. Kushwaha2, S. K. Jain3 and Santosh Kumar4 1Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi (U.P.) 221005; 2&3Department of Vegetable Science, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) – 263145; 4Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, I.Ag.Sc., BHU, Varanasi (U.P.) – 221005. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out in spring summer season of 2014 using 30 chilli genotypes to elucidate the association of various growth, yield and quality traits to develop a reliable set of traits for indirect selection. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design using three replications. The data were observed from five randomly selected plants from each replication for thirteen quantitative traits. The genotypic coefficients were higher in the magnitudes relative to corresponding estimates of phenotypic coefficients, which indicated high heritability of the traits under study. The fruits yield per plant exhibited highly significant positive correlation with number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and fruit body length, indicating the useful of these traits for improving upon fruit yield in chilli. Whereas it showed significantly negative correlation with days to 50 percent flowering and days to 50 percent fruiting inferred that early flowering and fruiting plants had higher yield over those having late flowering and fruiting. Path coefficient analysis revealed that
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the highest direct effect on fruit yield per plant was exerted by average fruit weight followed by number of fruits per plant, showing its more accountability for higher fruit yield. Therefore, it may be possible to improve fruit yield and quality by selecting the accessions on the basis of number of fruits, average fruit weight and fruit body length.
Characterization and Partial Purification of Cellulases from an Actinobacterium, Promicromonospora sp. VP 111
Lebin Thomas, Hari Ram and Ved Pal Singh Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110 007. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Cellulases form an important industrial enzyme system, which have applications in agricultural, biotechnological, food, animal feed, detergent, textile, paper and pulp industries, and in biofuel production. All these require a low cost availability of cellulases having specific characteristics. Accordingly, cellulases from the isolated actinobacterium, Promicromonospora sp. VP 111 were characterized and partially purified for industrial significance. The strain produced a combination of extracellular plant cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes including cellulases, xylanase and pectinase, when grown on Na-CMC, avicel, wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse. The cellulases were substantiated to be metalloproteins, as Co+2 enhanced their activities and thermostability (at 60 °C). Cellulase activities were observed in presence of surfactants including detergents (1 % w/v or v/v), denaturants (1 % w/v or v/v) and NaCl (up to 30 % w/v), but were inhibited by oxidant hydrogen peroxide (30 % v/v), tributyrin (1 % v/v) and 2-mercaptoethanol (1 % v/v). The kinetic constants Km and Vmax, estimated for the endoglucanase component of cellulases, were 0.18 g/L and 86.88 µM glucose/min, respectively, indicating high affinity for Na-CMC. Crude cellulases showed activities with the cellulosic substrates (Na-CMC, filter paper, avicel, pNPG, laminarin and cellulose powder). Partial purification by cheap methods of ammonium sulphate precipitation (80 % saturation) and dialysis enhanced the activities of CMCase and β-glucosidase by 127.77 % and 107.53 %, respectively, over the crude cellulases. Thus, cellulases from this bacterium could be cheaply produced and partially purified for applications in industries requiring characters of tolerance to detergents and high NaCl concentrations.
Effect of Potassium Nitrate on Fruit Yield, Quality and Leaf Nutrient Content of Plum
S.K. Jawandha, P.P.S. Gill, Harminder Singh and A. Thakur Department of Fruit Science, PAU Ludhiana, Punjab, India -141004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Plum is an important fruit crop of temperate climate, but its low chill varities can be grown successfully in sub-tropics. To improve the prospects of plum cultivation in sub-tropics, it is essential to improve the size and quality of fruits. Keeping it in view, the present investigation was planned to
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study the effect of foliar application of potassium nitrate on fruit yield and quality of plum cv. Satluj purple. Two foliar sprays of potassium nitrate @ 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 % , first after two weeks of full bloom and second 10 days thereafter were applied on plum plants cv. Satluj Purple. Foliar applications of KNO3 were found effective in increasing fruit yield, fruit weight and size as compared to control. Potassium nitrate applications also increased total soluble solids (TSS) content and decreased titratable acidity (TA) of fruits as compared to control. Foliar estimation of nutrients indicated higher N and K content in leaves of KNO3 sprayed plants. Among all the treatments, KNO3 @1% was found most effective to improve the yield and quality of plum fruits.
Purification and Industrial Applications of Raw Starch Hydrolyzing Acid Stable α- Amylase from Bacillus subtilis S113
Isha Kohli1, Rakesh Tuli2 and Ved Pal Singh1 1Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007; 2 University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160036, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Raw starch hydrolyzing, calcium independent, acidic α-amylase (1,4-α-D-glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.11) purified to homogeneity (19.28- fold; 22.41 % yield) using series of steps with molecular mass of 66 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE was secreted by Bacillus subtilis S113, which is an aerobic, rod shaped, endospore forming Gram +ve bacterium. The enzyme activity on starch was optimal at broad range of pH (4.5-6.5) and temperature (45-70 °C) which lies in the range of pH and temperature optima of glucamylase used in starch industry for the process of saccharification. When incubated for 1 h at pH 5.0 and temperature 80 °C, 85% and 74.23% of enzyme activities were retained respectively. On addition of 10 mM phytic acid, which is a strong enzyme inhibitor, the activity of the enzyme was not affected. Maltose was formed as an end product when reacted with substrate. The staling process of bread was also retarded on the addition of amylase to the dough, due to desalting, thus increasing its shelf life. The enzyme was able to hydrolyze raw wheat and potato starch completely when incubated for 2 h, suggesting its possible applications in starch industries.
Antifungal Activity of Parthenium hysterophorus Against Pathogenic Fungi
Sanjeev Anand1 and Amit Alexander Charan2 1Department of DNA Fingerprinting, College of Biotechnology, S. V. P. Uni. of Agri. And Technology, Meerut; 2Department of Molecular and cellular Engineering JSBB SHIATS, Allahabad. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Parthenium hysterophorus is reported as a promising remedy against hepatic amoebiasis. South American Indians use the decoction of roots to cure ambiotic dysentery, whereas parthenin, a toxin of Parthenium, is found pharmacologically active against neuralgia and certain types of
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rheumatism. The antimicrobial activity of Parthenium hysterophorus was determined against pathogenic fungi such as Curvularia, Fusarium and Helminthosporum by in vitro agar well diffusion method. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of plants leaves were evaluated against the test microorganisms. The concentrations of the plants extracts used for the antimicrobial effect against pathogens was70%. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts showed inhibitory action against all test pathogens. The maximum activity was against Fusarium and minimum antimicrobial activity was against Curvularia. The diameter of zone of inhibition of leaf extracts ranged from 9 mm to 3 mm. Based on the diameter of zone of inhibition it was concluded that methanolic leaf extracts was most potent in both extracts. These results were indicated that the leaves extracts had a potential broad spectrum towards the antibacterial activity against pathogenic microorganisms. This study can help to focus to develop a broad spectrum antibacterial combined herbal formulation with these plant extracts.
Antimicrobial Activity of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Products Against Escherichia coli
Priyanka Pal, Purushottam, Akash Tomar, R. Kumar, B.P. Dhyani and Shamsher S. V. P. Uni. of Agri. And Technology, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Azadirachta indica is a multipurpose tree which has been found to possess antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour properties and is also used as a pesticide. Neem also has immense benefits for your skin as well as hair weather it is pimples, annoying blackheads, fine lines, dandruff, hair fall so in ayurvedic text neem has been regarded as the ― sara roga nivarini‖ as it keeps all the disease at bay. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica on E. coli, were evaluated by well diffusion method. The ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica showed the zone of inhibition against E.coli and slighty inhibited the growth of E. coli with zone of inhibition diameter of 2 mm and 1mm respectively. Ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves were prepared at varying concentrations and soaked on Whatman filter paper discs, which were applied on inoculated plated of Muller Hinton agar. Azadirachta indica leaf extract was used to test antimicrobial activity against disease causing bacteria E. coli. Ethanol extracts of varying concentration 1.0 % was prepared and tested against test organisms using agar diffusion method. Streptomicin and Gentamicin of same varying concentration was used to compare the effect of antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract. This information may probably used to control the infection associated with these microorganism.
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Sustainable Agriculture for Sustaining Manking – A Review of International Literature
Shubham Lamba, V.K. Phogat and Neeraj Kumar CCS Haryana Agricultural University, 125004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The requirement of land for residence, factories and other establishments is increasing whereas land required for agriculture, forests and grazing has been shrinking. Population rise also resulted in increasing pollution, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, uncontrolled resources consumption and exploitation. Food prices are increasing, fuel, transportation and processing costs are also increasing. Soils are declining in nutrient content, desertification is occurring rapidly in dry land areas. Eroding soils, increasing resistance in insects and pests, agro-chemical pollution and persistence, decreasing yields and poverty clearly indicated that conventional agriculture is no longer suitable to meet current demands of increasing population without causing adverse effects to the environment and exploiting the resources. Keeping present scenario into consideration an alternative system of agriculture must be adopted that integrates social, biological, economical, environmental, and developmental aspects in a comprehensive manner that could develop a new farming practice. A farming practice that should not be based solely on productivity and profit rather based on principles of sustainability. All the above mentioned considerations to achieve sustainability in agriculture production system are carefully studied in various national and international literatures and reviewed in the present article which will give the comprehensive idea to the readers regarding the present scenario of Indian agriculture and what needs to be done for sustainable agriculture.
Efficacy of Various Insecticides Against Pear Psylla (Psylla pyricola Foerster) on Pear in Kashmir
Meinaz Nissar, Sushil kumar, Irham Rasool, Showkat Dar, G.M. Lone and Rafiya Mushtaq Shere Kashmir university of Agricultural sciences and technology, Kashmir, Srinagar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Pear psylla, (Psylla pyricola Foerster) is an important economic pest of pear growing regions in Kashmir For the control of Pear psylla (Psylla pyricola, F.), a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of various insecticides viz. dimethoate, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, chlorpyriphos and malathion. All the insecticides evaluated showed high efficacy against Pear psylla (Psylla pyricola F.) Among these thiacloprid 21.7 SC @ 0.4 ml/litre was most effective with the efficacy of 94.19 per cent followed by imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.4 ml/litre, dimethoate 30 EC @ 1ml/litre, chlorpyriphos 25 EC @1 ml/litre and malathion 50 EC @ 1 ml/litre with 92.64, 90.21, 89.26 and 87.11 per cent, respectively.
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Efficacy of Fungicides Against Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Blight of Carrot, Daucus carota L.
Shankar Soyal, R.P. Ghasolia and Rekha Kumawat Department of Plant Pathology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner), Jaipur (Rajasthan)–303329. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is an important root vegetable crop of Rajasthan belongs to family Umbelliferae, usually orange in colour. Carrot roots are used as a vegetable for soups, stews, curries and pies; grated roots are used as salad, tender roots as pickles. The crop suffers severely from various diseases. Alternaria leaf blight is an important disease of carrot caused by Alternaria alternata. To evaluate the efficacy of five commonly available systemic and non- systemic fungicides viz., Azoxystrobin (@ 0.1%), Carbendazim (@ 0.2%), Copper oxychloride (@ 0.25%), Mancozeb (@ 0.25%) and Chlorothalonil (@ 0.25%) against Alternaria alternata causing leaf blight of carrot was conducted under cage house conditions. These fungicides were applied as seed, foliar and seed- cum- foliar spray. Foliar spray was applied at after 30 days of sowing. Per cent disease incidence and intensity was calculated and our results indicated that chlorothalonil recorded minimum per cent disease incidence (60.00, 31.96 and 13.92) and intensity (56.00, 28.00 and 10.96) followed by azoxystrobin (68.33, 40.00 and 17.97 and 60.00, 37.00 and 14.70) in seed, foliar and seed-cum- foliar treatments. Whereas, mencozeb and copper oxycloride was observed least effective, maximum per cent disease incidence and percent disease intensity was recorded in control (88.11 and 86.10, 90.10 and 88.10, 88.12 and 82.00 followed by carnebdazim (79.20, 57.00 and 38.00 and 75.00, 52.00 and 36.00), respectively.
Function of Heterotrimeric G-protein γ Subunit RGG1 in Providing Salinity Stress Tolerance in Rice by Elevating Detoxification of ROS
Durga Madhab Swain1, Ranjan Kumar Sahoo1, Baishnab Charan Tripathy2 and Narendra Tuteja1, 3 1International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi- 110067; 2School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi – 110067; 3Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida - 201313, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The heterotrimeric G-proteins (function as signalling molecules, their roles have not been studied as extensively in plants as have been in animals. Recently, their importance in plant stress- signalling has been emerging. In this study, the function of rice G-protein γ subunit (RGG1) in the promotion of tolerance of salinity stress in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR64) has been reported. The overexpression of CaMV35S promoter driven RGG1 in transgenic rice confers high salinity stress tolerance even in the presence of 200 mM NaCl. Transcript levels of antioxidative enzymes i.e. CAT, APX and GR genes and their enzyme activities increased in salinity stressed transgenic rice plants
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suggests a better antioxidant system to cope the oxidative-damages caused by salinity stress. Thus RGG1-induced signalling events that conferred tolerance to salinity stress was mediated by increased gene expression of the enzymes that scavenge the reactive oxygen species. It has been that in RGG1 transgenic lines in salinity stressed condition the transcript levels of RGG2, RGB, RGA, DEP1 and GS3 also increases in addition to RGG1. These observations suggest that most likely the stoichiometry of the G-protein complex is not disturbed in stress. Agronomic parameters and endogenous sugar content (glucose and fructose) and hormones (GA3, zeatin and IAA) were also seen to be higher in the transgenic plants when compared with the wild type plants. Furthermore BiFC assay confirmed the interaction of RGG1 with different stress responsive proteins which play active role in signalling and prevention of aggregation of proteins under stress induced perturbation. This study will help in understanding the G-protein-mediated stress tolerance in plants.
Effect of Genotype and Planting Geometry on Flower Quality and Vase Life of Gladiolus (Gladiolus X Hybridus Hort.)
Balram Meena, S.K. Moond, C.K. Arya, Pravin Singh, Dhara Singh and Yogendra Sharma College of Horticulture and Forestry (Agriculture University, Kota), Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar-326023 (Rajasthan). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during Winter season of 2014-15 to study ―Effect of genotype and planting geometry on flower quality and vase life of gladiolus (Gladiolus x hybridus Hort.)‖ having 12 treatment combinations of two genotypes (V1- American Beauty and V2- Psittacinus Hybrid-1) and six spacings (S1- 15 cm x 15 cm, S2- 20 cm x 20 cm, S3- 30 cm x 15 cm, S4- 30 cm x 20 cm, S5- 30 cm x 30 cm, S6- 40 cm x 30 cm) laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications at College of Horticulture & Forestry, Jhalawar (Raj.). The treatment V1S1 (American Beauty + 15 cm x 15 cm spacing) was recorded minimum days to spike emergence (64.07 days), days to first floret opening from spike emergence (12.20 days) while maximum was recorded in V2S6 (American Beauty + 40 cm x 30 cm spacing). Whereas the treatment V1S6 (American Beauty + 40 cm x 30 cm spacing) was noticed maximum number of florets per spike (15.60), floret diameter (9.84 cm), number of florets opened at a time in field (5.93), vase life of spikes (13.67 days), water uptake by spikes (35.50 ml) and number of florets open at a time (5.53) while minimum was recorded in V2S1 (Psittacinus Hybrid-1 + 15 cm x 15 cm spacing). Therefore, it may be concluded that the treatment combination cv. American Beauty with 40 cm x 30 cm spacing could be suggested for imprudent of flower quality and vase life of gladiolus.
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An Emerging Disease of Rice - Bakanae Disease and Their Prevalence and Incidence in Western Uttar Pradesh, India
Sachin Kumar Jain, Kamal Khilari, Prashant Mishra, Mukesh and Satpal Singh Department of Plant Pathology, S. V. P. Uni. of Agri. & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut-250110. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Bakanae disease caused by Fusarium moniliformae Sheldon [Teleomorph- Gibberella fujikuroi] is a major rice disease in many rice growing countries including India. It is emerging as major problem of basmati rice in basmati producing areas of India and causing serious losses in basmati rice production. The symptoms of bakanae disease appear at all stages of crop from nursery to the maturity. To known the prevalence and incidence of bakanae disease, a survey was conducted during September, 2015 in the five districts (Meerut, Hapur, Gaziabad, Baghpat and Shamli) of Western U.P. During survey, it was observed that commonly grown rice varieties by the farmers of these districts are PB-1121, PB-1509, PB-1, Sarbati, and Sughandha-5. Among these varieties most preferred basmati rice variety is PB-1121 which was growing in 92 fields of 130 rice fields followed by PB-1509. Out of these five varieties, maximum bakanae disease prevalence (100%) was observed in PB-1121 followed by 80% in PB-1509. The incidence of bakanae disease was observed in range of 3.4-7.8% in PB-1121 in all surveyed districts. Maximum disease incidence 7.8% was observed in Baghpat district followed by Hapur (6.7%). In all five districts, over all maximum average disease incidence (5.32%) was observed in PB-1121 variety.
DNA Profiling and Inter-relationship Among Soybean Cultivars Using Random Primers
Partha Ray Choudhury1,2, S.K. Pandey3, Rajesh Kumar Gupta4, Vikram Singh Meena2 and Asit B. Mandal1,5 1ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Mau, UP-275101; 2ICAR-Crop Science Division, ICAR, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi-110001; 3Boston College for Professional Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, MP- 474006; 4ICAR-NRC on Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, Pusa, New Delhi-110012; 5ICAR-CRIJAF, Barrackpore, West Bangal-700120. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT DNA being the only basis in effecting genetic differences between distinct organisms, fingerprinting of DNA offers appropriate method of biological individualization through establishing genetic purity\variety identification in the IPR regime. RAPD primer directs amplification of several discrete loci in the genome, making the assay useful for efficient screening of nucleotide sequence polymorphism between individuals. As primers modified by a single nucleotide produce different banding profiles, RAPD technique can generate polymorphisms between very closely related genotypes. Nineteen promising cultivars of soybean grown across India in diverse agro-climatic zones having morphological diversity and varied parentage were selected for molecular polymorphism studies. In the present study, 10 RAPD primers led to amplification of 56 fragments ranging from
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about 3,300 bp (by OPT 1) to 500 bp (OPP 15), out of which 50 (89.29%) bands were found to be polymorphic. The level of polymorphism ranged from 50% (by OPP 19) to 100% (by OPP 6, 8, 12, 15 and OPT 13). On an average 5.6 bands per primer were obtained and all the primers produced polymorphic banding pattern indicating proper selection and usefulness of the selected primers. Soybean genotype used in the present study have got a wide genetic base and identification of genetic differences among those cultivars by DNA polymorphism could be very important for chalking out further breeding strategies.
Molecular Characterization in a Set of Cucumber Germplasm Using SSR Markers
Rahul Kumar1, T.K. Behera1, A.D. Munshi1 and Mamta Singh2 1Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi; 2ICAR- Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A total of 78 distinct cucumber germplasms were collected from different regions of India and abroad. Diversity analysis was done on selected 78 cucumber varieties using SSR markers. A total of 15 SSR markers were selected from different location in the genome. All the SSR markers were found polymorphic and a total of 71 alleles were amplified ranging from 3 to 7 with a mean of 4.7 alleles per locus. The allele size ranged from 125 bp to 300 bp across markers, which reveals a high level of genetic diversity. PIC value had an average value of 0.61 across all the accessions. Out of 15 SSRs, The gene diversity for SSRs ranged from 0.29 to 0.78 with an average of 0.66. The range of PIC was from 0.26 to 0.74. The PIC value for most of the SSR loci was more than 0.5 which shows that these markers express the ability to discriminate between the genotypes. In the SSR-based UPGMA tree, cucumber genotypes were grouped into 11 clusters. Cluster eight was the largest group consisting 11 cucumber genotypes. The result of cluster analysis was further elucidated and supported by PCA. The analyses showed that the inbreds were distributed in all the four quadrangles, signifying their genetic variability. SSR-based PCA clustered the accessions closely agreed with the UPGMA based tree. The first three coordinate axes accounted for 25.8 % of the variation observed. According to SSR markers, percentages of genetic variation within population were 76%. The diverse germplasm set of current study analyzed by molecular markers can be utilized to enhance the genetic base of the cultivated cucumber through breeding.
Genetic Variability and Character Association for Yield and Quality Traits in Pumpkin
Arvind Nagar, A.K. Sureja, A.D. Munshi and Rakesh Bhardwaj Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The scarceness of research on the development of high yielding, nutritionally enrich varieties of pumpkin compels us to undertake this study. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to
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estimate the extent genetic variability and character association for yield and quality traits in 76 genotypes of pumpkin spring-summer season of the year 2014. The experimental results revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits under study. On the basis of mean performance for different mineral and yield traits, the genotype DPU-6, DPU-26 and DPU-51-3 were found most promising. Further, high heritability estimates coupled with high genetic gain were observed for all the traits under study, which indicated that these traits are under additive gene effects and are more reliable for effective selection. The correlation coefficients (phenotypic and genotypic) among different minerals along with fruit yield per plant depicts that fruit yield per plant has significantly positive association with calcium (0.187 and 0.216) and magnesium (0.149 and 0.155). Further, path coefficient analysis at genotypic level depicted that iron has maximum positive direct effect (0.374) on marketable fruit yield per plant, followed by calcium (0.198) and copper (0.037). Besides this, maximum positive indirect effect of manganese (0.331) and copper (0.265) via iron was observed on the fruit yield per plant. Therefore, hybridization between the genotypes of these groups can be very effective for further yield and quality improvement in pumpkin.
Biocontrol Potential of Cyanide Producing Pseudomonas chlororaphis for Suppression of Common Weed Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Annu Kumari1,2, Ajit Varma2 and K. Annapurna1 1Division of Microbiology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi; 2Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Weeds are associated with the loss of crop productivity and quality. Currently the most effective means of managing weeds are herbicides which account for more than 60% of all pesticides used in crop production. In 2015, glyphosate was classified as ‗probably carcinogenic herbicide. This brought the focus from chemicals to use of eco-friendly technologies for weed control in agriculture. Deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB) cause antagonistic effects through production of harmful metabolites that are absorbed by the roots. Volatile metabolite like cyanide is a potential inhibitor of enzymes involved in major plant metabolic processes. In the present study, 60 endophytic bacteria isolated from the root nodules of Glycine max (Soybean) were screened on nutrient agar medium amended with 4.4g glycine/L for HCN production. Isolate KAW1 was confirmed for HCN production. The PCR amplification of isolate KAW1 for structural gene HCN synthase (hcnABC) produced an amplicon size of 570bp which was confirmed by sequencing. Based on the in vitro HCN production, isolate KAW1 was selected for weedicidal activity against a common weed Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Dual agar plate assay was performed to check the inhibitory effect on seed germination. Isolate KAW1 strongly inhibited the germinantion of D. aegyptium and significantly affected the root growth of the weed seedlings. Pot experiment was performed to confirm the weedicidal activity of isolate KAW1 against D. aegyptium. Results revealed that there was reduction in the shoot and root biomass of inoculated plants in comparison to uninoculated control. 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing confirmed identity of KAW1 with Pseudomonas cholororaphis. Our results suggest that HCN producing Pseudomonas chlororaphis could be employed as potential biological control
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agent against D. aegyptium. This would be a novel eco-friendly technology for controlling weeds in agricultural systems.
Effect of Phosphorus Levels on Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)
Laleeta Suryawanshi, S.S. Kushwah and Jayashri Barcchiya Department of Vegetable Science, RVSKVV, Gwalior campus College of Horticulture, Mandsaur – 458001 (MP), India. [email protected]
ABSTRACT An experiment was carried out at College of Horticulture, Mandsaur campus of RVSKVV Gwalior during kharif season 2012-13 at vegetable research farm to study the effect of phosphorus levels on growth, yield, yield parameters and quality in cow pea. The experiment comprised fifteen treatments in which 3 varieties; V1 (Kashi Kanchan), V2 (Kashi Shyamal and V3 (Kashi Gouri) were tested with five phosphorus levels P1 (0 kg/ha), P2 (30 kg/ha), P3 (60 kg/ha), P4 (90 kg/ha) and P5 (120 kg/ha) with three replications. The result showed that significant influence of varieties and phosphorus levels on growth parameters, yield and quality parameters. It was observed that increasing level of phosphorus increased growth, yield and quality parameters. Phosphorus level P5 increased plant height (53.86 cm), number of leaves (37.11), number of branches (18.14), number of pods per plant (11.89), pod length(32.33), seed yield per plant (13.02g) protein content (27.21g/100g) and 100 seed weight (18.10g). Similarly, Kashi Shyamal (V2) showed superior performance for growth attributes, yield attributes, yield and quality. Interaction of variety and phosphorus level (V x P) also show the significant effect for number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, and weight of 100 seed.
Comparative Performance of Gladiolus cv. Forta Rosa Under Different Environmental Conditions on Growth and Flowering
Shivani Singh and Santosh Kumar Department of Horticulture, GovindBallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-263145. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT An investigation was conducted with a view to observing the performance of Forta Rosa gladiolus genotypes during the winter season under under different environmental conditions, viz, open field (T1), shade net (T2) and polyhouse (T3) which was laid out using randomized block design with eight replications with three treatments . The study indicated that the effect of high temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide concentration under protected condition gave the best performance of plant characters in respect of economic yield. The various cha racters like plant height at 30, 60 & 90 days after planting i.e (55.66 cm, 69.67 cm and 110.02 cm) respectively, number of leaves (8.55), spike length (115.98 cm) & rachis length (96.02 cm),number of florets per spike(18.13), fresh weight of corm per plant (81.88 g),corm diameter (7.88 cm) respectively were observed highest under
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polyhouse condition, whereas, parameters like days taken to spike heading (89.88 days), days to opening of basal floret (95.38 days),floret diameter (10.36 cm), days to full bloom (159.50days), number of corms per plant (1.75),number of cormels per plant (172.38),fresh weight of cormel per plant was recorded under shade net condition T2 (16.49 g) recorded maximum in shade net condition.
Seed Quality Assessment in Naturally Aged Seed Lots of Coriander
Anil Kumar, S.K. Tehlan and J.K. Nandal Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an important spice crop grown throughout the country for its leaves as well as seeds. It has been found to be remunerative crop in rabi season and a very economic crop in the medicinal and aromatic plants based cropping system. The seeds have a great demand for domestic consumption as well as for export and therefore, assume great importance in the national economy. It is a well known fact that quality seeds combining high viability and vigour ensure better establishment of crop in the field. Since the viability of carryover seed lots deteriorates rapidly; therefore, the prior assessment of seed quality is important to plant only the viable seed in the coming season. In the present investigation, three seed lots of ten varieties/genotypes of coriander having the corresponding age of ½ (Lot-A), 1½ (Lot-B) and 2½ (Lot-C) years of each were subjected to study the effect of natural ageing on different seed quality parameters. The viability and vigour of seed lots declined to varying degree in different genotypes of coriander during ambient storage. The germination percent of all genotypes remained above the Indian Minimum Seed Certif ication Standard (60%) limit in six and 18 months old seeds. Significant decline in germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, vigour index-I, vigour index-II, tetrazolium test, dehydrogenase activity and emergence rate index was observed as the age of seeds increased, however, this decline was more rapid in 2½ years old seeds stored under ambient conditions. Electrical conductivity of seed leachates increased significantly with increase in the age of the seeds. Among the cultivars, the genotypes DH-266 retained maximum germination followed by DH-208 and DH-206 after 2½ years of ambient storage.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Performance of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cv. “Prajwal” as Influenced by Planting Time and Spacing Under Field Experiment
Prince, G.S. Rana, D.S. Dahiya, S.K. Sehrawat and Arvind Malik Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Polianthes tuberosa is a member of family Asparagaceae. It can be cultivated both in tropical and sub tropical condition. All flower lovers like tuberose due to its luxuriant vegetative growth, pretty and fragrant spikes, which have long vase life and transportability and fill a useful place in the flower market. It is used as vase decoration, bouquets, making veni, garland, button-holes or crown and frequently used during marriage or religious ceremonies. Due to varied agro climatic conditions prevailing in India tuberose is planted at different dates in different parts of the country. It is planted in February and March in the plains and in April and May in the hills. Spacing between plants is particularly important for the cultivation of tuberose to maximize flower quality and quantity characteristics. Beds were prepared by maintaining plot bed size 1.20 × 1.20 m for planting of bulbs. Total number of beds prepared was thirty six. Prajwal variety of tuberose was selected for the study. The planting was done at fortnight intervals starting in last week of March, second week of April, last week of April and second week of May in 2013. Bulbs were planted at three different spacing (20 × 10 cm, 20 × 20 cm, 20 × 30 cm). For collection of data from the field, ten plants were selected randomly and tagged in each treatment (plot) sparing the border plants. Planting time and spacing interaction showed significant change in number of florets per spike. Last week of April planting (T3) of bulbs resulted in production of maximum number of florets per spike (46.30) with wider spacing (20 × 30 cm), while last week of March showed minimum number of florets per spike (32) at closer spacing (20 × 10 cm).
Development of Early Diagnostic of Alternaria blight Disease in Brassica juncea
Mohd Tasleem, Sanjay Ranjan and Gohar Taj Department of MBGE, CBSH, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar- Uttarakhand. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss] is an important Rabi oilseeds crop. India is one of the major mustard growing countries of the world. According to USDA report, the total production of Rapeseed mustard in 2015-2016 is decreased by 6.35% in the World and 4.91% in India as compare to previous year 2014-2015. Slightly decrease oilseed production is due to biotic as well as abiotic factors. Alternaria blight is one of the most important diseases of mustard that leads to major yield losses as well as deterioration in quality of oilseeds. Early detection and correct identification of fungal pathogens is of primary importance in determining the most effective course of treatment to prevent the spread of fungi causing plant disease and post harvest storage losses. Thus
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in many aspects of plant pathology, there is a need for assay systems such as immunoassays that are specific, sensitive and quick to confirm visual systems, to detect early and latent infections before symptoms are visible. We developed a polyclonal antibody against lyophilized Alternaria brassicae mycelia. To check the pathogenic effect of A. brassicae in different isolates of Brassica juncea (Varuna, Kranti, Krishna, PR-20, PAB, Divya, Pant Rai), total proteins were isolated and performed dot blot assay using anti-A. brassicae antibody. In this study, highly significant results were found and can be used to develop a potential kit for early diagnosis of A. blight disease in mustard.
Effect of Jasmonic Acid on Antioxidant Activity and Cell Death Enzymes (Metacaspases) Alternaria brassicae-Arabidopsis System
Snigdha Tiwari, Dinesh Pandey and Anil Kumar Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar-263145. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In India, rapeseed and mustard is an economically important oilseed crop, affected by a number of diseases which limit productivity of the crop over a wide area. Among them Alternaria blight disease caused by Alternaria brassicae, hemibiotrophic in nature and shows more propensity towards necrotrophy. In case of necrotrophic pathogens, ROS accumulation and induction of cell death occurs which leads to pathogen colonization, progression and symptom development. Jasmonic acid (JA) acts as a defence signal against this necrotrophic pathogen by triggering Induced Systemic Resistance., disease progression can be controlled by suppression of programmed cell death (PCD) through stimulation of jasmonate dependent pathway leading to resistance against Alternaria blight. Therefore the aim of the present study is to determine the effect of JA on disease resistance in two ecotypes (WS and Columbia) of Arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with the pathogen and treated with or without exogenous application of JA by examining the antioxidative enzymes activities of CAT, APX, GPx, MDA and metacaspase gene expression during Alternaria brassicae infection. It was found that methyl jasmonate treatment is effective in decreasing the disease incidence by lowering the disease index in both susceptible (WS) and tolerant ecotype (Col), also enhances the antioxidant activities of enzymes and decreases MDA level. In addition, JA treatment reduces the expression of metacaspase 1and 7. Together these data indicates that JA mediated defence response against the disease by reducing the level of ROS and cell death enzymes.
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Integrated Pest Management – Balanced Approach for Sustainable Plant Health Management
Sunaina Bisht1, Rekha Balodi2, Vimla Singh1 and Meena Shekhar1 1ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand -263145. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Harmful insects, fungal, viral, nematodes and bacterial pathogens, rodents, and weeds are major constraints to agricultural production .They cause chronic qualitative and quantitative losses of up to 40% of the attainable yield in major food and cash crops. Further significant losses occur after harvest because of inappropriate storage methods that fail to protect the harvest from animal pests and pathogens. In addition, toxins produced by fungi in stored products have severe impacts on human and animal health, and are responsible for enormous losses for trade in global markets. Improvements in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) can lead to sound crop health management programs that contribute to resolving the unprecedented challenge of food security faced by international community, particularly contexts of climate change, trade globalization, environmental protection, and poverty alleviation. Because of recent advances in the field of plant protection, IPM can produce definite outputs and outcomes with practical applications for improved crop health, sustainable agriculture, and global food security and safety. Reducing pre- and post-harvest losses caused by pests is a significant contribution towards improved food security and safety, and better market access. Traditional and modern pest management technologies need to be combined in new packages to operate in different socio- economic and ecological contexts. Substantial increases in food production can be attained relatively quickly by upgrading IPM strategies and linking them to the other sciences with an impact on crop health as a whole. Success in the near future requires a more balanced approach to the management of crop health and a significant improvement in the approaches and scientific methods of IPM used to address crop losses. There is a need to move away from isolated single-pest management towards crop health in general that is consistent with farmers‘ concerns of pest control.
Detached Leaf and Field Testing Methods to Determine Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Resistance to Downy Mildew in India
J.C. Bommesh, M. Pitchaimuthu, S. Sriram, A.T. Sadashiva, K.V. Ravishankar and P. Nandeesha ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesarghatta. Bengaluru – 560089 (India). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Forty-one accessions of cucumber including wild species (Cucumis metuliferus L.) collected from different geographical regions were screened for downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis
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(Berk. & Curt.) resistance in field and detached leaf methods. The field experiment was conducted in randomized complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru. Mean ratings for downy mildew leaf damage ranged from 1 to 9 on a 0 to 9 scales and percent disease incidence (PDI) were calculated. IIHR- 438 and Cucumis metuliferus L. recorded 17.66% and 17.46% PDI with AUDPC of 760.77 & 731.66 respectively. Based on result obtained we classified 2 accessions as moderately resistant (11-20%), 1 accessions as moderately susceptible (21-40%), 10 accessions as susceptible (41-60), and 28 accessions as highly susceptible (>60%). The selected cucumber genotypes were screened for conformation of result with detached leaf assay, the result was correlated with field screening, IIHR-438 and Cucumis metuliferus L. resistance genotypes are shown least PDI and spore load of 15.6 X 10-4/ml & 19 X 10-4/ml through haemocytometer respectively. No accession was found immune/highly resistance to downy mildew. However, resistance sources were observed in experiment are IIHR-438 and Cucumis metuliferus L. that could be useful for the breeding for resistance to P. cubensis in cucumber for tropical condition of India.
Evaluation of Physicochemical, Nuritional and Digestibility Characteristics of Lentil Cultivars
Shailini Gaur Rudra, Harsh Kumar Dikshit and Charanjit Kaur Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012 India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Improved lentil cultivars L 4147, L 4076 and L 4596 were evaluated for minerals and amino acids content, in-vitro starch digestibility and starch properties. L 4596 and L 4076 were found to be rich in grain iron and zinc concentrations respectively. L 4147 exhibited higher total amino acid content whereas, L 4596 exhibited higher essential amino acids. Significant variation in swelling power, pasting profile, temperature sweep of starches derived from these cultivars was recorded due to variation in inherent amylose content and crystallinity (XRD profile). Swelling power (SP) was modelled using Power law (R2 = 0.98) and its temperature dependency was found similar to the temperature-sweep rheological curves. The rate of in-vitro starch hydrolysis of cooked lentils was found to be inversely proportional to amylose content. In terms of essential amino acids content, the chemical scores (CS) ranged from 64 to 68, with tryptophan being the limiting amino acid in these varieties. Highest E/T ratio was recorded for green seeded variety L 4596. Histidine was found to have highest CS while glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid. The amount of rapidly digesting starches and the resistant starch was highest for L 4147 followed by L 4596. Phenolics and antioxidant activity was highest for L 4147 followed by L 4076. Green seeded cultivar L 4596 exhibited better nutritional value, digestibility and cooking characteristics.
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Estimation of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Association of Green Fodder Yield with Contributing Traits in Napier Grass [Pennisetum purpureum schum.]
Santosh Kumar, C. Babu, S. Revathi and K. Iyanar Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Napier grass, being robust, quick growing perennial allotetraploid fodder crop with repeated cutting ability is of quite importance for sustaining the animal population and maintaining its productivity. The analysis of variance in the present study showed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied, indicating the presence of adequate variability in the experimental material of Napier grass. Moderate PCV and moderate GCV were noticed for all the characters except green fodder yield, crude fat, crude fibre and leaf length. High heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for plant height, number of nodes in main culm, number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per tiller, leaf width, leaf weight, stem weight, leaf stem ratio, dry matter per cent, crude protein and crude fat indicating the lesser environmental influence and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance. In association study, number of tillers per plant, leaf length and dry matter content had exhibited positive correlation and leaf stem ratio correlated negatively with green fodder yield per plant. Thus, the trait, number of tillers per plant and dry matter content having additive gene action and being positively correlated with green fodder yield can be used as selection criteria in further breeding programme for improvement of both fodder yield and quality.
In Vitro Shoot Regeneration and Heterosis Studies in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill.)
Anil Bhushan and RK Gupta Division of Vegetable Science & Floriculture, FOA, Main Campus Chatha, SKUAST-J. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In vitro regeneration of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill.) has been a subject of research because of the commercial value of the crop and its amenability for further improvement via genetic manipulation. Plant tissue/cell culture is a key facilitator component in genetic transformations using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, electroporation and particle bombardment. Genotypic differences have been reported widely by various workers under in vitro conditions in tomato but no work on heterosis for shoot regeneration under plant tissue culture system have been reported so far. Therefore, the present study besides developing a reliable, cost effective and reproducible protocol for fast multiplication of tomato shoots reported for the first time the heterosis for adventitious shoot regeneration. Heterotic effects of tomato hybrids viz. TH802 and TH2312 along with their respective parents i.e. Haelani x Accession-2 and VFN-8 x Punjab chuhara were estimated on adventitious shoot regeneration using different gelling agents (agar, isabgol and sago
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starch) under in vitro conditions. The results revealed 11.5%, 8% and 15.1% mid parent heterosis and 2.4%, 3.1% and -6.1% better parent heterosis in tomato hybrid TH802 where as in tomato hybrid TH2312, 1.7%, 3.9% and -1.7% mid parent heterosis and 0%, 1.3% and -7.3% better parent heterosis was recorded in terms of shoot multiplication with MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l BAP gelled with agar, isabgol and sago starch respectively. Rooting was induced in all the genotypes on MS basal medium and the results revealed 38.4% mid parent and 17.6% better parent heterosis in hybrid TH802 and 1.2% and 11.4% mid parent and better parent heterosis in hybrid TH2312 was recorded. It was concluded that superior performance of hybrids under field conditions can also be extended under in vitro conditions as manifested in terms of maximum shoot multiplication rate using isabgol as gelling agent.
Influence of Growing Media and Indole Butyric Acid on Damask Rose Cuttings (Rosa damascena. Mill) var. Ranisahiba
Vikas Kumar Khatik and Ashutosh Mishra Department of Floricultureand Landscaping, College of Horticulture and Forestry, (Agriculture University, Kota) Jhalrapatan, Jhalawar-326023 (Raj.).E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present experiment was carried out at the Instructional farm of College of Horticulture & Forestry, Jhalrapatan, Jhalawar, 2012-2013 to standardize the growing media and IBA concentration for the rooting of damask rose (R. damascena.Mill) var. Ranisahiba cuttings. The trial was conducted in strip-plot design with 3 replications and 25 treatment combination of different growing media & IBA concentration. Results indicate that the combination of growing media and IBA significantly influenced the rooting of damask rose cuttings. The overall best performance was recorded in the cuttings treated with 200 ppm IBA and grown in the mixture of soil + sand + vermicompost (2:1:1) for the parameters like early sprouting (7.75 days), highest number of leaves per cutting (8.25), leaflet length (3.65 cm), roots per cutting (20.25 roots), length of root (7.05 cm), rooted cuttings (71.75%) and field survival percentage (71.25%), respectively. Among all the concentration of IBA and different media, rooting of rose cuttings treated with 200 ppm IBA under soil + sand + vermicompost (2:1:1) gave good results. The growing media and IBA early sprouting (14.00 days), highest number of leaves per cutting (3.25), leaflet length (2.25 cm), leaflet width (1.30 cm), roots per cutting (4.00 roots), length of root (2.93 cm) and field survival percentage (38.25 %) recorded least value for the rooting with control in soil medium.
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Biochemical Changes in Potato Cultivars and Different Sized Potato Tubers During Room Temperature Storage
Archana Brar, M.K. Rana and Vineeta Pandey CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Potato is an important global food source and one of the most important sources of starch. This present experiment was conducted on the four cultivars of potato i.e., V1: Kufri Badshah, V2: Kufr Bahar, V3: Kufri Pukhraj, V4: Kufri Pushkar on the Complete Randomized Design (factorial) in four replication and was carried out in Laboratory of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during spring-summer season of 2012. Un-damaged and apparently healthy tubers with three sizes i.e., S1: up to 25 g, S2: > 25- 50 g, S3: >50-75 g, S4: >75 g weight were selected to study the keeping quality. The experiment was started by keeping 4 kg healthy clean tubers of three different sizes for each genotype in hessian cloth bag at room temperature in four replications to evaluate the effect of tuber size on keeping quality of potato varieties to assess the quality changes in potato tubers during storage. Dry matter content of potato tubers increased with the increase in storage period, which might be due to the continuous loss of water from the tubers through transpiration. Starch was found to be positively correlated to dry matter and specific gravity. The non-reducing sugars increased continuously up to 45 days of storage and then decreased up to the last of experimental observation. The accumulation of reducing sugars and total sugars after 45 days of storage could be attributed to the dormancy release and onset of sprouting as the varieties showed sprouting, which continued to increase up to the end of storage. There was a negative correlation between the potato tuber size and phenol content.
Growth and Quality Parameters of Bed Planted Barley Cultivars in Relation to Planting Geometry and Moisture Regimes
Naveen Kumar, Suresh Kumar, S.K. Kakraliya and Mohinder Singh Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2011-2012 at Research Farm CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana (India) in a semi-arid climate to study the growth and quality parameters of barley cultivars in relation to planting geometary and moisture regimes planted on raised beds. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications keeping three cultivars viz., BH 393, BH 902 and BH 885 and two planting geometary viz, 2 rows per bed and 3 rows per bed (70 cm wide with 40 cm top and 30 cm furrow) in main plots and three moisture regimes irrigation at IW/CPE 0.3 (one irrigation at 90 DAS), 0.4 (two irrigations at 81 and 111 DAS) & 0.5 (two irrigations at 73 and 107 DAS) in sub plots. Growth parameters and biomass yield were maximum in BH 902 as compared to rest of the cultivars. The difference was also significant between BH 393 and
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BH 885. Among planting geometry growth parameters was higher in 3 rows per bed which resulted into significantly higher biomass yield as compared to 2 rows per bed. Among three moisture regimes, Irrigation at IW/CPE 0.5 resulted into significantly higher growth parameters and biomass yield than irrigation at IW/CPE 0.3, but statistically similar to irrigation at IW/CPE 0.4. The protein content was also recorded highest in BH 902 and irrigation at IW/CPE 0.3 whereas, hectoliter weight was highest in BH 885 and irrigation at IW/CPE 0.5. Quality of barley was not affected significantly by planting geometary.
Effect of Foliar Application of Micronutrients on Physio-chemical and Yield Characteristics of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Cv. L-49
Mahaveer Suman, T.B. Tambe, Pooja R Bhosale and S.V. Dubalgunde Fruit Research Station, Himayatbagh, Aurangabad (Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (Maharashtra). E-Mail- [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field study was carried out at the Fruit Research Station, Himayatbagh, Aurangabad, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, during 2014-2015. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 12 treatments and three replications. Observations were recorded on growth, physical and quality characters of guava. The maximum fruit weight, fruit volume, diameter of fruit , diameter of seed cavity, pulp thickness, TSS, ascorbic acid, reducing sugar, total sugar, sugar acid ratio and minimum acidity were recorded under treatment T11 (boric acid @ 0.3% + ferrous sulphate @ 0.4% + magnesium sulphate @ 0.7% + manganese sulphate @ 0.5% + zinc sulphate @ 0.5% + copper sulphate @ 0.4%) while maximum pectin content and minimum total days taken for first harvesting and complete harvesting were recorded under treatment T10 (boric acid @ 0.3% + ferrous sulphate @ 0.4% + magnesium sulphate @ 0.7% + manganese sulphate @ 0.5% + zinc sulphate @ 0.5%).
Effect of Synthetic Kairomone on the Recognition of Host Finding Ability of Trichogramma chilonis
Monika Gupta1, Bishwajeet Paul2 and Sharda Singh2 1Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida (U.P) – 201303; 2Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India. Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Hydrocarbon profile of whole body washes of host insect, Pieris brassicae and Spodoptera litura, revealed the kairomonal activity against Trichogramma chilonis in terms of parasitoid activity index (PAI) and percent parasitisation. Hydrocarbon profile of host insect body washes elucidated by gas chromatography indicated the presence of various saturated hydrocarbons in the range of C9 to C31 with varying quantities. Nine different synthetic kairomones were evaluated for the host finding
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ability of T. chilonis under laboratory conditions. The synthetic kairomones were chosen based on the experiments conducted using body washes of P. brassicae and S. litura adults (both male and female). In P. brassicae, females C3 (100ppm) and C5 (10,000ppm) concentrations and in males C4 (1000ppm) concentration showed highest PAI and per-cent parasitisation. While in S. litura, females C5 (10,000ppm) concentration and in males C4 (1000ppm) and C5 (10,000ppm) concentrations were found to be more attaractive to the parasitoid. The presence of favourable hydrocarbons could be the reason for highest PAI and percent parasitisation.
Bacillus aryabhattai (D5) a Potential Biocontrol Agent Against Pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum in Crocus sativus L.
Shanu Magotra and Jyoti Vakhlu School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, (180006), India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Crocus sativus L, Saffron, is the world‘s costliest spice with medicinal value and one kg costs around 11,000 US $ (1). Several biotic and abiotic factors are known to have adverse effect on the Saffron cultivation. Among the biotic causes, corm rot is the most destructive disease world over, severely damaging Saffron fields of J&K, India also (2). Presently disease control is emphasized on the use of resistant varieties, however; due to vegetative mode of reproduction it is difficult to produce resistance cultivars of Saffron plant (5). The use of chemicals is effective but still expensive and overuse causes serious environmental problems and therefore the development of non-chemical alternative methods is the need of the hour (3). Biological biocontrol and biofertilzer agents are required for sustainable production of saffron and defense against the corm rot disease. Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. have successfully been formulated and commercially available. Bacillus based bioformulations are more stable because of their ease of colonizing rhizosphere, longer shelf-life and spore forming ability (4). Present study aims at the isolation of native biocontrol agents and testing them against the established rot causing pathogen. Samples were collected from Pampore district in Kashmir (October-November‘ 2014). To specifically isolate and characterize the bacillus species associated with the rhizosphere, cormosphere and field soil of saffron, dilutions were pre- heated at 80℃ for 20 min and then plated out on three different media. In all, 250 bacillus isolates were obtained out of which only 13 showed multiple plant growth promoting activities which were then identified by 16S ribotyping. Out of these 13 isolates, Bacillus aryabhattai (KT228251) was found to be potential candidate as Biocontrol agent showing maximum siderophore and phosphate activity along with antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum (KF663598). Bioformulation was used for field trials and there was substantial increase in the root and shoot length and number, corm weight, flower number and decrease in disease incidence. Further we will be commercializing our product for better grown and disease free Saffron.
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Effect of Different pH, Temperature and Media on Radial Growth of Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus djamor)
Satpal Singh, Gopal Singh, Sachin Kumar Jain, Shidhart N. Rahul, Shashank Mishra, Vipin Kumar, Satish Chand and Sonika Tyagi1 Department of Plant Pathology, SVPUA&T, Meerut- 250110, UP; 2Department of Biotechnology, MIET, Meerut- 250005,UP, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In India, oyster mushrooms are particularly interesting as one kind of popular foods. The present study was conducted with the aim of finding out the most favourable temperature, pH and different media on radial growth rate were assessed on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA). Study was carried out to check the effect of temperature (23 - 28°C), pH (6.9 - 8.1) and different media (Potato dextrose agar, Chickpea extract agar, Pigeon pea extract agar, Barley extract, Black gram extract agar, and Oat extract agar) on the radial growth of Pleurotus djamor. Optimum temperature and pH for growth was 28 °C and 7.5 respectively. Maximum radial growth was observed when Barley extract agar was used as media.
Studies on Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch ex Poir.)
Mekala Srikanth, S G Bharad, Thulasiram L.B and N R Potdukhe Department of Horticulture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola - 444 001, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The presence of genetic variability in a crop population is important for successful plant breeding. This pleas for an evaluation of genotypes to study the variability. The present study was planned to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance among the twenty three genotypes of pumpkin conducted at Main Garden, Department of Horticulture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replication. Analysis of variance showed that there was a high significant variation for all of the studied traits between genotypes. In the present investigation PCV was higher than the GCV for all the characters indicating the substantial modifying effect of environment in the expression of all traits studied. The highest GCV as well as PCV was observed for vine length at 90 DAS, fruit cavity, number of seeds per fruit, rind thickness and number of fruits per vine. The highest estimates of heritability (in broad sense) recorded for fruit cavity followed by inter nodal length, yield per vine, yield per hectare, average fruit weight and vine length at 45 DAS. Highest genetic advance (as per cent of mean) was observed for the characters fruit cavity followed by vine length at 45 DAS. However, it ranged from (72.32 to 3.44%) for all the characters. Therefore, selection of superior genotypes in view point of desirable morphologic traits, with high genetic distance could be selected
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for hybridization programme and recognition of best genotypes for different traits to produce new elite hybrids in pumpkin.
Influence of Sowing Dates and Thinning Management on Growth, Yield Attributes and Relative Economics of Brown Sarson (Brassica rapa L.)
Saba Shafai, Bilal Ahmad Lone, Raihana Habib Kanth, Rehana Mohi-ud-din and Aijaz Nazir Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir 190025. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT An experiment was carried out at KVK, Shuhama, during Rabi 2011-12. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four replications. The treatments included three sowing dates (Ist October, 15th October and 30th October) and six thinning managements (10 days after emergence, last week of November, last week of February, 50% at 10 days after emergence and 50% at last week of November, 50% at 10 days after emergence and 50% at last week of February, and 50% at last week of November and 50% at last week of February) assigned to main and sub plots, respectively. The findings of the study indicated that sowing on Ist October was found to cause significant improvement in various growth and yield attributes viz; plant height, number of leaves per plant, green area index, dry matter accumulation siliquae plant-1, seeds plant-1 and 1000 seed weight. Relative economics, seed and straw yield were also maximum when sowing was done on Ist October. Among the different thinning management treatments, 50% thinning at 10 days after emergence and remaining 50% at last week of November improved growth characters and thereby recorded highest yield attributes which resulted in increase in the biological yield as well as economic yield. The maximum net profit ha-1 also showed the same trend. Result of the present study indicated that for achieving higher seed yield along with improved quality characters, sowing of brown sarson under Kashmir conditions should be done on Ist October and that thinning should be done 50% after 10 days of emergence and remaining 50% thinning in last week of November.
Morphological and Growth Characteristics of Newly Introduced Exotic Apple Varieties on M9T337 Rootstock in Kashmir Valley
Rafiya Mushtaq, Ashaq Pandit, Mohammad Tauseef Ali, M. A. Mir, Shahid Qayoom and Meinaz Nissar SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The study was undertaken to make a preliminary assessment for morphological and growth characteristics of new exotic apple varieties viz., Super Chief Sandidge, Gala Red Lum, Fuji Zehn Aztec, and Golden Clone B imported from Italy on M9T337 rootstock and planted at a distance of 1.5× 3m on four wire trellis system (2222trees/ha) in an experimental orchard of SKUAST-K established in spring 2013. The plants of uniform size, vigor and bearing capacity were selected and
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evaluated. Following characteristics were recorded: Tree height (m), TCSA (cm2), canopy area (cm2), incremental growth of tree height (cm), shoot length (cm), number of shoots, intermodal length (cm), annual shoot extension (cm) and leaf area (cm2). Among the studied varieties, Super Chief Sandidge was observed to be highly dwarf variety in terms of tree morphology and Fuji Zehn Aztec as moderate. Growth characteristics were found highest in Golden clone B and lowest in Super Chief Sandidge. On the basis of vegetative behavior among the studied varieties, it can be suggested that in variety Super Chief Sandidge further close plantings at the rate of 3906 trees/ha can be recommended to utilize the inter-tree space more efficiently and the productivity further high.
Genetic Divergence Studies in Rice (Oryza sativa) for Yield and Yield Related Traits
Prudhvi Raj Vennela, S.K. Singh, Rajesh Singh, Varsha Gayatonde and D.K. Singh Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi- 221005 U.P. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Genetic divergence has been considered as an important factor in discriminating the genetically diverse parents for efficient and successful hybridization programme in order to get potential transgressive segregants. Multivariate analysis using Mahalanobis‘s D2 statistic has been found to be a potential biometrical tool in quantifying the degree of divergence in germplasms of crop plants. The present experiment for studies on genetic divergence was conducted with 50 genotypes of rice in Kharif-2015, at BHU, Varanasi. Using Tocher method, all 50 genotypes were grouped in to seven clusters. Out of which, cluster-III has maximum of 18 genotypes followed by cluster –I with 14 genotypes. Cluster-II, IV and VI consists of 7, 6 and 3 genotypes respectively. Cluster V and VII consists one genotype each. The intra-cluster distance was found maximum in cluster-VI (110.18) and minimum for cluster V (0.00) and VII (0.00). The inter-cluster distance was found minimum between cluster III and V (160.84). The inter-cluster distance was found maximum between cluster-I and VII (2819.53) which shows the maximum divergence between the genotypes present in those clusters. Hence, the crosses between the genotypes of cluster-I and VII may produce maximum transgressive segregants.
Effect of Moisture Stress on Key Physiological Traits in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Cultivars
R. Gobu1, B.N. Harish Babu2, Kailash Chandra1, M. Shankar1 and Omprakash1 1Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P.; 2College of Horticulture, Hiriyur, UAHS, Shivamogga, Karnataka. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Brinjal having its centre of origin in India is commonly called as aubergine or eggplant. Frequency of drought is rapidly increasing due to abrupt climate change, which made it mandatory to
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look for drought tolerant cultivars. So, the present investigation was carried out to identify the effect of moisture stress on key physiological traits and to identify the drought tolerant cultivars. Sixty five genotypes were transplanted after 25 days of sowing in three replications for moisture stress and normal conditions in pots having two plants per pot. After 15 days of transplanting, water application was withdrawn in moisture stressed pots and normal irrigation was given to other pots. Soil moisture tension was monitored using tensiometer. The observations on plant height, root length, root: shoot ratio, days to flower initiation, SPAD chlorophyll reading, relative water content and membrane stability index were recorded in both moisture stress and non-stress plants. Change in percent mean under moisture stress conditions compared to non-stress conditions was computed and found that plant height, root length and relative water content was reduced by 30.86, 21.23 and 46.85 percent respectively, whereas root: shoot ratio, membrane stability index, days to flower initiation and SPAD chlorophyll Reading were increased by 10.19, 4.13, 4.76 and 14.98 percent respectively in moisture stress condition compared to non-stress condition. Among the 65 genotypes, Pusa Shaymala, IIHR-7, IIHR-322, R-2585 and L-3268 were found to be moisture stress tolerant cultivars.
Identification of the Optimum Time of Emasculation and Pollination of Underutilized Legume – Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea (L.) Verdc.)
Kailash Chandra1, R. Nandini2, R. Gobu1, Chitti Bharat Kumar3 and Pranesh2 1IASc., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005; 2University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru-560065; 3Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Mailadumpara, Kerala- 685554. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Bambara groundnut is an African legume cultivated mainly by subsistence farmers under the traditional low input agricultural system. Varietal improvement of Bambara groundnut has been largely difficult due to the autogamous and cleistogamous flower nature of the crop. Understanding ancillary traits related to flower biology is crucial to understand the appropriate time for emasculation and pollination in order to achieve a successful cross to develop hybrids. Being an under-utilized crop, it has not received all the attention as received for other pulses, hence an investigation was carried out at University of Agricultural Sciences Bengaluru in kharif season of 2015 for the first time in India to study to standardize the time of emasculation and pollination. From this study, it was observed that the average interval between flower bud initiation and anthesis days was 4.75 days. Therefore flower buds intended for hybridization should be 2 days old from bud initiation. Furthermore, emasculation should be carried out on mature flower buds within these days. Pollination timing for making cross will play an important role in seed set so with this view pollen viability and stigma receptivity has been studied and found that best time for making cross is 1 a.m. to 3 a.m. since during this period of time pollen viability and stigma receptivity is maximum and, hence possibility of getting maximum number of crossed seed is more. The results of the present investigation explored the opportunities of utilizing information in order to develop hybrids with multiple desired characters.
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Response of Metal-Oxides-Nanoparticle on Yields Attributing Parameters in Mustard (Brassica nigra L.) Varieties
Supriya Tripathi, Sanghdeep Gautam, Pragati Misra, P.W. Ramteke and Pradeep Kumar Shukla Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University) Allahabad 211007, UP, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Mustard (Brassica nigra L.) is one of the most ancient and extensively grown oil crops of India. There has been a diversion of acreage from mustard oil seed as a result of ―Second Green Revolution‖ brought by the high yielding varieties of seed. This is mainly due to the low yield potential of mustard seed under irrigation and instability of yield. Nanotechnology, a new emerging and fascinating field of science, permits advanced research in many areas, and nano-technological discoveries could open up novel applications in the field of biotechnology and agriculture. Metal- oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have unique physicochemical properties and the potential to boost the plant metabolism. Increasing demand provokes the research to estimate the feasibility of effective dose nanoparticles for increase yield potential along with quality production in mustard. Seeds of two mustard varieties namely Shyam 101 and Superteja were soaked for 24 hrs with NPs of iron oxide, copper oxide, and zinc oxide (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm). The soaked seed were sown in pots and were kept in net house. The results revealed that lower doses of NPs stimulated seed germination in both the varieties whereas higher concentrations copper oxide and zinc oxide NPs strongly inhibited the germination. All the metal oxide NPs enhanced plant height at 400 ppm (at 20 days after sowing) and number of branches at 400 ppm (at 40 days after sowing), in both the varieties. The maximum number of follicle per plant and the maximum follicles length were exhibited by copper oxide NPs at 400 ppm. Higher concentrations of iron oxide NPs (400 ppm) and copper oxide NPs (300 ppm) displayed superior responses for test weight (g) and harvest index (%), respectively.
Ameliorative Responses of Salicylic Acid on Biochemical Parameters of Gamma Radiation Stressed Marigold Varieties
Pradeep Kumar Shukla, Harish Kumar, Sanghdeep Gautam, P.W. Ramteke and Pragati Misra Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University) Allahabad 211007, UP, India. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT Marigold is a seasonal flower and can be grown round the year. Both leaves and flowers of marigold are equally important from medicinal point of view. The biological effect of gamma-rays is based on the interaction with atoms or molecules in the cell, particularly water, to produce free radicals. Gamma rays are known to influence plant growth and development by inducing cytological, genetically, biochemical, physiological and morphogenetic changes in cells and tissues. Salicylic acid is found in many plant species and involved in regulating diverse plant functions, including plant resistance and senescence. Seeds of four marigold varieties (namely Pusa narangi, Kalayan-2, French
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orange and African giant) were treated by different doses of Gamma radiation (10 Gy, 20 Gy, 30 Gy, 40 Gy) using 60Co as source at National Botanical Institute (NBRI) research institute of CSIR at Lucknow. The results showed that there was a significant difference in chlorophyll (mg/g fresh weight) content among all the varieties under different treatments. The maximum total protein content (mg/g fresh weight) was observed in variety Pusa narangi under controlled condition, whereas the minimum was observed in variety African giant under 40 Gy gamma radiations. The maximum Proline content (mg/g fresh) was recorded in variety African giant (20 Gy) and African giant (30 Gy), whereas the minimum was observed in variety Kalayan 2 (40 Gy). The maximum Ascorbate peroxidase content (mg/g) was observed in variety Pusa narangi (20 Gy) whereas, the minimum was observed in variety African giant. The maximum Glutathione reductase content (mg/g) was observed in variety Pusa narangi (20 Gy), whereas the minimum was observed in variety Pusa narangi (40 Gy). The antioxidant level significantly increased due to the higher gamma radiation doses. Salicylic acid application increases the proline content and antioxidant response.
In Vitro Evaluation of Kinnow Against Important Human and Plant Pathogen
Taru Sharma, Mohd. Kamran Khan, Pragati Misra and P.K. Shukla Division of Plant Pathology, IARI, New Delhi, 110012. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity and their comparative analysis of in vitro and field grown plant of Kinnow leaf extract. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extract (prepared in hot water and three different solvents acetone, chloroform and ethyl acetate) of kinnow was tested against five bacteria and three fungi. The antimicrobial activity was more prominent against bacterial pathogen while the phytoextract was less effective against fungi. The leaf extracts from in vitro grown kinnow plants were more effective than leaf extracts from field grown plants. Acetone extracts showed significantly higher activity compared to other extract against most organisms followed by chloroform and ethyl acetate both in case of bacteria and fungi.
Involvement of Temperature in Deterioration of Quality in Stored Pearl Millet Flour
Bunty Sharma1, Laxman Kumar Chugh1, Ram Kumar Sheoran1, Alka Vasan2 and Manisha Mani3 1CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar; 2ICAR, New Delhi; 3GJU S&T, Hisar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT This study describes the effects of storage temperature on the quality of stored pearl millet flour. Fat acidity, free fatty acids and lipase activity were measured to determine the deterioration of flour at two different storage temperature (13ºC and 40ºC), which is stored at different storage periods (0, 8 and 30 days). The results of our study indicate that the fat acidity, free fatty acids and lipase activity, is influenced by storage period and temperature. Fat acidity was much more responsive to
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temperature factor and storage period when compared with lipase activity and free fatty acids. Significant variation in fat acidity, free fatty acids and lipase activity in flour of each genotype was observed during storage at different temperature. However, it was noted that fat acidity, free fatty acids and lipase activity increased more rapidly in flour at higher than at low temperature. Genotype HBL 828 was observed for having minimum fat acidity and lipase activity at both temperature and storage periods, while genotypes ISK 48 and H 12/1007 were for maximum fat acidity and lipase activity, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the fat acidity, free fatty acids and lipase activity were significantly correlated with both temperature and storage periods. The interaction between temperature and storage duration was also found significantly correlated with each other only for free fatty acids, however, no significant correlation was found between temperature and storage period for fat acidity and lipase activity. We concluded that high temperature along with increased storage time contributes to deterioration of pearl millet flour as by increasing the fat acidity, free fatty acids and lipase activity, which are well known for their role in rancidity.
Estimation of per se Performance of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes for Dry Fruit Yield and its Contributing Traits
Ashish Kumar Maurya1, M. L. Kushwaha2, S. K. Jain2, Manish Kumar Maurya3 and Yadav Ram1 1Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi (U.P.) 221005; 2Department of Vegetable Science, GBPUAT, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) 263145; 3Department of Hortiulture and Forestry, NDUAT, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) 224229. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present experiment was undertaken to evaluate the performance of chilli genotypes with a check, promising cultivar PC 1 to find the best one, during spring summer season of 2014 at Vegetable Research Center of GBPUAT, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) using Randomized Block Design with three replications. Observations were recorded on various growth and yield attributing traits viz. number of primary branches, stem diameter, number of petals, days to 50% ripening, periferi of fruit, pericarp thickness, average fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit, weight of seeds per fruit, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight and total dry fruit yield (q/ha) from five selected plants in each replications. There was found significant variation among all the genotypes for different characters under study. The genotype PC 20132 was found most promising as it produces maximum average fruit weight, 100 seed weight and significantly more dry fruit yield (29.32 q/ha) than check cultivar PC (26.30 q/ha). Thus the genotype PC 20132 may be used as commercial cultivation under tarai region of Uttarakhand. Beside this, the genotype PC 20132 and seven other genotypes which were statistically similar to the check in yield potential may be further evaluate in multilocation trials to judge its yield performance in other locations to find best one or more for commercial cultivation in other parts of the country.
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Effect of Herbicides and Mulching on Growth and Pod Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)
Ravi Kumar Telugu and S.K. Sengupta Department of Horticulture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Krishi Nagar, Jabalpur, 482004 (Madhya Pradesh) India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out at Dept of Horticulture, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.), during Kharif season of 2013. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block design comprised of 11 treatments along with time of applications T1 - Mulching with black polythene at 20 Days After Showing (DAS), T2 – Pendimethalin (1.5 lit/ha) at Pre Emergence (PE), T3 – Pendimethalin (1.5 lit/ha) + 1Hand Weeding ( HW) at Pre emergence (PE) + 45 DAS, T4 – Fenoxaprop-P Ethyl (1.2 lit/ha) at Post Emergence (PoE), T5 – Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl (1.2 lit/ha) + 1 HW at PoE + 45 DAS, T6 – Imazethapyr (1.2 lit/ha) at PoE, T7 – Imazethapyr (1.2 lit/ha) + 1 HW at PoE + 45 DAS, T8 – Quizalofop ethyl (1.2 lit/ha) at PoE, T9 – Quizalofop ethyl (1.2 lit/ha) + 1 HW at PoE + 45 DAS, T10 – Weedy free check (Hand weeding) at 20 & 45 DAS, T11 – Non weeded (control). Among all the treatments under study, it concluded that treatment T10 (Weedy free check (Hand weeding) at 20 & 45 DAS) was recorded maximum morphological, phonological, yield and its attributing traits in cowpea variety Ankur Gomti followed by T1 – (Mulching with black polythene at 20 (DAS). Maximum weed control efficiency was recorded in the treatment mulching with black polythene followed by weed free check (Hand Weeding) at 20 & 45 DAS and Imazethapyr(1.2 lit/ha) + 1HW.
Effect of Herbicides and Mulching on Weed Flora and Pod Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)
Ravi Kumar Telugu and S.K. Sengupta Department of Horticulture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Krishi Nagar, Jabalpur, 482004 (Madhya Pradesh) India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted at JNKVV, Jabalpur (M. P.) during Kharif season 2013- 14. The experiment consisting of 11 treatments including herbicides and mulching on Cowpea variety Ankur Gomti seeds were sowing in plots (2.7 X 3.0 sq. m.) using Randomized Complete Block design with 3 replications. The results revealed that, significantly higher pod yield (99.62 q ha-1) was obtained from weed free check (hand weeding) at 20, 45 DAS over other treatments. The minimum pod yield (54.11 q ha-1) was obtained from non weeded (control). The minimum weed biomass was found in T1 (mulching with black polythene) exhibited lowest (49.96 g/m2) followed by T10 weedy free check (hand weeding) (64.97 g/m2), However, the maximum (347.75 g/m2) weed biomass was observed in T11 non weeded (control). The maximum (85.63%) weed control efficiency was observed in the treatment T1 (mulching with black polythene) followed by T10 weedy free check (hand weeding) (81.31%). The maximum reduction in weeds and increase in pod yield was noted in T10
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weed free check (hand weeding) and it had weed competition index of (0.00%) followed by T1 (mulching with black polythene) (3.58%), However, the maximum (45.51%) weed competition index was noted in treatment T11 non weeded (control). The maximum net return of Rs. 64670/ ha and highest cost benefit ratio of 1:2.85 were found with the treatment of weed free check (hand weeding) at 20, 45 DAS followed by mulching with black polythene (net return of Rs 60090/ha and cost benefit ratio of 1:2.67.
Efficacy of Bio-extracts in Mitigating Biotic Stress Due to Plant Pathogens
Jyoti Singh1 and S.K. Bhatnagar2 1Department of Botany, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi-221005; 2College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut-250110. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Food security is an utmost issue these days and the catastrophic losses caused by fungal pathogens both qualitative and quantitative of major crops are prevailing as a crucial constraint. The eclectic and impulsive use of chemical fungicides for controlling the present day situation is intensifying a lot to environmental pollution. Residual toxicity, resistant development in plant pathogens and health hazards to humans and animals are some of the undesirable effects, and therefore the bio-extracts can be practiced as plausible substituted method and manifested as the superior biological control measures. In this experiment, the efficacy of ethanolic extracts (50%) of spices viz. clove, cinnamon, thyme and two weeds Parthenium and Calotropis were tested against five major plant pathogenic fungi namely Sclerotium rolfsii, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium monilifrome, Rhizactonia solani and Aspergillus niger which was studied by food poisoning technique under in-vitro conditions and calculated as percentage inhibition. Among all, at lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), clove was procured to be most significant in inhibiting the growth of mycelium as compared to other extracts. Parthenium and Calotropis were also efficient in inhibiting the growth of fungus. These all bio-extracts were compared against synthetic mancozeb (manzate, 500ppm). Based on the results found, it can be concluded that for the formulation of safer and economical fungicides these bio-extracts may be used as novel eco-friendly chemo-therapeutants in plant protection as a substitute to the chemical fungicides.
Seed Discoloration in Rice Grains in Foot Hills of Himalayan Region
Shahid Ahamad, Jag Paul Sharma and BanarsiLal1 Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu-18009; 1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Reasi (J&K)-182301, SKUAST-Jammu, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crop of the world. About 90 per cent of rice produce in world is consumed only in Asia, while, China is the leading producer of rice
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(112.4 million tonnes per year) followed by India (87 million tonnes). India has largest area under rice (44.6 million ha.) cultivation in the world. In the Jammu and Kashmir, rice is adopted and ascended as the most important cereal crop as staple food of the people. In Jammu and Kashmir, the glume discolouration of paddy has perceived serious proportion both in grain and seed production programme in temperate ecosystem area, where it appears to be surpassing the importance of even previously known major constraints. The appearance of glume discolouration caused by various organisms before or after harvest, the extent of which varies according to season and also within the season on short, medium and long duration rice cultivars grown under rice growing domain of hills of Jammu region. Following fungi were found to associated with glume discolouration viz. Alternaria alternate and Helminthosporium oryzae caused ash grey and black discolouration in seed respectively, whereas, due to Curvularia lunata and Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium moniliforme, eye shaped and light pink discolouration appeared in seed coat, endosperm and embryo of seed respectively.It is caused by complex of fungi with the species of Alternaria, Curvularia, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Nigrospora, Phyllostic and Sclerotium.The fungi viz., Alternariaalternata, Aspergillusniger, Curvularialunata, Fusariumspp. Helminthosporium oryzae, Nigrospora oryzae, Phyllostictaglumarium, Penicillium spp. and Sclerotium oryzae are attacked at booting, heading, milking and doughing stages of crop. The heading stage is found to be most vulnerable to grain discolouration.
Incidence of Stalk Rot of Maize in Foot Hills of Himalayan Region
Shahid Ahamad, Jag Paul Sharma and BanarsiLal1 Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu-18009; 1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Reasi (J&K)-182301, SKUAST-Jammu, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Stalk rot of maize is a complex problem which is caused by bacterial as well as fungal pathogens. Four bacteria namely Pseudomonas lapsa, Erwiniacarotovora , E. dissolvens and E. carotovora f. spzeae have been reported from different parts of the India including Jammu region which is causing stalk rot of maize. An extensive survey on prevalence of Stalk rot was done at flowering stages in maize growing areas of Jammu region during 2010 to 2015.A perusal of data revealed the occurrence of stalk rot complex was found in all the districts Jammu regions under three agroclimate zones with variation in disease incidence. The intermediate zone covering Reasi, Poonch and Rajouri districts recorded the highest disease incidence 35.5%-55.5% followed by temperate (Part of Poonch district) 24-32% and subtropical (Kathua and Jammu districts) which recorded incidence of 15.0% and 27.5%.
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Effect of Extrusion Processing Variables on Finger Millet Flour with Respect to their Resistant starch
Srikrishna Nishani1, Shalini Gaur Rudra1, Eldho Verghese2 and S.K. Jha1 1Division of Food Science and Post Harvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012; 2Division of Design of Experiments, Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Finger millet is fiber rich nutritious food which can be used by diabetic patients and also by healthy persons to maintain body weight owing to their inherent good amount of resistant starch and dietary fibre. Various degrees of structural transformations in the starches can be obtained through wide range of degree of cooking possible through extrusion processing. Response surface methodology was used to study the effect of amylose content, moisture, screw speed and barrel temperature and their interactive effect on the extrudate properties. Percentage amylose in the finger millet flour was found to have significant effect on the bulk density, sectional expansion index and resistant starch of the extrudates. Expansion of extrudates was negatively correlated to amylose (p=0.022). Barrel temperature was found to be most prominent for modification of RS in finger millet extrudate. Higher amylose content lead to formation of more resistant starch in extrudate of finger millet. The effect of screw speed and barrel temperature was mostly seen of the water absorption index and water solubility index. Quadratic regression model (R2> 0.68) was found appropriate to model the physico-chemical parameters of the exrudates as function of extruder and raw material properties.
Evaluation for Fruit Production and Quality of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme) under Polyhouse in Uttarakhand
Raj Narayan, D.B. Singh, Anil Kumar, Sovan Devnath, Arun Kishor and Mukesh S. Mer ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Regional Station Mukteshwar Nainital Uttarakhand – 263138, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Eight genotypes (CITH-CT-1, CITH-CT-2-1, CITH-CT-2-2, CITH-CT-3, CITH-CT-4, CITH-CT-5, CITH-CT-6, CITH-CT-7) of cherry tomato were evaluated for growth, yield and quality attributes during summer extended rabi season 2016-17 in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications under polyhouse at ICAR- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Regional Station, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand. The maximum plant height of 5.30 m was recorded in CITH-CT- 5, number of branches/plant (7.33) in CITH-CT-6, average branch length (66.66 cm) in CITH-CT-4, average fruit weight (29.19 g) in CITH-CT-6, fruit length (39.20 mm) in CITH-CT-3, fruit breadth (37.61 mm) in CITH-CT-6, fruit firmness (3.00 lb/in2) in CITH-CT-3, total fruit/plant (379.66), average fruit yield/plant (2363.30 g) and total fruit yield/ha (875.29 q/ha) in CITH-CT-4. The quality parameters viz., TSS of fruit was recorded maximum of 8.70 0Brix in CITH-CT-2-1, acidity (1.07%) in CITH-CT-1 and CITH-CT-7, ascorbic acid (94.00 mg/100g) in CITH-CT-2-1, reducing sugar
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(3.70%), carotene content (2143.20 µg/100g), lycopene (6.82 mg/100g) in CITH-CT-2-1, and antioxidants (33.218 mMTE/L) in CITH-CT-5. The calculated genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were recorded maximum (2034.34% and 2144.47 %, respectively) for total fruit yield/ha followed by (2014.83% and 2034.34 %, respectively) for average fruit yield/plant and environmental coefficient of variation (ECV) recorded maximum (332.59%) in total number of fruit/plant followed by 297.73 % in carotene content. The broad sense heritability was observed highest in total fruit yield/ha (99.99 %) followed by ascorbic acid content (99.95 %). Likewise, maximum genetic advance of 1013.5 % was recorded in average fruit yield/plant, whereas, genetic advance as percentage of mean was found highest in total fruit yield/hectare (138.21 %). Thus, it can be inferred that the present material possessed sufficient variability and high heritability for various traits of study, hence, the material could be utilized for further improvement of the crop through both the selection as well as hybridization procedure.
Effect of Different Crop Establishment Methods and Nitrogen Levels on Growth Attributes, Dry Matter Partitioning and Radiation Characteristics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
1 1 1 1 1 Gaurendra Gupta , V.S. Hooda , S.K. Thakral , Navish Kumar , Vikram Kumar and Ashish Dwivedi2 1Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana 125 004; 2Department of Agronomy, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut-250110, U.P., India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Crop establishment methods and nitrogen levels influences wheat production. We evaluated the effects of five crop establishment methods and four nitrogen levels on performance and profitability of wheat in 2013-14 at research farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India) in split plot design with three replications by using ―F‖ test. Remarkable effects were noted under drill sowing at 18 and 20 cm and bed planting with three rows which were better in terms of growth and yield. Dry matter accumulation, number of tillers/m2, leaf area index and light interception were significantly higher with drill sowing at 18 cm row spacing. However, spike length was highest with bed planting (2 rows). The highest grain yield (50.94 q/ha)) was obtained with 18 cm row spacing. The successive application of N from 100 per cent RDN, 112.5 per cent RDN and 125 per cent RDN, enhanced significantly various growth parameters including fertile tiller resulting in higher grain and straw yield of wheat.
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Evaluation of Micronutrients Against Erysiphe polygoni Causing Powdery Mildew of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)
Rekha Kumawat and Kavita Kumawat 1Department of Plant Pathology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner), Jaipur (Rajasthan)–303329; 2Department of Entomology, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT To find out the comparative performance of micronutrients for control of powdery mildew a field experiment was conducted during rabi 2012-13 and 2013-14 in randomized blocked design (RBD) with susceptible fenugreek local cultivar (Rmt-1) at Agronomy farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner). The crop was sown in the last week of October in both the years with plot size of 2x2m2. Micronutrients viz., Iron @0.5%, Magnesium @0.5%, Copper @0.5%, Zinc @0.5%), Cobalt @0.5%, Manganese @0.5% and Boron @0.5% were tested as foliar application after 45 and 60 day of sowing against powdery mildew of fenugreek. The per cent diseases intensity was recorded at an interval of 15 days of second spray by examining 20 leaves from 10 randomly selected plants in each treatment. For disease scoring on leaves 0-5 scale was used. Result indicated that all micronutrients were found significantly superior to control in reducing the powdery mildew disease intensity and increasing seed yield. Copper (Cu) recorded minimum 44.11 PDI by decreasing 34.51 PDI with increasing 47.79 per cent seed yield followed by boron (B) recorded 47.83 PDI with increasing 42.99 per cent seed yield. Iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) statistically at par recorded 48.68 per cent, 50.27 per cent and 50.94 PDI and 17.68, 17.10 and 16.90 q/ha seed yield respectively. Maximum (67.35) PDI and minimum (13.35 q/ha) seed yield was recorded in control followed by cobalt (Co) (53.45 and 15.65) and zinc (Zn) (52.33 and 16.47) sprayed plants.
Cultural, Morphological and Pathogenic Variability Among Isolates of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Causing Anthracnose of Black Gram
S. K. Aggarwal1, B. L. Mali1, L.S. Rajput2 and P. K. Bagaria3 1Department of Plant Pathology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313 001,Rajasthan, India; 2 Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India; 3 ICAR-IIMR, Ludhiana-141004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] commonly known as urd bean, is grown as a kharif crop in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Although many diseases are reported in black gram, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the important diseases becoming more severe in recent years and causing significant damage to the crop. Three isolates of the pathogen were collected from different parts i.e. Mavli (MVL), RCA from Udaipur (UDR) and Fatehnagar (FN) of Rajasthan. Based on different cultural, morphological characters and pathogenic variability
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three isolates were differently categorized. MVL isolate developed symptoms earliest in form of minute necrotic areas on all above ground plant parts, with maximum per cent disease index (PDI) (60.20%) and minimum latent period (76 hrs), maximum colony diameter (84.9 mm), minimum sporulation 3.6×104 conidia / mm2 with mean length of 4.85 µm and mean width of 2.93 µm. RCA from (Udaipur) UDR isolate developed symptoms later to that of MVL isolate, with PDI 44.75, latent 4 2 period 94 hrs, colony diameter 81.6 mm, sporulation 6.0×10 conidia / mm with mean length of 7.93 µm and mean width of 4.14 µm. Present study clearly indicated that the pathogen had varying diversity and virulence was correlated with many parameters like latent period, time taken to develop symptoms and per cent disease index.
Antibacterial Activity of Holarrhena pubescens (kurchi) Flower Against Gram Negative Bacterial strains
Alka Sahrawat1 Sonika Tyagi2, Siddarth N. Rahul4, Purushottam3, Sushil Kumar Shahi1 and Shefali Poonia5 1Department of Microbiology, C.C.S. University, Meerut; 2Department of Biotechnology, MIET, Meerut; 3Department of Pathology & Microbiology, SVPUA&T, Meerut; 4College of Agriculture, SVPUA&T, Meerut; 5Department of Botany, DN (PG) College, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Antibacterail activity of flower extract of Holarrhena pubescens (kurchi) were studied against some bacterial strains as Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri. The Methanol, Ethanol and Benzene extract of Holarrhena pubescens flower showed effectiveness against bacterial strains but the benzene extract showed the maximum growth inhibition 76.34% against Shigella flexneri bacteria at 100µl/ml which are drug resistance for Tabramycin, Kanamycin, Norfloxacin. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of benzene extract was determined against Shigella flexneri bacteria at 3.12×10-5 µl/ml. The present study depict that the Holarrhena pubescens flower extract showed good antibacterial activity against gram negative bacterial strains.
Agronomic Practices Influencing Yield Attributes of Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata L.)
Rehana Mohi-ud-din, Nasir Ahmad Dar, Lal Singh, Saba Shafia, Rukshana Jan, Kamran Khan and Owais Bashir Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shalimar- 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The field experiment entitled “Agronomic practices influencing yield attributes of sweet corn (zea mays saccharata L.)” was carried at SKUAST-K, Shalimar during kharif season 2014.
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The cultivar Misthi of Sweet corn was chosen for the study. The experiment comprised of two factors th nd th th with four sowing dates viz. 24 May (D1), 02 June(D2), 11 June (D3) and 19 June(D4) as main- plot treatments and three plant spacing viz. 60 cm x 20 cm(S1), 70 cm x 20 cm (S2)and 80 cm x 20 cm th (S3) as sub-plot treatments replicated thrice. Results of the experiment revealed that 24 May (D1) sowing recorded significantly highest grain yield as compared to other sowing dates. Among plant spacing, grain yield which was significantly superior with 80 cm x 20 cm than 70 cm x 20 cm and 60 th cm x 20 cm and 24 May (D1) sowing with plant spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm (S1) recorded highest total gross returns (Rs), net returns (Rs) and benefit cost ratio.
Effect of Blast Disease on Seed Vigor Parameters in Rice
Varsha Gayatonde1, P. Mahadevu2, M. K. Prasanna Kumar2 and Prudhviraj Vennela1 1IASc, BHU, Varanasi (UP), 2University of Agricultural sciences (GKVK) Bangalore (Karnataka), India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Blast (Magnaporthe oryza) is considered as one of the most important biotic stresses limiting rice production. In the recent years due to uncertain climatic factors blast is affecting even the popular landraces known to be resistant over a period of time. Though disease affect all the parts of a plant, this study the focuses on the effect of the disease on seed germination and growth rate. The pool consists 85 varieties, among which 38 released varieties, 43 landraces and four check varieties (Tadukan and Tetep- Resistant checks, HR-12 and CO-39 susceptible). The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Results showed that 12 varieties found with the minimal influence of blast disease. Five varieties- BI-33, Sannamullu, Mysur sanna, Ugibhatta and Jeerigesanna were susceptible under field condition but found with minimum losses in germination and seedling growth test. Therefore, the results of the experiment clearly indicated that minimum to moderate influence can be observed by blast disease during germination and seedling growth stages.
Organic Tomatoes: Heterosis Studies for Fruit Yield and its Components in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under Mid Himalayan Conditions
Nisha Thakur, Sanjay Chadha and Rajender Singh ICAR-IARI Regional Station Katrain, Kullu-175 129; CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Tomato cultivation under Mid Himalayan conditions is severely affected due to bacterial wilt disease. Genetic resistance in the cultivar is of practical significance because of soil born disease, especially in organic farming condition where chemical fertilizer is a limiting factor and bacterial wilt resistant cultivars offer farmers a simple and cost effective way to manage the disease. Demand for organic tomatoes is increasing day by day, for which high yielding organic input responsive
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varieties/hybrids with more pest resistance are required. Keeping these points in view, the present investigation was undertaken to estimate the extent of per se performance and heterosis, under organic farming condition. Eight diverse genotypes and their 28 cross combinations developed in half diallel mating design were evaluated alongwith standard check Avtar (7711) in bacterial wilt sick plots in RBD with three replications. The analyses of variances indicated significant differences among genotypes (G) for marketable yield and other component traits in all the environments. Most of the hybrids and parents showed 100 per cent plant survival. On the basis of per se performance and heterosis for marketable fruit yield and component traits, the cross combinations viz., 12-1 × BWR-5, Palam Pride × BWR-5, Palam Pride × 12-1 and Hawaii 7998 × 12-1 were the most promising and surpassed the standard check (Avtar). Development of these horticulturally superior F1 hybrids and/or true breeding lines suitable for cultivation under organic condition has the potential to boost tomato production in bacterial wilt infested areas.
Soil Test Based Primary Nutrients Management of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) Using Crop Response Correlation in an Inceptisol
M. Lakshmi Durga, D.V.S. Raju, R.N. Pandey, Kanwar Pal Singh, Prabhat Kumar, Renu Pandey, S. Gopalakrishnan and Suresh Chandra ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi –110012, India. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT Experiments were carried out on gladiolus (cv. Trader Horn) following Ramamoorthy‘s ‗inductive cum targeted yield model‘, involving integrated plant nutrient supply system (IPNSS) for the development of soil test crop response (STCR) based fertilizer and manure prescription of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). From the two years data, the computed nutrient requirement (NR) for the production of 100 kg of gladiolus spikes (1600 spikes) was 0.96 kg N, 0.16 kg P, 0.98 kg K and for 100 kg of corms (2800 corms), it was 0.98, 0.16, 1.00 kg of N, P and K, respectively. The per cent contributions of N, P and K from soil available nutrient pool, fertilizer and manure were 50.41, 28.37 and 16.20% for N, 56.37, 17.28 and 9.58% for P and 38.47, 77.33 and 11.25% for K, respectively. Using basic data and fertilizer prescription equations, ready reckoners were developed for a range of soil test values and desired yield targets (± 5-10% of potential yield) of gladiolus spike or corm for NPK fertilizer doses alone and in conjugation with manure. In this approach, the quantity of the fertilizer to be applied is dynamically determined by the yield target of gladiolus spike or corm, soil test value of nutrients and quantity of the manure.
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Impact of X-band Microwave Radiation on β-1, 3-glucanase Activity, Polyphenols and Flavonoids Content of Two Cultivars of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Shalini Verma, Nilima Kumari and Vinay Sharma Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT With the growth in wireless communication and technologies, presence of microwave (MW) radiation in the environment is increasing. Till date, only few investigations on effect of microwave radiation are recorded. Thus, it is still impossible to draw coherent conclusions on effect of MW radiation on plants. In the present work, effect of microwave radiation on two cultivars of tomato i.e. NS-585 and NS-2535 was analysed, as they were radiated to X-band frequency range using Klystron power supply at the power density of 2.5mW/cm2 for different exposure time (0h-8h, 0h as control and 1-8h as microwave irradiated). MW radiation stimulates β-1,3-glucanase activity of tomato seeds upto the duration of 5h, further exposure reduces its activity and thereby altering seed germination. Therefore, microwave exposed tomato seeds showed higher germination rate as compared to non- irradiated tomato seeds as the microwave induced tomato seeds showed higher β-1,3-glucanase activity which promotes radicle protusion by weakening of the endosperm. It also enhanced the polyphenol and flavonoid content by 44% and 53% respectively in tomato plants as compared to non- irradiated tomato plants. This increase in the level is a powerful mechanism to scavenge the injurious effect generated by the microwave induced stress. Thus, it is concluded from the study, irradiated tomato plants showed higher β-1,3-glucanase activity with higher content of polyphenol and flavonoid as compared to non-irradiated plants. Therefore, this has been a great subject of scientific interest in the agricultural and biological sector because of its possible beneficial effects.
Development of Liquid BGA Biofertilizer
Aman Jaiswal, Shalini Rudra Gaur and Sunil Pabbi Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi- 110012. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Liquid biofertilizers are special formulations of the desired microorganisms and their nutrients along with special cell protectants or substances that encourage formation of resting spores/cysts for longer shelf life and tolerance to adverse conditions. These can be dormant aqueous suspensions or oil suspensions. It is shown that on an average, carrier based biofertilizer preparations maintain a shelf life of upto 4-6 months but in case of liquid formulations it survives upto 18-24 months and are the best solution for effective results on crop productivity and restoration of soil health. Liquid formulations of different agriculturally important microorganisms are available and these include Azotobacter, PSM, Azospirillum, potash mobilizing bacteria etc. Although, more and more liquid formulations are being developed especially which are bacteria based, there has been no such preparations available for cyanobacteria or blue green algae (BGA). Liquid formulations were prepared using the composite culture of BGA consisting of Anabaena variabilis, Nostoc muscorum,
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Tolypothrix tenuis and Aulosira fertillisima. These formulations were incubated separately at temperatures of 4oC, 28oC and 40oC for assessing their stability. Of all the formulations prepared, ten different formulations were found to maintain viability of added culture whereas the organisms did not survive well in other formulations. Observations for the physical and rheological behaviour, cell count and metabolic activity of inoculated composite culture were taken at an interval of one month upto six months. Characterisation of physical and rheological behaviour of formulations revealed that these remained stable for full period of incubation and maintained their physical characteristics of viscosity, pH, suspensability and breaking length at all temperatures studied. The formulations also showed pseudoplasticity behaviour. The observations on cell count showed that all these formulations maintained a good cell count and maximum viable cells were observed in formulation 11 and 4 at both 4oC and 28oC. The cultures revived from these formulations also maintained their growth rate and metabolic activity in terms of nitrogen fixation which was comparable to control. Overall, the liquid formulation can be a successful option for BGA biofertilizer.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity Assessment of Wheat Cultivars and Elite Breeding Lines
Pooja, Vikram Singh and Bunty Sharma CCSHAU, Hisar, 125004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Assessment of genetic diversity among wheat cultivars is important to ensure that a continuous pool of cultivars with varying desirable traits is maintained. In view of this genetic diversity of the forty wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were assessed using simple sequence repeats (SSR) and eleven morphological traits. 24 SSRs (88.8%) showed amplification, of which 11 SSRs (40.7%) produced polymorphic bands. A total of 44 alleles were detected with an average of 1.83 alleles. The size of amplified product ranged from 150-400 bps. The PIC values ranged from 0.56 (Xgwm413) to 0.74 (Xbarc 163, Barc 149 and Xgwm 295) with an average of 0.67. EMR and MI values lies between 3 to 5 and 1.68 to 3.68 respectively. Unique bands were detected in three genotypes (WH1156, PBW550 and WH1080). A dendrogram was constructed based on the genetic similarity coefficient of un-weighted pair-wise group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). Genetic distance between the clusters ranged from 0.68 to 0.95. The eight clusters and their similarities will help breeders to breed new disease resistant cultivars and make rational deployment of cultivars in production based on the established relationships.
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Evaluation of Toxin Fractions of a Nematicidal Isolate of T. virens against Meloidogyne incognita
B.K. Vinay, Anju Kamra, Aditi Kundu and Prameela Devi Thokala ICAR- IARI, New Delhi, 110012. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The crude cultural filtrate of a nematicidal isolate of T.virens was subjected to sequential extractions using butanol and ethyl acetate. The fractions obtained through both the solvents were utilized for a bioassay against Meloidogyne incognita juveniles (J2s) at 6 dilutions with water and DMSO as controls. Both the fractions caused 100 per cent immobility in the juveniles at 2500ppm and mortality at 5000ppm.The crude extracts when subjected to GCMS analysis gave a total of 9 organic compounds with both EAF (Ethyl acetate fraction) and BF (butanol fraction), identified based on their molecular weight and fragmentation pattern, representing 43.99 % of the total composition, most of which were absent in the non nematicidal isolate of T. virens. Five compounds were separated through column chromatography of EAF, none of which were nematicidal and 8 compounds from BF, only one of which resulted in resulted in 100 per cent immobility and 78 per cent mortality in M. incognita J2s. T. virens was evaluated in a replicated pot trial in root-knot infested soil (2J2/cc soil). The bioagent was applied in the form of fungal spores @4.3×106/cc soil and mycelium @3%w/w in the soil, followed by planting 15days old nematode free seedlings of tomato cv Pusa Ruby. Observations recorded after 60 days of application exhibited no significant difference in the number of galls produced.
Evaluation of Phosphorus Fertilizer Potential of Biomass Ashes for Wheat
Inderpal Singh, H.S. Thind1, Sandeep Sharma, Mohammad Amin Bhat CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004; 1Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana- 141004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A pot culture experiment was conducted to determine the potential of 3 ashes (rice husk ash, bagasse ash and rice straw ash) as source of P for wheat in comparison with fertilizer P, and the effect of these ashes on chemical properties of soils varying in available P. The treatments consisted of two soils (based on differences in available P), four P sources applied at four levels of P (0, 10, 20 and 30 μg g-1 soil). The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design with 3 replications. All the biomass ashes resulted in significant increase in root and shoot biomass at maximum tillering stage, grain and straw yield, which were statistically at par with Fert-P. RSA produced significantly 45 and 15 per cent higher shoot biomass and, 10 and 12 per cent higher wheat grain yield than RHA and BA, respectively but had no significant affect with Fert-P. Total P and K uptake (grain+straw) in wheat with biomass ashes was comparable to Fert-P. The biomass ashes recorded significant increase in soil pH, while Fert-P didn‘t show any effect. Highest P level increased the soil pH to 7.85, 7.72 and 7.68 in RSA, RHA and BA, respectively, over the control (7.29). Application of biomass ashes resulted in significant increase in Olsen-P over control with increasing P levels, showed similar affect like Fert-
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P. Application of different P sources resulted in significant increase in Ca-P fraction only, which showed increasing trend with increased P levels.
Multivariate Analysis of Basmati Rice Genotypes in Resource Conservation Production Environments
Hari Kesh, A.K. Sarial, Khushi Ram, Neeru and Sanjay Khajuria CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) is the second largest cereal crop and is the staple food of nearly one half of the world population. In India, it is cultivated on about 42.75 m. ha. with production of 103 m.t. milled rice (154.5 m.t. paddy) and productivity 2.41 t. ha. In green revolutions states due to yield stagnation and over exploitation of water resources, Government of India (GOI) is prioritizing crop diversification replacing rice with alternate crops. Substituting rice with basmati and cultivation through resource conservation techniques has been advocated as one of the alternatives. Varieties differed in their genetic potential and all varieties are not promising for diversification. The varietal response to different production systems is wide. There is need to develop/identify varieties that adapt to non-conventional cultivation. In consonance with national priorities, a set of 36 basmati rice genotypes comprising released varieties and elite lines were evaluated in four production systems: three non-conventional System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Direct Seeded Rice (DSR), Chemical Free Organic (CFC) and one conventional Transplanting systems (TPR) in randomized complete block design with three replications. Field experiment was conducted at experimental farm of CCS HAU, COA, Kaul and RRS, Uchani (Karnal), during kharif 2017. As genetic diversity is pre-requisite for crop improvement program, Multivariate analysis was carried out to assess the nature and magnitude of genetic divergence among basmati rice genotypes by considering 12 quantitative characters for non-conventional resource conserving techniques.
Effect of Integrated Use of Nutrients on Growth and Yield of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. UP Chatta under Agro-Climatic Conditions of Western Uttar Pradesh
Mukesh Kumar, Manoj Kumar Singh, Sunil Malik, Bijendra Singh and Veena Chaudhary CSSS (PG) College, Machhra, Meerut, UP; SVPUAT, Meerut, UP, India 250110. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated use of nutrients on growth, and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. UP Chatta at the Horticultural Research Centre, SVPUAT, Meerut, UP during the year 2014-15. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with fifteen treatments. Analysis of results revealed that the treatment T11 (50% RDF + 50% VC + 5.0 kg. Azatobector + 5.0 kg PSB) significantly produced maximum plant height (66.27 cm), leaf length (47.60 cm), leaf width (1.83 cm), bulb weight (29.47 gm), bulb diameter (2.94 cm), leaf and soil NPK
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(2.20 %, 0.14 %, 3.18 % and 100.9 kg/ha, 55.2 kg/ha, 170.3 kg/ha), while the same treatment emerged the minimum days taken and maximum days taken by control.
Agro Ecological Variation of Watermelon Wilt and Efficacy of Plant Oils Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum
R. Naveenkumar1, A. Muthukumar2 and R. Mohanapriya3 1IASc, Banaras Hindu Universiy, Varanasi, 221005; 2Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, 608 002, Chidambaram; 3S Thangapazham Agriculture College, Vasudevanallur, Tirunelveli-627758. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Trunb.) Matsum and Nakai) is an important fruit crop which is widely eaten around the world. India is the second largest producer of watermelon fruit among the Asian countries. Crop is susceptible to several diseases that attack the roots, foliage and fruit, among these Fusarium wilt is more common in watermelon growing areas. It is very difficult to remove from soil once it has been introduced and it is the most important soil-borne pathogen limiting watermelon production in many areas of the world. Roving surveys were conducted to assess the prevalence of Fusarium wilt of watermelon from major watermelon growing areas of Tamil Nadu during 2013- 2014. The results revealed that sample collected from Veppur chekkadi village were registered the maximum disease incidence (40.21%) and least disease incidence was recorded in Lalapetti (8.0%) village. The pathogen was isolated from the infected roots and 15 Fusarium isolates were maintained and studied their cultural characteristics. Pathogenicity test were conducted to assess the pathogenic variation among the isolates under greenhouse condition. Among the 15 isolates, isolate FW11 recorded the maximum disease incidence of 81.66% and the isolate FW8 recorded the least incidence of Fusarium wilt recording 43.33%. Six different plant essential oils were tested against the test pathogen under in vitro condition. The results revealed that Pelargonium graveolens, Cymbopogan citratus and Cymbopogan martinii recorded the complete mycelial growth inhibition of F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum even at minimum concentration (0.02%). Whereas, Cymbopogan nardus and Eucalyptus globulus oils required complete mycelial growth inhibition of 0.04 and 0.06%, respectively.
Impact of Intercrop/mixed Crops in Arecanut in South Eastern Transitional Zone of Karnataka
Nagarajappa Adivappar ZAHRS, Navile, Shivamogga-577 204, Karnataka. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In Shivamogga district in Karnataka arecanut is grown in an area of 48,187 ha with production of 68,721 tonnes. Majority of the arecanut growers are marginal/small (80%), literate and members of the arecanut growers associations. According to the survey 25 per cent of the orchards are in juvenile phase and suitable for intercrop/mixed crops. Hence, different extension activities viz.,
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visit of farmers to Krishi Vigyan Kendra to seek information on intercrops, SMS through mobiles, personal phone calls, trainings, field visits, On Farm Tests (OFT), Front Line Demonstrations (FLD) and field days were organised by involving 674 stake holders on intercrop/mixed crops in arecanut in South Eastern Transitional Zone of Karnataka. In OFT and FLDs by growing vegetables as intercrops in juvenile arecanut gardens farmers got additional benefit of Rs. 0.10 to 0.29 lakh/ha. The adoption studies on beneficiaries revealed medium (70%) to high level (26%) of adoption. Due to continuous persuasion, farmers have convinced and planted spices viz., pepper (10.45 lakh), nutmeg (1.50 lakh), clove (1.25 lakh) and curry leaf (1.20 lakh) as intercrops/mixed crops in areca nut based cropping system. By adopting the intercrop/mixed crops additional monetary benefit can be earned by the farmers without affecting the economic yield of the main crop.
Effect of Potassium on Yield of Wheat
B.S. Dwivedi, A. K. Dwivedi and R.K. Thakur Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Potassium is the third important major nutrient next to nitrogen and phosphorous, which plays a significant role in crop production. Potassium is essential for various metabolic activities of living cell viz;, transformation of carbohydrates, reduction of nitrates, synthesis of protein and normal meristematic activities where it acts as a catalyst or as a co- factor in enzymatic reaction of living cells. Continuous cropping and higher removal of Kthan the amount applied and rare use of organic manure, not only create inadequacy but also lead to imbalance of nutrients in soil which results in decline in productivity. Fertilizer has been the key input in augmenting food grain production. Increasing cost of cultivation, decline factor productivity and availability of natural resources in limited quantity demand for the technology with is cost effective and sustainable for long period. Therefore, on the basis of information generated under AICRP on LTFE, an effort has been made to translate these tested technologies palatable to the farmer. Looking to these viewsfield demonstration trial was conducted at Mandla district Madhya Pradesh. Soils of study area had pH 6.5 to 7.2, EC 0.18 to 0.21 dSm-1, organic carbon 0.52 to 0.66%, available nitrogen 278 to 342 kg /ha, phosphorus 19.5 to 33.00 kg/ha and potassium 350 to 480 kg/ha. Experiment were conducted in rabi season of 2014-15 with four treatments, farmers practice -T1 (30 kg DAP+ 50 kg Urea/ha only), T2 (120:80: 0 N, P2O5 and K2O), T3 (120:80: 40 N, P2O5 and K2O) and T4 (120:80: 80 N, P2O5 and K2O).The results indicated that successive addition of K increased progressively increased the yield of wheat with 40 kg K2Oover without K application.
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Effect of Pretilachlor, Penoxsulam and Pyrazosulfuron Herbicides on Yield of Paddy
Anil Nagwanshi, AK Dwivedi and Shobha Sondhia Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Jabalpur (MP) 482004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2012-2013 at experimental farm of Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur. The treatments included application of various herbicides applied to paddy crop @ pretilachlor 750 g a.i. ha-1, penoxsulam 25 g a.i. ha-1, and pyrazosulfuron 25 g a.i. ha-1 and weedy and hand weeding. NPK @ 120:60:60, kg ha-¹ for the respective paddy crops. The experiment was consisted of 5 treatment with 4 replications laid out in randomized block design. The result revealed that there was significant difference in the grain yield with the application of various herbicides. Yield was found maximum with one hand weeding (38.1 q ha-1.) followed by application of pyrazosulfuron (29 q ha-1.) and pretilachlor (28.45 q ha-1.). Lowest grain yield of paddy 22.80 q ha-1.was found with weedy treatment.
Resource Use Efficiency of Wheat in Betul District of Madhya Pradesh
A.N. Goutam, R.M. Sahu and Nidhi Sirothiya Department of Agril. Economics and Farm Management, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP), India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present study is an attempt to examine resource use efficiency of wheat crop in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh and also identify of the constraints encountered in production of wheat by the farmers to achieve the potential yield of wheat. The study was conducted in 2013-14 and the results reveals that human labour was found significant for large (0.419) and overall (0.156) farm, while it non-signification for small and medium farms. Machine labour was found significant for all size of farms i.e. small (0.551) medium (0.526) large (0.370) and overall (0.687) farm size. Seed and fertilizer was found significant for small and overall farm. In case of marginal value productivity it was found that in small size farm the factors of production i.e. machine labour (x2), seed (x3), fertilizers (x4) and irrigations (x5) had been found underutilized, whereas human labour (x1) implying over utilization under the study area. The constraints related to wheat production i.e. high price of quality seed was reported by 68% farmers followed by lack of knowledge about nutrient content 67%, high price of fertilizer 60%, lack of knowledge of seed treatment 55% etc were found major constraints.
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Distribution of Potassium Fractions in Soils of Agriculture College Research Farm, Indore
K. Anupama1, K.S. Bangar2, V.K. Khaddar2 and Bharat Singh2 1Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh; 2Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, College of Agriculture, Indore, Madhya Pradesh. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken on the fractions of potassium (K) in soils of Agriculture College research farm, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India during 2015. Total 90 soil samples from the 45 fields were collected. The mean values of pH were 7.57 and 7.54 for surface and sub-surface soil samples, respectively. About 66.67% surface and 68.89% sub-surface soil samples belonged to low status (< 0.5%) of OC. The nitrogen (N) status was also low in surface and sub-surface soil samples (150-250 kg ha-1). Available phosphorous (P) content was low to medium status in both depths of soil. The amount of water soluble, exchangeable, available, non-exchangeable, lattice and total K in different fields ranged from 4.20-36.00, 167-329.20, 212.10-347.00, 180.40-430.40, 8113.80- 15823.60, 8550.50-16490.60 mg kg-1 with mean value of 14.77, 256.10, 271.86, 305.08, 12285.10, 12855.24 mg kg-1 in surface soils and 3.60-36.20, 184.10-335.70, 195.60-352.40, 208.80-395.80, 8922.80-16172.20, 9445.60-16785.60 mg kg-1 with mean value of 15.94, 250.89, 266.82, 305.19, 12142.70, 12714.73 mg kg-1 respectively in sub-surface soils. The water soluble, exchangeable, available, non-exchangeable and lattice K constituted 0.05-0.22, 1.95-2.00, 2.10-2.48, 2.10-2.60 and 94.90-95.95 per cent in surface soils and 0.03-0.22, 1.95-1.99, 2.07-2.10, 2.21-2.36 and 94.50-96.35 per cent in sub-surface soils to the total K respectively.
Effect of Establishment of Methods and Varieties on Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Sanjay K. Dwivedi1 and P.K. Singh2 1Scientist, Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), 2Project Coordinator, AICRP on Linseed, PC Unit, CSAU&T, Kanpur (U.P.) India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The field experiment on linseed was undertaken in vertisols of Chhattisgarh to assess the effect of establishment methods and varieties during Rabi seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with allocation of methods of establishment in main plot and varieties in sub plot. The treatments were replicated four times. The treatments comprised of three methods of establishment i.e. M1: Dry seeding with planking followed by come up irrigation, M2: Dry seeding without planking followed by come up irrigation and M3: Seeding after pre-sowing irrigation and four varieties i.e.V1: T 397 (National check), V2: RLC 92, V3: Indira Alsi 32 and V4: Shekhar. Linseed sowing by dry seeding with planking followed by come up irrigation (M1) gave higher plant population, enhanced the growth and yield attributes which in turn resulted in significantly highest seed yield (1297.5 kg ha-1) as well as net income (Rs 37938) amongst methods
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of establishment. With respect to varieties, RLC-92 (V2) showed good stand establishment, highest oil content (41.4%) and produced vigorous growth and superior yield attributes and highest seed yield (1293 kg ha-1) of linseed.
Effect on Blanching Indicators Peroxidas and Lypoxygenase of [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] Cultivars Seed at its Processing
M.K. Pathak, Arun Kakkar and B.K. Dixit1 Govt. (Auto) Model Science College, RDVV, Jabalpur 482 005 (MP); 1JNKVV, Jabalpur. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The naturally occurring this phytochemical catalase peroxidase (POD) and lypoxygenase (LOXs) of soybean seeds are typically character for blanching. Soybean seeds are rich source of biocatelitics. Result revealed that the values of peroxidase and lypoxyginase in raw seed of soybean were ranged from 20.40 to 22.99 (PODU/g) and 10.03 to 12.10 (LOXU/g). These both biocatelitics are responsible for the important characteristic like fresh beany flavour, green odor and rancidity of soy flour fat. The high quality low cost soy food and nutrients can be targeted for malnourish community suffering about thirty percent of total population of India or under malnourished. Appropriate full fat soy flour is used as therapeutic food source for communities.
Pedogenesis and Taxonomy of Soils of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shahdol
P.N. Tripathi1, U. S. Mishra2, Mragendra Singh1 and Rohit Pandey3 1KVK , Shahdol (MP); 2M. G. C. G. Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna- 485 780 (M.P.); 3J.N. Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (MP). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Three representative soil pedons in KVK farm at Shahdol were characterized and classified. The soils were very deep. The soil colour varied from dark brown to dark grayish brown and very dark grayish brown. The soil texture in surface soil varies from sandy loam to clay while lower horizons showed clay in most of the pedons. Subangular to angular blocky structure was observed in middle horizons of most of the pedons. The soils are neutral to slightly calcareous and pH ranged from 6.5 to 7.4. The organic carbon content in these soils was 5.6 to 8.5 g kg-1 in surface and decreased with depth.CationExchange Capacity (CEC) Ca+2 ions were found high in horizons where clay content was more based on morphological physical and chemical properties P1 and P2 were classified as Haplustalfs and pedon (P3) was placed under TypicHaplusterts.
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Impact of Rice-Wheat Cropping System on Physical Property and Carbon Stocks of Soils in Western Zone of Haryana
L. Shivakumar, V.K. Phogot and Rita Dahiya Department of Soil Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar- 125004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A study was conducted to assess carbon potential in the different soil textural classes under uncultivated and cultivated fields. Soil samples were collected from different districts at 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60 and 60-90 cm depths in western zone of Haryana. Soil texture in rice-wheat cropping system was sandy loam, loamy sand and clay loam. Bulk density (Mgm-3) status of the soil in uncultivated field ranged from 1.31-1.57, 1.28-1.58, 1.29-1.58, 1.31-1.61 and 1.37-1.64 Mgm-3 with mean values of (1.39, 1.41, 1.41, 1.45 and 1.48 Mgm-3) and in cultivated varied from 1.31-1.45, 1.34- 1.62, 1.37-1.68, 1.40-1.71 and 1.40-1.75 Mgm-3 with mean values of (1.41, 1.45, 1.47, 1.51 and 1.54 Mgm-3) and as the depth of soil increases BD is also increased. Soil organic carbon (gkg-1) in uncultivated field varied from 5.07-6.63, 4.68-7.02, 3.9-6.63, 3.12-5.85 and 2.34-4.29 gkg-1 with mean values of (6.42, 5.91, 5.25, 4.27 and 2.90 gkg-1) and in cultivated varied from 6.24-7.02, 5.46- 6.63, 4.29-5.85, 3.90-4.68 and 2.73-3.16 gkg-1 with mean values of (6.57, 6.01, 5.19, 3.96 and 2.89 gkg-1) and as soil depth increases SOC was decreased. Soil carbon stock (Mg ha-1 C) in the uncultivated field (0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60 and 60-90 cm) varied from 108-161, 101-147, 86-138, 71-125 and 96-184 Mg ha-1 C with mean values of (133, 125, 112, 93 and 128 Mg ha-1 C) and in crops varied from 123-168, 151-161, 93-147, 71-125 and 96-184 Mg ha-1 C with mean values of (139, 130, 115, 90 and 134 Mg ha-1 C).
Eco-friendly Management of Green Peach Aphid (Myzus persicae Sulz.) in Cumin
Abhinav Kumar1, V. Abarna2 and R. Naveenkumar1 1IASc, Banaras Hindu Universiy, Varanasi-221005; 2Department of Agricultural Entomology, AC & RI, TNAU, and Madurai-625104. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is the second most significant spice in the world after black pepper. It is much pungent and aromatic, and can be used as whole and/or ground. Though Cumin is originated from Egypt, India is the largest producer of cumin in the world in terms of production as well as consumption. Crop is susceptible to many pest and diseases. Among the pests, Aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.) are pest of cumin causing potential damage. Nymphs and adult both suck sap from young and tender leaves and stem which subsequently curl dry and shed off. In addition, pesticide residue is becoming a major issue particularly in cumin. Present scenario of agriculture, farmers are using a number of pesticides to control pests which resulted in development of pest resistance to various commonly used insecticides, pest resurgence, and outbreaks as well as severe mortality of natural enemies which ultimately end with failure of crop protection practice thus severe outbreak of pest takes place. Botanical pesticides are the best alternatives to minimize or replace the use of
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synthetic pesticides as they possess an array of insecticidal properties including specific toxicity to the pest, repellency, anti-feedance, insect growth regulatory activities against pests of agricultural importance. Recent research around the world confirms that some plant essential oils not only repel insects, but have contact and fumigant insecticidal actions against specific pests. Neem and Karanja oil based formulations have great potential to manage sucking pest. Foliar plant sprays of neem and Karanja oil soap flake formulations having promising insecticidal activity especially against Aphids.
Morphological Responses and Photosynthetic Efficiency of Brassica juncea Under Fluoride, Aluminium and Fluoroaluminate Stress
Manisha, Nilima Kumari and Vinay Sharma Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Aluminium and fluoride toxicity are major concerns in acidic soil because they form fluoro- aluminate complex. A considerable variation was found in fluoride (F), aluminium (Al) and fluoro- aluminate (AlFx) tolerance of some selected mustard varieties. The morphological parameters such as germination of seeds, shoot length, no. of panicle per plant, no. of flowers per panicle, no. of siliqua per panicle, length of siliqua and wt. of 1000 seeds were screened to evaluate the tolerance of eight Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) varieties exposed to F (Control, 25, 50 and 75) mg kg-1, Al (Control, 50, 200, 500) mg kg-1 and AlFx (Control, 25+50, 50+200, 75+500) mg kg-1. As the concentration of Al, F and AlFx increased, all the morphological parameters were affected. Among the tested genotype CS-14, Pusa-Tarak, Bio-902 showed tolerance to F, Al and AlFx respectively while Laxmi was found to be the most susceptible under all the three stress conditions. Photosynthetic efficiency was determined in tolerant (CS-14, Pusa-Tarak, Bio-902) and susceptible (Laxmi) varieties. The results indicated that in all the resistant and susceptible varieties photosynthetic parameters were hindered with gradual increase in concentration of stress. We observed a great decline in the photosynthetic yield (ΔF/Fm‘), electron transport rate (ETR) and saturating photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) in var. Laxmi (sensitive variety) as compared to CS-14, Pusa-Tarak, Bio-902 (resistant varieties). The morphological and photosynthetic data also suggested that Al was most toxic, AlFx to a lesser extent and F was least toxic to selected Brassica juncea varieties.
Viscosity Profile of Maize and QPM Flour as Affected by Proteins
Manju Bala, Arun Kumar and S.K. Nanda ICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, PAU, Ludhiana-141 004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In the present study the effect of different protein sources on viscosity profile of maize and quality protein maize flour was studied. Casein, zein, soy protein isolate and whey protein isolate in
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the concentration range of 5-15% were used. Addition of casein, zein and whey protein isolate caused a significant decrease in the peak and final viscosity. This decrease in viscosity was more for higher concentration of protein. Addition of 15 % of casein, zein, and whey protein isolate caused significant decrease of the peak viscosity by 46, 48, and 28% in maize samples and 36, 50 and 50% in QPM flour samples, respectively. However, addition of soy protein isolate in the maize and QPM flour increased the peak viscosity by 30, 9 % respectively. Breakdown (BV) viscosity is related to the ability of starch to withstand heating at high temperature and shear stress. All the proteins were able to reduce breakdown viscosity and maximum (87%) and minimum reduction (3%) of BV was observed by soy protein isolate in QPM and maize flour blends, respectively as compared to control. Setback viscosity also decreased with addition of different proteins but soy protein isolate in maize flour caused increase in setback viscosity. Pasting time of flour blends was not affected while pasting temperature was increased by 1-2%.Therefore, different proteins affected the viscoprofile of maize flour differently and could affect functional properties of developed products.
Drastic Changes in Plant Distribution Near Sugar Technology Based Industry: A Field Study
Sanjeev Kumar Botany Department, D.A.V (P.G) College, Muzaffarnagar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Western UP is named as bowl of sugar due to heigher sugarcane crop area. Extraction of sugar is done by sugar technology based industries that are located at every 5-10 km distance in a way from Dehli to Saharanpur. Besides sugar grain, pressmud (blackish-soil like), flyash, fumes, baggasse and effluents are the by-products. All are entered in environment and spoil the quality of water, soil and air. They affect the vegetation in terms of number and diversity of plants in area near the Mansurpur sugar mill, muzaffarnagar. The region is full of pungent and bad smell in air. Pressmud area shows no vegetation. Running effluent in open is also lacking aquatic plants. A few number of plants like Ricinus communis, Calotropis procera, Cassia fistula, Achyranthes aspera, Solanum xanthocarpum, Coccinia grandis, Abutilon indicum, Bougainvillea glabra are observed along with peepal and seasum tree in area. However, industry area is full with field of seasonal crops like sugarcane, sarsso, wheat, etc.
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Studies on Physico-chemical Changes in Fruit Development of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
Abhishek, Vinita Rajput and R.B. Kumatkar CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled ―Studies on physico-chemical changes in fruit development of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck).‖ was carried out at experimental orchard, Department of Horticulture, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2014-15. There were four varieties viz., Jaffa, Blood Red, Pineapple and Mosambi which were subjected for different physico-chemical observations. Rapid increase in fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit length and fruit diameter was recorded during initial period of development followed by a slow rate of increase and maximum values was attained on 15th November in Mosambi, 30th November in Jaffa and Pineapple and 15th December in Blood Red after which they tended to decrease slightly. Cultivar Pineapple exhibited maximum average value for these growth parameters. Specific gravity showed a decreasing trend during initial stages and increased in later period of development. Peel thickness, acidity, peel and rag content showed a continuous decrease during fruit development, however, rag content started increasing after 15th November in Mosambi, 30th November in Jaffa and Pineapple and 15th December in Blood Red. Number of healthy and aborted seeds varied in each cultivar and were found maximum in Mosambi followed by Pineapple, Blood Red and Jaffa. Juice content, TSS and TSS/acid ratio of the fruit increased continuously with the advancement of season and were found maximum on 15th November in Mosambi, 30th November in Jaffa and Pineapple and 15th December in Blood Red after which it started decreasing.
Yield, Quality and Economics of Garlic as Influenced by Foliar Application of Urea and Micronutrients
Pooja Rani, V.P.S. Panghal and Shiwani Department of Vegetable Science, CCSHAU, Hisar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2014-2015 to find out the response of garlic to foliar application of urea and micronutrients in various combinations and to exploit the possibility of economizing cost of fertilizers through proper management practices. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 17 treatment combinations, which included foliar application of urea fertilizer (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) and micronutrients [(Zn, Fe, Mn (0.5%) and Cu (0.2%)] with three replications. The influence of these treatments was observed on yield and quality parameters as well as economics of garlic. The maximum bulb yield (155.51 q/ha), dry matter content of leaf and clove (45.18 and 48.00%) and total soluble solids (36.01%) was recorded in treatment where foliar spray of 1.5% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 was done at 30, 45 and 60 days after planting but it was statistically at par with foliar spray of 2.0% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4. However, the minimum bulb yield (132.91 q/ha), dry
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matter content of leaf and clove (39.33 and 38.49%) and total soluble solids (32.13%) was found in control treatments. The benefit cost ratio was higher in treatment with foliar spray of 1.5% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 which was followed by spray of 2.0% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4 but sulphur content was maximum (1.21%) in treatment where foliar spray of 2.0% urea + 0.5% ZnSO4. Thus, the foliar application of 1.5% urea in combination with 0.5% zinc sulphate gave not only superior performance but also be economical and profitable.
Effect of Harvesing Time on Shelf Life of Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Shiwani, Makhan Lal and Pooja Rani CCS Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation was executed at Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during rabi 2013-14 to study the effect of different time of harvesting on shelf life of garlic (Allium sativum L.). In the concerned experiment, Randomized Block Design with four replications was used, where five treatments of harvesting time viz., harvesting the garlic crop 150, 157, 164, 171 and 178 days after planting were applied. The observations were recorded on storage characteristics like physiological loss in weight (%), decay loss on both number and weight basis (%), per cent sprouting on number as well weight basis, average sprout length and weight. The lowest value for physiological loss in weight (21.69%), decay loss on both number and weight basis (1.53 and 1.36%) was observed in treatment where harvesting was done at 178 days after planting as compared to treatment where harvesting was done at 151 days after planting while per cent sprouting on both number and weight basis (15.38 and 12.62%), sprout length (1.33 cm) and sprout weight (53 mg) was observed minimum in treatment where harvesting was done at 171 days after planting which was found statistically at par with treatment where harvesting was done at 164 and 178 days after planting. Therefore, based on the present study it may be concluded that for better storage of garlic, harvesting should be done 164 days after planting.
Conservation Agriculture and its Impact on Soil Quality and Wheat Yield: A Western Uttar Pradesh Perspective
Vineet Kumar, Satendra Kumar, R.K. Naresh, U.P. Shahi, S.P. Singh, Ashish Dwivedi, Ashok Kumar and Kamal Khilari Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut-250110, U.P., India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Conservation tillage and nitrogen may improve soil fertility, yield on sustainable basis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of three tillage systems viz. zero (ZT), reduced (RT), and conventional tillage (CT) with or without residue retention/incorporation and five N rates (0, 80, 120, 160, and 200 kg·N·ha-1) on yield and soil health i.e. soil organic matter (SOC), particulate organic
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carbon and labile carbon fraction of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Nitrogen rates significantly affected yield and soil quality with highest values recorded at 200 kg·N·ha-1. Mean maximum grain yield (46.13 and 47.18 q ha-1) could be achieved at 160 kg·N·ha-1. The use of ZT with residue retention and RT with residue retention for two crop cycle increased soil organic carbon by 54.68% and 54.22% more than that of conventional tillage (CT), respectively. The SOC, POC and LFC were highest in ZT compared to other tillage systems. Though tillage × N interactions were not significant for most of the parameters under study, the overall effect of ZT with 160 kg·N·ha-1 appeared to be most favorable compared to RT and CT. The results suggest that ZT with 160 kg·N·ha-1 was optimum and sustainable strategy to achieve higher yield and also to improve SOC and LFC on sandy loam soil of western Uttar Pradesh.
Productivity of Wheat Varieties for Different Sowing Dates as Intercrop under Poplar (Populus deltoids)
Anand Kumar Jain1 and P.R. Rajput2 1V.K.S. College of Agriculture, Dumraon (Buxar) Bihar-802136; 2G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The pressure on land resources has increased many folds in recent years of over increasing population and associated demands for food, fuel and fodder. This pressure leads to land degradation and climatic change. India has reached the physical frontiers with regards to cultivated area but its population of human beings and animals is increasing in geometrical progression. Agroforestry is a tree based land use management system could also provide both ecological and economic benefits to local and global communities. Its prime objective is overall optimization and to protect the environmental and main ecological integrity. Some studies have started focusing on screening agriculture crop varieties for cultivation under farm grown trees plantations for higher productivity. Wheat is one of the major crops which provide better and remunerative returns to its grower under poplar based Agroforestry system. The present study was therefore conducted to assess the relative performance of wheat varieties at different dates of sowing under Agroforestry system of poplar. A field experiment was conducted in Agroforestry Research centre of G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar during the Rabi season of 1995-96 and 1996-1997. The experimental soil was of alluvial origin having clay loam texture. Soil was rich in organic matter and medium in phosphorous and potassium with normal reaction. The field experiment was laid out in a split plot design with dates of sowing as main plot (November 10,November 25,December 10 & December 25) and wheat varieties (PBW 154,PBW226,WH542,UP2003, UP2338 & CPAN 3004) as sub plot in four replication. The poplar plantation was raised in February in 1989 at 5mx2.5m spacing. The differences in grain yield due to sowing dates were significant in both the years. Sowing on November 25 resulted in significantly higher grain yield (3.23Mg ha-1 and 3.28 Mg ha-1) than all other dates of sowing. Significant reduction in grain yield was recorded, when sowing was delayed after November 25. However, December 10 sown crop was yielded statistically at par with November 10, while significantly lesser than November 25. Significantly lesser grain yield (2.34 Mg ha-1 and 2.50 Mg ha-1) both the years was obtained under 25 than all other earlier sowing dates. Grain yield
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was also influenced significantly by varieties in both the years .Significantly higher grain yield (3.20 Mgha-1 and 3.32 Mgha-1) was recorded in UP 2338 as compared to other varieties followed by WH542 and CPAN 3004 in first year and CPAN 3004, WH 542 and UP 2003 in second year. Whereas, variety PBW 226 produced significantly lower yield (2.47 Mgha-1 and 2.49 Mgha-1) during both the years than all other varieties. On the basis of experimental finding the November 25 the most optimum date of sowing & Variety UP 2338 performed best for wheat as inter crop under poplar Agroforestry.
Effect of Fertility Levels and Biofertilizers on Biological Properties of Soil and Yield Attributes of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)
Chetan Kumar Jangir and D. P. Singh Department of Soil Science, CCSHAU, Hisar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field experiment comprised fertility levels (control, 50% RDF, 75% RDF, and 100 % RDF) and biofertiliizers levels (control, PSB, Rhizobium and Rhizobium + PSB) were applied to the black gram var.T-9. The application of fertility level and seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB significantly increased in number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, the number of total and effective root nodules plant-1 at 60 DAS and microbial population. The application of 50 % RDF, 75 % RDF and 100 % RDF treatments increased number of bacterial population (6.59, 15.89 and 19.93 %), fungal population (24.62, 35.09 and 41.57 %), actinomycetes population (16.60, 33.62 and 41.08 %) in soil at 0-15 cm depth, respectively over control and in soil at 15-30 cm depth to the extent of bacterial population (6.18, 15.42 and 19.45 %), fungal population (8.48, 21.31 and 25.43 %), actinomycetes population (21.45, 21.92 and 40.36 %), respectively over control. The increase of bacterial population (21.18, 20.96 and 26.61 %), fungal population (4.47, 6.99 and 11.59 %), actinomycetes population (26.62, 28.54 and 42.79 %) in soil of black gram with PSB, Rhizobium and Rhizobium + PSB inoculation was in soil at 0-15 cm depth, respectively over control and in soil at 15-30 cm depth to increase the bacterial population (35.75, 35.52 and 54.34 %), fungal population (12.86, 14.04 and 21.66 %), actinomycetes population (7.59, 11.31 and 15.43 %), respectively, over control.
Effect of Conservation Tillage and P Fertilization on Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Wheat
Dheeraj Panghaal, P.S. Sangwan and Rajesh Kumar Department of Soil Science CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Haryana 125004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The study was conducted in rabi season of 2013-14 at Soil Research Farm, CCSHAU, Hisar. Results revealed that grain and straw yield under Zero tillage (54.10 and 73.93), Minimum tillage
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(51.75 and 72.37) and Conventional tillage (52.43 and 72.88 q ha-1), respectively. Highest nitrogen concentration (1.81%) in wheat grain was recorded under ZT while for stover, it was observed under CT (0.36%). Amongst various P levels it increased with increasing levels of P over control in both grain and straw. Nitrogen uptake in grain and straw in ZT (97.92 and 25.88 kg ha-1), CT (93.33 and 26.24 kg ha-1) and MT (92.63 and 23.88 kg ha-1). Phosphorus concentration and uptake in wheat grain was highest under ZT (0.25% and 13.53 kg ha-1) followed by MT (0.23% and 11.90 kg ha-1) and CT (0.22% and 11.53 kg ha-1). In stover, P concentration was at par in various tillage practices while uptake was recorded highest under ZT treatment (6.65 kg ha-1) followed by CT (5.83 kg ha-1). Uptake and concentration of K in grain and stover indicate that the differences in concentration of K in both grain and stover were significantly at par under CT and MT whereas it was highest under ZT. Both, K concentration and uptake in grain or stover was significantly affected by application of P but -1 significant differences were recorded only up to 60 kg P2O5 ha .
Study of Genetic Diversity in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]
B. Singh, Aakansha Goswami and Vaishali Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-250110 (UP). E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT Study of morphological and molecular diversity in landrace collections was carried out during February, 2016. Germplasm collections of all the 50 diverse genotypes of okra were analysed at morphological and molecular level. Analysis of variance with respect to all ten traits under study all genotypes revealed that mean sum of squares were highly significant for different characters. The phenotypic co-efficient of variation (PCV) were higher than those of genotypic co-efficient of variation (GCV). 30 SSR primers in order to determine genetic diversity, resolving power, marker index, PIC value and genetic relationships. Similarity value for all the 50 genotypes of okra ranged from 0.573 to 0.984. The lowest similarity was displayed by VRO-6 and PK highest. Out of these samples analyzed, genotypes FB-10 and Azad Bbhindi-1 displayed the greatest genetic similarity, with a similarity coefficient value of 0.0.984. All genotypes were distributed into nine distinct clusters. Cluster analysis clearly showed the genetic diversity among the genotypes under study. Cluster-3 includes 8 genotypes this cluster have maximum genotypes. The maximum diversity expressed genotypes may be exploited by effective crossing between these genotypes to obtain desirable segregates for further selection of superior lines in early stages of crop growth itself by exploiting the genetic distance from molecular marker data which helps to identify genotypes for mapping populations and also to identify molecular markers linked to desirable traits by marker assisted selection (MAS). The present study reveals that PCR based techniques as SSR is effective, promising and informative for estimating the extent of genetic diversity as well as determine the pattern of genetic relationships between different genotypes of A. esculentus, with polymorphism levels sufficient to establish informative fingerprints with relatively fewer primer sets. These genotypes were found to be quite distinct and it can be used for its desirable characteristics for further breeding programmes.
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BREEDING FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.) WITH AN EMPHASIS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Manjunath C. Paloti1, Rajesh S. Patil1, B.N. Aravindakumar2 and U.V. Mummigatti1 1ARS Dharwad Farm, 580007, Karnataka; 2University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad-580005, Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to evaluate 38 new genotypes of Gossypium hirsutum L. for their productivity and drought tolerance ability under rainfed situation during 2014-15 and 2015-16, at ARS Dharwad Farm. The genotypes were evaluated under moisture stress in polythene bags at seedling stage and for their performance in the field, later. Physiological parameters like excised leaf water loss, SPAD chlorophyll meter readings were recorded in the field while, root-shoot length, weight and root volume were examined in seedling studies. The field performance was correlated to the reaction of the seedlings to moisture stress. The genotypes G h AM-46 (1577.41 kg/ha), G h AM- 9 (1433.73 kg/ha), EC560413 (1328.69 kg/ha) and G h AM-78 (1315.00 kg/ha) were found to be high yielding across the years. The productivity was attributed to the desirable root-shoot characteristics, higher SPAD chlorophyll meter readings and low to moderate excised leaf water loss. Contrastingly, genotype MAP-20-4, even though having higher yield was considered drought susceptible as evidenced by poor adjustment to moisture stress situation coupled with higher excised leaf water loss rate. The experimental results indicated that genotypes having higher productivity under rainfed conditions were associated with desirable physiological characters that made them to adapt to moisture stress. The correlation among root-shoot traits was also significantly positive under water stress condition. Thus, such genotypes may be considered as suitable genetic resources and the traits can be used as water stress tolerance indices in drought resistance breeding of cotton.
Divergence Studies on Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes under Western Himalayan Conditions of Himachal Pradesh
Shilpa Devi and Manish Kumar1 Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110 012, India; 1Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan 173 230, HP, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Forty three diverse pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were evaluated for genetic divergence with respect to eleven morphological and two quality traits. The study indicated presence of considerable divergence among genotypes. Based on the relative magnitude of D2 values, genotypes were grouped into seven clusters with maximum number of genotypes in cluster VI (11). Most of early maturing genotypes with low mean values for node at which first flower appear, days to fifty percent flowering, TSS and days to marketable maturity were grouped in cluster III. The average intra cluster distance was highest in cluster VII (2.405) and minimum in cluster V (1.175). Inter cluster
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distance was maximum between cluster I and IV (9.879) indicating that hybridization between genotypes from these clusters can prove fruitful for obtaining superior transgressive segregants. Cluster means for various characters was worked out in which cluster IV was found superior for most of horticultural traits. Cluster analysis has proved to be an effective method in grouping genotypes that may facilitate effective germplasm management.
Prospects of Plant Microbiome Studies for Sustainable Agriculture
Vimla Singh, Sunaina Bisht and K S Hooda Indian Institute of Maize Research, IARI Campus, New Delhi -110012, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT: The world‘s population is expected to rise to 10 billion by 2050, particularly in developing countries. Consequently, many challenges will arise, for producing more food, fiber and bio-energy, while preserving the biosphere. The stress factors from intensive agriculture include salinity, drought, nutrient deficits, contamination, soil erosion, diseases, pests, plant invasions, etc. Also, use of agrochemicals to control biotic stresses and nutrient deficiencies provokes ecotoxicity that threatens human health. Hence, typical microbial services can be exploited with an appropriate management of beneficial microflora and their functions. The soil microbiome comprises diverse microflora, only 1 % of which live in the bulk soil and 10 % inhabit plant-influenced zones. Most of these microbes inhabit rhizophere soil (rhizoplane), a small subpopulation, the ―endophytes‖, penetrates and lives within plant tissues escaping from immune plant responses and colonizes the different plant parts (roots, shoots, leaves and fruits), in different compartments of the plant apoplast (intercellular spaces and xylem vessels) and, in cases, inside the plant cells. These endophytes affect plant growth and responses to pathogens, herbivores, and environmental changes, or produce important secondary metabolites and live as commensal flora. Beneficial saprophytic rhizophere microbes include the beneficial bacteria and multifunctional arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi improve plant performance as, decomposer of organic substances (detritus); plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR); or antagonists of plant pathogens. The PGPR help in the biological control of plant pathogens and nutrient cycling (nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilisation and release of nutrients to soil solution). The AM fungi form mycorrhizal associations with the roots of many plants and help in nutrient capture and cycling in soils with low nutrient availability at the same time inducing an increased tolerance to stresses either biotic or abiotic, also they improve soil structure through the formation of aggregates necessary for a good soil tilth. Managing the interactions involving selected AM fungi and PGPR bacteria (mycorrhizosphere tailoring) can be used as a feasible biotechnological tool in sustainable agriculture. The scenarios for applying microbial technology should include only sustainable agriculture as well as ecosystem restoration, recovering of endangered flora and micro- fauna, enhancing resilience of plant communities, adaptive strategies for diversity conservation etc. Essentially, the strategies based on soil microbiome, should focus on the development of microbial inoculants or on the manipulation of naturally existing microbial populations, also including non- culturable microorganisms.
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Long-term Effect of Organic Manures and Fertilizers on Periodical Changes of Inorganic Potassium Fractions in Soils After 19 Cycles of Pearl Millet – Wheat Cropping System
Sonam Binjola, K.S. Grewal and R.S. Antil Department of Soil Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Potassium is the major nutrient and also the most abundant element in soils but the K content of soil varies from place to place based on physico-chemical properties of soil. Potassium exists in different inorganic forms in soil viz. water soluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable (fixed). These fractions exist in dynamic equilibrium among them which govern the K nutrition in crops and are important for the growth of higher plants and microbes. Continuous use of organic and inorganic fertilizers largely affects the status and distribution of potassium fractions which are equally important contributors to soil fertility and crop productivity. Ongoing long-term fertilizer experiments was started in the year 1995. The trend generated with respect to increase or decrease of different inorganic potassium fractions in soil during the wheat growth period were found similar. Amongst the different K fractions, non exchangeable K was found dominant in soil. For sustainability, organic manures like FYM are important in maintaining the nutrient management under intensive cropping system.
Comparative Analyses of Cadmium Resistance in Contrasting Wheat Cultivars
Pooja Parmar, Nilima Kumari and Vinay Sharma Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, P.O Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan - 304022, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Cadmium (Cd) concentration in agricultural soils is increasing at an alarming rate and due to this food security is at high risk. This work reports the synergistic effects of natural genotypic variation and AM association in Cd stress alleviation. In the present study, the two selected cultivars of wheat i.e. RAJ 4161 (Cd, resistant) and PBW 343 (Cd, sensitive) were treated with different concentrations of Cd 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg kg-1 soil. The Cd application resulted in increased lipid peroxidation and decreased plant growth. However, AM inoculated RAJ 4161 displayed significantly higher ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and higher content of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The study further focuses on the expression profiles of some defence genes [phytochelatin synthase (PCS), GR and APX] of wheat by qPCR. The expression of PCS gene was upregulated significantly in roots of RAJ 4161 while downregulated in cv. PBW 343. However, the expression of APX and GR was enhanced in both roots and leaves of both the cultivars. The study showed that cv. RAJ 4161 employs a better mechanism for protection against deleterious effects of Cd mediated stress. Hence, it can be
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concluded that the selection of resistant cultivars and AM association may significantly contribute in plant protection against high Cd in the soils.
Plum (Prunus domestica) Pollinator Abundance and Diversity in Hilly Orchards of Temperate Region, India
Showket A. Dar, Mehnaz Nisar, G.M. Mir, M.A. Parry, S.H. Parry, M. Yaqob and R. Khrusheed Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir- India-190025. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The study was carried out in temperate conditions of Kashmir valley during 2013-2014. The 27 patches of fruit crop selected were located in different types of landscape categories of Valley. Out of 613 specimens collected during the investigation, the highest species richness of 44 were observed in landscapes of Budgam, belonging to 5 orders, 19 families and 28 genera of class Insecta. Of all these insects, genus Lassioglossum (45.35%) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) was most abundant flower visitor followed by comparatively less abundant genera Xylocopa spp., Andrena spp. and Megachile. The Dipteran species were second on abundance and constituted 22.20% of total collection. The high value of Simpson diversity index, Shannon diversity indices and Simpson‘s dominance estimated were 22.07,-6.335 and 0.967 in Pulwama, Srinager and Budgam, respectively. The species richness of pollinators varies from minimum of 33 (Srinager) to maximum of 44 (Budgam). The equitability of species were observed maximum (0.974) in Budgam (p-value≤0.05;t-test≤0.022); whileas, Pielou‘s evenness, Nakamaru‘s richness, Menhinick‘s and Margalef‘s varies significantly across the different landscapes. Species richness showed a corresponding and parallel increase with various indices estimated. The unequal distribution of abundance between species on three fruit crops allow the use of dominance index of Berger-parker to express the proportion of individuals accounted for by the most abundant species (Lassioglossum marganatum) in each site of investigation and it varies from minimum of 0.07 in Srinager to maximum of 0.136 in Budgam. The highest dissimilarity coefficient (5.11) of species richness across all experimental locations were estimated during 2014 (p- value≤0.05; t- test≤ 0.194). The order Hymenoptera was most abundant with rank (K) one and K- dominance of 0.674 on Log@10 followed by Diptera with rank value 2 and K-dominance value - 0.958 and so on.
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Threats of Anthropogenic Pressure on Insect Pollinators
Showket A. Dar, Mehnaz Nisar, G.M. Mir, M.A. Parry, S.H. Parry, M. Yaqob and R. Khrusheed Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir- India-190025. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT About 80 percent of the angiosperms are pollinated by bees and their apparent decline is of serious concern for agriculture and overall biodiversity. Here we present the results of several recent reviews to furnish the information of global picture of the threats the bee communities face. Among the several factors affecting the bees, the habitat loss is the major threat to their diversity. However, the invasive species, emerging microbial diseases, toxic effects of various pesticides, and agro- climate change also have the considerable impact on the bee populations in the world. We put the suggestions about the future conservation strategies which need to pay serious attention and prioritise like, minimizing and control the habitat loss, creating bee friendly agricultural habitats, training scientists about the bee taxonomy and identification, training the orchardists about the habitat requirement of bees, understanding the autecological and population genetic studies to assist in conservation strategies, determining DNA barcoding values, checking and determining the influence of pests. By integrating this information one can understand the various threats the bee communities face in the current environment.
Post-harvest Investigations with Blossoms of Cymbidium cv. Margaret Thatcher Perfection
Arpita Mandal Khan, Ram Pal and D.R.Singh ICAR-National Research Centre for Orchids, Darjeeling Campus, A.J.C. Bose Road, Darjeeling, West Bengal -734101. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract Cymbidium is one of the most promising floriculture crop for hilly and north eastern states of India including Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. They are usually sold as cut spikes in the domestic and international market. However, the individual blossoms of Cymbidium hybrids are large, with 7 to 12 cm diameter, attractive and have a comparatively long vase-life. These attributes of individual flowers lend a fair opportunity of using them as cut flowers. In-order to study the post harvest behaviour of the individual Cymbidium blossoms, an investigation was carried out at ICAR-NRCO, Darjeeling Campus. The flowers of cv. Margaret Thatcher Perfection were harvested from the spike at six different stages i.e at 0 and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days after full opening and their vase life and water balance were studied. The results revealed significant variation in rate of water uptake, transpiration water loss and water balance among the flowers harvested at different stages. The maximum period of prime-beauty ( 20 days) as indicated by positive water balance, was recorded in the flowers harvested 4 days after full opening and the
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minimum (9 days) when harvested 10days after full opening. Water relation studies also indicated three distinct stages in the post-harvest life of detached flowers with a climacteric-like pattern.
A Study of Comparative Performance of Some Native Rice Cultivars of Wayanad Region of Kerala State of India under Upland and Wetland Conditions
Surekha Y. Pawar, V.V. Radhakrishnan and K.V. Mohanan Genetics and Plant Breeding Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala – 673635. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Wayanad, a district in the north-east part of Kerala state is situated in the hilly tracts of the Western Ghat region of India. Agriculture is the major source of income and rice is the principal cereal that is cultivated and consumed. The district is very rich in the diversity of life and culture and has the highest tribal population in the state of Kerala. It is noted that more than 35% of the area comes under forest cover which is very rich in flora and fauna, consisting of dry and moist deciduous forest. The name of the district- Wayanad itself means ‗the land of paddy fields‘. The tribal people of the district cultivate several native cultivars of rice and they are phenotypically and genotypically diverse and adapted to the peninsular agro-ecological situations of the region. Moreover, both upland and wetland systems of rice cultivation are practiced by the tribal farmers of the area and they use same or different rice cultivars for the purpose. The present paper is an effort to compare the performance of some such native cultivars under upland and wetland conditions in terms of their morphological and agronomical characters when grown in a different agroclimatic area in the plains of the state under identical experimental conditions. The seeds were collected from tribal farmers and the experiment carried out in the experimental net house of the Genetics and Plant Breeding Division of the Department of Botany of University of Calicut, Kerala, India in the first crop season of 2016. Fourteen characters were taken into account and compared under upland and wetland conditions. The details are presented and discussed in the paper.
Efficacy of Tembotrione, Atrazine, Alachlor and Metribuzin Against Complex Weed Flora in Spring Maize (Zea mays L.)
Vikram Singh1, Mehar Chand1, S.S. Punia1, Ankush2 1Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU, Hisar (Haryana) 125001; 2Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur 313001. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Spring maize is becoming popular in northern Haryana in Paddy-Potato-Spring maize crop rotation. Being a new cropping system, it becomes imperative to evaluate different herbicides for complex weed flora in spring maize. A field experiment was conducted at RRS, Uchani, Karnal of CCSHAU Hisar, Haryana during spring 2016. The experiment comprising of eighteen treatments was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and herbicides i.e. atrazine, alachlor,
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tembotrione, 2,4 D and metribuzin were used in alone or in combination or in mixture. Prominent weeds were Cyperus rotundus among sedges, Anagallis arvensis, Ageratum conyzodies, Coronopus didymus among broad leaf weeds, Brachiaria reptans and Dactyloctenium aegyptium as grassy weeds throughout the cropping period. All weed control treatments significantly reduced the total weed population and dry matter accumulation by weeds as compared to weedy check. Application of alachlor 2000 g ha-1fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S, atrazine 750 g ha-1fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S, tembotrione 140 g ha-1 + S, tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + S provided excellent control of all types of weeds at all stages of the crop growth. Maximum weed control efficiency (99.7%) was observed with application of alachlor 2000 g ha-1 fb tembotrione 120 g ha-1 + Surfactant at all stages of the observation. Maximum grain yield (7658 kg/ha) and B: C ratio (2.41) were also recorded with the same treatment. So alachlor as pre-emergence followed by tembotrione as post was found best treatment for effective weed control in spring maize under Haryana Condition.
Interrelationship Studies for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Elite Genotypes of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
Durga Prasad Moharana, M. M. Syamal and Anand Kumar Singh Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L., 2n=2x=22) is a dicot climber belonging to the cucurbitaceae family and originated in tropical Asia. The present investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm of Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.), India during the kharif season of 2014. The present experiment was under taken with 20 genotypes in Randomized Complete Block Design (RBD) in three replications. The yield of the crop is a complex character and is the ultimate product of action and interaction of various component characters. Taking the phenotypic correlation coefficient into consideration in the present investigation, characters namely node number of first staminate flower appearance (0.321), node number of first pistillate flower appearance (0.472), vine length (0.338), fruit circumference (0.613), fruits per plant (0.467), average fruit weight (0.641), fruit diametre (0.491) and internodal length (0.225) are positively and significantly correlated with yield per plant while on the other hand, days to anthesis of first staminate flower (- 0.302) and days to first harvest (- 0.294) are negatively and significantly correlated with yield per plant.
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DNA Barcoding Based Phylogenetic Analysis of South Indian Curcuma Species Using Chloroplast rbcL Gene
R. Santhosh Kumar and A. Yusuf Interuniversity centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala- 673635, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The DNA barcode has shown some advantages in phylogenetic analysis, identification of related species, and provides a good potential method for the identification and evaluation of medicinal plants. Almost all species of the genus Curcuma are used in medicine, dyes and as ornaments. Phenotypic variation of morphological characters of rhizomes and leaves are very common in this species, in that such phenotypic plasticity of the species can lead to wrong taxonomic treatment of individuals. It is necessary to assume various methods to identify the sources of origin of different Curcuma species and evaluate their genetic relationship. Chloroplast DNA region containsRibulose1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) geneis a highly conserved region.This region was amplified from twenty one Curcuma species to identify the interspecific relationship. The rbcL genes are sequenced and its sequence of 750 to 970 bases was with no barcode gaps and submitted in Genbank were used for the phylogenetic study. The sequence alignments were performed by Clustal W, transition/transversion rates were predicted and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 6.0.The phylogenetic tree was designed to identify the ideal regions of Curcuma species that could be used for defining inter and intra-species relationships. We therefore tested the potential of the rbcLgene for the species differentiation in Curcuma. Maximum likelihood tree analysis was performed to evaluate the discriminatory power of the rbcLgene.
Comparative Analysis of RAPD and ISSR Markers in Estimating the Genetic Relationship among Cultivated and Wild Genotypes of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan]
B. George1, P. Ray Choudhury2, I.P. Singh3, V.S. Meena2, S.M. Quatadah3, A. Bohra3, F. Singh3 and N.P. Singh3 1School of life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110016; 2Crop Science Division, ICAR Head Quarters, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, 110001; 3Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur-208024, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Genetic variation between 10 cultivated and wild species of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan Millsp.), an under-exploited tropical legume was evaluated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. RAPD markers were found to be more efficient than the ISSR assay with regards to polymorphism detection and generation of genotype specific amplicons. For the purpose of marker efficiency studies, heterozygosity was calculated for the 615 amplified products obtained across the pigeonpea genotypes using both marker system. The Hav and (Hav) p were found to be 0.71 and 0.74 respectively, whereas the marker index (MI) value was obtained to be 7.53. The dendrograms constructed using RAPD and ISSR marker
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systems were highly correlated with each other as revealed by high Mantel correlation (r = 0.93). Here, we report for the first time, ISSR fingerprinting of pigeonpea genotypes and demonstrated the utility of this technique in assessing genetic diversity and to identify variation within cultivated and wild genotypes of this important pulse crop. Our analyses indicate that a high degree of genetic variability prevails among wild and cultivated pigeonpea genotypes whereas, cultivated genotypes share a narrow genetic variability.
Engineering Virus Resistance in Tomato by Artificial Micro RNA (amiRNA) Mediated Targeting of AC4 and AV2 Genes of Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLCV)
Shikha Tyagi, S.K. Mukherjee and M.V. Rajam Departments of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Viruses have emerged as major threat for plants constituting of 47% of all emerging infectious diseases in plants. Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV), a member of the Geminiviridae family, is a major threat to tomato, and causes significant yield loss. The disease symptoms include curling, yellowing of leaves, stunted growth of the plant. The genome organization can be as monopartite or bipartite, i.e. carrying only one of the genome DNA A or DNA B or both. The traditional breeding approaches to develop virus resistant plants have only resulted in limited success and also RNAi suppressors of the virus overpowers the plant anti-viral RNAi. Therefore, artificial miRNA (amiRNA) strategy, that has been reported to curb virus infection caused by many viruses, can be an effective strategy to overcome the yield loss caused by the virus. The amiRNA strategy uses a natural precursor miRNA, which is reconstituted by an artificial miRNA sequence that can target specific genes with same processing as natural miRNAs. In the present study, this approach has been used to target ToLCV RNAi suppressor gene, AC4 and pre-coat protein gene, AV2 simultaneously by preparation of bicistronic amiRNA construct, with natural precursor of Arabidopsis thaliana, pre- miRNA319a used as a backbone.The sequences were checked by m-FOLD software to check the secondary structure and free energy. The amiRNA harbouring viral sequences were used for preparation of plant binary vectors with pCAMBIA2300 background. The expression of amiRNA and Agrobacterium-mediated transformations of tomato (cv. Pusa Early Dwarf) are being done using this amiRNA construct.
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Effect of Foliar Application of Different Doses of Bio Regulators on Growth and Yield of Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Smita Gupta Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, SVPUAT, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In the recent past the importance of garlic crop has increased considerably in the entire world.It is an important crop from economical point of view as well as it has several medicinal properties.It is useful in treating bacterial,fungal as well as viral disease.India is second largest producer of garlic.Considering its importance and relevance an investigation was carried at at Horticultural Research Center of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut (U.P.) during rabi season of 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Different yield attributes viz., (cm), length of bulb (cm), width of bulb (cm), number of cloves per bulb, weight of bulb (g), length of cloves (cm), diameter of cloves (cm), 100 cloves weight (g), bulb yield (q/ha), TSS (°Brix), Ascorbic Acid (mg). The experiment consisted of seven treatments viz. T1 (NAA 25 ppm), T2 (NAA 50 ppm), T3 (NAA 75 ppm), T4 (GA3 50 ppm), T5 (GA3 100 ppm), T6 (GA3 150 ppm) and T7 (CONTROL) and they were applied at, 30 and 60 days after sowing.The results revealed that significant improvement in bulb length(5.21 cm) was observed for GA3 100 ppm followed by GA3150 ppm (4.92 cm) NAA 75 ppm (4.91 cm) and NAA 50 ppm (4.88 cm).The maximum bulb widh (4.12 cm maximum bulb weight (31.76 g) as well as length of cloves were highest for the treatment GA3100 ppm. Maximum bulb yield was recorded for GA3 100 ppm .Total soluble solids (TSS), the quality of solids dissolved in the liquid part of garlic, were observed to be increased after treatment with NAA and GA3. The best result was observed at 0 0 100 ppm concentration of GA3 which leads to the 37.11 Brix T.S.S. in compare to 30.36 Brix of control.
Effect of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on Plant Growth of Indeterminate Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum .L.) hy.GS -600
B. Muralidharan and S. Saravanan Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad School of Agriculture, Allahabad – 211 007. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Improvement in plant growth can be brought about by the application of different doses of essential nutrients. Continuous and unscrupulous use of fertilizers, without the incorporation of organic manure cause environmental degradation especially, in the soil thereby affecting its fertility on long term basis. For maintaining optimum productivity of the land and building up of soil fertility, the addition of organic manures to crops has been suggested. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to find out the effect of different treatment combinations of organic manures along with various levels of inorganic fertilizers on plant growth improvement of indeterminate tomato (Solanum
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-1 lycopersicum L.) hy.GS -600, the results revealed that the T7 (50% RDF + 12 t FYM Ha ) was recorded maximum plant height (171.34 cm), cluster per plant (7.47), number fruits per cluster (7.11) and average fruit weight (76.62 g). This should be practiced to achieve desired yield and they played direct role in supplying macro and micro nutrients and indirectly in improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil.
Isolation, Characterization and Possible Use of Halotolerant Bacteria from Coastal Soils for Plant Growth Promotion Under Salt Stress
Protup Kumer Sarker, Fahmida Sultana Rima, Sudip Biswas, Md. Rakibul Islam and Zeba I. Seraj Plant Biotechnology lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Salinity is one of the most major abiotic stresses in the coastal regions of Bangladesh and the area of affected land is increasing day by day. It limits the growth and productivity of crop plants and causes yield losses. On the contrary, many bacteria are habituated in this saline environment and exhibit modified physiological and structural characteristics. Beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere, promote plant growth by different direct and indirect mechanisms. So, the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in stressful conditions has been proved to be effective and sustainable. In this study, twenty four bacterial strains were isolated from the soil of saline prone regions of Debhata and Satkhira in Southwest Bangladesh. Among them, seven bacterial isolates were selected based on their highest degree (3000mM of NaCl) of salt tolerance. 16S rDNA sequencing result of these seven strains revealed that they belong to Halobacillus, Bacillus, Acenitobactorgenus. These seven bacteria showed Nitrogen Fixation activity but there was negative result of Phosphorus Solubilization. In order to investigate the effect of these seven bacteria on rice physiology and yield, bacteria were inoculated in soil under both control and salt stress (0 mM; 40 mM, 50 mM, 80 mM and 100 mM NaCl). Plants of inoculated soil showed better phenology compared to control plants. Under control condition (0mM NaCl), plants of inoculated soil showed better phenology compared to plants in non-inoculated soil. Under stress condition (50mM NaCl), plants in inoculated soil showed significantly higher plant height, lower spikelet damage compared to plants in non-inoculated soil.
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Extension Strategies for Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture: A Case Study of Haryana (India)
Manjeet, Nasib Singh, P.S. Sherawat and Joginder Singh Malik Department of Extension Education, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A study was conducted to explore the role of extension personal suggestions to mitigate the effect of climate change in agriculture in the four districts from southern and northern zone of Haryana namely Karnal, Kurukhestra, Rewari and Bhiwani. The results showed that new technology like laser land leveler 98.75%, zero tillage 97.50%, seed treatment technique 97.50%, water conservation technology 96.25%, micro irrigation technology 95% and poly house 90% were maximum suggested by the extension personnel to mitigate the impact of climate change. Moreover, they suggested that management of natural resource strategies such as organic farming 96.25%, promotion of agro-biodiversity 93.75%, application of bio-insecticide 92.50%, applying organic manure 88.50% are successful mitigation strategies in present situations. Data further revealed that maximum extension personnel suggests adoption of suitable agronomic practices such as growing crop according local climatic condition 95% , crop rotations 92.50%, growing of soil nature based crop 91.25% and best weed management 88.75%, . Moreover interpretation of study results showed officers recommended strategies like enhancing the farmer knowledge about different subsidy plan on seed and implements 98.75%, soil/water testing 97.75%, advise to come in Kissan Mela 97.50, guide about crop insurance76.25% were excellent strategies to lower down the input cost and thus better adaptation to climate change.
Seasonal Influence of Pinching Time and GA3 on Floral and Yield Attributes of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) under Semi-arid Conditions of Haryana
Sonu Sheoran and B.S. Beniwal Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India), 125004, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted to ascertain seasonal influence of pinching time and GA3 on floral and yield attributes of African marigold cv. Local selection (MGH 133-1-2) at Experimental Orchard of Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in factorial Randomized Block Design with thirty two treatment combinations replicated thrice. Treatments comprised of two seasons viz., S1 - summer and S2 - winter with four levels of pinching viz., P1 - No pinching, P2 - Pinching at 2 WAT (Week After Transplanting), P3- Pinching at 3 WAT, P4 - Pinching at 4 WAT and four levels of gibberellic acid viz., G0 - Control, G1 - 150 ppm, G2 - 250 ppm, G3 - 350 ppm. Foliar spray of GA3 in the respective treatment combinations was done at 4 WAT. Results revealed that plants pinched at 2 WAT recorded significant increase in number of flowers/plot, flower yield/plot and flower yield/acre
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whereas un-pinched plants recorded earliest flowering with heaviest flowers per plant. Among GA3 levels, plants sprayed with 350 ppm GA3 were found significantly most effective in stimulating earliest flowering with maximum weight of flowers per plant. However maximum number of flowers/plot, flower yield/plot and flower yield/acre was recorded with 250 ppm GA3 spray. The best performance with respect to various floral attributes was recorded in plants pinched at 2WAT with 250 ppm GA3 spray in summer while same treatment combination recorded better yield attributes in winter season.
Effects of High Temperature on Metabolism and Gene Expression in Thermotolerance Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties
Khyati Lehari and Abhinav Singh College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut - 250110, (U.P.) India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Global warming is producted to have significant impact on conditions affecting agriculture including temperature, CO2 of the biosphere to produce enough food for the human population. But impact of rising in the temperature is catastrophic in terms of yield losses because higher temperature accelerates the evaprotranspiration process creating moisture stress. Among the biotic stress, high temperature (HT) stress is a major environmental stress limiting wheat productivity worldwide. HT stress is common in 40% of the irrigated wheat growing areas of world. A study was conducted to analyze the effect of prolonged HT stress on wheat genotype C306 variety Mustang (HT tolerant) PBW343 variety sturdy (HT susceptible) in controlled environment chambers. Effect of heat stress analysed at vegetative stage, anthesis stage and 15 days after anthesis of high temperature stress. The effect of high temperature stress on the expression of Ribulose 1, 5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase examined in wheat (Triticum aestivum.L) leaves which normally process 46-42 kDa activase forms. Heat stress at 38% significantly reduced total activase in mRNA levels. HT significantly reduced the leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and Rubisco activity in both the genotypes at all the growth stages. Rubisco is responsible for the fixation of CO2 into organic compounds through photosynthesis and thus has a great agronomic importance. It is well established that this enzyme suffers from a slow catalysis, and its low specificity results into photorespiration, which is considered as an energy waste for the plant. Maintenance of Rubisco activity in C306 under HT may be due to maintenance of expression of rbcS and rbcL genes. This condition to determine whether genotype difference in acquired thermal tolerance associated with changes in the pattern of heat shock protein 35 S- methionine incorporation in wheat (Triticum aestivum.L) varieties exhibit distinct levels of acquired thermal tolerance. The role of Zn nutrition in providing plant with tolerance to heat stress has been largely overlooked. Wheat (Triticum aestivum.L) represents about 30% of the world cereal area, with over 220 million hectares cultivated worldwide, often under abiotic stress. The most impacts of rising temperature will occurs at low altitude (where approximately 100 million ha. of wheat are cultivated producing approximately 280 million tons of grain) while some benefits at high latitudes are expected.
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Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Principle Component Analysis among Bhendi Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus Resistant Okra Genotypes
Rahul Kumar, R.K.Yadav and H. Chaudhary Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi-110012. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Thirty diverse okra genotypes were evaluated for important morphological traits during the kharif season 2013 in Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. All the morphological data were subjected to statistical analysis. Diversity analysis of morphological traits showed that 30 okra genotypes were grouped into 8 different clusters. Cluster VI had maximum 10 genotypes, while two clusters, namely Cluster I and II had single genotypes i.e. DOV-152 and Parbhani Kranti respectively, showing their diverse origin. Pusa Sawani, highly susceptible to YVMV disease was grouped with Arka Abhay and Arka Anamika. The resistant genotypes DOV-2, DOV-11 and DOV-66 grouped in same cluster VII. The highest mean for yield (142.72 q/ha) was found in cluster V. Cluster II and cluster III showed maximum inter cluster distance (8.28) followed by cluster I and III (8.11). The clustering was efficient to establish distinctness between resistant and susceptible genotypes as they were grouped in different clusters.Cluster analysis was useful in forming core subsets for grouping the genotypes with similar characters into homogeneous categories.In principal component analysis of morphological traits, a total of 52% variability was contributed by 3 principal components out of 16 principal components.
Aspergillus versicolor KR87 - A Novel Multifunctional Halophilic Fungus that Promotes Plant Growth in Saline Soil
Kartikeya Rajpal and Ajit Varma Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201 313. E-mail:[email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT We have isolated a novel halophilic strain of Aspergillus, A. versicolor KR87, from the salt desert of Little Rann of Kutch, India. The fungus is a moderate halophile, exhibiting optimum growth at 7.5% NaCl (w/v). The organism‘s biochemical architecture elucidated using mass spectrometry and advanced microscopic imaging techniques have revealed the physicochemical strategies adopted to survive and thrive in high salinity. The organism‘s mass spectrum also threw up certain metabolites that function as plant growth promoters. Based on this finding, coupled with its ability to grow in saline conditions, we assessed the impact of the fungus on the growth of a salt sensitive variety of Arachis hypogaea var. TG 37A. Interaction studies in vitro and ex vitro revealed that A. versicolor KR87 promoted plant growth in soil containing 100 mM NaCl, realised by myriad mechanisms, chiefly, increase in plant protein, proline and carbohydrate contents and a heightened superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, resulting in an enhanced root and shoot length and leaf count. The fungus showed high phosphate solubilisation activity and secreted substantial amounts of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid, further explaining its growth promotional mechanism.
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Consequently, a patent entitled ‗A method for isolation of Aspergillus versicolor KR87 and a medium comprising the same for plant growth promotion‘ has been filed (Application no. 201611029685). Crude extracts of the fungus also exhibited very high toxicity against pathogenic bacteria and MCF-7 cancer cell line, projecting it as a source of novel drug lead compounds.
Assessment of Heat Tolerance of Basmati Rice via Heat Inducible Genes
Ashu Singh and R.S. Sengar Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, S.V. Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut-250110, (U. P.), India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT High temperature (HT) stress is an eminent environmental stress that retards plant growth, metabolism, and productivity worldwide. Development and growth of plants involves various biochemical reactions that are sensitive to temperature. Plants do are equipped with a number of adaptive, avoidance, or acclimation mechanisms to cope with HT situations. In addition, major tolerance mechanisms that employ ion transporters, proteins, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, and other factors involved in signaling cascades and transcriptional control are activated to offset stress-induced biochemical and physiological alterations. Here we met the aim by subjecting four varieties of rice (Pusa RH-10, N22, Pusa Sugandh-5 and Vandana) at seedling stage to heat stress (33°C & 44°C) and the estimation of the stress effect was carried out using Membrane Stability Index, Proline content as well as gene expression analysis of six heat – inducible genes. This result showed significant difference in Membrane Stability Index and proline content, with Pusa Sugandh-5 variety, performing better than other varieties. In addition, gene expression analysis of all the selected varieties revealed Pusa Sugandh-5 as tolerant to heat stress at seedling stage with HSP90 gene having the highest expression of transcript in all varieties. Based on the findings of this investigation, we therefore conclude that of all the selected varieties, Pusa Sugandh-5 is more tolerant to heat stress at seedling stage. However, further assessment is required to ascertain this variety as breeder‘s material for future crop improvement to develop heat tolerant Basmati variety at all stages of growth.
Evaluation of Genetic Divergence in Mungbean (Vigna Radiata L. Wilczek) using Morpho-Physio Characters to Identify Drought and High Temperature Tolerant Genotypes
Sunayana, Rajesh Yadav and M.S. Punia Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Genetic divergence among 60 mungbean genotypes was studied under limited moisture condition during summer season. Observations were recorded on 19 morphological, physiological and yield traits. Based on phenotypic markers, nine clusters were identified containing one to 15
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genotypes. Inter-cluster distance was observed maximum between cluster IV and IX followed by cluster VIII and IX. Through principal factor analysis nineteen variables were reduced to six principal factors explaining 74.66 % variability. High loading of seed yield per plot, harvest index and number of seeds per pod on the first PC; photochemical efficiency and canopy temperature depression on PC 4 and membrane stability index, total chlorophyll content and 100 seed weight on PC 5 were observed. The results of cluster and principal component analyses confirmed the findings of each other. The genotypes like MH 810, MH 721, MH736, M 395, SML 668, Pusa 9972 found to be superior in principal component analysis were also found to be members of the best performing clusters. The crosses between the genotypes belonging to distant clusters are likely to produce better transgressive segregants and best genotypes from these can be selected to suit the breeding programme. These genotypes likely to produce heterotic combinations can be used in future breeding program.
Bamboos: Excellent Resource for Disaster Management, Climate Change and Rural Development
Anjuli Agarwal GBPUA&T Agriculture Research Station, Majhera, Garampani (Nainital) 263 135, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Bamboos being highly versatile have multiple uses. Bamboo plants grow much faster than trees, and can be grown in soil damaged by overgrazing and poor agricultural techniques. Bamboos are also used for wind breaks and erosion control. Root system is net like so creates an effective mechanism for watershed protection, stitches the soil together along fragile river banks, deforested areas, steep slopes and in places prone to earthquakes and mud slides. Bamboos can be used for climate change mitigation and as a sustainable resource for developing countries. Among non timber forest products (NTFPS), bamboo occupies a special place in socio-economic lives of rural India. Bamboos also play an important role in carbon sequestration. For the assessment of carbon sequestration potential of six bamboo species in the mid Himalayan region, regression equations were developed. With this approach, growth pattern, above ground biomass and carbon sequestration can be estimated by non-destructive method on monthly or yearly basis. Above ground biomass accumulated by six bamboo species viz. Dendrocalamus asper, D. strictus, Bambusa vulgaris, B. multiplex, B. bambos and Phyllostachys nigra on fresh and dry weight basis was compared in the mid Himalayan region. Out of six species, P. nigra showed the highest biomass accumulation, indicating it‘s suitability for carbon sequestration in the Himalayan region.
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Effect of Soil Flooding on Phenological Stages Affecting Growth, Yield and Quality of Temperate Fruits - An Overview
Rafiya Mushtaq, Tauseef Ali, Rehana Javid, Quasar Javid and Shahid Qayoom Division of fruit Science, Sher-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology- Kashmir. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Soil flooding is a common environmental stress in wetland and in areas with high rainfall, poor soil drainage and high water table fluctuations, inducing changes in soil physicochemical properties by altering soil structure, depleting oxygen, accumulating carbon dioxide, producing anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, and reducing the availability of iron and manganese. The main effects of soil flooding on woody plants are inhibition of photosynthesis and absorption of macro nutrients alteration in hormonal balance and dry matter partitioning and advancement in plant senescence, causing suppression of shoot and root growth or even tree death. Plant responses to flooding during the growing season include the inhibition of vegetative and reproductive growth, changes in anatomy, and development of adventitious roots. In addition, flooding may also adversely affect many physiological processes in fruit trees such as stomatal conductance and plant water status. Specific plant responses to flooding vary with many factors including clones and species, age, the properties of the flood water, and time and duration of the same. Excess water causes a sharp decrease in soil redox potential, resulting in very significant changes to the soil elemental profile. Reduction in both shoot and root are common response. Flooding has been shown to affect flowering, fruit set, yield and fruit quality of several fruit crops. Plant tolerance to water logged soil conditions may be influenced by a number of factors and is determined mainly by rootstock and not by the scion. A ranking of waterlogging tolerance of fruit trees is shown as follow: Extremely Tolerant (Quince); Very Tolerant (Pear); Moderately Tolerant (Apple); Sensitive (Plum, Kiwi fruit); Very Sensitive (Cherry, Apricot and Peach).
Effect of Polyamines on Antioxidant Status of Green Gram Grown under Arsenic- Induced Stress
Virendra Pratap Singh, Narayani Shukla, Pragati Misra, P.W. Ramteke and Pradeep Kumar Shukla Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University) Allahabad 211007, UP, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Pulses are the main source of protein particularly for vegetarians and contribute about 14% of the total protein of average Indian diet. Arsenic (As) is a wide spread toxic metalloid and bioaccumulation of As in crop plants has huge negative impact for plant and public health as well and As is known to be a carcinogen and a powerful co-mutagen. Polyamines (PAs) are omnipresent in living organisms, play a pivotal role in the regulation of plant developmental and physiological processes. PAs may also function as stress messengers in plant responses to different stress signals.
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Two green gram (Vigna radiata L.), varieties (viz. K-851, Pusa Basakhi), were grown under Arsenic- induced stress and effects of foliar application of putrescine (5 µM) and spermine (10 µM) on antioxidant status of both the varieties were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA) lipid peroxidation, ascorbate peroxidase activity, total antioxidant activity and proline content were evaluated to detect antioxidant status of the plants. Results revealed higher expression of all the antioxidants under the arsenic induced stress, when treated with the polyamines, however, the effects were more prominent when treated with spermine. Both of the polyamines, were more efficient to reduce the adverse effects of Arsenic-induced stress, though, the polyamines efficiency was superior for lower arsenic (25 µM) induced condition in comparison to the higher level (50 µM). Between both the varieties, Pusa Basakhi proved to be superior and relatively tolerant than K 851 for Arsenic stressed conditions, based on its antioxidant response.
Effect of Salinity Stress and GA3 on the Mineral Composition of Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) and the Chemical Properties of Soil
Jaya Kumari1 and Arjun Lal Regar2 1Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, G.B.P.U.A.T., Pantnagar; 2Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, M.P.U.A.T., Udaipur. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present experiment was carried out at Hi-Tech Horticulture Park, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during September 2014 to June 2015 to study the growth and flowering behaviors of goldenrod, an ornamental plant with flowering as well as foliage beauty and having immense potential for commercialization and the mineral composition of plant and soil. Twenty treatment combinations -1 - comprising of five levels of saline irrigation water viz., S0(control), S1(3.0dSm ), S2(6.0dSm 1 -1 -1 ), S3(9.0dSm ) and S4(12.0dSm ) and four levels of foliar application of GA3 viz., G0(control), G1(100ppm), G2(200 ppm) and G3(300ppm) were allocated in Completely Randomized Design with Factorial concept in three repetitions. Na+/K+ ratio of goldenrod plants -1 -1 were reported to be minimum at S0 (1.23 dSm ) and maximum at S3 (9.0 dSm ). Significantly highest soil pH at the end of experiment (8.32) was observed in control (S0). Whereas, maximum soil EC at the end of experiment (5.08) was observed in highest salinity level (S4). The maximum content of Na+, Ca++ and Mg++[49.58, 4.90 and 3.32 me/l for water soluble respectively and 31.64, 20.71 and + 19.28 cmol (p )/kg for soil exchangeable cations] was observed in highest salinity treatment (S4) + while, K was observed to be highest at control (S0). The lowest content of bicarbonate content was found to be with S0G3 treatment (1.88 me/l).
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Elucidation of Phyto-toxicity through Antioxidant Profiling, Lipid Peroxidation and Physiological Parameters in Simarouba glauca DC. Seedlings under Salinity, Heavy Metals and Drought Stresses
Jatin Kumar and Veena Agrawal Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Simarouba glauca DC., a poly-gamodioecious tree is famous for its seeds containing 55-65% oil, suitable for both edible and non-edible purposes. Investigations were conducted to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes that occurred in S. glauca seedlings under salinity, heavy metals and drought stresses. Two-month-old S. glauca seedlings were exposed to different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl: 0 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM, 200 mM), zinc and copper (Zn and Cu: 0 mg Kg-1, 10 mg Kg-1, 50 mg Kg-1, 100 mg Kg-1, 200 mg Kg-1) and polyethylene glycol (PEG: 0%, 6%, 12%, 18%) for three weeks in soil. A significant decrease in leaf relative water content (LRWC), photosynthetic pigments and increase in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels was observed. Compared to control, at 200 mM NaCl, lipid peroxidation increased by 88%, LRWC decreased by 30%, proline and cysteine content increased by 116% and 166% respectively. Among antioxidant enzymes, maximum increase in glutathione reductase activity (GR: 320%) was observed followed by superoxide dismutase (SOD: 129%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX: 80%), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX: 80%) and catalase (CAT: 59%). At 200 mg Kg-1, lipid peroxidation increased by 247% (due to Zn) and 422% (due to Cu) and both stresses resulted in highest increase in GR activity (320% increase due to Zn stress and 600% increase due to Cu). While the LRWC was seen to be decreased, proline and cysteine contents were found to be increased. At 18% PEG, lipid peroxidation increased by 295% and decrease in LRWC by 55% was observed. At the same PEG concentration, maximum increase in GPX activity (220%) was seen and proline and cysteine contents increased by 131% and 129%, respectively.
Zinc Nutrition Influences Growth and Micronutrient Uptake of Wheat Root under Saline Environments
Sonia Rani, Manoj Kumar Sharma and Pooja Rani CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Soil salinity is well documented soil problem to crop production in many areas of world. Root of plant is that part which is mostly and directly affected by soil salinity and responsible for various metabolic activities in above ground plant part. Therefore, a pot experiment was carried out with wheat root in order to investigate the interactive effect of salinity and zinc on dry weight (g pot-1) and cationic micronutrients uptake like Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn (µg pot-1) in roots. For this purpose roots at physiological maturity were used. The plants of wheat were raised in the earthen pots containing -1 dune sand, at four salinity levels (ECe 4, 8 and 12 dS m ), each dominated by chloride (Cl:SO4 = 7:3) and sulphate (Cl:SO4 = 3:7) salts separately under natural conditions of screen house. Each ECe
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treatment including non-saline control was established at four level of zinc (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg kg-1 soil). Under salinity there was a considerably decrease in dry weight of roots and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) uptake. The adverse effect of saline environment was ameliorated by Zn applications and for that optimum dose of Zn application in both type of salinity was 15 mg kg-1 soil. The data revealed that root dry weight and cationic micronutrients uptake, like Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn have negative interaction with increasing salinity and positive interaction with the increasing application of Zn.
Effect of Different Elicitors on Various Growth Parameters in Wheat Plant under Drought Conditions
Amrita Thakur, Nilima Kumari and Vinay Sharma Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The effect of different elicitors on Triticum aestivum L. (10 day old seedlings) under drought conditions was examined. Various growth parameters viz., root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of the seedlings on 5th, 10th and 15th day were determined. Six varieties of wheat seedlings RAJ-3765, RAJ-4120, RAJ-4079, RAJ-4238, RAJ-3077 and RAJ-4037 were treated with different elicitors viz., sodium nitro prusside (10mM), salicylic acid (0.5mM) and silver nitrate (10mM) for six hours before sowing. Chemically primed seeds were sown in pots containing soil along with hydro primed seeds which were not pretreated with any chemical and are used as control. The results indicated that in all the control plants length of root, shoot, fresh and dry weight of the seedlings increased gradually with time. In drought stressed seedlings the values were lower than control plants. Variety RAJ-4120 showed the highest value of root, shoot, fresh and dry weight whereas variety RAJ-3765 showed the lowest value under all treatments. Seedlings pretreated with SNP showed the highest value of root, shoot length when compared with drought affected seedlings, control plants, salicylic acid and silver nitrate treated plants.
Heat Stress: A Major Threat to Crop Yield
Annu Yadav, Pankaj Kumar, Shivani Khanna, Jitender Singh and Anil Sirohi Centre of Excellence in Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, S. V. Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India-250110. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In nature, plants encounter a combination of environmental conditions that may include stresses such as heat or drought. Heat stress (HS) has a wide range of effects on plants in terms of plant growth, metabolism, and productivity with great risks for future global food security. High temperature stress usually cause protein dysfunction therefore maintaining proteins in their functional
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conformations and preventing the aggregation of non-native proteins are particularly important for cell survival under stress. Plants have evolved a wide array of mechanisms for adapting to stressful environments and one of the most closely studied of these is the induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Heat shock proteins are of various types according to the molecular weight like HSP100, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and small heat shock proteins (smHSP). All of the major HSPs have related functions: they ameliorate problems caused by protein misfolding and aggregation. However, each major HSP family has a unique mechanism of action. Some promote the degradation of misfolded proteins (Lon, ubiquitin, and various ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes); others bind to different types of folding intermediates and prevent them from aggregating (Hsp70 and Hsp60); and still another (Hsp100) promotes the reactivation of proteins that have already aggregated. These are also responsible for protein folding, assembly, translocation, reestablishing normal protein conformation, and can assist in protein refolding under stress conditions. In such a way heat shock proteins plays a major role in improvement of crop growth and productivity under stress condition.
Effect on Yield and Mineral Distribution in Tomato under Chloride and Sulphate Dominated Salinity
Pooja Rani, Manoj Kumar Sharma and Sonia Rani CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125001. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In screen house, a pot experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of chloride and sulphate dominated salinity on yield and mineral distribution in tomato. For this tomato (Var. Hisar Arun) seedlings were raised up to maturity in plastic pots and three robust seedlings were - 2- selected for recording observations. The treatment consisted of two types (Cl and SO4 dominated) with four levels (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1) of salinity. Observations were recorded for fruit number, fruit - 2- yield and nutrient content (N, P, K, Cl , SO4 , Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) of tomato plant. The experiment was replicated thrice in a completely randomized design. The reduction in fruit yield at an ECe of 2, 4, 6 -1 - 2- and 8 dS m under Cl and SO4 dominated salinity was 8.1 and 3.4, 26.4 and 16.2, 40.0 and 28.1 and 51.5 and 42.5 per cent, respectively as compared to non-saline conditions. Thus, there was more than 50% yield reduction at 8 dS m-1 in chloride salinity. Plant N, P, K, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn content - -1 2- decreased whereas Cl content increased as the salinity level increased from 0 to 8 dS m . The SO4 content of plant increased by increasing level of salinity in case of sulphate salinity but a reverse trend was reported in chloride salinity. From findings of this experiment, tomato crop was found semi- tolerant to salinity stress as a commendable fruit yield can obtain up to 4 dS m-1, as compared to other vegetable crops.
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Influence of Acidic Stress on Selected Physiological Parameters in Low pH Tolerant Nostoc Strains
Himani Priya, Dnyaneshwar Namdeo Borase and Dolly Wattal Dhar Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue Green Algae, Division of Microbiology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Soil pH directly affects cyanobacterial distribution and abundance in soil. These organisms are normally absent at pH values below 4 or 5, however, reports exist on the growth of cyanobacteria even at a pH of 3.8. A large diversity of cyanobacteria distributed profusely over a wide range of acidic pH in the soils of Kerala, has been reported. In response to low pH stress cyanobacteria synthesizes compatible solutes, show effects on nitrogen metabolism, with enhanced enzymatic antioxidants activities and changed pigment composition along with other physiological activities. In present study, four low pH tolerant Nostoc strains namely, Ns1, Ns2, Ns3 and Ns4 were used. These low pH tolerant Nostoc strains were isolated from selected acidic soils of india. Low pH tolerant Nostoc strains were grown under normal as well as low pH BG-11(-N) medium. These were inoculated under cultural conditions of CCUBGA at 33 μmole photon/m2/s light intensity with 16:8 light and dark period and 28±2°C temperature. Studies were conducted with respect to cell dry weight, pigments, total soluble proteins, proline and glycogen content and lipid peroxidation. Enzymatic activities of nitrogenase, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase were also evaluated. The chlorophyll content, total soluble proteins and glycogen content, varied amongst the Nostoc strains under normal and low pH conditions. Significant changes were observed with respect to the activities of nitrogenase, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase as well. Low pH stress resulted in decreased cell dry weight in low pH tolerant strains. Peroxidation of membrane lipids was enhanced under low pH conditions as compared to normal pH, indicating the oxidative damage to membrane lipids and a high level of unsaturation in the cell membrane. Low pH stress also showed significant increase in the levels of proline than that of normal pH grown cultures. The results clearly indicated the pronounced effect of low pH to tolerant strains of Nostoc in terms of lipid proxidation and proline content.
Morpho-Physiological Responses of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes to Drought Stress
Supriya Sachdeva1, C. Bharadwaj 1, Vinay Sharma2 and K.V. Bhat 3 1Genetics Division, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012; 2Banasthali University, Banasthali; 3NBPGR, Pusa, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting chickpea yield and production worldwide. The present study was undertaken to investigate morpho-physiological responses of ten chickpea genotypes subjected to drought stress and select the better performing genotypes for use in future breeding improvement programs. A field experiment was carried out as a randomized complete
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block design under water stressed conditions (no irrigation) and rain-fed (control) conditions and observations were recorded on plant height, secondary branches, chlorophyll index, membrane stability index (MSI), relative water content (RWC), protein in the ten chickpea genotypes. All morpho-physiological parameters were affected by drought stress. Drought stress imposed during vegetative growth significantly decreased plant height, number of secondary branches, content of chlorophyll, relative water content and membrane stability index. ICC4958, Pusa-1103,CSG-8962, ICCV-10313, ICCV10 maintained higher RWC, MSI, plant height, secondary branches and chlorophyll index, while IC-1882, ICCV-9312, ICCV-9313, ICCV-9314 and ICCV-2 showed relatively greater decline in RWC, MSI, plant height, secondary branches and chlorophyll index. The results suggest that growth and photosynthesis are completely or partially abolished by drought stress leading to major yield losses in chickpea and in order to minimize the yield losses, it is important to understand the morpho-physiological basis of yield variation occurring due to drought stress.
Azolla: A Super-Plant
Abhinav Singh and Khyati Lehari College of Biotechnology & College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Azolla is a dichotomously branched, rapidly multiplying, free floating aquatic fern which resembles algae. It is naturally available on moist soils, ditches, marshy ponds. It floats on the surface of water by numerous, small, closely-overlapping scale-like leaves, with their roots hanging in the water. They form a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to the essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being honored as a "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass every two to three days. The only known limiting factor on its growth is phosphorus, an essential mineral. The nitrogen-fixing capability of Azolla has led to it being widely used as a biofertilizer. When rice paddies are flooded in the spring, they can be inoculated with Azolla, quickly multiplies to cover the water, suppressing weeds. The rotting plant material releases nitrogen to the rice plants, providing up to nine tons of protein per hectare per year. Most of the species can produce large amounts of deoxyanthocyanins in response to various stresses, including bright sunlight and extremes of temperature, causing the water surface to appear to be covered with an intensely red carpet. Asexual reproduction occurs by splitting and sexual reproduction occurs by spore formation. Male spore, called microspore fertilizes the female sore, called megaspore. Azolla has been used, for at least one thousand years as a bio-fertilizer, in rice paddies as a companion plant, because of its ability to both fix nitrogen, and block out light to prevent any competition from other plants. As an additional benefit, Azolla grows in a thick mat on the surface of the water, reducing the rate at which oxygen dissolves into the water, effectively choking the larvae thus controlling mosquito larvae in rice fields. Even mosquito can not penetrate the coating of fern to lay its eggs in the water gives the plant its common name "mosquito fern". Azolla is also finding increasing use for sustainable production of livestock feed. Azolla is rich in proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Feeding Azolla to dairy cattle, pigs, ducks, and chickens, reported to increases in milk production, weight of broiler chickens and egg production of layers, as compared to conventional
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feed. Azolla is also used in waste water treatment. Azolla is also a serious weed in many parts of the world, entirely covering some bodies of water.
Stability Analysis and Genotype x Environment Interaction of Quality Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Sonam Spaldon, R.K. Samnotra, Rinchan Dolkar and Deshraj Chaudhary Division of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu 180009. E-mail: drinchan2012@ gmail.com
ABSTRACT The present investigation was conducted during spring summer season of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 over six environments to study stability of 25 genotype of tomato for quality traits. Genotypes × environment interaction was significant for lycopene, betacarotene and ascorbic acid which indicated the differential response of genotype to various environment conditions and non significant for number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness, total soluble solids and fruit pH. None of the genotypes was stable for all the traits and stability for one trait was independent of stability for other traits. Genotype Rupali was found stable for number of locules per plant, while genotypes Karan for pericarp thickness. The genotypes Kubergeeta, Arka Saurabh and Arka Meghali were identified as stable genotypes for fruit pH. The genotypes Aditya, Karan, Arka Vikas and Arka Meghali can be utilized in further quality breeding program.
Regulation of Enzyme Activity in the Cell: Effect of Enzyme Concentration of Different Parameters Like pH, Substrate Concentration and Temprature
Pankaj Chauhan, Sneha Gautam, Shalini Pal and Gyan Prakash Mishra Department of Cell Biology, College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut-250110. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The rapid development in our understanding of the regulation of enzyme activity makes it a high priority to ascertain whether the behavior of purified enzymes reflects their functional characteristics in vivo. Enzyme concentration is usually the most significant difference between routine in vitro assays and in vivo conditions, as it is well known that many intracellular enzymes are present in vivo at much higher concentrations than used in vitro. Various procedures are suitable for kinetic analysis at physiological concentrations of enzyme. Those more frequently used have been cell permeabilization, the utilization of purified enzymes at concentrations close to the in vivo range, and the addition of polyethylene glycol to increase the local protein concentration. In this review we briefly summarize observations on enzymes reported to exhibit concentration-dependent activity. The effect of enzyme concentration has been most thoroughly investigated in the case of phosphofructokinase. These studies may provide insight into the regulation of this important enzyme in the cell. The implications of both homologous and heterologous protein-protein interactions for the
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effect of enzyme concentration and their roles in the control of enzyme activity in vivo are also discussed.
Gene Action and Combining Ability Analysis for Grain Yield and Quality Parameters in Sub-tropical Maize (Zea mays L.)
Gideon J. Synrem, Shailesh Marker and P. W. Ramteke Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Allahabad School of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad-211007, U.P., India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The study of quality parameters of maize (chromosome 2n=20) viz., starch, protein and oil is important as they have great potential that can meet the challenges of malnutrition, skin diseases, disorder of immune system and proper synthesis of eicosanoids necessary for reproductive, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal functions and resistance to disease which is also highly effective for lowering serum cholesterol, primarily low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol being faced by a large number of children in India. The analysis of these quality parameters is important for estimating the nutritional quality of food. The present investigation was designed for the identification of promising maize hybrids with high yield and quality for maize crop improvement. Heterosis and combining ability analysis were determined for grain yield, and quality parameters, in 10 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines and their 45 hybrids designed through the half-diallel crossing pattern. All the entries were grown in randomized block design with three replications during kharif 2013 along with three checks at the Field Experimentation Center of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed significant mean sum of squares due to general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) for all the traits. The ratio of σ2gca/σ2sca was lesser than one for all the traits, thereby indicating the preponderance of non- additive gene effects in the expression of these traits. The inbred parents viz; HKI-193 (P10), LM 13 (P6) and CM 129 (P5) were good general combining ability (gca) for grain yield, while parent CM 124 (P7) was a good combiner for starch content, parent POP 445 (P2), LM 13 (P6) and HKI-193-2 (P10) for protein, and parents early yellow (P1), CMl-359 (P4) and HKI-193-2 (P10) expressed good general combining ability for oil content. The hybrid CM- 124 x LM-13 (P7 x P6) showed highest significant specific combining ability (sca) effect for grain yield (41.23**), along with high economic heterosis (36.73 %) above best check K-25, accompanying with high per se (132.42 g/plant). The hybrid CML 41 x CM- 124 (P9 x P7) showed highest significant sca effects (11.15 **), economic heterosis (22.12 %) and per se performance (75.93%) for starch content along with good per se performance for grain yield (91.48 g). For protein content, the hybrid HKI-193-2 x CM- 124 (P10 x P7) depicted highest positive significant sca effect (2.53**) along with good economic heterosis (17.82 %) and per se performance for protein content (10.38 %) with grain yield per se (59.85 g). Highest sca effect for oil content was showed by hybrid CML 41 x POP 445 (P9 x P2) exhibited highest positive significant sca effect for oil content (0.89**), with good economic heterosis (28.40 %) and per se performance (5.78 %) accompanying with good grain yield per se (109.47 g).The information regarding gca effect of
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parents and sca effects of crosses associated with interaction effects ultimately can improve the yield and quality of maize.
Chemotaxis Responses and Odor Discrimination are Mediated by the Gα Protein and Guanylyl Cyclase Olfactory Neurons of Meloidogyne incognita
T. N. Shiva Kumara1,2, S. Chaudhary1,2 and UmaRao1 1Division of Nematology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012; 2School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar-751024. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Among plant-parasitic nematodes, root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita substantially damages a wide variety of agricultural crops. Due to the limitations of current nematode management practices, there is a pressing need to develop environmentally suitable and sustainable new generation management approaches tailor-made for controlling various plant parasitic nematodes, particularly for the most damaging species of root knot. All plant-parasitic nematodes must interact with their plant environment, responding to root exudates and to various stimuli throughout their life cycles. The chemotaxis of nematodes is a key factor in their parasitic relationship with plants. Therefore, studies on nematode chemotaxis are essential for devising efficient and environmentally friendly management methods. Amphids are the sense organs through which nematodes responded to the stimuli. The Gi/Go-like Gα protein and the transmembrane guanylyl cyclase strongly and selectively implicated in the function of M. incognita chemotaxis neurons that sense and differentiate between root exudates of host and non-host plants; some volatile and water soluble chemicals. Exploring genes involved in these vital pathways of nematode chemotaxis and life cycles could serve as potential targets for designing or development of novel nematicidal molecules. Using double stranded RNA delivery approaches, down regulation of Gi/Go-like Gα protein and the transmembrane guanylyl cyclase genes led to reduced impaired motility, and ability to locate and invade roots as demonstrated in the present study using M. incognita.
Host Delivered RNAi Silencing of FMRFamide Like Peptide, flp-14 of Meloidogyne incognita Using Brinjal
Divya Kamaraju1, 2, T.N. Shiva Kumara1, 2, P. Popalu1and Umarao1 1Division of Nematology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012; 2 School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) are one of the most devastating group of plant parasites on numerous crops causing yield and quality loss. FMRFamide-like neuropeptides (FLPs) have been reported to have key role in sensing and locomotion of nematodes. Gene silencing by RNA
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interference is also a powerful tool for functional genomics of novel nematode genes under in vivo conditions. In this paper, we demonstrate the utilty of a neurosensory peptide flp-14 for resistance against M.incognita through host delivered RNAi in transgenic brinjal. The transgenic plants have been confirmed by PCR and Southern hybridization for gene integration. Expression has been verified by qRT- PCR till the T2 generations in transgenic brinjal. Parasite establishment related parameters such as multiplication factor, female reproduction and eggs per eggmass were analysed. Results showed that host delivery of dsRNA of neuropeptide gene flp-14 was found to be effective in reduction of development as well as reproduction by 60-70% over the controls. The present findings demonstrate that all stages of parasite cycle are affected due to silencing of the flp-14 gene resulting in overall reduction in development and population build up leading to effective disease management.
Development of Codominant Intron Length Polymorphism Markers Associated with Apomixis in Cenchrus ciliaris
Sazda Abdi and Vishnu Bhat Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Apomixis is an asexual mode of reproduction in plants which can be used to capture heterosis as hybridity can be fixed in the offsprings. This trait is reported in more than 400 species belonging to 40 families. In this study, Cenchrus ciliaris belonging to Poaceae family, an allotetraploid has been used to understand genetic mechanism and phenotypic expression as well as genetic inheritance and linkage with molecular marker for apomixis. It is controlled by a single dominant ‗‗locus‘‘, the apospory-specific genomic region (ASGR). A genetic linkage map of Apo locus was developed earlier using AFLP markers which needed to be saturated by fine mapping using codominant markers such as intron based markers. Hence, the objective of this work was to develop and validate the intron length polymorphism (ILP) markers associated with apomixis. An F2 mapping population which was earlier developed was used to identify ILP markers. Intron flanking primers were designed using Oryza sativa, Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays genomes using comparative genomics approach. Initially, 112 primer pairs were screened which resulted in identification of 7 polymorphic intron markers. One of the polymorphic markers, CCILP-45 was found associated with apomixis. In order to further validate CCILP-45 polymorphic marker, cloning and sequencing was done which resulted in two new SCAR markers, CCILP-45-1 and CCILP-45-2. Efforts are on to identify more polymorphic intron markers which will be used to construct genetic linkage map and fine map Apolocus.
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Studies on Optimization of Cryopreservation Protocol for Beneficial Microorganisms
Diksha Dubey, Siddharth N. Rahul, Sorabh Chaudhary, Sushma Sagar, Purushottam and Akash Tomar S.V.P. University of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuarm, Meerut-250110, U.P. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Cryopreservation is a process where organelles, cell, tissues, extracellular matrix, organs are o o preserved by cooling to very low temperature – using -80 C using solid Co2 or -196 C using liquid nitrogen. The aim of cryopreservation is to enable stocks of cell to be stored to prevent the need to have all cell lines in culture at all times. The cryoprotective additives used in the frozen storage of microorganism – virus, bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa including a variety of chemical and simple compound. A factor affects the effectiveness of cryopreservation in microorganism for example- species, strains, cell size , form rate and their growth rate, pH, osmolarity, aeration, composition of cell, density at freezing etc. Viability assays should be performing on all cultures before and after cryopreservation to assure long term viability. Different type of microbes and the ways they reproduce were discussed. Some microbes are free living organism and other is parasite. Microorganism can be harmless, beneficial or pathogenic. In agriculture and gardening a beneficial organism is any organism that benefits the growing process including insects, arachnids and other animals. The aim of this study that, we have found the mode of cooling, composition of cryopreservation medium, original concentration of cell and storage temperature affects viability of microorganisms during low temperature preservation.
Effect of Different Concentration of Growth Regulators in In Vitro Micro-propagation of Banana
Saksham Kusharia R.B.S Technical Campus, Agra. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Growth of 10 explants was seen against different concentration of growth hormone like BAP and IAA through micro-propagation in MS media. The suckers were inoculated in media and the growth was observed. It was found that more concentration of BAP in media led to more development of rudimentary root and it was observed as concentration of IAA was increased shoot development occur in explant. It was found that out of 10 explant 4-5 showed healthy shoot and 3 showed healthy root formation. It was found that on an average 20-25 days were required root and shoot formation.
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Effect of Inoculum Density on Plant Growth under Short Duration Drought
Jaagriti Tyagi, Neeraj Shrivastava, Ajit Varma and Ramesh Namdeo Pudak Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida Express Way, Noida, U.P 201313, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The aim of the work is to develop a relationship between microbial inoculum density and plant growth to access the short duration drought effect. The present study investigated the agronomical and biochemical characteristics affected by endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica at variable spore concentrations and under short duration drought. A greenhouse experiment was performed using finger millet as test plant and plant seedlings were infected with variable concentrations of P. indica spores (1 × 103, 3.2 × 104, 7.25 × 105, 5 × 105, 2.5 × 106, 4 × 106, 7.2 × 108) and drought treatment was given at the end of experiment by withholding of water for 5 days. It was resulted in significant enhancement in plant growth characteristics when plants were inoculated with very low spore concentrations. In contrast highest plant growth increment and chlorophyll content was obtained with an inoculum concentration of 2.5 × 106 spores per millilitre. Positive correlation occurred between variable spore concentration and osmolyte accumulation. Total soluble sugar and malondialdehyde content was increased under highest spore concentration. Proline and amino acids accumulation increased with the increment in spore concentration. The results of this work indicate that plants growth was affected by inoculum concentration and requires substantial spore density to overcome the drought effect.
Diversity Analysis of Isolates of Trichoderma Species Using Morphological and Molecular Tools
ShailyJaveria, Parika Thakur, Lakshman Prasad, Pratibha Sharma and Krishna Kumar Biological Control Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR- IARI, New Delhi-12. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Trichoderma is sophisticated and normally occurred as soil-borne or endophytic fungi. Strains of Trichoderma are also enhanced the growth and health of plants. It is the most potent biological control agents for agricultural and horticultural diseases causing pathogens.The climatic zone of India is so much rich in biodiversity of all kinds of flora andfauna. Hence, it represents a perfect site for investigation of Trichoderma distribution.The occurrence of Trichoderma in the various rhizospheric soils can be represented a population dynamic for studying a distribution of Trichoderma between different area.It is crucial to discriminate species of Trichoderma by using morphological characteristics due to the increasing the number of species and the dearth of morphological characters. Sixteen Trichoderma isolates were obtained from Andaman and Nicobar region of India and were identified on the basis of morphological characters with the help of manuals. The same isolates was confirmed using PCR based molecular makers (ITS and RPB2) which can demonstrate the variation in DNA sequences within and between the species and provide the basis for
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precise identification. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have found widespread use for pathogen identification, and a number of PCR-based assays have been developed for use in the diagnosis and characterization of Trichoderma species.The DNA of all sixteen cultures was isolated by using CTAB method, the biodiversity of these Trichoderma spp were analyzed by using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rDNA region and RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2) gene fragments, therefore we found four Trichoderma species- viz. T. asperellum (12), T. harzianum (02), T. virens (01) and T. asperelloides (01) in both morphological and molecular analysis.
Cytosolic Calcium Regulates Tuberization in Potato through Enhanced Expression of Calmodulin, Calcium Dependent Protein Kinase and Lipoxygenase Genes
Chandrama Prakash Upadhyaya1 and Manoj Kumar2 1Department of Biotechnology, Dr Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar-470003, Madhya Pradesh; 2Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Calcium plays an important role in plant physiology and various plant cell signaling pathways, and alters many biochemical processes by activating specific enzymes through Ca2+ sensor proteins. Cytosolic Ca2+ regulates the activity of Ca2+ dependent protein kinases, which phosphorylate various key metabolic enzymes. In the present study, expression of two Ca2+ dependent proteins, calmodulin (CaM1) and Calcium Dependant Protein Kinase (StCDPK), as well as the lipoxygenase (LOX; EC 1.13.11.12) were studied upon Ca2+ application to the single node segments of potato cultured for tuberization. Calcium at higher levels (6 mM) significantly improved the in vitro tuber number, tuber growth and tuber yield. The expression levels of the CaM1 and StCDPK were significantly higher in stolon tips showing positive correlation with supplemental Ca2+ and tuberization response. Similar trends were observed with LOX enzyme activity, which has increased by 18% and 25% with the addition of Ca2+ at 6 and 9 mM, respectively to the tuber induction medium, when compared to control. The present study reports that the increase in tuber induction, tuber tuber yield with the supplementation of Ca2+ could be attributed to the increased expression of the Ca2+ dependent proteins and enhanced lipoxygenase activity.
Identification and Characterization of Retrotransposons Associated with Mode of Reproduction in Cenchrus ciliaris
Priyanka Rathore and Vishnu Bhat Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007. E-mail:
ABSTRACT Retrotransposons (RTs) are the most abundant class of transposable elements found in the plant genome. Transposition of retroelements may lead to deleterious effect such as disrupting of gene function, chromosomal rearrangement and gene mutation. Although most of the transposons
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remain silenced through DNA methylation, some RT become activated that play important role in developmental and reproductive pathway. Many reports have previously shown differential expression of transposable elements which are regulated by methylation in asexual and sexual taxa. In this study, we have used Cenchrus ciliaris, an apomictic, perennial grass with a high fodder value belonging to family Poaceae. Apomixis is an asexual mode of reproduction in which seed develops from ovule bypassing meiosis and egg cell fertilization. The objective of this study is to identify and characterize RTs that are associated with mode of reproduction in Cenchrus ciliaris. The Apospory Specific Genomic Region (ASGR) in Cenchrus ciliaris is highly heterochromatic and is rich in repetitive elements such as RTs. Earlier, by using Repeat junction strategy RTs which showed polymorphism in apomictic and sexual taxa were identified to check insertion of RTs in ASGR region. Since partial RTs are also present in the sexual plants, primers were designed from the inner region of polymorphic RTs, amplified these RTs in both sexual and apomictic genotypes, cloned and sequenced. Gypsy-105 RT of size 173bp is amplified by using bisulphite specific primers using unmodified ovary DNA. Results of amplification of RTs after bisulphite modification will be presented.
Studies on Combining Ability Analysis of Yield and its Attributes from Line x Tester Mating Design in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
L. Lingaraja, R.S. Sangwan, Somveer Nimbal and Sukhdeep Singh Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar-125004, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out with the aim to estimate the general combining ability of the parents and specific combining ability of hybrids considered for the development of high yielding and better quality cultivars. Nineteen parents‘ viz. 15 lines and 4 testers in line x tester mating design. Variance due to GCA among the parents for all the traits and SCA among the crosses was deduced. GCA is associated with additive genetic effects, whereas SCA is taken as the measure of non-additive type of gene actions. GCA is attributed to additive and additive gene effects epistasis and is theoretically fixable; on the other hand SCA attributed to non-additive gene action due to dominance or epistasis or both and is non-fixable. The presence of non-additive genetic variance is the primary reason for initiating any hybrid programme. GCA variance (σ2gca) was invariably lower than SCA variance (σ2sca) for almost all characters indicating preponderance of non-additive gene action. The studies on general combining ability of parents revealed that the lines H1442 was a good general combiner for seed cotton yield, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, number of monopodia per plant and plant height. Among the testers, H1098-i was a good general combiner for seed cotton yield, number of bolls per plant and boll weight. The crosses RS875 x H1098-i (33.44), H1316 x H1236 (31.04) and LH2306 X H1098-i (27.14) exhibited positive significant specific combining ability effects for number of bolls per plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield per plant.
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Inheritance Studies on Cercospora Leaf Spot (CLS) Resistance in Mung and Urdbean
D.K. Singh, A. Vaishampayan, M. N. Singh, S. K. Singh, Prudhvi Raj Vennela, Varsha Gayatonde, Deepak Kumar Jaiswal and Vaibhav Singh Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi-221005 U.P. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT For breeding of any disease resistance, knowledge of their inheritance pattern is prerequisite. In the present experiment the inheritance pattern for Cercospora Leaf Spot resistance in Mung bean was studied for breeding of its resistance. For this, ten genotypes of mungbean were crossed with five genotypes of urd bean to obtain 50 crosses out of which only 15 crosses could be harvested successfully. Six CLS susceptible varieties of mungbean were crossed with three CLS resistant genotypes of mungbean i.e. HUM-1, ML-1194 and ML-1229 to obtain 18 crosses, however 12 were successful. Out of these, 12 each of F1s, F2s and F3s of intra-specific crosses along with their parents and three each of F1s, F2s and F3s of inter-specific crosses along with their parents were grown in the field in compact family block design with three replications during kharif 2009. Highly susceptible variety HUM-8 was used as infector row for CLS after every two rows of the test entries. The F1 generation of all the intra and inter-spesific crosses showed resistant reaction to CLS. This indicates that resistance was dominant over susceptibility. The segregation ratios in F2 population of all the crosses except HUM-1 x Shekhar-2, was observed to be 3 (Resistant) : 1 (Susceptible) and the segregation pattern within the F3 segregating population was also in agreement with the results of F2 observation further confirming the control of single dominant gene for inheritance of resistance to CLS.
Enhanced Production of Metabolites in the Callus Culture of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. with the Improved Biomass Accumulation
Nancy Jaiswal, Yashodhara Verma, Pradeep Kumar Shukla and Pragati Misra Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, U.P., India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) of Fabaceae family is known to have wide range of medicinal properties due to the metabolites found in the plant tissue. Callus cultures from Glycyrrhiza glabra were previously initiated in vitro using leaf as an explant. The present investigation was designed to examine the possible role of varying concentrations of salicylic acid on the stimulation of biomass and their effects on different metabolite content such as total carbohydrates, protein, proline, phenol, alkaloid and flavonoid. Elicitation with different concentration of salicylic acid increased the biomass in callus culture of G. glabra at different rates. The optimum concentration of salicylic acid for maximum biomass accumulation (14.23 g/flask) was found at 50 mg/l on the 20th day of incubation. Salicylic acid was also found to stimulate the different metabolite content to 3-4 folds in the callus cultures as compared to that of control. Results showed that the metabolite content of Glycyrrhiza glabra can be enhanced by appropriate forms of elicitation.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Genotype and Media Effects on Callus Induction and Regeneration in Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)
Ashish H. Bankar1 and Gaurish B. Sawant2 1Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar-125004; 2Dept. of Botany, Dr. B.S.K.K.V., Dapoli-415412. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Callus mediated plantlet regeneration is a complex phenomenon. The study was conducted with six genotypes to identify callus-inducible genotypes, to evaluate media for effectiveness in promoting callus growth, and to identify genotypes capable of regenerating plants using mature embryo as explants. Murashige and Skoog's (MS) media promoted more callus initiation and provided better callus maintenance than media Gamborg et al. (B5). The MS media recorded maximum (33.15%) callus induction as compared to B5 media (19.68%). The highest callus induction was recorded in Gavhe (37.08%) while lowest in Sakhroli (32.08%) in MS media. Callus cultures were maintained by sub culturing onto fresh media at fifteen days intervals. Significant callus induction response was recorded among the genotypes, media and their interaction. Proliferated calli were transferred to differentiation media to promote plant regeneration. The explants mature embryo axes of genotype Sakhroli with 4.00mg/l BAP in MS media had given maximum (60.41%) plantlet regeneration response while genotype Vari No.10 produced least (27.08%) plantlet regeneration response in MS media containing 4.00mg/l Kinetin.
Four Alphasatellite Species Associated with Begomovirus-Betasatellite Complex Causing Cotton Leaf Curl Disease in Northwest India
Nenavath Balram, Utpal Kumar Bhattacharyya, Shruti Godara, Prosenjit Chakraborty, Supratik Palchoudhury and K K Biswas Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is a major biotic constraint to cultivation of cotton in Northwest (NW) India. It is caused by a complex of begomoviruses and associated beta- and alpha- satellite molecules. CLCuD-begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) composed of monopartite, circular, ssDNA genome of ~2.7kb, encapsidated in geminate virion, transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in persistent circulative manner. Betasatellite (~1350 bp) involves in symptom modulation, suppression of host transcriptional (TGS) and post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and also help the helper virus in planta movement. Alphasatellite (~1380 bp), self-replicating, circular, ssDNA molecule, is reliant on helper virus for encapsidation and transmission. Moreover, few studies suggest that alphasatellite has role in suppression of PTGS and symptom attenuation. In the present study,
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effort has been made to determine the diversity of alphasatellite molecules associated with CLCuD- begomovirus-betasatellite complex causing CLCuD in cotton in NW India. A total number of 19 alphasatellite molecules including 11 present and previously reported 8 alphasatellite in our laboratory from cotton samples of different cotton growing areas of NW India were characterized. The Indian alphasatellite molecules showed 52-100 % nt identity among them. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Indian alphasatellite molecules fell into 4 genogroups; 5 alphasatellite molecules (SG14-23A, SG15-11A, Fz15-10A, Hi-3A and Hmg15-1A) clustered with Gossypium darwinii symptomless alphasatellite (GDarSLA); 3 molecules (Sa-3A, Ma-14-3A and Si-14-1A) with Cotton leaf curl Burewala alphasatellite (CLCuBuA). Eight alphasatellite molecules, Rh-4A, IARI-45A, IARI-50A, ARSF15-7A, Hmg14-1A, ARSB15-7A, ARSB15-1A and ARSF15-1A formed a unique group. Alphasatellite molecules Fz15-1A and Fz15-7A grouped with Cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellite (CLCuMA). The alphasatellite molecule Uf-1A grouped with Croton yellow vein mosaic alphasatellite (CrYVMoA). The present study reveals the association of four putative species of alphasatellite with CLCuD-begomovirus/betasatellite complexes in NW India.
Inheritance of Fruit Trait Attributes in Chilli Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)
Arpita Srivastava, Madhusmita Dishri, Archana Dikshit, Vinukonda Rakesh Sharma, Manisha Mangal and Pritam Kalia Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Capsicum annuum has been known for the amount of variability present in the genus for fruit traits and also for other morphological traits. The present study used F1 and F2 generations developed from diverse parental stocks to report the inheritance pattern for different fruits traits. Our results demonstrate that pepper fruit bearing habit, its colour at unripe stage and fruit apex are simply inherited traits with modifying gene action while fruit length is a quantitative character. Flower orientation (drooping or erect) showed segregation ratio of 9:7 indicating complementary gene action, fruit bearing habit (single pendant, single erect, cluster pendant and cluster erect) exhibited typical dihybrid ratio of 9:3:3:1, fruit colour at unripe stage (green, purple and mixture of green & purple) segregated in the ratio of 9:3:4 exhibiting supplementary gene action and fruit apex (acute or blunt) showed a ratio of 15:1 indicating duplicate gene action. Fruit length exhibited quantitative inheritance with plants showing fruit length greater than the positive parent (parent showing higher fruit length among the two parents) and lesser than the negative parent (parent showing lesser fruit length among the two parents) from different crosses. These results provide new data to clarify and extend available information on the inheritance of chilli pepper fruit attributes.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Morphological Variations of Different Ecotype of Echinochloa (E. glabrescens, E. colona & E. crusgalli)
Ishu Singal1, Kamal Datt Sharma1, Sarita Devi1 and Sunder Singh Arya2 1CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004; 2Department of Botany, MDU, Rohtak. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Investigations were conducted to study the morphological variations of different Echinochloa accessions. Fresh seeds of Echinochloa accessions i.e. E. colona, E. crusgalli and E. glabrescens populations were procured from different habitats of Distt. Sirsa, Jind, Jhajjar, Hisar and Fatehabad. Maximum plant height and culm length (cm) was observed in E. glabrescens (116.40 & 109.75) collected from Majdean, Sirsa. Panicle length was recorded maximum in E. colona /crusgalli (Rania, outside lake) whereas, spikelet length (4.45cm) in E. glabrescens (Hanspur, lake) & minimum in E. colona (Roadside, Hisar). Spikelet arrangement was found compact in all E. glabrescens and spars in E. colona ecotypes but both types of spikelet arrangement were found in E. crusgalli ecotype. All ecotypes of Echinochloa colona and Echinochloa crusgalli collected from different habitats was awned except E. colona collected from Budhakhera (Uklana), Hisar Bhiwani road and one E. crusgalli ecotype collected from Chamarkhera (Uklana) was found awnless. Stigma/anther and caryopsis colour was purple in all ecotypes of E. glabrescens, E. colona and E. crusgalli while it was found green in E. colona collected from Ahrewan (Fatehabad) and one of E. crusgalli ecotype collected from HAU farm. All E. glabrescens ecotypes constitute erect type of plants while all E. colona and E. crusgalli ecotypes collected from different habitats constitutes drooping type of plants. The seed yield varied from 35.30 g/plant (E. colona collected from Ahrewan, Fatehabad) to 1.30 g/plant (E. crusgalli collected from Chahal dhani, Fatehabad). The bolder seed were obtained from ecotype E. glabrescens collected from Mundhal, Hansi (3.26 g/plant) and smaller seed from E. crusgalli collected from Chahal dhani, Fatehabad (0.52 g/plant).
Effect of Seed Priming on Early Growth and Development of Late Sown Rice
Mahesh Kumar, Ravi P. Singh and Bandana Bose Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In the present investigation two rice genotypes i.e. HUBR 10-9 and HUR-105 were selected to see the effect of seed priming on growth and development of late sown rice. Priming of seeds has been done with distilled water (hydro), Mg(NO3)2 salt (halo) and Kinetin and Salicylic acid (hormonal) and different growth parameters, such as plant height, number of tillers hill-1, number of green leaves hill-1, leaf area index, leaf area hill-1, relative growth rate were studied at different study periods with respect to two sowing dates, representing timely ( 12 June) and late ( 2 July) sowing of rice crop. Priming of seeds was found to improve all the growth parameters over non-primed (control)
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sets in timely as well as in late sown conditions. The work therefore presents the late sown stress ameliorating role of seed priming in rice genotypes.
Combining Ability Analysis in Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) for Fibre Yield and its Contributing Traits
N. Hari Satyanarayana1, V. Visalakshmi2, Subhra Mukherjee3, Bhanu Priya3, M. Srinivasa Rao3 and K.K. Sarkar3 1Agricultural Research Station, Amadalavalasa, Srikakulam Dist., A.P., 532 185; 2Agricultural Research Station, Ragolu, Srikakulam Dist., A.P., 532 484; 3Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741 252. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted with 36 entries obtained from 6 x 6 diallel mating design with parents including reciprocal crosses for studying the gene action and their effects for fibre yield and its contributing characters during Kharif, 2014 in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). The results showed significant entries, parents and crosses for most of the traits, therefore, would most likely respond to selection. Significant gca and sca variances were also obtained for most of the traits indicating that all these characters were influenced both by additive and non-additive gene effects for genetic expression of the traits. Reciprocal differences were significant for six characters out of nine characters. Most of the traits σ2sca was found to be greater than σ2gca suggested that all these characters were highly and predominantly influenced by non-additive gene action which was also been indicated from gca/sca ratio for all these characters. Based on all the characters studied, R-225 was depicted with high general combining ability effects for most of the traits followed by AS-80-6 and REX-45 indicating that crosses derived from these parents produce desirable segregates for improvement in fibre yield of roselle. The crosses, R-180 x R-225, AR-14 x AR-81, AR-81 x AS-80-6, AR-14 x R-225 and AR-14 x REX-45 have exhibited high significant positive sca effects for fibre yield and its attributing characters.
Development of Banana through Tissue Culture Technique
Reshu Chaudhary, Ankita Trivedi, Manoj Kumar Sharma and R.S. Sengar Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT Quality planting material is the key for successful production of banana. India has largest area of 5.5 lakh ha under banana, requiring 0.125 billion plants per annum. This requirement is reduced by 50 and 33% in two subsequent years depending on replanting of plantation after 1+1 crop or 1+2 crops respectively. This is an enormous requirement in a vegetatively propagated crop like banana. Presently, 15-20 viable companies are involved in production of tissue-cultured banana with an annual production of 2-5 million plantlets. Thus, only 4.0% is being produced through tissue culture,
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while the rest 96% of the planting material applies both to suckers and tissue-cultured plants. Natural regeneration is very slow in banana leading to production of only 5 to 20 suckers in its lifetime depending on variety thus, micropropagation remains as the next best alternative with tremendous potential for production of quality planting of material. Thus, the farmers are benefited by tissue cultured plant because of ease of multiplication of there variety of choice and it also save the cost of planting material. The micropropagation is a user, friendly techniques which does not require much expertise and it suitable for adaption by small and marginal farmers. However, success of micropropagation depends on method, variety and price of initation media in case of ex situ multiplication.
In-Vitro Clonal Propagation of Banana
Ankita Trivedi, Reshu Chaudhary and R.S. Sengar Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, 250110. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Banana is an economically important fruit crop that is cultivated in many tropical and sub- tropical countries. It can be consumed both as staple food as well as an export commodity. Vegetative suckers are used as explants for growth of banana conventionally. Conventional planting is the not the ideal method as planting materials may carry fungal pathogen, viruses, weevils and nematodes. Many diseases like panama wilt (Fusarium oxysporium), head rot (Erwinia carotovora) and banana Bunchy Top virus (BTTV) are often found in banana farms propagated using disease-contaminated suckers. To avoid such contamination of farms and banana plants, another alternative method of propagation should be adopted, i.e., through in vitro clonal propagation or tissue culture. In vitro clonal propagation is used to clone a single cell or explant in culture medium under strict hygienic conditions. In banana, corms, suckers and sword suckers are used as explants or starting materials. Mainly four steps are involved in tissue culture techniques namely, initiation, multiplication, rooting and acclimatization. Banana export industry is commonly using this method for rapid production of superior banana cultivars. Tissue culture provides advantages over conventional planting, it leads to the production of disease-free planting material from certified clean sources and it offers a rapid mass multiplication of superior planting materials in short duration. In vitro plants have higher survival rate in the field and give a significant increase in yield and fruit quality. Virus indexing (ELISA) of explants should be carried out to prevent the transmission of viral diseases to the regenerated plantlets.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Evaluate the Efficacy of Trichoderma Isolates Against Different Diseases Causing Fungi
Surbhi Gupta1, Shaily Javeria2, Nidhi Didwania1 and Lakshman Prasad2 1Division of Biotechnology, ManavRachna International University, Faridabad; 2Biological Control Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, IARI, New Delhi-12. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Trichoderma is an endophytic fungus which often found in soil and root ecosystem. It is one of the most important biocontrol agents (BCAs) which play prominent role in controlling foliar and soil borne phytopathogens and hence economically significant in agriculture. Trichodermaas bio- control agent promote plant growth and intensify disease resistance. It involves in myco-parasitism so as to mitigate phyto-pathogenesis. The aim of the present study is to screen a potential of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agents. Two different species of Trichoderma were used against Fusarium oxysporum, Colletrotrichum, Scloretinia sclerotiorum and Alternaria brassicae using daul culture techniques, all fungi used were obtained from biocontrol laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, IARI, New Delhi.Results of in-vitro study,the maximum mycelia growth inhibition was recorded withTrichoderma harzianumafter 4th day 30% (Fusarium oxysporum), 57% (Colletrotrichum gloeosporioides), 48% (Scloretinia sclerotiorum) and 25%(Alternaria brassicae) followed by new isolate of Trichoderma sp. 56%, 39%,53% and 49%,respectively. After 7th day new isolate of Trichoderma sp. showed overgrowth whereas Trichoderma harizianumshowed 50% (Fusarium oxysporum), 65% of (Colletrotrichum gloeosporioides), 62% (Scloretinia sclerotiorum) and 70% (Alternaria brassicae). It is concluded the species of Trichodermaare good biocontrol agent and can be used in organic agriculture.
Enhanced Production of Metabolites by Salicylic Acid Elicitation in Callus Cultures of Snow Mountain Garlic (Allium sativum), Endemic to Himalayan Region
Aanisia Zahoor, Suchit A. John, Pradeep K Shukla, Mehjabeen Afaque and Pragati Misra Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University), Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Snow Mountain Garlic, also called as Kashmiri garlic, found at an altitude of 6000 feet above the sea level usually in the snow covered mountains of the Himalayas. The present work investigated the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) on the accumulation and enhancement of various metabolites in callus cultures of snow mountain garlic. In order to upregulate the production of metabolites, SA was supplemented as elicitor in different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg/l). The result confirmed that SA application at 50 mg/l concentration was the most suitable for eliciting different metabolites. SA 50mg/l also caused an increase in callus biomass (8.8g) as compared to the control (6.2g) after 30 days of treatment. The elicitation effect of SA 50mg/l on different metabolites was observed after 15 days of treatment. Enhancement in total carbohydrate content was (29.62 mg/g) after SA treatment while as in control the carbohydrate content was only 23.3mg/g. The total protein content (22.9mg/g) was increased by application of SA as compared with control (18.6 mg/g)
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significantly. The influence of selected concentration of SA caused a considerable increase in proline content (0.069 µmol /g) of snow mountain garlic as compared to control (0.034 µmol /g). This could be of meticulous significance by using plant tissue culture systems for biotechnological production of plant secondary metabolites such as Allicin, Allyl disulfide oxide and S-Allyl- Cysteine.
Tissue Culture, Adventitious Plant Regeneration and Genetic Diversity Analyses of Lycium barbarum (Muragli) of Indian Desert
Smita Shekhawat1, N.S. Shekhawat2 and Veena Agrawal1 Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007 and 2 J.N.V. University, Jodhpur-342005, Rajasthan, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Lycium barbarum (Solanaceae) is drought, heat and frost tolerant shrub. Its fruits (Goji Berry) are used in herbal medicine for treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, hepatitis and male infertility. We have attempted to developed tissue culture methods for micropropagation and adventitious shoot regeneration of L. barbarum plants. Nodal shoot segments harvested from mature plants were cultured on MS + 2.0 mgl-1 of BAP and from a node 4.30 ± 0.90 shoots differentiated and multiplied by repeated transfer of mother explants. Culture conditions were defined for production of 29-30 shoots per culture vessel. Well organized shoots regenerated after 25-30 days from the mid vein region of in vitro raised leaves (source of leaf explants) on MS medium containing 1.0 mgl-1 of 2, 4-D for adventitious plant regeneration. In both cases, maximum number (29.55 ± 4.28) of shoots was produced on 0.75 mgl-1 of BAP + 0.25 mgl-1 of Kinetin + 0.1mgl-1 of IAA with average shoot length of 7.1±0.32 cm. The highest number of shoots (72%) rooted on 1/4th strength of MS salts with 5.0 mgl-1 of IBA + 0.5 mgl-1 of NOA with 7.75±0.95 average number of roots. Molecular biological evaluation of L. barbarum has been done using DNA based RAPD and ISSR markers. 15 accessions spread over different regions of the Thar Desert were analyzed. 5 RAPD and 5 ISSR primers amplified across all genotypes. 91.96% polymorphism was observed. The distance matrixes based on RAPD and ISSR markers were used to construct UPGMA tree. The results showed genetic distances among the accessions of L. barbarum. These findings can help understand the genetic structure of L. barbarum of Indian Desert for selection of superior genotypes.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Evaluate the Performance of Different Fungicides for Suppression of Mycelial Growth against Anthracnose of Chilli (Colletotrichum capsici) under in-vitro Condition
Veerendra Gupta, Arvinder Kaur, Pramod K. Fatehpuria, Rajni S. Sasode, Ashish Bobde and Reeti Singh Department of Plant Pathology College of Agriculture, RVSKVV Gwalior (M.P.)-474002, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Chilli (Capsicum annuum) is valued for its diverse commercial uses. It is one of the major vegetable crops that are grown throughout the world especially in tropical and subtropical regions. India is a major producer, exporter and consumer of chilli. Chilli prefers a warm humid climate during early stage and a dry weather towards the maturity of pods. India is a major producer, exporter and consumer of chilli. In India, the major chillies growing states are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. In Madhya Pradesh chilli is grown under an area of 54.41 thousand ha with production of 93.57 thousand MT and productivity 0.98 ton per ha. Anthracnose disease can occur on leaves, stems, and both pre- and post-harvest fruits. It is one of the major and devastating diseases of chilli causes severe losses (10-60%) both in yield and quality of the chilli depending upon the varieties. Management strategies for this disease include use of disease free seed, resistant/tolerant cultivars and fungicidal sprays. Chemicals are the most common and practical method to control anthracnose disease. However, fungicide tolerance often arises quickly, if a single compound is relied upon too heavily. An experiment was conducted under Department of Plant Pathology in laboratory condition at COA, RVSKVV, Gwalior (M.P.) to evaluate the performance of different fungicides (Carbendazim 50WP, Metalaxyl+Mancozeb 75WP (Redomil Gold), Mancozeb 75WP, Thiophanate Methyl, Copper oxychloride, Tricyclazole 75WP) with different concentration 20,50,100,250,500,1000 µg/ml and 5 replication in CRD for suppression or inhibition of mycelial growth of anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici) under in-vitro condition. Results revealed that Thiophanate methyl and Copper oxychloride were the best toxic fungicides in the minimum mycelial growth was observed in in-vitro at all the six concentrations.
Influence of Bio-inoculants on Yield and Quality Characters of Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc. under Kashmir Conditions
Varsha Bharti, Shaheen Kausar and V.K. Ambardar Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology of Kashmir Shalimar Srinagar – 190025 India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The study was conducted to investigate the ―Influence of bio-inoculants on the yield and quality characters of summer white button mushroom Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc.‖ under Kashmir conditions. Bio-inoculants viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter sp., Azospirillium sp. (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) and Carbendazim @ 0.05% (control) were mixed separately with casing mixture
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at the time of casing. There was significant difference between supplemented and non-supplemented substrates. The substrate supplemented at the time of casing with Pseudomonas fluorescens 2.0% gave highest yield (16.18 kg q-1) as compared to control. The lowest yield (13.05 kg q-1) was recorded in the case of Carbendazim 0.05% (control). However no significant difference was observed in the quality indices including fruit weight, length of stipe and diameter of pileus of summer white button mushroom when adding bio-inoculants to the substrate. .
Influence of Different Phytohormones and Nutrients on Fruit Set and Chemo-metric Attributes of Apple
Abdul Waheed Wani, G.I. Hassan, Shahid Qayoom Dar, Tawseef Rehman Baba, Mohd Iqbal Dar, Sheikh Amir, Irfan A. Bisati, Irfan Gani Bhat and Gh. Hassan Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, J&K, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Present investigation ―Influence of different phytohormones and nutrients on fruit set and chemo-metric attributes of apple‘‘ were carried out at Farmers field in Shopian district of Kashmir valley during the year 2015-2016. Pollen viability was not affected by all treatments while as pollen germination was significantly highest (82.32%) in the treatment of Nutrient mixture @ 2 ml/L + CPPU @ 5 ppm. The parthenocarpic fruit set was significantly increased (52.69%) by the treatment 2 GA3 @ 500 ppm + CPPU @ 5 ppm. Highest yield (298.21 kg/tree) and yield efficiency (0.78 kg/cm ) were recorded under combined treatment of GA3 @ 500 ppm + CPPU @ 5ppm whileas return bloom was recorded highest (16.73%) under the treatment of Nutrient mixture @ 2 ml/L. It is also concluded that yield and yield efficiency is enhanced by GA3, CPPU, Solubor and Horticab in the year of their application. But in the succeeding year; both the hormones and their combinations with nutrients proved unsatisfactory due to reduced return bloom. From the present study, it is concluded that sole application of two hormones like GA3 and CPPU and two nutrient formulations Solubor and Horticab (Nutrient mixture) as well as combination of these hormones with each other and with the nutrient formulations results in improvement of pollen germination, fruit set (Parthenocarpic and non- parthenocarpic), fruit size, fruit firmness as well as chemical attributes like TSS, total sugars and Vitamin-C. It is also concluded that yield and yield efficiency is enhanced by GA3, CPPU, Solubor and Horticab in the year of their application. But in the succeeding year; both the hormones and their combinations with nutrients proved unsatisfactory due to reduced return bloom.
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Impact of Flower Bud Inhibition on Flowering and Fruiting in Plum cv. Kala Amritari using GA3
Vinita Rajput, S.K. Bhatia, Suneel Sharma, R.B. Kumatkar and Ravika CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Japanese plums can be grown successfully in subtropical areas as well as lower temperate zones of India. The self fertile cultivars such as Kala Amritsari suffers with the problem of heavy flowering and fruiting which leads to poor quality fruit production. Manipulation of crop load can be an effective way to achieve the desired fruit yield of good quality. It can be achieved by flower and fruit thinning, manually and chemically. In recent years, research on flower buds inhibition is being conducted in different fruit crops using hormones like gibberellins. In this study, selected trees were sprayed with GA3 solutions (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 ppm) before the leaf fall stage in the year 2015 and 2016. GA3 applications delayed full bloom stage and fruit set stage. It was observed that increasing concentration of GA3 reduced the number of flowers (137.50, 144.00); fruit set (31.60%, 30.72%) and thereby number of fruits per shoot, significantly in both years being minimum with GA3 at 100 ppm. The reduced flower buds and crop load lead to increase in fruit weight (15.68g, 13.98g), but decrease in total yield (40.13 kg/tree, 39.76kg/tree) with GA3 100 ppm applications in both years followed by GA3 at 75ppm. The quality parameters also improved with GA3 application but were observed maximum with GA3 at 75 ppm.
Pisum sativum G-protein Beta Subunit (PsGβ) Interacts with Small Pathogenesis- related Protein (PsDef) to Regulate Stomatal Functioning
D. Bhardwaj1,2, S. Lakhanpaul2, S. Sharma2, L. Narayanan2 and N. Tuteja4 1Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Jammu; 2Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi; 2 Bioinformatics infrastructure facility, Sri Venkateswara College, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi; 4Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT G-protein beta subunit has been shown to play a role in coping with heat stress and fungal resistance in the plants. In order to dissect the pathway involved in providing heat and fungal resistance, interaction studies of one of important legumes, Pisum sativum,G-protein beta subunit (PsGβ) were performed using yeast-two-hybrid assay. Seven proteins that reoccurred in the repeated experiments were identified and found to be strong interactors on the basis of β-galacosidase and ONPG assay. Out of seven, Pisum sativum defensins gene PsDef,a cysteine-rich small pathogenesis- related protein, was randomly selected for further confirmation through one to one gene interaction using Y2H, in vitro co-immunoprecipitation and bioinformatic studies. Interestingly, both PsGβ and PsDef showed co-expression after the treatment with MeJA. They also got co-localised on the guard cell membrane when transiently expressed in the tobacco leaves after co-infiltration and MeJA
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treatment. We propose a model in which Methyl jasmonate induced interaction of PsGβγ and PsDef controls the functioning of stomata with the involvement of guard cell channel proteins.
Morpho - Physiological Characterization and Grouping (SAHN) of Chickpea Genotypes for Salinity Tolerance
Neeraj Kumar1, C. Bharadwaj1, C. Tara Satyavathi1, Madan Pal1, Tapan Kumar1, Tripti Singhal1, P.K. Jain2, B.S. Patil1and K.R. Soren3 1ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012; 2ICAR-NRCPB, Pusa, New Delhi; 3ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur, UP. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Salinity is emerging as important abiotic hinder in expanding chickpea in non-conventional area. We performed morphological and physiological analyses of chickpea genotypes to investigate the response of various chickpea genotypes under saline and control conditions, which confirmed the contrasting responses of various genotypes under stress. evaluation for yield parameters viz., plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, 100 seed weight, yield per plant and physiological parameters like RWC, MSI and Na: K ratio showed that Salinity reduced the seed yield of all genotypes. Yield reduction of different genotypes varied from 10% to 57 %. There was a strong relation between the stem Na:K ratio and yield per plant. The lower the ratio, higher was yielding per plant indicating that the plants that were able to exclude the sodium and prevent it from going to stem showed better tolerance to salinity. The Na:K ratio the genotypes like CSG- 8962,ICCV00104,ICCV06101 and JG-62 were showing the minimum values in shoot tissue showing the indication of salt tolerance .The quantitative morpho- physiological data was analysed and euclidean distances were calculated and genotypes grouped as per SAHN. The highly tolerant lines CSG 8962 and JG 62 have formed a distinct group. Similarly the newly identified tolerant lines in this study ICCV06101, ICCV00104 also formed a distinct group along with ICCV 10 which is also a reported donor for salt tolerance.
Development and In-silico Analysis of EST Based SSR Sarkers in Cajanus cajan and Cicer arietinum
Manisha Goyal, Jitender Singh, Pankaj Kumar and Anil Sirohi S. V. Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India-250110. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers are tend to be polymorphic in nature and possess high information content as well as potentially high reproducibility. More over EST (Expressed Sequence Tags) based SSR markers are derived from ESTs and are very crucial resource for gene discovery and mapping. Legumes are among most important crop worldwide in aspect of consumption. Productivity of legumes are severely influenced by various environmental stress.
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Therefore molecular markers should be taken into consideration as a tool to increase their tolerance function in adverse conditions for stress tolerance genes in legumes. In the present study, ESTs of legumes; Cajanus cajan and Cicer arietinum were downloaded from NCBI and EST-SSR marker along with their polymorphism and cross species transferability in stress responsive contigs assembled. SSRs were screened using a command line tool MISA. Out of the total ESTs of both the species, only 31 genes were found to be associated with stress responsive capacity. A total number of 48 SSRs in C. cajan and 43 SSRs in C. arietinum were identified. In C. cajan out of 48 SSRs; 6 (12.5%) were mono-nucleotide repeats, 8 (16.6%) were di-nucleotide repeats, 31 (64.5%) were tri- nucleotide repeats, 2 (4.16%) were tetra-nucleotide repeats followed by 1 (2.08%) hexa-nucleotide repeats. On the other hand 43 SSRs were categorized in 7 (16.2%) mono-nucleotides, 5 (11.62%) were di-nucleotides and 31 (72.09%) were tri-nucleotide repeats in C. arietinum. Tetra, penta and hexa-nuceotide repeats were absent in C. arietinum. In C. cajan tri-nucleotide repeats CAA (4) and GAG (4) were most frequent among all, hence be likely highly polymorphic. However unlike the C. cajan mono-nucleotide T (6) and tri-nucleotide TTG (4) were showing the maximum frequency in C. arietinum. The availability of genome marker information can help in selecting or developing markers for targeted mapping not only in a given crop but also in related crops for which sufficient genomic tools are not yet available in the public domain.
Effect of K Application on Nutrient Uptake by Different Plant Parts in Bt. Cotton
Rajesh Kumar, D.S. Jakhar and Dheeraj Panghaal Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sirsa. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The study was carried out at the farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sirsa. The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reactions, low in organic carbon and nitrogen, medium in phosphorus with medium to high available K levels. The experiment was laid out in two soils having medium and high available K with seven treatments and was replicated thrice using RBD. There were seven treatments viz. T1 - N175P60, T2 - N175P60 + Water Spray, T3 - N175P60+ foliar spray of 1% KNO3, T4 - N175P60+ K30, T5 - N175P60+ K30+ foliar spray of 1% KNO3, T6 - N175P60+K60 and T7 - N175P60+K60+ foliar spray of 1% KNO3. Two foliar sprays were done at the time of flowering and peak boll development stages. The data shows that the mean nitrogen and phosphorus uptake was slightly higher in high K fertility fields as compared to the medium K fertility fields. The phoshorus uptake showed a decreasing rate as the level of K increased. Soil and foliar applied potassium significantly increased the potassium uptake and the mean K uptake was highest in T7(N175P60 + K60 + 1% foliar spray of KNO3) treatment which measured 10.72, 15.03, 21.16 and 30.07 kg/ha in leaves, khokri, stems and seed respectively. The highest N, P and K uptake was obtained in the treatment where 60 kg K2O +1% foliar spray of KNO3 was applied along with recommended doses of nitrogen and phosphorus. The NPK uptake followed the order Seed>stem>Khokri>leaves.
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1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Deaminase (ACCD) Containing Enterobacter cloacae (KP226569) Enhanced the Seed Germination and Growth Parameters of Maize var SHIATS MS-2 in Presence of Ammonia Sulphate as Substitute of ACC
Alka Sagar, P.K. Shukla and P.W. Ramteke Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT In the Present study, Maize var.SHIATS-MS2 was inoculated with Enterobacter cloacae (KP226569) was isolated from organic farm of Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHIATS), Allahabad to see the effect on seed germination and growth parameters in presence of ammonia sulphate as substitute of ACC. Result showed significantly higher percentage of seed germination and enhancement of root and shoot length in maize var.SHIATS- MS2 by inoculation of the organism in presence of ammonia sulphate as substitute of ACC. Enterobacter cloacae (KP226569) may be employed in sustainable production of maize.
Evaluation of Pollen Viability and Associated Biochemical Traits in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes for Heat Tolerance and Low Fertilizer-Limited Irrigation
K. Prasada Rao, Rozina Yendrembam, Anamika Majumdar, Md. Abdul Basith and P.W. Ramteke SHUATS University - Allahabad-211007, UP, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT World trade in wheat is greater than all other crops. Fertilizers play a pivotal role in increasing yield and improving the quality of crops. Heat tolerance and minimizing fertilizer / low input with limited irrigation are the need of the todays agriculture with the declining resources. Self pollinated crop plants pollen quality under given environmental field condition emerged as vital in grain filling phenomenon which in turn reflects yield performance. Pollen viability is regulated by the level and composition of several biochemical substances which are involved in pollen development. This study was carried out to assess the percent contribution of carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose and starch) to pollen viability of different wheat varieties (AAIW8,AAIW10, AAIW12, AAIW13, AAIW14, AAIW15, AAIW16, AAIW17 AAIW21 and AAIW23) grown at SHUATS, Allahabad. Pollen viability was highest in AAIW21 (75.86%) also this variety has the highest starch content (70.76%). Sucrose, glucose and fructose contribute about 10-25% to pollen viability. The result indicates that pollen starch content during pollen development is the most important biochemical parameter that determines pollen viability in wheat. For low –input condition AAIW16 emerged as suitable variety with highest viability of 82.59% with highest glucose and fructose content along with highest germination rateand grain yield of 43.51 (q/h) and earliest in 50% flowering at 87 days.
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Genetic Diversity Analysis using Microsatellite Based Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Markers in Basmati Indica Rice (Orzya sativa L.)
Harish Chandra, Yashwant K. Yadava, Payal Bishnoi, Pushpendra Kumar and S.K. Bhatnagar SVPUAT, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The microsatellite (SSR) markers were used to determine the allelic diversity and relationship among 30 genotypes of Basmati rice. Genetic polymorphism among 30 genotypes of Basmati rice was assessed using 20 co-dominant microsatellite i.e. Simple Sequence repeats (SSR) markers. A total of 50 alleles were found for the 20 SSR loci with an average of 2.5 per locus, reveal that all the tested primers showed different level of polymorphism among the genotypes indicating the robust nature of SSR markers. Among all these microsatellite primers, RM 107 produced highest number of alleles (5 alleles) followed by RM 127, RM131, RM154 (four alleles), RM11, RM85, RM128 (three alleles), RM5, RM17, RM30, RM38, RM55, RM84, RM130, RM156, RM335, RM338, RM341 (two alleles), and lowest number (single) of alleles were observed in RM18 and RM273. Polymorphic information content (PIC value) ranged from 0.556 (RM273) to 0.995 (RM 273). Clustering analysis based on UPGMA grouped these genotypes into 3 main clusters I, II and III comprised of 9 (Pusa Basmati 1, CSR 30, Vallabh Basmati 22, Bindli, Annada, Type 3, Sarbati, Jeerakasala, and Kalanamak), 7 (Basmati 386, Vallabh Basmati 21, Centuri Patna, PusaSungandha 2, PusaSungandha 3 MAUB-13 and Super Basmati), 14 (Taraori Basmati, Pusa Sungandha 4, Nagina-22 ,(N-22), Haryana Basmati, Ranvir Basmati., Pant Sugandha 15, Punjab Basmati 2, Pusa 1460, Pant Sugandha 17, Tilak-Chandan , RR-564, Basmati 370, Pusa Sungandha 5 and MAUB- 57) genotypes respectively and was found to be distinct from other clusters in dendrogram, indicating that it will very useful for diversity analysis and breeding programmes.
QTL Mapping and Comparative Expression Analysis of Gene(s) for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinium L.)
Neha Mittal1,2, R.S.Saxena2 and Rajendra Kumar1,3,4 1Departmentof Biotechnology, S.V.B.P University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut 250110(UP); 2Department of Botany, Meerut College, C.C.S.University, Uttar Pradesh; 3Division of Genetics, Indian Agriculture Research Institute,New Delhi-110012; 4U.P. Council of Agriculture Research, Lucknow,India-226010. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT QTL mapping for agronomic and morphological traits on mapping population obtained from the cross between Pusa 1103 x SBD 377 . The mapping population consisted of 117 Rils (recombinant inbreed lines, F9 generation). Parental screening was done by using 100 primers among which polymorphic primers were used for analyze polymorphism in 117 rils. Among 100 primers 53 were SSR, 30 were STMS and 17 were gene specific primers among which 8 markers showed polymorphism and were used to create linkage map. Out of 8 markers 7 markers form a linkage group which was 107.4cM on a single chromosome. QTL mapping was done using the linkage map and 11
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QTLs ranging the phenotypic variance between 25.85% to 78.1% across two water treatment conditions. QTLs have role in MAS( Marker Assisted Selection). For identification of salinity stress resistant genes quantitative real time pcr expression analysis was carried out. From already identified abiotic stress resistant genes from ncbi database 16 gene specific primers were designed. Among those 16 only 5 were used q-RTPCR and 2 primers i.e. primer 13 and primer 6 show difference in expression between tolerant and susceptible genotypes. The expression level of these genes was higher in salinity tolerant genotypes as compared to salinity susceptible genotypes. Identification of potent genes can be be used in gene pyramiding for development of transgenics.
Chromosomal Aberration Assay of Induced Toxicity of Cadmium and Lead and Their Interaction in Wistar Rat
Vikas Jaiswal, B.P. Joshi, A. Bhatele, P. S. Maurya, Harshit verma, D.K. yadav and S.P. Yadav COVAS, SVPUA&T, Meerut. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present study has been carried out to study genotoxic effect induced by cadmium, lead and their mixture in wistar rats. Sixty colony bred albino wistar strain rats of both sexes, were divided uniformly into five different groups. The group I received only deionised water and served as control while, group II, III and IV were orally gavaged with cadmium chloride @100PPM; lead acetate @500PPM; and mixture of cadmium chloride @100PPM & lead acetate @500PPM respectively, for 28 days. Group V was kept as a positive control for genotoxicity study which was given cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg body weight i.p. 24 hours prior to terminal sacrifice). All the three treatment groups showed increase in chromosomal aberrations as compared to negative control. Cadmium and lead when administered alone were equally genotoxic to that of mixture of both metals at the given dose level while their genotoxic potential was less than the known positive compound cyclophosphamide.
Isolation, Cloning and Characterization of Surfactin (sfp) Gene in Bacillus sp. JES1
Mohan Lal1, Rakesh Tuli2, Ved Pal Singh1 1Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007; 2University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab Univeristy, Chandigarh-160 036. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The spore forming bacteria of Bacillus genus are important organisms for synthesis of antimicrobial lipopeptides. One lipopeptide biosurfactant (surfactin) is a cyclic compound containing seven amino acids and a β-hydroxydecanoic acid moiety. The sfp gene in Bacillus species encodes phosphopantetheinyl transferase, which is required for surfactin production. A strain of bacterium, Bacillus sp. JES1, isolated from fresh litchi (Litchi chinensis) fruit surface and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showed antagonistic activity against the fungus Gibberella moniliformis that was also isolated from infected litchi fruit in dual culture assay. PCR reactions for sfp gene primers
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(P17-F, P18-R) were used and obtained 675bp PCR band. Cloning of sfp gene was done in pGEMT- vector by TA cloning method. Sequencing of isolated plasmid was done and contig was created in CodonCode Aligner. The sequence exhibited 99% similarity with sfp gene of Bacillus subtilis in NCBI BLAST. For amino acid composition from nucleotide sequence of sfp gene, EMBOSS tool was used. The obtained amino acid sequence was used for pBLAST in UniProt, and it showed 100% similarity with Sfp protein of Bacillus subtilis (all amino acids were same, but asparagine and histidine codon were different). The phylogenetic tree from pBLAST was constructed by neighbor- joining method. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of amino acid composition of the deduced sfp gene of Bacillus sp. JES1 was done with other species of this genus. The positions of threonine (22) and glycine (97) were frequently changed by serine and cysteine, respectively in other Bacillus species. For physical and chemical parameters of this protein, ExPASy tool was used.
In silico Study of Alpha Subunit of DNA PolIII that Serves as a Potential Genetic Marker for Bacterial Taxonomy
Hari Ram, Lebin Thomas and Ved Pal Singh Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Molecular approaches in bacterial taxonomy involve amplification and sequencing of coding or non-coding genes with the purpose to assess their phylogenetic neighbours from the available database. 16S rRNA gene has been established as a taxonomic marker, but intragenomic heterogeneity with multiple copy number questioned its efficiency to deduce evolutionary relationships. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and other sequence-based approaches complemented the phylogenetic characterization of bacteria. PolIIIα polypeptides (DnaE/PolC) with short conserved motifs and long variable regions exhibited their potential to ascertain phylogenetic relationships from species level to phylum level in bacterial domain. Comparative investigation on PolIIIα peptide with RpoB, GyrB, AtpD, GapA, RecA and SecA peptides and 16S rRNA gene revealed their evolutionary relatedness by showing highest sequence similarity between species of a genus which gradually decreased to the phylum level. Comparative evaluation of PolIIIα, RpoB, GyrB, AtpD, GapA, RecA and SecA peptides and 16S rRNA gene, through phylogenetic trees, provided considerable evidence for resolution efficiency of PolIIIα peptide by clustering between homologous species members of genus with high statistical supports (high bootstrap value). Phylum level resolution efficiency showed by common clusters of homologous sequences in both PolIIIα peptide and 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic trees consisted of forty five species of twenty four phyla. PolIIIα subunit with universal distribution and housekeeping function in DNA replication emerged as a high resolution taxonomic marker which could complement or serve as an alternative to 16S rRNA gene and MLSA to assess evolutionary relationships between bacterial taxa.
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Can Host Delivered RNAi of Meloidogyne incognita Genes Provide Protection During the Time of Penetration and Infection?
S. Chaudhary1, D. Kamaraju, T. N. Shiva Kumara and Uma Rao Division of Nematology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012; 1School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar-751024. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Root knot nematodes belonging to the genus Meloidogyne are the most devastating group of plant parasitic nematodes and the key economically important species is M. incognita whose genome has been sequenced along with stage specific transcriptome. Gene silencing using RNA interference is one of the approaches to utilize the nematode genes for developing tolerant crops to overcome the nematode inflicted yield losses. In this direction, we have identified and demonstrated that host delivered RNAi silencing of two important pioneer genes, i.e., msp-18 and msp-20, specific to dorsal and subventral esophageal glands of M. incognita, respectively are useful in reducing the nematode population build up by reducing the multiplication in eggplant. Transgenic lines for each gene exhibited resistance to M. incognita in terms of significant reduction in nematode multiplication and also nematode penetration. Assuming that the cell sap containing bioactive RNA species (in the form of dsRNA/siRNA) may translocate from plant to nematode through amphidial aperture or stylet lumen during the nematode penetration process, in the current study, we have labelled the wild-type 14 eggplant with CO2 and challenge inoculated the labelled plants with M. incognita infective juveniles (J2) and could detect traces of 14C isotope in the invading J2 prior to feeding which establishes the hypothesis that the invading J2s become the recipient of plant-derived dsRNA/siRNA molecules of the target genes even during their initial phase of probing on the plant surface that can reduce nematode penetration.
Transgenics and its Role in Vegetable Crop Improvement Programme
Sunnia Gorka, R.K. Samnotra and R.K. Gupta SKUAST-J, Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir 180 009. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT By 2020, global population is expected to reach 8 billion and conventional breeding methods alone cannot feed the extra hungry mouths and malnutrition problems. Agricultural biotechnological tools has the potential to tackle with this problem and one of the approach in this is transgenics production through recombinant DNA Technology. USA is the leading country under biotech crops (Anonymous, 2014). Agricultural biotechnological tools viz transgenics has a potential to reduce crop losses from pest and diseases (Punja, 2003 ), post harvest losses, improve the nutrient efficiency (Rosati et al., 2000), used for vaccine delivery, can increase the abiotic stress tolerance of crop plants (Kumar et al., 2010) and also extend the cropping period especially in high altitude areas where vegetable cultivation is impossible in severe winter months (Kumar and Bhat, 2006). The first transgenic plant was produced in 1983 in tobacco and in 1994, first economic production of
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transgenic plant for tomato ―flavrsavr‖ with slow ripening was made (Teisl et al., 2002). Transgenic plant research depends upon on the availability of plant transformation procedure. Two types of method for plant transformation exist, the use of Agrobacterium as a biological vector for foreign gene transfer, and direct gene transfer techniques (Tsaftaris et al., 2009). In India the commercial use of transgenic vegetables is still on hold due to the potential risk associated with it. Therefore, these derived vegetable crops will succeed only if clear advantages and safety are demonstrated to both growers and consumers.
Genetic Divergence Studies for Reproductive Traits in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)
Rakesh Khajuria, J.P. Sharma, Sunnia Gorka and R.K. Gupta Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-J, Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir 180 009. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation was conducted using 60 diverse genotypes of okra at experimental farm, FAO, SKUAST-J, Main Campus, Chatha to estimate the genetic diversity among the genotypes through D2 statistics for 20 traits. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design in three replications, spaced at 45cm × 60 cm. the observations were recorded on five randomly selected plants from each experimental plot. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among all the genotypes for all the traits except for number of ridges per fruit. On the basis of D2 values, sixty genotypes were grouped into eight clusters, indicating sufficient diversity for selecting superior and diverse parents which can be exploited for okra breeding programme. Inter and intra cluster values depicted that maximum intra cluster distance was recorded for cluster III (13.454), revealing sufficient genetic divergence among the genotypes. Sepal size (20.16) showed maximum contribution for variation. From the investigation it can be inferred that significant variability existed in the material and most of the traits were highly heritable, hence further improvement can be made in present material through simple selection procedures
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Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
Ashish Kumar Maurya1, M.L. Kushwaha2, S.K. Jain3, Manish Kumar Maurya4 and Vikas Kumar Jain1 1Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi (U.P.)- 221005; 2&3Department of Vegetable Science, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar (U.K.) – 263145; 4Department of Hortiulture and Forestry, NDUA&T, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) – 224229. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present experiment was carried out at vegetable research center of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during the spring summer season of 2014 in randomized block design with three replication to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean for various growth, yield and quality traits. Data were recorded on plant height, canopy width, days to 50% flowering, days to 50% fruiting, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, stalk length, fruit body length, fruit yield per plant, ascorbic acid content, TSS, Anthracnose incidence, LCV incidence and total fruit yield per hectare. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits studied indicating the presence of sufficient variability in the studied material. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and the difference between PCV and GCV was narrow for most of the characters revealing little influence of the environment in the expression of these traits. High magnitude of PCV and GCV were observed for days to 50% flowering, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, fruit body length, ascorbic acid, TSS, Anthracnose, leaf curl virus incidence and total fruit yield per hectare suggesting the existence of wide range of genetic variability in the genotypes for these traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for all the traits except canopy width and stalk length revealed these traits are under the control of additive gene action and lower influence of environmental factor in the expression of these traits with possibility for genetic improvement through simple selection.
Functional Analysis and Characterization of Wound Responsive Genes from Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Amit, Mukesh Kumar, Vaishali, R.S. Sengar, Rajendra Singh and S.K.Singh Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (U.P) - 250110. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Potato is a most important vegetable crop in India and 2nd largest producer of potato in the world. Wound responsive genes are protease Inhibitors (PIs) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) family are one of the most capable weapons that confer resistance against insects by inhibiting proteases present in the gut of larvae. The potato PIs genes are a family of biotic stress resistance gene
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containing a PIN-I/PIN-II domain, which play crucial roles in plant development and response to biotic stresses. In this study, RNA isolation and PI gene of Kufri Himsona In-Silico and expression analysis was performed to identify PI gene family member in Kufri Himsona out of 7 potato varieties. In silico Characterization the sequence analysis by BLASTn showed 95% homology with protease inhibitor-II CM7 gene of S. tuberosum (Arran Banner, Acession no. X78275.1). Using BioEdit program find out analysis of signal peptide was predicted by SignalP-4.1 and analysis of the predicted potato PI protein sequence by TargetP 1.1 server, Computation of various physical and chemical parameters by using of ProtParam Package of Expasy web server, Deduced hydrophobic index by using ProtScale package of Expasy web server, Sequenced data were translated to protein sequences, and translated sequences were modeled to secondary structure prediction by PSIPRED software. Total RNA was isolated after treatment from 35 days old grow leaves of seven variety of potato by various established protocols as GTC method, Trizol (Gibco), Plant RNA isolation kit (Genei), One step RNA isolation kit (Ambion). Finally good quality of RNA was isolated from Plant RNA isolation kit (Genei). The total RNA gave two promonent bands, and this mRNA will be used for construction of cDNA library. The expression analysis was carried out using semi quantitative RT- PCR. Under stress condition in seven cultivars, where majority of the genes were upregulated after 72 h of the stress treatment. In case of artificial wounding (mechanical injury) treatment, PIs genes were up regulated with increasing duration of treatment in these cultivars as they are wound responsive genes. These results strongly suggest that isolated PI genes can be used for the development of insect resistant crop plants.
Isolation, Identification and Biochemical Characterization of E. coli from Sweet Samples in Meerut Region of Uttar Pradesh, India
Abhinav Singh, Khyati Lehari, Namo Narayan Maurya, Purushottam and S.K. Bhatnagar SVPUAT, Modipuram, Meerut, India. E-mail:
ABSTRACT A study was conducted to determine the distribution of E. coli in sweet samples. A total of 20 sweet samples samples were aseptically collected from the local area sweet shops of Meerut suspected for Escherichia coli and subjected to bacteriology and biochemical examination. 20 E. coli isolates were isolated following standard procedures. Processed each sample was cultured primarily on Peptone water broth and then secondarily on MacConkey agar and then isolates are transfer on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar and Rapid HiColiform agar. Presumptive colonies of bacterial agents on media plates were subjected to conventional biochemical characterization. The result of biochemical test identified four samples out of twenty to be positive for presence of E. coli.
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Evaluation of Genetic Diversity among Biofortified Bread Wheat F1s and Parents using Micronutrient Specific Microsatellite Markers
Divya Phougat, S.K. Sethi, V. Singh and S.S. Siwach CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, India. E-mail:[email protected]
ABSTRACT Over three billion people worldwide especially women and children in developing countries were affected with micronutrient deficiency and lack of daily body nutrient requirement fulfillment. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are the demanding nutrients whose deficiency affects most of the people. Globally, nearly 40% of the people consume wheat as their staple food, making it a major source of micronutrients for humans. Eleven diverse bread wheat promising varieties and advance breeding lines alongwith 22 F1s derived from them were sown during 2015-16 crop season at Research Farm of Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar and were analyzed for Fe and Zn content using micronutrient specific microsatellite markers. Thirty-eight out of 49 micronutrient specific (Fe and Zn) microsatellite markers were found polymorphic. The range of alleles per SSR locus was 1-4 with a mean of 2 and PCR products was 100-480bp. In the biochemical analysis, significant variation was observed among parents and F1s for grain iron (30.3-55.7 ppm) and zinc (31.2-50.7 ppm) content. The results of present research can be used in further studies and marker assisted breeding of wheat to increase grain iron and zinc content. Furthermore, the ailments caused due to iron and zinc deficiencies could be alleviated to a limit by the adoption of these micronutrient dense wheat F1s in further crossing and hybridization programme.
Evaluating Microsatellite markers for the Use in Genetic Analysis of Hexaploid wheat Varieties and Elite Lines
D. Phougat, V. Singh, I.S. Panwar and S. Yashveer Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Information on genetic diversity and population structure of elite wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) breeding lines promote effective use of genetic resources. This estimate is important because a decrease in genetic variability might result in a reduction of the plasticity of the crops to respond to changes in climate, pathogen populations, or agricultural practices. In this study, 25 released and advanced breeding lines of wheat were analysed using 44 polymorphic SSRs. The highest number of alleles per locus was detected in the genome A as 3.14, compared to 2.68 and 2.80 for genomes B and D, respectively. The allelic polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.10 (barc 7 and xgdm 132) to 0.86 (barc 65) with an average of 0.48.Twenty five bread wheat varieties/elite lines were grouped into two clusters using dendogram analysis. Highest similarity was observed between WH 1081 and WH 283 varieties. Aus 158854 & HD 2967 of Cluster I were the most divergent genotypes with a similarity index of 0.654followed by Tobari & WH 416 of Cluster II
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with a similarity index of 0.656. The result of the study indicates that the registered varieties in our country posses relatively narrow genetic variation.
Characterization of Genetic Elements Involved in Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis
Swati Singh, R. Geeta and Sandip Das Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007. E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]
ABSTRACT Cuticular wax is one of the major morphological novel adaptations that evolved during the transition of plants from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. Ubiquitous presence of this thin hydrophobic layer around aerial plant parts helps the plants to bear the extremities of terrestrial surroundings. The chemical composition of waxes is highly diverse, ranging from Very Long Chain Fatty Acid (VLCFA) to alkanes, esters, alcohol, and even secondary metabolites. Owing to its diverse chemical nature, the biosynthesis of waxes includes a large number of genes and a complex network of genes. The biosynthesis of VLCFA involves three different chemical processes, namely elongation, reduction and decarbonylation. Of these processes, elongation involves iterative addition of 2C units catalyzed by an elongase, KCS (3 keto acyl-CoA Synthase). In Arabidopsis thaliana, KCS belongs to gene family with twenty one members with each member being expressed in a substrate and tissue specific manner and are essential for wax biosynthesis. In the present study we aim to understand the evolutionary and functional dynamics of homologs of the elongase, KCS6/CER6/CUT1 in Brassicaceae. Analysis of genome sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana reveals the presence of two paralogs, KCS5/CER60 and KCS6/CER6. Comparative genomics and synteny analysis of KCS5 and KCS6 across Brassicaceae reveal extensive genomic re-organisation and local duplication. A large segmental duplication at the base of Brassicaceae was identified as being responsible for the creation of the two paralogs. Functional analyses involved characterization of the regulatory and functional elements of the two paralogues both from Arabidopsis and Brassica through transcriptional fusion constructs and reverse genetic models. Some preliminary data of these analyses will be presented.
Detection of Genetic Diversity in Indian Winter Bread Wheat Revealed by ISSR Marker
Munnesh Kumar1, Sharad V. Pawar2, Bharat Bhushan3 and Sonali Habde 1Department of Agriculture Botany, Post Graduate Institute, Mahatma Phule Agriculture University, Rahuri, Ahmednagar– 413 722, Maharashtra; 2State Level Biotechnology Centre, Mahatma Phule Agriculture University, Rahuri-413 722. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Genetic diversity in common bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) was studied in a total of 33 accessions. Out of these eight ISSR primers, five yield amplification and showed polymorphism. For
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this purpose, five ISSR. markers were used and a total of 45 alleles were detected . All of which 37 loci were polymorphic i.e 88% polymorphism. These primers amplified six unique loci in the three genotypes. Each primer thus produced on an average 7.4 polymorphic bands. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 12 with an average of 9.0. All ISSR primers showed 88% polymorphism and The polymorphism index content (PIC) value varied from 0.675 to 0.868. with an average of 0.7986. All primers had more than 0.50 PIC value. Maximum PIC value 0.868 was observed in ISSR primer 812 and minimum PIC value 0.675 was observed in ISSR-810. In case of all ISSR primers were found to be informative. The size of amplified products range from 140bp to 1200bp. Genetic distance-based method (standard UPGMA clustering) were used for cluster analysis. The Dice similarity coefficient values ranged from 0.44 to 0.100. Maximum similarity value of 0.100 was reported in between NIAW-2995 genotype indicating that there is less genetic variation among these genotype. while minimum similarity value of 0.44 was observed in NIAW-2891 indicating that the genotype is most divergent. The consensus tree constructed by using NTSYSpc 2.02i software revealed two major cluster. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of a species is important for the choice of crossing parents in an accession and hybrid breeding
Assessment of Genetic Diversity Among Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Genotypes Using ISSR Markers
N.C. Mamatha, S.K. Tehlan, Shikha Yashveer, M. Srikanth, T. Ravikumar and Mukesh Kumar Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004. E-Mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Fenugreek [Trigonella foenum-graecum L.] is an annual herb of Leguminaceae family and is largely cultivated in warm temperate and tropical regions. The presence of variability in breeding population is prior need for crop improvement. This calls for an evaluation of genotypes to study the variability. The study was conducted to reveal the genetic diversity among 48 fenugreek genotypes which were collected from different geographical regions of India using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat markers. Totally twenty ISSR primers were screened among which, ten primers gave good amplification and revealed a total of 48 polymorphic bands with an average of 4.8 bands per primer. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 75.00 % (UBC-842) to 100 % (UBC-851). Highest Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value was obtained in primers UBC-842 and UBC-860 among ten primers these proved best to assess the diversity in fenugreek. UPGMA dendrogram presented into 10 clusters at 0.75 similarity coefficient. The similarity coefficient ranging from 0.59 to 1.00. Principal component analysis confirmed the results of UPGMA. The genotypes from one region were grouped together in some cases while they were placed in different clusters in certain cases. The measures of relative genetic distances among varieties of fenugreek did not completely correlate with the geographical distances of their development. And the genotypes which are falling in different groups indicate the presence of genetic diversity between the members of different clusters. Crossing can be made between the members of different clusters as they are genetically diverse.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Complex Gene Expression Profiles Revealed through Transcriptome Analysis of Meloidogyne incognita Infected Solanum lycopersicum Roots During Disease Development
N. Shukla1, R. Yadav2, P. Kaur1, S. Rasmussen2, A. Jagannath1, S. Goel1, M. Agarwal1, R. Gupta2 and A. Kumar1 1Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India; 2Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) are economically important sedentary endoparasites having a wide-host range. They secrete effector molecules that manipulate the host responses and help them to maintain the feeding sites as they grow and reproduce. We have taken a comprehensive genome wide approach (RNA-Seq) to investigate the expression of both tomato and RKN genes from infected samples at five stages under natural soil grown conditions. In tomato, we have identified a total of 1,827 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across all stages of infection with more number of down-regulated genes during later stages. Differential regulation of 222 transcription factors (TF) and 77 receptor-like kinases indicates the complexity of networks active during tomato-RKN interaction. A large effect on developmental, primary and secondary metabolites and defense signaling pathways were observed. Significant up-regulation of WRKY TF 23, defensin, glucan endo-1,3-glucosidase, jasmonate ZIM domain 2 and AP2/EREBP were confirmed through qRT-PCR during different stages of infection. Similarly, significant down- regulation of PR1, GATA TF 9, peroxidase and peptide transporter were also confirmed. In RKN, we have identified 109 DEGs encoding secretory proteins, making them potential candidates of being the putative effector molecules. These include a plethora of known effectors like cathepsin, C-type lectins, chorismate mutase 2, 14-3-3, peroxiredoxin and various gland cell secretory proteins. Our findings provide insights into the complete transcriptome dynamics of susceptible tomato-RKN interactions and reveal a complex network of biosynthetic pathways involved during disease development.
Genetic Variability and Association Analysis for Seed Yield and its Components in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
Preeti Yadav, S.K. Tehlan and Sumit Deswal Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out to study the extent and pattern of genetic diversity and associations with yield components in 60 accessions of fenugreek. The field experiment was laid out at CCS HAU, Hisar (29°15ˈ N, 75°69ˈ E) during rabi 2015-16. Observations were recorded on ten randomly selected plants from each genotypes in each replications for characters viz. field emergence index, days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of branches
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per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, seed yield (q/ha), test weight, seed germination, seed vigour index-I and II. The mean squares of the accessions were highly significant for most of the characters, implying that a wide range of variability has been obtained for the traits studied. The GCV ranged from 0.69%-14.98%, while the PCV from1.86 %-71.47%. The estimated broad sense heritability ranged from 0.25-0.45%. The genotypic correlation coefficients, in general, were higher than the phenotypic correlation coefficients which indicated masking of modifying effects of environment and also the presence of strong association between two corresponding characters. So, selection based on these traits either combined or alone would be beneficial to identify the genotypes on these traits either combined or alone would be beneficial to identify the accessions having better yield potential. The 60 accessions were grouped into seven clusters based on Mahalanobis‘ D2statistic. It was asserted that geographic diversity should not necessarily be used as an index of genetic diversity and parental selection but based on systematic study of genetic diversity in a specific population.
Unravelling the Efficiency of Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Markers in Diversity Analysis in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. Mill)
Pooja Choudhary, Gyanendra Kumar Rai, Sreshti Bagati, Abida Parveen, Diksha Bhadwal, Subha Lakshmi Saikia, Pradeep Kumar Rai Sher- e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, J&K, India- 180009. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Information about genetic diversity of any crop is important for successful employment of breeding programme and is of great significance to attain sustainability in crop production. In the present study, an initiative was taken to assess the genetic diversity among tomato genotypes cultivated in India. Here morphological, biochemical traits and molecular markers were used on 17 and 24 genotypes of tomato, respectively. Further, cluster analysis was done on the basis of morphological, biochemical traits as well as molecular markers and to assess genetic similarity among these genotypes. The Hierarchical clusters on the basis of morphological and biochemical traits grouped in 2 clusters. The UPGMA cluster analysis induced by SSRs data grouped 24 tomato genotypes into 3 main clusters. Cluster I and II comprised 15 and 8 genotypes respectively, and a single tomato genotype CO-3 was grouped in cluster III. As per our expectation genotypes from same genetic base showed similarity among each other in the results obtained after using multivariate analysis as well as molecular markers analysis. The information obtained from multivariate hierarchical clustering and SSR markers may well assist tomato breeders in identifying a limited number of highly differentiated genotypes to be selected for further use in developing suitable variety/genotypes with good quality potential.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Substrate Specificity and Expression Profiles of Isolated fad2 and fad3 Desaturases from Leucas cephalotes
Ashish Kumar Choudhary and Girish Mishra Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India, E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Linoleic (18:2Δ9,12) and linolenic (18:3Δ9,12,15) acid are essential fatty acids catalyzed by Fad2 and Fad3 desaturases respectively. Essential fatty acids are crucial for the normal function of all tissues, including structural roles in several biomolecules and as a precursor for prostaglandin, EPA, DHA, etc. These fatty acid desaturases maintain membrane fluidity and plant viability during abiotic and biotic stresses. Leucas cephalotes fad2 and fad3 desaturases were obtained by 5‘ and 3‘ RACE using a smarter RACE cDNA amplification. Further, we cloned full length Lcfad2 and Lcfad3 genes into the yeast expression vector pYES2 under inducible GAL1 promoter and transformed into S. cerevisiae strain BY474. The recombinant transformants were induced in the presence of various fatty acid substrates. The Fatty acid methyl esters analysis of these via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed that Fad2 enzyme convert 16:1Δ9 to 16:2Δ9,12 and 18:1Δ9 to 18:2Δ9,12 respectively, while Fad3 enzyme convert 18:2Δ9,12 to 18:3Δ9,12,15. To investigate the relative expression profiles of Lcfad2 and Lcfad3 genes in different tissues of Leucas cephalotes, qRT-PCR analysis was performed to examine the gene expression levels in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and developing seeds. The expression profile revealed expression of both genes in all tissues with significant variation. Expression level of Lcfad2 gene was 30.7 fold higher in developing seed than in root. However, Lcfad3 showed higher expression in leaf ( 234.2 fold) followed by flower ( 214.7 fold) than in root.
Host-induced RNA Silencing of CAS1 Gene of a Fungal Pathogen (Colletotrichum gleosporoide) in Tomato
Anupriya Chatterjee, Jyotsa Naik, Vaishali, Ruby Tiwari and M.V. Rajam Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Colletotrichum gleosporoides, a major cause of tomato anthracnose worldwide, leads to a significant pre- and post- harvest loss. There is a need to blend the conventional, unconventional and frontier technologies for crop protection. The identification of vital genes required for the invasion, growth and pathogenesis of phyto-pathogenic fungi and specific silencing of such genes by RNA interference (RNAi) offers an ideal strategy for control of fungal diseases in crop plants. In the present study, host- induced RNAi (HI-RNA) approach was used to develop RNAi transgenic tomato lines resistant to C. gleosporoides. Appressorium-specific protein coding gene (CAS1) was selected as a potent target. The hpRNAi construct was developed from the conserved off-target free partial CAS1 gene sequence and was utilized to develop several CAS1- RNAi tomato transgenic plants through Agrobacterium–mediated transformation. The transgene integration and expression in the tomato
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transformants were confirmed by PCR and qPCR analysis respectively. The leaves of different CAS1- RNAi tomato lines were challenged for the fungal resistant assay, and leaves developed very late brown to black lesions only at the site of spore-suspension inoculation, which did not spread on the complete leaf, whereas the untransformed control plants exhibited severe infection. These observations indicated that the significant reduction in the target gene transcripts affected the growth and pathogenesis of C. gleosporoides. The work on the detection of the CAS1 gene-specific siRNAs in RNAi tomato lines and the fungal resistant assay on fruits from RNAi lines is in progress.
Elucidation of Developmental Aspects of Apomixis through Cell Specific Molecular Markers in Sexual and Addition Lines of Pennisetum glaucum
Priyanka Mohapatra1, Dinesh H. Singh1, Monika sharma1, Manu Agarwal1,Arun Jagannath1, Amar Kumar1, Peggy Ozias-Akins2, Wayne W. Hanna3 and Shailendra Goel#1 1Department of Botany University of Delhi; 2Department of Horticulture Tifton GA USA. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Pennisetum glaucum, commonly known as pearl millet, is extensively grown in arid zone of Asia and Africa. We are studying apomixis in the genus Pennisetum. Apomixis is an elusive trait which results in unreduced female gametes by escaping reduction division. These unreduced gametes develop into maternal clones through parthenogenesis. Apomixis has potential to revolutionize agriculture by fixation of heterosis if transferred to crop plants, but transfer has not been achieved due to complex nature of the trait. To harness the potential of this trait, it is important to understand the developmental regulation involved in expression of apomixes. We have sexual and apomictic lines of Pennisetum glaucum, where the apomictic line differs from sexual line by an alien chromosome introgressed from a wild apomictic species P. squamulatum. This has provided us an opportunity to compare and understand the developmental processes which underlines the expression of apomictic trait. We have established a stable transformation system in P.glaucum allowing us to create transgencies, in sexual and apomictic addition lines of Pennisetum glaucum. We have procured cell specific markers isolated from rice (Japonica nipponbare), which are specific to egg cell and synergids in their expression. We have also procured auxin response element DR5. All these markers have been fused with GUS/GFP markers and cloned to appropriate vectors suitable for biolistic transformation using gateway cloning technology. Expression of visual markers in the embryo sac of sexual and apomictic line will help us to decipher the contribution of individual cells in sexual and apomictic female gametophyte development and provide a comparative account of the female gametophyte in sexual and apomictic lines.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Implications of Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture
Reena Rani*, Sunayana, Sukhdeep Singh Sivia and Anil Kumar Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India), 125004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Agricultural sustainability deals with the maintenance of agricultural production systems over time with commitment to environmental protection and securing intra- and inter-generational equity. The potential area for biotechnology application in conservation biology is the development of livestock that is tolerant to many diseases, revegetation in marginal areas and to prolong the shelf life of foods to help reduce postharvest losses. Agricultural biotechnology is expected to contribute significantly toward poverty reduction and food security through increased productivity, lower production costs and food prices, and improved nutrition. These features are particularly desirable in a changing climate where the population grows and competition over arable land increases. Genetic engineering can be used to develop crop varieties that cope better with drought and salinity, are more disease resistant and use nutrients more efficiently. That in turn has reduced farmers‘ crop protection costs and benefited both the environment and public health. The biotechnological products are usually associated with genetic uniformity and reduction of biodiversity in agro-ecosystems. One of the consequences of these processes may be a generalized contamination of natural flora by GM traits and a degradation and erosion of the commonly owned genetic resources. Transgenic crops produce toxins that can move through the food chain and also end up in the soil affecting invertebrates and possibly nutrient cycling. Biotechnology should be, therefore, considered as one more tool that can be used, provided the ecological risks are investigated and deemed acceptable, in conjunction with a host of other approaches to move agriculture towards sustainability.
Genetic Analysis of F4:F5 Marker Assisted Derived Lines of Rice Against Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) And Their Marker Validation
Shoumik Shah1, Deep Rashmi1, Bapsila Loitongbam1, Prashant Bisen1, V.K. Singh1, Sandhya1, U. S. Singh2 and P. K. Singh1 1Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.), 221005; 2IRRI-STRASA India Office, Rajendra Place, New Delhi, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT The 23 F4:F5 lines of rice derived from the cross HUR 105 and IRBB 55 against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) at phenotypic and genetic levels were evaluated during Kharif 2015. The validation for the BLB resistance genes Xa21 and xa13 by the static markers pTA-248 and xa13pro conferring that these two genes were present in all the 23 F4:F5 rice lines. The highest value of heritability was obtained for plant height (89%) followed by number of effective tillers per plant (77.48%), test weight (74.81%) and grain yield per plant (73.66%). Positive and significant association were recorded between grain yield per plant with plant height, panicle weight, number of effective tillers,
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filled grains per panicle and total grains per panicle. Path analysis revealed direct and positive effect on grain yield per plant through traits like plant height, panicle weight, number of tillers, filled grains per panicle and total grains per panicle. Highest genetic advance was observed for total grains per panicle (31.87) followed by filled grains per panicle (22.84) and plant height (8.11). High heritability and high genetic advance may be attributed to additive gene action and simple selection could be applied for genetic improvement.
In Vitro Evaluation of Phytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Cassia angustifolia Vahl in Response to Copper Stress and its Amelioration through Glutathione and Piriformospora indica
Rajeshwari and Veena Agrawal Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India . E-mail: [email protected].
ABSTRACT Studies were conducted on Cassia angustifolia Vahl to analyse the copper induced phytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage and its amelioration through glutathione and Piriformospora indica. Seeds were germinated on Knop‘s medium containing various Cu concentrations (0, 1, 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1) alone and in combination with glutathione (10 mg L-1) and P. indica. Copper induced phytotoxicity was significantly ameliorated by exogenous glutathione and P. indica colonization as it improved seed germination, morphological features and reduced oxidative stress biomarkers. Minimum 26% seed germination was observed at 200 mg L-1 Cu. However maximum improvement in seed germination was observed at 50 mg L-1 Cu after amelioration which accounted for 14.65 and 13.37%, respectively. Shoot and root length decreased up to 1.47 and 0.34 cm at 200 mg L-1 Cu as compared to control (5.82 and 7.65 cm, respectively). After amelioration, shoot and root length respectively increased up to 19.04 and 26.38% in glutathione and 10.62 and 11.92% in P. indica treated seedlings. Copper stress significantly increased various antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Application of glutathione and P. indica further enhanced the activities of these enzymes. Malondialdehyde and H2O2 content drastically decreased after glutathione and P. indica application. Proline accumulation was significantly high in Cu treated seedlings but its concentration increased further up to 36.5 and 19.32% in glutathione and P. indica treated seedlings. Glutathione and P. indica application also ameliorated DNA damage as evidenced by comet assay analysis. Protein profiling of total protein was also changed as several low molecular weight protein bands were disappeared after glutathione and P. indica application suggesting its protective role against protein degradation induced by Cu stress.
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TASARD-India, 2017 February 20-22, 2017
Genetic Improvement through Standard Heterosis for Seed Cotton Yield in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Sukhdeep Singh Sivia, S. S. Siwach, R. S. Sangwan, O. Sangwan and S. Nimbal CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT A study was made in Gossypium hirsutum cotton with line x taster (15 x 4) to estimate the magnitude of heterosis among different cross combinations for yield and its component traits. For this purpose, 60 specific cross combinations were developed by using 19 diverse parents during kharif season in 2014. These hybrids along with 19 parents and standard check HHH 223 were planted during kharif season in 2015 at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The analysis of variance indicated the presence of variability among hybrids and their parents. Heterosis studies revealed that the maximum of 45.05 per cent for seed cotton yield was observed in cross combination H1470 x H1236 followed by H1470 x H1098-I (37.84%). Heterosis was obtained for number of bolls per plant in H1470 x H1098-i (31.55%), for boll weight in H1464 x H1236 (15.11%), for plant height in H 1471 x H1236 (12.77%), for monopodia in ISR12 x H1226 (56.67%), for sympodia in H1463 x H1226 (30.41%), for days to first flower in ISR12 x H1226 (-13.81%) and for seed number per boll in H1476 x H1226 (8.27%). The cross combination involving H1470 and H1236 parents recorded significant positive heterosis for most of the characters. Thus, the parents H1470 and H1236 can be used for exploitation of heterosis. The study also revealed good scope for commercial exploitation of heterosis as well as isolation of pure lines among the progenies of other heterotic F1 hybrids.
Yield Enhancement in Bioactive Compounds through Rhizosphere Engineering
Kilam D1, Monica Saifi2, Abdin M Z2, Agnihotri A*1 1Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303; 2Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Bioactive compounds, commonly known as secondary metabolites produced by plants, have been widely used in pharmaceuticals, as food additives, fragrances and industrially important compounds. They are produced as byproducts of primary metabolism through complex biosynthetic pathways, thus chemical synthesis of these compounds in adequate yield is difficult. Technological advancements have been made in plant cell and tissue culture, use of biotic and abiotic elicitors, genetic engineering and transformation to obtain higher and stable production of these compounds. In addition, the synergistic interplay between plants and rhizospheric microbes significantly contribute in enhanced biomass and accumulation of plant bioactive compounds. Stevia rebaudiana is a medicinally and industrially important herb, used as a non-caloric sweetener and sugar substitute. Dual inoculation of S. rebaudiana plantlets with 5×105 spores ml-1 of P. indica + 102 CFU ml-1 of A. chroococcum showed a 2.5 fold increase in stevioside content and 4.9 fold increase in rebaudioside-A content as compared to the un-inoculated control plants. The treated plants also showed high
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antioxidant activity, with increased jasmonic acid and phenolic contents. The plants co-inoculated with P. indica + A. chroococcum showed a higher up regulation of all eight genes studied, that are involved in steviol biosynthesis pathway, as compared to single treatments or control. A significant difference (p≤0.05) was also observed for the ratio of rebaudioside-A to stevioside that is responsible for the sweetening quality. The present study thus provides a suitable bio-inoculant as a tool for the sustainable plant biomass and stevioside content enhancement.
Genome-wide Identification of Helicase Gene Family in Wheat and its Comparative Analysis with Maize and Rice
Supriya Kumari1, Anuj Kumar2 and Narendra Tuteja1 1Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida (U.P); 2Advance Center for Computational & Applied Biotechnology, Dehradun (Uttarakhand). E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Helicases are ubiquitous enzymes which functions in diverse cellular and metabolic processes that involve separation of double stranded nucleic acid into single strands and removal of nucleic-acid associated proteins. Helicases posses conserved amino acid signature sequence on the basis of which these are classified into families and subfamilies families. In this study, a genome-wide comparative analysis of total RNA and DNA helicase genes in wheat have been conducted. Here we have identified 51 RNA helicases, 32 DNA helicases in wheat and their homologs have been also identified in rice and maize. We classified the RNA helicases into two sub families according to the structural features of the motif II region, such as DEAD-box and DEAH-box. DNA helicases including RecQ, MCM, RAD3/XPD, RuvB-like helicase, SNF2 have been also identified. Chromosome location analysis showed that the helicase genes (DNA/RNA helicase) were distributed across all chromosomes except 5A chromosome. Phylogenetic analyses identified the relevant homologs of RNA helicase and DNA helicase proteins in each of three species. Homologs of helicase genes were also identified in rice and maize which provides valuable insight into evolutionary history of helicases. We also explored microarray expression data which showed that many of these predicted RNA helicase genes were expressed in different developmental stages and different tissues under normal growth conditions and stress conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a comparative genome-wide analysis of helicase gene families in wheat, rice and maize. The present study provides understanding about function of different types of helicase genes. This will also provides an invaluable source for further wet lab validation through expression analysis and other biological research.
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Assessment of genetic variability among Pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes under mid- hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh
Shilpa Devi1 and Manish Kumar2 1ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi; 2Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230, Himachal Pradesh. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Pea is an important cash crop for vegetable growers in Himachal Pradesh as its off season production or availability in the periods of scarcity fetch good market price. However, major constraint to its offseason production is low yielding potential of early and mid season cultivars which can be overcome by identifying potentially variable germplasm and utilizing it in subsequent crop improvement programmes. Keeping this view, forty three diverse pea genotypes/ accessions including 2 check varieties collected from different sources were grown and assessed for their genetic variability attributes with respect to various horticultural traits at experimental farm of the department of Vegetable Science, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during Rabi 2014-15. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all studied characters. Mean performance of five genotypes viz. 14/PEVAR-6, 14/PMVAR-3, 14/PEVAR-2, 14/PMVAR-1 and EC-598628 were observed to be better over other genotypes including standard checks for all studied horticultural traits. High PCV, GCV estimates for days to fifty per cent flowering (number), days to marketable maturity (number), total soluble solids (per cent) and pod yield (kg/plot, q/ha) revealed that sufficient variability is present among the studied genotypes and will respond to selection. High heritability coupled with high to moderate genetic gain was observed for days to fifty per cent flowering, days to marketable maturity, weight of 100 pods and total phenols indicating prominent role of additive gene effects and less influence of environment in governing these traits. Thus selection of genotypes on the basis of these traits will be more reliable and can pave a way to develop new improved purelines which can further be utilized in subsequent crop improvement programmes for developing varieties with high yield potential and tolerance to major diseases.
Assessing Genetic Diversity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using Simple Sequence Repeats Markers
Naresh Pratap Singh, Vaishali, Aakansha Goswami and B. Singh SVPUA & T, Meerut (U.P),. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Genetic variability of broad range of cereal crops may lead to reduction in the yield under abiotic and biotic stresses. In present study Genetic diversity of the twenty wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties was analyzed at the DNA level using 19 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. The wheat 16 SSR markers out of 19 had detected 40 alleles with an average of 2.5 alleles per primer. The number of alleles per primer ranged from 1 to 5. The resolviong power (Rp) of each primer ranged
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from 1.0 for the CWM119 to 5.2 for XGWM-293-7A with an average of 2.46. The gene diversity based on SSR markers was ranged from 0.36-0.88 with an average value of 0.62. The similarity co- efficient values and dendogram reveled that genotype HD 2177 and HUW 37 showed lowest similarity and HD 2177 and K 9533 displayed the greatest genetic similarity out of all 20 wheat varieties. As a result of this study, genetically diverse parents can be identified, increasing the usefulness of varieties collections by broadening the genetic base of wheat varieties and also indicates that SSR markers could characterize, discriminate and also permit the fast and high throughout fingerprinting of accessions from a varieties collection in order to assess genetic diversity. Our results suggested that the classification based on genotypic markers of these wheat genotypes will be useful for wheat breeders to plan crosses for positive traits and alaso indicate the positive correlations between gene diversity, number of alleles and resolving power of markers. The results obtained suggested that the wheat microsatellite primers can be used to distinguish all genotypes used and to estimate their genetic diversity.
Genome-wide Association Study of the Mini Chromosome Maintenance Proteins (MCM) in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa: Comprehensive Gene Expression Analysis under Stress Conditions
Ritu Gill1, Pryinka Chahar1, Sandeep Yadav2, Narendra Tuteja2,3 and Sarvajeet Singh Gill1 1Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak – 124 001; 2International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi; 3Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Mini chromosome maintenance (MCM) family, a large and functionally diverse protein family belonging to AAA+ superfamily is critically essential for eukaryotic DNA replication. The MCM proteins form heterohexameric complex (MCM2-7) to serve as licensing factor for DNA replication to make sure that genomic DNA is replicated completely and accurately once during S phase in a single cell cycle. In this study, 9 MCM genes (MCM2-10) were identified from model organism Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. A comprehensive analysis was performed to characterize domain architecture, phylogeny, chromosomal locations, structures and expression patterns of these genes. Among these, MCM2–7 proteins are related to each other and form a family of DNA helicases responsible for unwinding DNA at replication forks with recent addition of two members i.e. MCM8 and MCM9. The function of MCM8 and MCM9 is distinct from that of MCM2– 7 proteins. Among MCM2-9, a centrally located conserved sequence of approximately 200 amino acids length, known as MCM box is composed of Walker A, Walker B and Arginine finger motif. MCM8 and MCM9 are distinct from other MCM proteins as they contain the conventional GK(T/S) motif in Walker A. All these genes have a MCM signature sequence IDEFDKM in Walker B except MCM9 which contain IDEFDSM sequence in Walker B. MCM10 is devoid of MCM box and only contains zinc finger primase. The phylogenetic study provided that there is no homolog of MCM10 in protists and MCM8 and MCM9 in yeast. Here, we predicted the structures of MCM2-9 of A. thaliana and O. sativa. Modeled three dimensional structure of AtMCM6 was compared with archeal ortholog structure. Gene expression analysis of different MCM proteins reveled up regulation under different
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stress conditions. The results from this study will provide insight into MCM gene family in Arabidopsis and Oryza sativa.
LATE ARRIVALS
Effect of A Novel Microbial Formulation on Growth of Mustard Plants under Rainfed Conditions
Amit C Kharkwal1*, Hemesh Joshi1, Ajit Varma1 1Amity University Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Almost all the plant species in this planet are involved with microbial communities by establishing a relationship which may or may not benefit both the partners. Piriformospora indica and its related, root colonizing beneficial microbes promotes plant's growth and development even in extreme harsh environments. They play an essential role in sustainable agriculture by working more efficiently and cost effectively than the chemically prepared expensive and hazardous fertilizers. This study was conducted in the Kandi region (31°10'2"N 76°28'50"E) of Shivalik mountainous range, which falls under strict Rainfed area category. Two acre of experimental land was prepared and mustard treated with T1 (2% microbial formulation mixed in MgSo3). After 135d harvesting was done and data was collected. Gross Yield of mustard treated microbial formulation was found to be 49.1% higher than the control. Shoot Length of treated plants was 11.5% higher than control, likewise; root length of treated mustard plants was noted significantly higher, at 116% vs. control. The dry biomass of treated plants was found to be 57% more than the control. This study concludes that, P. indica and its beneficial microbial formulation, helps enhancing both qualitative & quantitative parameters of Mustard in extreme conditions such as that of Rainfed areas.
Inventorization, documentation of floristic diversity and to evolve site specific management and rejuvenation strategies for the conservation of various sacred groves in Kullu Valley of Himachal Pradesh
Shalu Devi Thakur Faculty of Forestry.Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, (Kashmir), Benhama, District Ganderbal, J&K-190012. E-mail- [email protected]
ABSTRACT Sacred groves and sacred plants are being considered as an important component in all societies of Himachal Pradesh. Their history may be traced back to Vedic periods, the Ramayan period and the Buddha period. Most importantly, sacred groves provide a continued reminder that human cultures
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and biodiversity have evolved together and encouragement of such a link is likely to be a key element in an ecologically and socially secure future. Today, the number of groves is declining as social values and religious beliefs are changing due to modernization, urbanization and loss of faith in traditions and culture, heavy biotic pressure, changing occupational and resource use patterns at village level, migrations for better livelihood opportunities and expansion of the market economy. Keeping the importance of sacred groves in mind the present study was carried out in Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh. Extensive field surveys were undertaken during 2005-2008 to inventorize the sacred groves. Location of sacred groves and their details were collected through personal contacts with villagers, knowledgeable persons, temple committee members, forest department staff and various social organizations as a result of which a total of 33 sacred groves were recorded in the valley out of which 25 are associated with the male deity and 8 with female deity. These sacred groves were found rich in plant biodiversity; a total of 224 plant species were recorded. The sacred groves serve as a storehouse of medicinal plants, during the study ethnobotanical information on 69 plant species were also documented. During the present study it was observed that the quality of most of the sacred groves are getting degraded and the number of sacred grove are also declining as social values and religious beliefs are changing due to urbanization and loss of faith in tradition and culture, heavy biotic pressure and expansion of market economy. Apart from the sacred groves located in the villages like Bhanara, Garh, Nagni, Karal, Rudgi and Halan–I villages, all the other sacred groves were found in different stages of degradation. Threats affecting each sacred grove were identified and site-specific management strategies for the conservation and rejuvenation of sacred groves were evolved through Participatory Rural Appraisal and informal discussions.The study showed that change in social values, religious beliefs, modernization, urbanization, heavy biotic pressure, etc., caused considerable damage to the sacred groves. Hence, several informal discussions were held with the local people of the area in each sacred grove so as to make them well aware about the importance of plants, sacred grove and the concept of environmental conservation.
INVITED LECTURE
Towards C4 rice; Overexpression of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenol puruvate carboxy kinase in Arabidopsis and rice
Deepika Kandoi and Baishnab C Tripathy School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi110067, India. Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT To meet the challenge of growing population in India food production need to be increased. Mostly, C3 plants are underachievers. In daylight they release CO2 into the atmosphere, a process termed photorespiration that reduces net carbon assimilation. In contrast, some tropical species (e.g., maize and sugarcane) have evolved a biochemical "CO2 pump", via the C4 pathway of photosynthesis to concentrate atmospheric CO2 in the vicinity of Rubisco. Plants with C4 photosynthesis are not only efficient in carbon assimilation, but they also have an advantage under unusual growth conditions. In
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C4 photosynthesis, the primary CO2 fixation is catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). In this paper, we show that overexpression of Zea mays (Zm) PEPC cDNA, under the control of 35S promoter, in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in higher ZmPEPC gene expression, ~7-10 fold higher protein abundance and ~7-11 fold increase in PEPC activity in the transgenic lines than that in the vector control. Further, the PEPC overexpressed transgenic plants had higher chlorophyll content, enhanced electron transport rate (ETR), lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence, and a higher performance index than the vector control. Consistent with these observations, the rate of CO2 assimilation, the starch content and the dry weight of PEPC overexpressed plants increased by 14-18%, 10-18% and 6.5-16% respectively. We have also overexpressed both PEP Carboxylase and PEP Carboxykinase in Arabidopsis thaliana to have increased CO2 concentration in the vicinity of Rubisco. Overexpression of these enzymes leads to higher electron transport, carbon assimilation, increased biomass coupled with better water use efficiency. This approach is being replicated in rice (Oryza sativa) to have increased photosynthesis, plant productivity and grain yield.
Prospects and potentials of Azolla biofertilizer in tea agroecosystems of North-East India
Jayashree Rout Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam , India Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
North-East India is extremely favourable for cultivation of many plantation crops including tea. Tea ( Camellia sinensis L ) is a high-value plantation crop with great economic importance and provide huge employment opportunity. Assam is the largest producer of tea in India (about 53% of total production) and wellknown worldwide. Intensive agricultural practice using chemical fertilizers and pesticides pose negative impacts in tea agroecosystems depleting soil quality and hence experiencing loss of ecological balance. Recent advancement in the field of organic and biofertilizers are creating growing level of interest for sustainable agricultural practice and more environmental friendly. Azolla, an aquatic fern is considered as one of the most attractive biofertilizer worldwide. The benefits of using Azolla as biofertilizer are more popular in rice agroecosystems. Since Azolla species are commonly found worldwide in tea producing countries, it could provide the tea farmers with an inexpensive way of supplementing part of their nitrogen requirement, in an eco friendly manner, without polluting the environment. In Indian context not much information is available on the application of Azolla as biofertilizer in tea gardens in augmenting nitrogen supplies and increase crop yield. No information exists on this aspect from tea gardens of North- East India. The present paper portrays on the prospects and potentials of Azolla as an alternative organic source for tea garden of North-East India with special reference to Assam tea agroecosystems. The effect of different doses of organic, biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer on production of tea in Cachar district, Assam was evaluated. The organic source as cow dung (CD) and biofertilizer as Azolla pinnata (AP) alongwith recommended dose NPK fertilizer was applied. The comprehensive field investigation was conducted by using completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three replicates and six different dose of
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treatments applied in two split doses (60 % and 40 %) at two different time periods. The study revealed that the plants treated with (33%) of recommended full dose ( Azolla+ cow dung + inorganic NPK fertilizer) exhibited best consortium enhancing N, P and K contents in the crop shoots and significantly yield of the green leaf biomass. The strategy for Azolla cultivation for obtaining maximum biofertilizer source is also highlighted in the present paper. An understanding on the application of Azolla offers excellent opportunity for finding solution to the problem of chemical fertilizer and pesticide input in tea garden through safeguarding the soil nutrient and sustainable crop productivity.
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LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEES 1. Reception and Welcome Committee
1. Prof M P Yadav, Former Secretary, NAAS 2. H.E. Waasfi Hasan El Sreihein, Secretary general, AARDO 3. Prof S K Bhatnagar, Secretary general, SPR 4. Prof R K Gupta, President SPR 5. Dr Manoj Nardeo Singh, Assistant Secretary general, AARDO 5. Prof V P Singh, Head, Botany, DU, Delhi 6. Prof K S Rao, DU, Delhi 7. Prof Dolly W Dhar, IARI, New Delhi 8. Prof Sunil Pabbi, IARI, New Delhi 9. Prof Minu B Madlani, Hinduja College, Mumbai
1. Technical Programme Committee
1. Prof. K S Rao, DU, Delhi, Chairman 2. Dr Khushnood Ali, Head, Research, AARDO 3. Prof. R.K. Gupta, President, SPR, Co-Chairman 4. Prof. Dolly Wattal Dhar, IARI, New Delhi 5. Dr. Sunil Pabbi, IARI, New Delhi 6. Dr Renu Singh, IARI, New Delhi 7. Dr Manoj Nath, AIMT, Noida
2. Abstract Committee
1. Prof. K S Rao, Delhi University, Delhi, Chairman 2. Prof. Veena Agrawal, Co-Chairperson, DU, Delhi 3. Dr. Laxman Prasad, IARI, New Delhi 4. Manoj Kumar, AIMT, Noida
3. Accommodation & Transport Committee
1. Prof. J P Sharma, Jt. Director (Extn.), IARI,New Delhi, Chairman 2. Prof Amar P Garg, CCS University, Meerut, Co-Chairman 3. Dr Renu Singh, IARI, New Delhi 4. Mr Karan Nag, Executive, OYO 5. Dr Lakshman Prasad, IARI, New Delhi
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4. Registration
1. Prof. Dolly Wattal Dhar, IARI, New Delhi, Chairman 2. Prof Rakesh Sengar, SVPUAT, Meerut, Co-Chairman 3. Dr Jitendra Aherkar, Hinduja College, Meerut 4. Dr Sangram, Hinduja College, Mumbai 5. Dr Rizwana Tabassum, Bareilly 6. Dr Reshu Chaudhary, SVPUAT, Meerut 7. Dr. Akash Tomar, SVPUAT, Meerut 8. Dr. Purushottam, SVPUAT, Meerut 9. Dr Sushma Sagar, SVPUAT, Meerut 10. Mr Sanjay Gupta, SVPUAT, Meerut
5. Auditorium, Felicitation, Awards Committee 1. Dr. Sangita Bansal, CIPHET, Ludhiana, Chairman 2. Dr. Manisha Mangal, IARI, New Delhi, Co-Chairman 4. Dr. Bhakti Rana, SVPUAT, Meerut 5. Mrs. Shuchi Gupta, SVPUAT, Meerut 6. Mr Sanjay Gupta, SVPUAT, Meerut 7. Mr Padam Singh, SVPUAT, Meerut
6. Local Transport (Ashoka, OYO, IGH, IARI, NASC)
1. Dr Sunil Pabbi, IARI, New Delhi, Chairman 2. Sri Abhinav Singh, SVPUAT, Meerut
7. Press and Media Committee
1. Prof A P Garg, CCS University, Chairman 2. Dr. R.S. Sengar, SVPUAT, Meerut, Co-Chairman 2. Sri V.M. Nautiyal, SVPUAT, Meerut 3. Dr. Reshu Chaudhary, SVPUAT, Meerut
8. Poster Session Committee
1. Prof. Ved Pal Singh, DU, Delhi, Chairman 2. Prof. Veena Agrawal, DU, Delhi, Co-Chairman 3. Dr Ashu Singh, SVPUAT, Meerut
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4. Dr. Laxman Prasad, IARI, New Delhi 5. Dr. Purushottam, SVPUAT, Meerut 6. Dr. Renu Singh, IARI, New Delhi
9. Agra Tour and Travel 1. Dr Khushnood Ali, Head, Research, AARDO 2. Vinayak Tour & Travel, Meerut
10. Certificate Writing and Disbursement Committee 1. 2. 11. Cultural Program Committee
1. Dr Amar Prakash Garg, CCS University, Meerut 2. Dr.Vineeta Varma, SVPUAT, Meerut
12. Comparing
1. Dr Sunil Pabbi, IARI, New Delhi 2. Dr Shalini Rudra Gaur, IARI, New Delhi
Note: Organizing Secretary will be ex-officio member of all the committees.
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