CORNELL's 'RULING ELITE I and the II NATIONAL I

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CORNELL'S 'RULING ELITE i

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I NATIONAL i I

50¢ . ECONOMY CONTENTS

Preface .•...•...... •...•...... •...... •...... •. page 2 Introduction •...... •.. page 3 Rockefeller Interest Group at Cornell ...... ••...... page 6 Family Interest Groups at Cornell ...... •...... page 11 Cornell's Foreign Policy Establishment...... •...... page 15 The Cornell Defense Nexus ...... page 17 Cornell and Apartheid ...... page 19 Cornell and Domestic Social Control ...... page 21 Cornell and the Ruling Class ...... page 24 The Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory: A Case' Study of Military Research and Corporate Enterprise at Cornell ...... page 29 Cornell's Top Brass ...... insert

Prepared by the Research Committee of Cornell Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) 308 Stewart Avenue Ithaca, New York 14850 (607) 273-0535

First Printing, April 1969 Second P~inting, June 1969

PREFACE Whatever this study says of wealth and power at Cornell is necessarily an understate­ ment. The total picture could not be described for various reasons: 1.) Our society is ruled in ways which are neither accessible nor visible to the people and therefore we have had to rely upon public sources and promotional literature for our research; 2.) When we asked President Perkins for the minutes of the Trustee meetings, he refused to show them to us; and 3.) We have not had the benefit of liberated Presidential files as did our brothers and· sisters at Columbia.

The essays in this study are a first attempt to understand our place in Cornell and also Cornell's role in a repressive society. Written collectively, the essays nonetheless vary in focus and intent, and at times overlap. We hope they will be another step in a developing analysis of the system which oppresses us all, and will contribute toward the eventual overthrow of that system. -. Int-roduction

"The university and the other institutions of society - including the corporation, the farm, the cultural center, and the government agency - have now been joined together by a new kind of blood stream, made up of the ideas, the trained intelligence, and the manpower which provide the driving energy for our society. And the university is the great pumping heart that keeps this system fresh, invigorated, - and in motion." (James A. Perkins, The University in Transition)

It has long been a tenet of American radi­ labor force. No one corporation can afford cal thought that the universities are run by to train its own labor force, for _there is phillistine businessmen who nave nothing in no way to insure that its investment, once common with the higher learning w.hich they ad­ trained, will not seek employment else­ minister and control. From Thorstein Veblen where. The costs of training, therefore, and· Upton Sinclair to the Berkeley Free Speech have to be socialized. American colleges Movement, it has become commonplace to assert and universities, subsidized by government that the university is a knowledge factory, collected tp.xes, have taken on the social the faculty employees, the trustees disinter­ function of training skilled personnel and ested profit-takers or intellectual trolls, developing knowledge for the needs of ad­ the students raw material of production. None vanced capitalism." (James O'Connor, Levi­ of this is essentially false, but it has ef­ athan, March 1969) fectively obscured the larger and more serious aspects of the problem. These colleges and universities can be dif· Our object is not simple perception of so­ ferentiated according to the nature of their cial evils, but an evolving political economy productivity: which will enable us to see the relationship of the institution to society and to under~ "Traditional Ivy League schools shape stand the controlling dynamism of its actions. the sons and daughters of the ruling class (A political economy is a comprehensive and and the old middle class into the new rul­ integrated Marxist analysis of a society or ing and managerial elites. The state col­ its institutions;· it seeks to analyze class leges and the universities develop the structure and to focus upon the particular con­ sons and daughters of the working class flicts engendered by the monopoly of wealth and petty bourgeoisie into the highly and power inherent in a capitalist economic skilled sectors of the hew working class ... order.) finally the new community and junior col­ The initial step in deriving this politi­ leges serve the increasing educational cal economy is to place the university within needs of, for the most part, the sons and its essential social and economic context--con­ daughters of the working class." (Carl Dav­ temporary corporate capitalism. The most basic idson, The Multiversity: Crucible of the economic function served by the university in New Working Class) this context is the training of a specially qualified work force: The development of these institutions over time is related to the changing technology of "The growth of capitalism in the present this mode of production: period depends upon the availability of a large, highly skilled technical-scientific "The constant creation of new commoditi.es,

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-3- alterations of old commodities, redesign research can profitably take place. of equipment, reorganization of the work By producing a su_stained output of re­ process, and research and development in search information and_ technician/scientists, new productive processes require a con­ the "public service" university is an essen­ stantly expanding technical-scientific tial participant in U.S. economic imperialism work force. The ~xistence of this labor in the Third World/, Its research is largely force, trained by the university under the funded by State an4 Defense Departments. (In guidance of the state and at the expense Cornell's case, the largest single source of of the working class as a whole (via tax these funds is the Defense Department's Advan­ exploitation) in turn makes the creation ced Research Projects Agency). Its Bo~rd of of new commodities, renesign of equipment, Trustees is controlled by executives of multi-­ etc., more profitable."(O'Connor) national conglomerate corporations whose pro­ fitability derives from the exploitation of The essential elements in determining the foreign markets and resources. Its scientists overall educational role of the university a~e devise new weapons systems and perfect instru­ thus the economic requirements of a capital­ ments of international social control and eco­ intensive technology and the willingness of nomic hegemony. Its major non-Western studies the state to "socialize" the cost of the uni­ programs are funded almost entirely by founda­ versity's production through tax support. (In tions dedicated to investing surplus corporate 1962, of the $7.5 billion income of all insti7 wealth in expanding American capitalism abroad. tutions of higher learning in the United And its most prominent administrators and aca­ States, 45,6% were derived from federal, state demics are invariably officials or consultants and local taxes and only 13.4% from gifts and of the federal government. Because of this endowment earnings.) multifaceted involvement in the international Thus, far from occasionally "serving cor­ structure of corporate capitalism, these uni­ porate capitalism" by occasional war research versities have additionally become points of or profit-taking by individual businessmen, imperialist rule; successful revolution in the the university has become a ~asic point of Third World or a lessening of the Cold War's production in the national economy, primarily militarization would be as disastrous to them in terms of supplying a labor force trained at as to any other defense industry. public expense. The technology to which the state has com­ For the "public service" university, the mitted the university necessarily entails so­ contemporary equivalent of the conglomerate cial problems which the university meets by corporation, a second aspect of this productiv· further expanding i.ts productivity. Because it ity consists in supplying the defense estab­ is cheaper (and thus more "rational") for cor­ lishment with a crucial input of basic re­ porations to combine capital-intensive technol­ search and a significant amount of applied mil­ ogy with technical scientific labor power itary research. Over half of all university trained at public expense, the ~conomic system federal funds go to the 25 unhiersities doing is currently producing a mass of untrained, un­ the heaviest research business with the govern· skilled workers, largely blacks, who are per­ ment, and these institutions supply the vari­ manently outside of the industrial labor mar­ ous agencies with the greater part of their ba· ket and the job structure created by the new sic research requirements. These universities technology. The "post industrial proletariat" also support affiliated applied research cen­ can be supported only through under-employment ters and even industrial parks, where the es­ or state welfare, and has thus become a source sential interaction between basic sc-ientific of violent political disaffection. research and applied military and industrial To cope with the rapidly intensifying so­ cial conflicts created by this growing monopo­ ly of productive employment, the university's social scientists are refining the instruments of domestic social control and developing new concepts for policy-makers engaged in ghetto pacification, urban redevelopment, etc. The university's domestic role is becoming indis­ tinguishable from its role in th"e internation­ al order, and its productivity is increasingly geared toward devising new ruling class solu­ tions to world-wide social problems. Thus, as a function of its technological development and its class role, the university has also become a point of domestic social control with­ in American society, These three economic functions and their crucial relationship to the technology of pro­ duction are essential to understanding Cornell Planning the future of higher education: as a major locus of institutional power. Its McGeorge Bundy, Clark Kerr, James Perkins research productivity has been concentrated in and Kingman Brewster. -4- three areas: - "Middle level development" (technical as­ ly incomes of $100,000 or more. sistance rather than policy-level opera­ The principle intermediary and advisory ·tions) in the Third World, primarily boards in this directorate are made up various­ through the College of Agriculture and ly of Trustees Emeritus, faculty, and admini­ the Center for International Studies. stration. Trustees with more than 15 years - Defense sponsored. basic research, primar­ service on the Board who have made significant ily at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto financial investments in the university are Rico, the campuses Material Science Cen­ given the non-voting status of emeritus; those ter and the Synchrotron. with particularly fertile financial resources - Applied military research and develop­ and who continue to exercise executive author­ ment technology at the Aeronautical Lab­ ity on the Board are designated Presidential oratory in Buffalo. Councillors. The faculty, when they are involved admin­ "Promoting the liberal and practical edu­ istratively, function as .a middle-level of cation of the industrial classes." was the orig­ management. Prior to 1956 faculty representa­ inal function of the university, and it has tives were only non-voting observers on the always served to supply the state with techni­ Board. Since then they have become regular mem­ cians and middle-level administrators, the bers with minor responsibilities. Exceptions brawn of the technical scientific work force to this have been Morris Bishop, who has sat (hotel managers, labor mediators, military of­ on the Executive Committee; and W. David Cur­ ficers, agricultural specialists, plus an tiss, who chaired the ad hoc committee which elite of policy-makers and defense scientists). made the decision to disaffiliate with the Its education reflects these priorities of Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory in 1968. There production: defense technology prevails in the is a growing coalescence between faculty, Trus­ physical sciences, "policy science" in the be­ tees, and administrators which represents a havioral sciences, and tradition-minded scho­ consolidation and extension· of the Board's lasticism in the humanities. powers. 4 University Vice Presidents, the Pro­ Cornell's Board of Trustees very clearly vost, Vice Provost and Comptroller are all Cor­ reflects this particular orientation of the nell professors, and .a number of these retain university. Outwardly a polyglot structure, their teaching responsibilities or will resume the Board functions rather efficiently as a them shortly. political directorate and its organization has Thus, President Perkins recognizes in The been tailored in recent years to expedite the University in Transition that while "faculty business of control. The Board has 49 seats , as a corporate body cannot be expected to ljl.an­ 15 of which are largely honorific, though ser­ age the university," "individual faculty mem­ ving to represent the broad spectrum of politi­ bers are indispensible to. the management pro­ cal consensus within the ruling class--organ­ c.ess." Administrative leadership and academic ized labor, the state grange and agricultural entrepreneurship is based in the Department society, the New York State government. The and College level, but the managers of re- alumni elect 10 members, who are less promin­ ent in the business world, and include educa­ tors, women, and recently, the Board's first black member. They generally serve on low­ level committees like Buildings and Grounds and are uniformly undistinguished in terms of executive functions. The 4 faculty representa­ tives are likewise consigned to minor roles. Effective power is in the hands of 15 Board ap­ pointed and 5 Governor appointed Trustees-­ these are the corporate executives who staff the standing committees (investment and execu­ tive), whose judgement on fiscal policy is de­ ferred to because of the money-raising poten­ tial of their high-level corporate connections. The Board itself meets quarterly, but the Exec­ utive Committee meets every month and is clear­ ly the prime policy-making element of the body. The "public service" university in action. The Trustees as a whole function as would any corporate Board of Directors, deciding the allocations of resources and the course of the search programs, foundation administrators, university's development, while leavin·g the and university executives are cast-in the same management of production to the faculty and managerial mold. Clark Kerr has pointed out administration. Their corporate ideology and that multiversities are doing for corpocate class origins are clearly indicated by a re­ capitalism what railroads did for an earlier cent Educationai Testing Service study, which stage of industrial' development. It is clear showed Trustees of select private universities that professors play an entrepreneurial role to be 99% white, 82% Protestant, 46% current­ as essential as the land speculator or the term corporation Directors, and 43% with year- -5- rail~oad magnate of the 19th century. The Rockefeller Interest Group at Cornell The Rockefeller family is one of the rich­ Robert Purcell was elected Chairman of the est and most powerful families in the world. Board of Cornell in 1968. Purcell's main tie­ Without going into great detail, suffice it to in with the Rockefellers is as Chairman of the say that they control, among other things, Board of the International Basic Economy Cor­ Standard Oil of New Jersey, American Express, poration (IBEC). A close look at IBEC is neces­ Rockefeller Center, the Chase Manhattan Bank, sary because of its importance in demonstrat­ Eastern Airlines, Socony Mobil Oil, Metropoli­ ing the new "social" approach that the Rocke­ tan Life Insurance and Equitable Life Assur­ fellers are trying to push for U.S. companies ance. In addition, two members of the family in the Third World. It is a prime example of are state governors (Nelson and Winthrop). One the enlightened corporate capitalist view of would expect that this group, with its needs how imperialist policies should be carried out. for skilled managers and personnel for its com­ IBEC was founded in 1947 by Nelson Rocke­ panies, would be influential in the important feller to meet "the crying need for moderniza­ universities. In this section the relation of tion in Latin America at the end of World War the Rockefellers to Cornell University will be II." It was to be an "economic development cor­ shown. poration for fomenting and energizing business to ·increase the production and availability of For many years the Rockefeller-representa­ goods and services basic to the lives of the tive on the Cornell Board of Trustees was Wal­ people in less developed countries." Whereas ter C. Teagle. Teagle was long-time President most U.S. firms are involved in extracting re­ and Chairman of the Board of Standard Oil of sources from the Third World, IBEC was involv­ New Jersey. He sat on Cornell's Board from ed in the operation of super-markets, the pro­ 1924 until his death in 1961. He was a leading cessing of milk, poultry production, housing member of the Investment Committee of the Trus­ construction, and mutual funds and investment tees. His death did not leave the Rockefellers services. In other words, IBEC tried to profit unrepresented. In 1958, when Nelson Rockefel­ by getting involved in areas usually left to ler was elected Governor of New York State, he the elites of the underdeveloped- countries, promptly saw to it that another man was ready there~y extending U.S. corporate control into to take over for the aging Teagle. That man, new sectors of these economies. appointed to the Board by the Governor in 1959, A look at Venezuela, the favorite terri­ was Robert W. Purcell. tory for the Rockefeller modernizers, will point up how IBEC's experiment in enlightened imperialism has worked out. Venezuela's main Robert Purcell · wealth lies in her oil deposits. Each year she ships out $3 billion worth of oil. Rockefel­ ler's Creole Petroleum Corporation accounts for more than.4O% of the total production and sales volume. (Gulf, Mobil [also Rockefeller­ controlled], and Shell account for most of the remainder.) The government-owned Venezuelan group has "concessionary rights" on less than 1% of the oil reserve. Thus, the wealth of the Venezuelan people is literally being stolen from under their feet. In his book, The Empire of Oil (published in 1955), Harvey O'Conner says "Before oil, Venezuela fed itself, somehow. Today it pro­ duces only one-half the corn, one-half the meat, one-third of the green vegetables and grains, and one-half the milk it consumes. There are fewer cattle than at the time of the Revolution of 1812." Seventy per cent of the land of Venezuelp is still owned by 3% of the people. It is said that Venezuela is better off than all the other Latin American coun­ tries, since it has the highest per capita in- -6- Venezuelan National Guardsman on watch for unruly natives at an IBEC warehouse. This sandbag fortification defends the gas tank.

come on the continent. Yet, this is only $800. Although IBEC is Purcell's main concern, In addition: (1) per capita figures do not rep­ his other corporate ties should be looked at. resent real national w~alth or its distribu­ His Seaboard World Airlines is a major trans­ tion (much of the population is not in the mon­ porter of troops and cargo to Southeast Asia. ey economy), and (2) well over one-third of Seaboard has applied for commercial routes to the gross national product figure (from which Saigon for the 1970's. Purcell's International per capita income is calcula·ted) is in exports, Minerals and Chemical is a ~ajor extractor and, therefore, unavailable to the Venezuelan and producer of raw materials, operating in 27 people. More than 90% of that one-third in ex­ countries including South Africa. His Bendix ports is in oil alone and we know to whom that Corporation is the 61st largest in the U.S. oil income belongs. and does over one-half of its ~ork for the U.S. Meanwhile, the average Venezuelan diet Defense Department. Finally, Purcell's C.I.T. s till contains only slightly over 2000 calor­ Financial Corpora~ion is one of the largest ies per day. It is clear that IBEC has not ma­ corporate finance companies in the country. terially altered the situation of the Venezu­ All in all, Robert Purcell makes an excel­ elan people·. lent select.ion_ ·as- Cornell's : riew Ch~irm'.an of In Africa, IBEC's investments in Mozam­ the Board. bique, Angola , and Rhodesia repres_ent commit­ ments to the existing racist a nd colonial gov­ ernments of these ·countries. IBEC's interests are thus tied to the preserva tion of the~e re­ gimes a nd have opposed revolutiona ry wars be­ James Perkins ing fought by the peoples of these · countries, the very people IBEC claims to help. One reason for Purcell's selection is his close working relationship with Cornell Presi­ dent James A. Perkins. Perkins, coincidentallv, While the kind of production lBEC is en­ is another representative of the Rockefeller­ gaged in is essential, it doesn't help the peo­ interests at Cornell. (By the way, ~elson Rock­ ple when the profits of the production go to efeller is an ex officio Trustee of Cornell be­ the Rockefellers instea d of the people wh o cause of his position as Governor of New York need the most. IBEC's work, when compared t o State, but he seldom comes to Board meetings. that of Creole Petroleum, i s shown to be even He doesn't really have to.) more meaningless. Perkins is a relative newcomer to the Rock­ Th0 lesson is clear: as lung as U.S. com­ efeller-interest group. Before he came to Cor­ panies are in the Third World for the purposes nell as President in 1963 he was Vice-Presi­ of making profits, no matter what their "soci­ dent of the Carnegie Corporation of ~ew York al" concerns are, they will set themsel\'es up and of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advance­ as the enemy of the people thev oppress. ment of Teaching (te~ching what?). His book,

-7- . • . ' - . • . ,, -; " · ...• ' •S.' - -,, . - - ~ I - ~ Governor Nelson Rockefeller and President Perkins

The University in Transition, is the most ad- 1968, ranking fourth among non-profit organiza­ . vanced statement of the corporate-capitalist tions . view of education, speaking of the need for I.D.A. was set up in 1955 as the Army and the university to have much greater interrela­ Navy's counterpart to the Air Force's RAND Cor­ tionships with government and industry. His poration. A $500,000 Ford grant launched I.D.A. own life is a testament to this philosophy. and its university affiliates into the field of foreign policy research. This research in­ From 1958-61 he was a Director of the In­ cluded long-range strategic analyses of U.S. stitute for Defense Analysis (I.D.A.) and is military-politico objectives. Also undertaken riow a Trustee of the RAND Corporation, both were studies of U.S. strategic interests in among the largest non-profit researchers for the Middle East and South Asia along with the the Defense Department. development of a counter-insurgency data base. While Perkins has called the Vietnam War Perkins has served as Chairman of Former "tedious", RAND has carried out analyses of President Johnson's General Advisory Committee the Montagnard leadership and the pacification on Foreign Assistance Programs, as a member of program in Vietnam. RAND was also concerned the President's Panel of Consultants on For­ with Europe where studies were conducted which eign Policy, as a member of the Presidents dealt with the U.S. response to possible cri­ Special Committee on Nuclear Proliferation, as sis situations including possible developments a member of the General Advisory Committee of brought about by the French and Italian Com­ the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, munist Parties. RAND received $20 million in and as a member of the Educational Advisory military research and development contracts in Committee of the Department of Defense.

-8- In addition, Perkins is a member of the Following the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 and prestigious and inf luential Counci l on Foreign the growth of the r evolutionary movement in Relations. South Africa, many foreign investors began to Al l of these "services " have made Perkins leave the country, fearing a takeover by the the ideal university President at a time when blacks. In order to end this crisis and pro­ universities are effectively the 4th branch of tect its highly profitable investments, Chase the armed forces because of their extensive re­ Manhattan organized 10 other major U.S. banks search work for the Department of Defense. into a consortium to extend credit loans to These activities of his have also greatly in­ the South African government. At the same time, terested sophisticated businessmen such as the Chase went out to seek more U.S. capital for Rockefellers. investment. When other U.S. corporations saw In 1966 he was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Center for Inter-American Re­ search center. (The Rockefellers funded the Cornell Latin American Year [1965] sponsored by the Center for International Studies. The opening speeches were delivered by Perkins and J. George Harrar, President of the Rockefeller Foundcttion. The purpose of the Latin American Year was to draw attention to the Cornell Latin American Studies Program wh ich had ex­ panded rapidly during Perkins' presidency.) Perkins has since been rewarded by the Rock­ efellers by being appointed a Director of IBEC and of the Chase Manhattan Bank. The Chase Manhattan Bank is the 2nd lar­ gest bank in the United States and is probably the most powerful. Its assets for the year end­ ing December 31, 1968 were over $19 billion. It is the primary financial institution of the Rockefeller-interests. (David Rockefeller is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.) As a result of its Trustee department as­ sets of $13.6 billion and its credit power, it has common directors and/or major stockholders in corporations with assets of $35 billion. (See First Issue #9 for an article and chart on Ch~Manhattan's influence in the U.S. President Perkins and friend economy.) Chase has offices or associates in 53 countries outside of the United States. -9- this commitment of capital by the most impor­ "In 1960 the Uris Brothers had built ur, tant banks in the U.S., they concluded that a substantial realty and construction bus­ their investments would now be safe. With the iness--building 14% of the office space credit loans from the banking consortium and constructed in New York City since World with the return of foreign investment, the War II--entered into a series of deals South African government was able to put down, with Rockefeller Center Inc. The formal for the time being, the liberation movement. alliance began when Lawrence Rockefeller., Chase Manhattan and the consortium are still head of Rockefeller Center Inc. allied g1v1ng loans to the government and have also with the Urises in order to undercut an­ extended their own operations in South Africa. other realtor, William Zeckendorf of Webb Chase is now the 8th largest bank in South Af­ and Knapp, who held a site between 51st rica. Chase has continued to follow a policy and the Avenue of the Americas. Lawrence of going where the money is--in 1966 it opened Rockefeller undermined Zeckendorf's plan a branch in Saigon. for a luxury hotel on the site by refusing Perkins is the only educator on the Board to back him. By withholding his endorse­ of Directors of the Chase Manhattan Bank. Thus, ment, Rockefeller ensured that Zeckendorf as President of Cornell University, advisor to would not find the creditors needed to the Defense Department, and Director of Chase make his project a sucess. Manhattan Bank, Perkins has achieved in his own life, the alliance of the university, gov­ "Uris Building Corporation promptly ernment, and industry. picked up the site which Zeckendorf was forced to sell and announced a joint ven­ ture between their company and Rockefeller Center Inc. to build an office building. Lawrence Rockefeller's endorsement enabled the Urises to land a prestigious tenant, Harold Uris Sperry Rand (a Rockefeller-associated bus­ iness). Uris owns 50% of the building and Rockefeller Center Inc. the other 50%. The other representative of the Rockefel­ Shortly afterwards, they concluded another ler-interests is Harold D. Uris, President of lucrative deal with Hilton Hotels Inc. the Uris Building Corporation, the largest in­ They arranged for the building of a New vestment builder in the United States. For an York Hilton which is owned 25% by Rock­ account of the alliance between the Uris' and efeller Center Inc., 25% by Hilton Hotels, the Rockefeller's, we will quote from Who and 50% by Uris Building Corporation." Rules Columbia, a study of the power structure ofColumbia University by the North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA). (Harold's Harold Uris was appointed to the Cornell brother, Percy Uris, is Chairman of the com­ Board of Trustees in 1967 by Governor Nelson pany and a life Trustee of Columbia.) Rockefeller.

Three of the Uris Corporation's buildings in lower Manhattan.

-10- Farnily Interest Groups . .

The Olins The Olins, perhaps the best known Cornell family, are represented on the Board of Trus­ tees by John M. and Spencer T. Olin and on cam­ pus by Olin Hall and Olin Libra~y. Franklin W. Olin, father of John and Spencer, was a Cor­ nell Trustee from the mid 1930's until his death in 1951. John joined the Board in 1954, served on the Investment Committee 1954-56 and 1963-65, and became Trustee Emeritus in 1966. His brother Spencer joined the Board in 1957. Both men are members of the upper-class Chica­ go Club and the corporate-power-elite Links Club (NYC). John is also a member of seven other exclusive clubs, so that wherever he goes, from Quebec to Paris to Talara, Peru, he will not lose contact with national and inter­ national elites. Both Spencer and John have set up founda­ tions which are named after themselves and look like the typical upper-class tax dodge. The John M. Olin Foundation had (tax free) in­ come of $5.5 million in 1966 and "philanthrop­ ic" expenditures of $158,000. Olin-Mathieson Chemical Corporation, one of the 100 largest industrial firms in the U.S., provides the economic base for the Olin brothers' power. The Olin family controls a­ bout 15% of the stock of the company and both brothers have run the company since 1944 when it was known as Olin Industries. Olin-Mathie­ son is a ma jor conglomerate which resulted from a 1954 merger of Olin Indu.stries and Mathieson Chemical Corporation. At this time John Olin became Chairman of the Beard. John M. Qlin Olin-Mathieson has recently been named as a co-conspirator in a price-fixing case invol­ versity as a point of production of technical­ ving the largest-selling ($150 million annual scientific labor power and as a producer of sales) wonder drug, Tetracycline. The conspira­ the technical knowledge necessary for contin­ cy extended over a period of more than a de­ ued economic and social expansion of U.S. cap­ cade. italism. Over 75% of Olin-Mathieson's sales come from their Chemicals, Metals, and Winchester­ Western Divisions, all of which heavily rely The John'Sons on government purchases for military, space, and foreign "aid". The 12-gauge shotgun pro­ In contrast to the Olin Family's upper­ duced by the Winchester-Western Division is a class cultural style, Cornell's Board of Trus­ basic "anti-riot" weapon of several metropoli­ tees also includes Herbert F. and Samuel C. tan police departments in the U.S. Research Johnson, directors and majority stockholders and development is crucial to military produc­ of S.C. Johnson and Son (commonly known as tion. John is also a Trustee of Johns Hopkins Johnson's Wax), one of the largest privately University and the Midwest Research Institute, held corporations in the U.S. Herbert was long both large recipients of military research and time Chairman of the Board of S.C. Johnson and development funds. Son. When he retired in 1966, his son Sam be­ In their investments in the form of dona­ came President and Chief Executive Officer of tions to Cornell, both for chemistry and phy­ the firm. Herbert became a Cornell Trustee in sics buildings and for Olin Library, the Olins 1947 and Sam joined the Board in 1966 and the appear to recognize the importance of the Uni- Executive Committee in 1968. Both men are active members of the corpor­ ate elite. Herbert belongs to the exclusive Bohemian Club in San Francisco and the Metro­ politan Club in NYC. Both are members of the American Club in London. To help forraulate the political-economic direction of the U.S. rul­ ing class, Sam and Herbert are Trustees of the International Chamber of Commerce. Herbert is also a Trustee of the National Industrial Con­ ference Board and the Committee for Economic Development. The latter organization is a key group in the shaping of the broad outlines of U:S. economic policy and the improving of eco­ nomic education. For a class to function as a r~ling class, it must be able to establish and maintain cul­ tural and intellectual hegemony in a society to help legitimize its economic and political control. In our society, the life styles shaped and produced in schools and colleges throughout the country are important sociali­ zation processes for large portions of the pop­ ulation and orient us towards the cultural and intellectual roles which will support the ex­ isting social structure. Their actions indi­ cate that the Johnsons recognize the necessity of creating a class-conscious social and poli­ tical outlook in the U.S. upper class. The Johnsons have invested a donation of $4 milli­ on in Cornell for the building of a new art mu­ seum. Between them, Sam and Herbert sit on the Boards of five foundations and five schools and colleges. One of the foundations they them­ selves set up studies social problems such as Samuel C. Johnson arms control and poverty. The Johnsons are al­ so leaders in urban reform efforts in Racine, Son. Of course, both the problems and the r~ Wisconsin, headquarters of S.C. Johnson and forms are approached with the goal of integrat­ Herbert F. Johnson ing dissident black and white groups into the existing s~ial structure, the same social structure which supports the Johnsons' econom­ ic and social power. The iron fist inside the velvet glove is apparent when we look closer at the Johnsons' activities. Sam is also a Director of Cutler­ Hammer, an important producer of electronic reconnaissance systems for the Department of Defense. This type of military hardware has helped to provide security for U.S. corporate expansion abroad. S.C. Johnson and Son has been at the forefront of this expansion. Their first foreign subsidiary was established in 1914 and by 1970 foreign sales will reach 50% of total volume. Meanwhile, the Institute for Defense Analysis (I.D.A.) and the RAND Corpor­ ation are studying means of applying Cutler­ HaTil!.uer style reconnaissance systems to urban a­ reas in the U.S. Groups that are not amenable to "urban reform" will face urban destruction.

The Noyes The Noyes Family has the largest collec­ tion of relatives in Cornell's ruling elite. A Noyes has been on the Board since 1933 when Nicholas Noyes, now Trustee Emeritus, joined _ _ the Board. His brother, Janson Noyes, Sr., was 12 made a Presidential Councillor in recognition expired and Lilly has had to cut prices to of his assistance (mostly financial) to Cor- "Presumably competitive levels." nell. Janson's son, Janson, Jr., became a Trus ­ Lilly, with research and development ex­ tee. in 1961 and is currently Vice-Chairman of penses of over $40 million per year (10% of the Cornell Board of Trustees. sales) is another company which draws heavily on universities as a point of production of technical knowledge, scientific manpower , and administrative personnel. Nicholas Noyes' $3 million gift to Cornell in 1965 for professor­ ships in the Business School and the Medical College will help Cornell to develop in direc­ tions which will fulfill all of these func­ tions necessary to the continued partnerships between universities and the corporate world. Janson, Sr. 's gifts have been used to con­ struct Noyes Center and Noyes Lodge at Cornell All of the Noyes are members of the corpor ate-elite Links Club (NYC). Nicholas is also a member of the Business Council, "the organiza­ tion of the· internationally minded wing of the American business aristocracy." (Domhoff, Who Rules America, 1967) As a Trustee of Jansen Noyes, Sr. the Lilly Foundation~ Nicholas helps to admin­ ister one of the largest tax-free endowments Janson, Sr. was a founder of Hemphill­ in the U.S. (assets of more than $300 million) Noyes and Company in 1915, one of the largest The Lilly Foundation has long provided support in~estment banking firms in the U.S. Through for such right wing institutions as Harding a 1965 merger, the firm became Hornblower and College in Arkansas and the right wing maga­ Weeks-Hemphill, Noyes. Although Janson, Sr. is zine , · Human Even ts . now retired, his son, Janson, Jr. is a general partner in the firm.

The Clarks The Clark family has been a recent addi­ tion to the ranks of Cornell rulers. William Van Alan Clark was named a Presidential Coun­ cillor in 1966 and his son Hays was appointed Trustee by the Board in 1967. Their financial investments in Cornell ap­ pear to be the main reason for their appoint­ ments. In 1965, the elder Clark gave $3 mil­ lion to Cornell for a new science building. Coincidentally, it is called the Clark Hall of Science. William is Honorary Chairman of the Board of Avon Products (the cosmetics firm) and Hays is Vice President and. Director of Avon . Their company has had the highest profit rate among J ansen Noyes, Jr. major U.S. corporations for the last 5 years. Nicholas, Janson Sr. 's brother, might well Their donation to Cornell is quite logical have become an investment banker also if he since companies like Avon are very dependent had not married into the Eli Lilly family and on the knowledge and trained personnel which chemical company of the same name. Nicholas Cornell provides. has been a director of Eli Lilly since 1913 and Chairman of its Finance Committee since 1948. During this time, Eli Lilly has become the third largest drug company in the U.S. The drug industry is one of the most pro- fitable in the U.S. Eli Lilly has a five year Local Families return on stockholders equity of 20.8% per The influence of the families we have been year. The case of Lilly's Penicillan V indi­ discussing is both national and international cates one method by which drug companies main­ in scope. However, through its Board of Trus­ tain these high profits. For several years, tees, Cornell also maintains ties with local Lilly had a patent on Penicillan V and was the and regional elite families. sole source of this drug. Recently, the patent The Schoellkopf's, Buffalo-based members William V.A. Clark at the dedication of the Paul A. Schoellkopf Clark Hall of Science

the Cornell-Treman holdings insure control of of the upper class, have contributed three mem­ Tompkins County Trust Company. Three Cornell bers to Cornell's Board of Trustees: Jacob F. officers serve as Directors of these banks. Schoellkopf, Jr. was a Trustee from 1929 until Treasurer Durland is Chairman of the Board of the late 1930's and Paul A. Schoellkopf was a First National, while Provost Dale Corson and Trustee from 1939 until the late 1940's. The Budget Director Paul McKeegan are Directors of most recent Schoellkopf, Paul A., Jr., became Tompkins County Trust. Charles Edward Treman, a Trustee in 1964. Paul A., Jr. is a Director Jr., elected Cornell Trustee in 1968, is Pres­ of several regional and statewide corporations ident and Director of Tompkins County Trust. including Marine Midland Trust Company of Wes­ Cornell and the Tremans have always worked tern New York and Mohawk Airlines. Cornell's well together: Five Treman's have served as Treasurer, Lewis Durland, is a Director of Cornell Trustees since World War I, (beginning Marine Midland Trust Company of Western New with Robert H. Treman [Trustee pre 1921-1932] York's parent company, the Marine Midland Cor­ and Charles E. Treman [Trustee pre 1921-1930], poration. Although the Marine Midland Corpora­ (followed by) Robert E. Treman [Trustee 1931- tion has banks in 136 cities and towns in New 1953], Allan H. Treman [Trustee 1955-1959], York State, they have never had an office in and now Charles E. Treman, Jr. Ithaca. If they had had one, it would have rep­ Cornell's stockholdings, its alliance with resented a challenge to the Cornell-Treman the Treman family and the bank directorships family control of the local banks. of Cornell officers assure Cornell a dominant Cornell owns 35% of the stock in the First voice in the credit and investment decisions National Bank and Trust Company of Ithaca and made in Ithaca, i.e. housing mortgages.

-14- Cornell's Foreign. Policy Establishment

The foreign policy establishment is ade­ quately represented at Cornell by two Governor­ appointed Trustees, Arthur H. Dean and Sol M. Linowitz. These two .men, along with James Per­ kins, Walker Cisler and Joseph Ripley are mem­ bers of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Dean and Perkins are also current national Trustees of the CFR. It was the CFR, along with the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, that developed the strategy of counter-insur­ gency warfare as a critique of Eisenhower's "massive retaliation" defense policy. This strategy followed naturally from the CFR's re­ cognition in the mid-1950's that the first line of defense for the U.S. empire had shif­ ted from Europe and NATO to the Third World. Much of the CFR's recommendations were later adopted by the Kennedy Administration in its attempts to develop U.S. capacity for "limited" warfare in difficult terrains throughout the World. Arthur Dean First appointed to the Cornell Board by Governor Dewey, Arthur Dean has been reappoin­ ted by both Governor Harriman and Governor Rockefeller. He served as Chairman of the Executive Committee from 1947-1958 and as Chairman of the Board from 1959-1967. He is currently back as a member of the Executive Committee. Dean's base as a corporate power-broker comes from his position as a partner in Sulli­ van and Cromwell, one of the largest and most influential U.S. corporate law firms. Stoddard M. Stevens, also with Sullivan and Cromwell, is a Presidential Councillor. Perhaps the.most notorious members of Sul­ livan and Cromwell were Allen and John Foster Dulles. In 1954, when John was Secretary of State, the decision was made to give material support to the overthrow of the popularly-elec­ ted Arbenz government in Guatemala. The Arbertz land reform program had expropriated 234,000 acres of uncultiva ted United Fruit Company land. John had been legal counsel for United Fruit and both brothers were major stockhold­ ers, Since that time, land reform in Guatemala, where 4% of the farms contain 75% of the land, has remained a dead issue. (Allen Dulles later became head of the CIA). Dean has continued Sullivan and Cromwell's close association with the government as U.S. negotiator at Korea in 1953-54 and as delegate to the 16th and 17th United Nation General Assemblies. He was Chairman of the , U.S .. delega-­ tion. to the Conference on the D'iscoritiduari.ce of Nuclear Weapons Tests in Geneva, 1961-62. He also served as a consultant on foreign af­ Beach, Wilcox, Dale and Linowitz. Both Dean. fairs to President Johnson and was part of a and Linowitz are examples of the corporation special committee--along with James Conant, lawyer who acts as an important link among the David Rockefeller, 3j1.d John J. McCloy--that upper class. These lawyers serve the major was created by President Johnson to counteract banks and corporations •as Advisors and Direc­ opposition to the Vietnam War. tors whose influence often extends well beyond Dean has also kept up Sullivan and Crom­ legal matters. Linowitz was one of the found­ well's association with the CIA in his role as ers of the Xerox Corporation and later became Trustee of the Asia Foundation. This founda­ General Counsel and Chairman of the Executive tion, most of whose $7 million yearly budget Committee of Xerox. came from the CIA, was to provide "private His foreign policy experience has been American assistance to those Asian groups and chiefly in the area of Latin America. Linowitz individuals working for continued social and was an advisor to both President Kennedy and economic improvement." The Asia Foundation, President Johnson on foreign aid·; he was Chair­ with representatives in 14 Asian countries man of the National Committee for Economic (but not in China), has had various delegates Development, which was set up to counter the kicked out of Cambodia, Indonesia and India, attack on foreign aid. Of course, most foreign allegedly because of intelligence activities. aid money never leaves the U.S., since it is Dean is currently serving as a Director of tied to the purchases of goods and services the following major U.S. corporations: Camp­ from the largest U.S. businesses and thus bell Soup, American Metal Climax (big in South forms another aspect of government-created de­ Africa), Crown-Zellerbach (big in South Afri­ mand in the corporate economy. ca), Bank of New York, El Paso Natural Gas, Linowitz was appointed United States Am­ artd National Union Electric. bassador to the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1966 when he left his Xerox position and placed his 35,000 Xerox shares in Sol Linowitz trust. In discussions of administration policy, Like Dean, Sol M. Linowitz, a 1966 Rocke­ Linowitz has stated that he supported Johnson feller appointee, comes from a law background "down the line" on foreign and domestic as a partner in the Rochester firm of Harris, affairs.

-16- The Cornell Defense Nexus Since World War II, the nation state has costs in the U.S. As one government agency assumed an increasingly important role in the puts it, "it appears that defense expenditures stability and growth of the capitalist economy are particularly important in precisely those and throughout the world. In the United States, industries ... that have shown the most rapid federal purchases now account for over 20% of pattern of growth and technological innova­ the total gross national product. Many of the tion ... " recent arrivals to the top ranks of U.S. Mono­ It is also important to note that military poly Capitalism have gotten there on the support for the economy continues irregardless strength of demand generated and guaranteed by of war or peace. That is, as long as the soci­ · federal' spending. ety and economy remain militarized in outlook The established corporate giants have also and structure, the question of actual war or benefitted heavily from federal funds for peace is irrelevant to the level of military space, defense, and research. For example, in spending. In fact, for stability, a small war the 15,000 iP.dustrial laboratories in the U.S., or the belief of a threat of war is better $24 billion was spent on research and develop­ than a larger war which results in domestic ment in 1968 and $16 billion, or two-thirds, challenges to the dominance of the U.S. ruling came from the federal government. class. The dominant share of government created It is in the largest corporations such as demand and growth has of course come from mil­ those whose directors sit on Cornell's Board itary spending, which has accounted for 70-80% of Trustees, where one finds the vast majority of federal government procurement of goods and of military spending. Several prominent Cor­ services. Even in the "peaceful" year of 1958, nell Trustees are directors of corporations the military used 5% of the output of the chem­ which obtain a significant portion of their ical industry, 10% of petroleum output, 13% of sales from military contracts. primary metal output, 21% of electric machin­ Spencer and John Olin's Olin-Mathieson man­ ery output, and 38% of transportation equip­ ufactures guns, ammunition, solid propellants, ment and ordnance production. Military expen­ and jet aircraft parts for military use. Wal­ diture alone now accounts for about one-half ter S. Carpenter, related by marriage to the of all industrial research and development DuPont family, is honorary Chairman of the costs and one-quarter of all "pure" research Board of E.I. DuPont deNemours & Co. which op-

The United States Embas­ sy Building in Saigon built by Upson and Dur­ land's Raymond Interna­ tional.

-17- rrates the Savannah River Plant and Laboratory tors Advisory Council of Morgan Guaranty Trust. for the federal goverrwnent and produces nucle­ Collyer became a Cornell Trustee in 1941 and ar materials for military use. Moodys reports was Chairman of the Board of Trustees during that the Army, Navy and Air Force build up in the years 1953-58; He was made a Trustee Emer­ recent years has resulted in increasing de­ itus in 1965. Collyer is represented on the mand for: Dupont's products and that "increas­ Cornell campus by the Collyer boathouse and ing demands for military explosives and rela­ the Collyer rooms on the second floor of ted specialties have resulted in accelerated Malott Hall, the Business School. Leroy schedules" of production. Grumman, a two-term alumni trustee who became Many corporations have set up separate div­ Trustee Emeritus in 1963, has also invested isions to supply military demands. Samuel gifts in Cornell. Grumman Squash Courts and Johnson's Cutler-Hammer Inc. does 12% of its Grumman Hall (Aerospace Engineering) represent sales through its Airborne Instruments Labora­ a sound mind (which can produce technical ad­ tory Division which produces electronic recon- vances for the aerospace industry) in a sound naissance equipment. Walker Cisler, former body. Grumman's other major investment ih Cor­ Chairman of the Executive Committee of the nell is the Cornell Aeronautical Laborat;ory Trustees, is Chairman of the Board of Fruehauf (C.A.L.). After World War II, when C.A.L. was Corporation (the world's largest truck trailer donated to Cornell to carry on research which producer) whose Military Products Division ac­ might impinge on "academic integrity" at the counts for about 15% of Fruehauf's sales. Cis­ university, seven aircraft companies put up ler's Burroughs Corporation has a Defense, $750,000 initial capital to operate C.A.L. Space and Special Systems Group which provides Grumman Aircraft supplied $150,000. about one-fifth of Burroughs' total revenue, A close working relationship with the Navy including bombiLg and navigation control sys­ Department has yielded a healthy rate of re­ tems. Burroughs' $60 million contract from the turn for Grumman Aircraft. In the last 20 Air Force was crucial for Burroughs' entry years, Grumman's sales have increased over into the computer market. 2300% and Grumman has become one of the 100 Maxwell Upson and Cornell Treasurer Lewis largest industrial firms. The rate of return Durland are directors of Raymond International. on stockholders equity has been higher than Upson was founder and President of the company. 20%, nearly double the median return for the Raymond Internationai is one of the major con­ major industrial corporations. Of course, struction companies in the RMK-BRJ consortium there is always the temptation to take a lit­ which has been the major contractor for U.S. tle extra when you can draw on the resources construction in South Vietnam. (In 1966, 45% of the federal government. Grumman was convic­ of Raymond International's total revenue came ted in 1959 for 11 overcharges" totaling $8.8 from work in South Vietnam.) million in the Korean War and is again being Robert Purcell, Chairman of the Board of prosecuted on similar charges arising from Trustees, is a director of the Bendix Corpora­ 1965 military contracts. tion. Bendix derives 50% of its sales from the Grur.. man' s growth has been built on con­ military. Purcell is also a director of Sea­ tracts from both the Navy Department and NASA. board World Airlines which transports military Thus, when the Air Force's F-111 was accepted equipment and personnel to South Vietqam and by McNamara as· the basic fighter-bomber for has requested commercial routes to Saigon for the armed services, Grumman was out of the run­ the 1970's. Maybe Seaboard will do its over­ ning for a major cohtract. It received only a seas banking at the Saigon branch of Perkins' relatively small subcontract from General Dy­ Chase Manhattan Bank. namics, the prime contractor for the F-111. It is in industries such as the aircraft However, the Navy Department worked to sabo­ industry, with 90% of its output going to the tage the progress of the F-111 as part of its military, that we find the greatest impact of fight against McNamara's proposed service uni­ federal spending. The aircraft industry is rep­ fication. Meanwhile, Grumman received a con­ resented on Cornell's Board of Trustees by two tract to study an alternative to the F-111 and men, Leroy Grumman and John Collyer, directors cooperated by killing its own subcontract on of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation. the F-111. Now that the F-111 has been aban­ Grumman was founder and Chairman of the Board doned, Grumman is the most likely recipient of of the company and is now honorary Chairman. what will be the largest single defense con­ Collyer's economic base in the U.S. upper tract in history for a new plane, now called class comes from his dominant position in the the VFX, to replace the F-111. · The contract rubber industry. He was President of B.F. will be worth a minimum of $10 billion as the Goodrich (1939-54) and Chairman of the Board basic fighter-bomber for the Navy and the Ma­ _ (1950-60) and was in charge of rubber produc­ rines. If it also becomes the Air Force's tion for the U.S. in World War II. He is also fighter-bomber, the contract will be worth . a director of Eastman Kodak and on the Direc- about $25 billion .

-18- Cornella,nd Apa,rtheid

In the Spr:i.ng of 1968, Cornell SDS began a support for these investments in a racist gov~ campaign to persuade CornelL University to ernment's economy? · First, eleven of the Trus~ sell its stock in banks which are part of the tees are directors of firms .which have invest- American banking consortium which had come to 1\lents in South Africa, and five of these .ele~­ Jhe aid of the apartheid regime of South Afri­ en men are members of the Executive Committee ca in the early 1960's. Due to world-wide out­ of the Cornell Bqard of Trustees. The chal~ crage over the Sharpeville Mas.sacre (March. 21, lenge to Cornell's investments was by implica­ 1960), there was at · this· time an investment tion a challenge to their own investments·. crisis in South Africa. .. The consortium of A­ .Secondly, even for Trustees whose firms are merican banks kept the racist government alive not involved in South Africa, the idea that hu­ and cm1tinued to supply funds during this time. man needs and not the profit motive should be Despite considerable faculty and student the guide to the operation of industry repre­ support for the SDS initiated campaign, the sented a challenge to their · own investments, Cornell Board of Trustees voted not to sell both at home and abroad. Thus, they had t•O · their stock. There was only one vote in favor vote for racism. of selling. Here is a list of Cornell Trus.tees with Why did the vote show such an overwhelming business interests in South Africa:

James Perkins, President; Director 0f J.P. Levis, Trustee; (1) Chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank. Chase, through its Board of the Owens-Illinois Glass Company South African branch, Standard Bank, Ltd. which holds a minority interest in the (part of Chase's Standard Bank group), has Consolidated Glass Works, Ltd., South Af­ been in South Africa since 1959. Chase's rica. (2) Member of the International Ad­ Standard Bank is the eighth largest in visory Board of the Chemical Bank New York South· Africa. As a member of the American Trust Company, a member of the America~ banking consortium, Chase's loans to the banking consortium (see Perkins). South African Government have kept the ra­ cist regime alive during the investment crisis of the early 1960' s.

Arthur Dean, Trustee (former Chairman of the Board of Trustees); (1) Director of Crown Zellerbach Corporation which has a Walker Cisler, Trustee Emeritus (former South African subsidiary, Crown Carlton Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Paper Mills (Pty.), Ltd. (2) Director of Board · of Trustees); (1) Chairman of the American Metal Climax, Incorporated which Board of the Fruehauf .corporation which has had substantial investments in various has a subsidiary in South Africa. (2) Di­ African mining concerns since 1929, Has a rector of the Burroughs Corporation which subsidiary, Tsumeb Corporation, Ltd., in has a subsidiary, Burroughs Machines, Ltd, South West Africa, and an affiliate, Pala­ in South Africa. (3) Member of the . Inter­ bor a Mining Company, Ltd. , in Sou.th Africa •. national Advisory Board of the Chemical It is now developing new vanadium mines in Bank New York Trust Company, a member of South · Africa. (3) Director of American the American ·banking consortium (see Bank Note Company which operates plants in Perkins). South Africa.

-19- Birny Mason, Trustee; (1) Chairman of the William Carey, Trustee Emeritus; Director Board of Union Carbide Corporation which of Tenneco Incorporated, which holds a has a la~subsidiary, Union Carbide 25% interest in a conces'sion off the coast Southern Africa, Incorporated, and three of South Africa where geophysical opera­ other companies under it: Chrome Corpora­ tions are underway. tion of South Africa, Ruighoek Chrome Mines (Pty.), Ltd., and-ucar Minerals Cor­ Horace Flanigan, Trustee Emeritus; Direc­ po.ration. (2) Director of the Manufactur­ tor of the Manufacturers Hanover Trust ~ Hanover Trust Company, a member of the Company, a member of the American banking American banking consortium (see Perkins). consortium (see Perkins).

John L. Collyer, Trustee Emeritus; (1) Ad­ Robert Purcell, Chairman of the Board of visor to Morgan Guaranty Trust, a member Trustees; Director of International Miner­ of the American banking consortium (see als and Cpemical Corporation which has a Perkins). (2) Director of Eastman Kodak subsidiary, Lavina South Africa (Pty.), which has a subsidiary, Kodak (Pty.), Ltd. Ltd., in South Africa. in South Africa.

Nicholas Noyes, Trustee Emeritus; Director Walter Carpenter, Presidential Councillor; of Eli Lilly and Company which has two sub­ Honorary Chairman of the Board of E.I. du­ sidiaries in South Africa: Lilly Labora­ Pont deNemours, Incorporated which has in­ tories (Pty.), Ltd. and Isando Dista Phar­ terest in a flourocarbon plastic company maceuticals (Pty.), Ltd. in South Africa. Samuel Johnson, Trustee; Director of Cut­ ler-Hammer, Incorporated which has an af­ filiate, Cutler-Hammer Igranic, Ltd., in South Africa.

The argument is often made that as U.S. of the top U.S. companies. 'Do you think I business investment in South Africa increases, could have five servants in New York? Here the gap in living standards between the black I've got four polo ponies and I play polo ev­ and white population will decrease and racist ery week-end. Could I do that in New York? ... structures will slowly fade away. It is true All of this doesn't necessarily mean I approve that U.S. investment in South Africa has in­ of apartheid, although none of us think that creased dramatically since the Second World universal suffrage is the answer in South Af­ War. This increase has been about 300% since rica either. Whether I approve of apartheid or 1950. However, in 1966, the government expen­ not is irrelevant.'" diture per pupil on education for whites was Not only do U.S. businessmen "adapt quick­ fifteen times the expenditure for blacks, the ly" to apartheid, they actively support this life expectancy for blacks was 25 to 30 years policy. For example, they invest in government less than for whites, and the infant mortality prescribed cheap labor•areas, thus assisting rate for blacks was ten times the white rate. racial separation by artificial location of This structure of misery was supported by a industry. On the social level, U.S. business­ black per capita income of $116 a year, one­ men rarely attend parties given by the U.S. fifteenth that of whites. This low wage rate embassy even though they are usually invited. of a rigidly controlled labor force is a prime This is because most U.S. embassy parties are attraction to the more than 250 U.S. firms multi-racial and U.S. businessmen "hesitate to which have investments in South Africa. offend the government of a country in which It is also revealing to find out what U.S. they are doing business" by attending these businessmen think about the South African re­ parties. gime. U.S. News and World Report (April 22, Hardly the portrait of a group which is go­ 1968) reports that 40% of U.S. and Canadian ing to bring racial progress and enlightenment businessmen surveyed would, if they were eligi­ to South Africa. ble, vote for the ruling National Party which And then, of course, the goal of business firmly supports apartheid. Nearly 60% felt is profits and social good is merely incident­ South Africa's racial policies represented "an al, As far as profits are concerned, "return approach that is, under the circumstances, at on invested capital runs everywhere from 20 to least an attempt to develop a solution." Only close to 30% a year, as high as in any country 9% found apartheid "altogether in!'.!orrect." As in the world, or higher." In sum, it boils _U.S. News and World Report says, "The American down to the fact that when business is based adapts quickly to living under a system of to­ on racist exploitation of cheap labor, an in­ tal racial segregation. He is often frank to crease in business investment merely means a admit that he enjoys it •.• 'Look, here I've greater stake in the system of racist exploita­ got five servants,' says an executive of one -20- tion and a greater resistance to change. Cornell and Domestic Social Control For at least the last decade, many of the The arrows side of the operation is to be more sophisticated thinkers in the U.S. ruling handled by the military, from the 82nd Air­ class have been aware that the American city, borne Division to your friends and neighbors the key to the business market place, is in in the National Guard, along with considerable bad shape. The rapid move of population and in­ help from the local police. Institutes such as dustry to the suburbs has increasingly eroded I.D.A. and Perkins' RAND Corporation coopera­ the inner city's tax base. Urban decay has in­ ted with the military by discovering methods creased by leaps and bounds. of applying counter-insurgency, developed for The crisis of the cities has coincided the jungles of the Third World, to the con­ with a more fundamental crisis in U.S. capital­ crete and tenement jungles of the American ism. Although military spending, credit expan­ City. Police forces, while maintaining cen­ sion and foreign investment had prevented any tralization of control, are to decentralize severe depression after World War II, by the their functions in the ghetto. 1960's the economy was obviously slowing down, At the same time, corporate enterprise, es­ and surplus labor was piling up. Indeed, dur­ pecially large military contractors, have dis­ ing the 1950's, only one job in five was crea­ covered that law enforcement equipment is po­ ted by private enterprise. Much of this sur­ tentially very profitable. Virtually unchanged plus labor was trapped in the decaying areas for half a century, it "can be considered a of the inner cities throughout the U.S. and by multi-billion dollar service industry which 1964 the black portion of this surplus labor has not fully benefited from our expanding began to explode. By the light of Watts, New­ technology ... " (Justice Department Symposium ark, and Detroit, almost everyone who was in­ on Law Enforcement, Science and Technology, terested could see that something had to be March, 1967) Production of new intelligence done. In the words of McGeorge Bundy, Presi­ devices (computer systems), exotic crowd con­ dent of the Ford Foundation, the strategy de­ trol equipment (instant banana peel, a poly­ cided upon was "counter-insurgency and the ethylene oxide by-product of the petroleum in­ Peace Corps ... an Alliance for Progress and un­ dustry), and incapacitating agents (Mace, and, remitting opposition to Castro; in sum, the perhaps in the ftrt-ure, hyperdermic darts) has olive branch and the arrows." accompanied the..-0ld. standbys such as the 12-

In order not to lose·any business, Detroit Edison re-opened its Twelfth Street Custo­ mer Office immediately after the rebellion. -:n- ;:,,,"

gauge shotguns. Meanwhile, the olive branch is being exten­ the ghetto through investments, business opera­ ded by the Urban Coalition and the National Al­ tion of job training centers and "black capi­ liance for Business (NAB), which are drawing talism." Because of the economic structure of on public funds and given credibility by an as­ the ghetto, there will be no separate capital­ sortment of militant yet "flexible" black or­ ism run by blacks. Instead, what is happening ganizations. Urban renewal is to continue, but is that the existing black-run businesses, on a grander scale. mostly marginal in nature, are being squeezed Thus, many of the larger cities are moving out by the extension of corporate enterprise towards metropolitan or regional governmental in the ghetto. A small black administrative structures which will bypass municipal agen­ class is emerging which manages "black" subsid­ cies and potential black political power in iaries of white corporations or is dependent the inner city. It will prevent further politi­ on white financing. For example, Baltimore's cal subdivisi.ons between city and suburb. Re­ B. Green and Company puts black managers in gional government will also concentrate power all its ghetto supermarkets. Green felt this in the hands of the corporate elite, usually would gain them a measure of protection and through some form of business-government cor­ new captive customers. poration. An example is Rockefeller's Urban Corporate control of job training programs Development Corporation (UDC) for New York means that the life chances of ghetto resi­ State. (4 of the 9 board members are the New dents are increasingly determined by the very York State Commissioners of Commerce, Banking, forces which created the ghetto. However, cor­ Insurance and Planning; the remaining 5 will porate job training programs have not been a be appointed by Rockefeller from the private noted success. When NAB claimed in August 1968 sector.) These corporations will be given pow­ that they had placed 40,000 hard-core unem­ er to override local government and local ployed and 100,000 teenagers in jobs, an Asso­ zoning regulations. Tax money will be used to ciated Press survey of the 10 largest U.S. buy land condemned by these business-govern­ cities found that NAB's claims were 100 times ment corporations. This land will then be re­ higher than local level claims. Litton Indus­ sold at low prices to new investors. tries, which claims to have graduated 5,000 Tax breaks, cheap land and long-term low people from its Job Corps Center in Pleasanton, interest, government-guaranteed mortgages will California, neglects to mention that 40% of draw corporate investment into housing, indus­ these graduates have been placed with one em­ trial, and shopping complexes, recreation, ployer--the U.S. Military. transportation, etc. In this corporatist share­ The life insurance industry's announced in­ the-poverty plan, the blue and white collar tention to invest-$1 billion to improve urban workers will foot the bill. Their taxes will conditions will simply help to guarantee the finance the sale of lands sold below cost to stability of their present multi-billion dol­ attract investment, pay the interest on the lar investments in the inner cities. Much of bonds which raise money for the business-gov­ this $1 billion fund will be put in Federal ernment corporations and are sold to the upper Housing Administration mortga~es. These return class. (90-100% of all state and local bonds a maximum of 6% but according to Fortune, this are held by the upper class). This makes U? is higher than the return on mortgages in most for the revenue lost in corporate taxes (per­ insurance companies' investment portfolios. sonal income tax revenue has increased 30% in Thus, the upper class reorganization of the the last two years while corporate tax revenue cities will not only reintegrate the corporate has risen only 1%). market and work force, . it will also restruc- Corporate control is being extended into -22- ture the Cb lack community along the lines of an underdeveloped economy. This will be done by other Detroit Edison Director 'as head. The achieving control over the raw materials study also emphasized the need for redevelop­ (black labor), control over the market for cor­ ing Detroit's central business district which porate products, and control over the internal supplies much of Detroit Edison's power reve­ development of the ghetto (in order to main­ nues. tain the first two forms of control.) These plans for the corporate redevelop­ ment of Detroit were given a rude shock in sum­ mer 1967 by the Detroit Rebellion. Immediately Walker Cisler's afterwards, Gisler, J.L. Hudson, Jr., Max Fish­ er, Henry Ford II and· several other members of Detroit the Detroit elite set up the New Detroit Com­ Cornell has several Trustees who can be mittee in an attempt to integrate the ghetto considered urban corporate entrepreneurs; per­ into the corporate plans for Detroit. One of haps the most prominent is Walker L. Gisler. the first acts of the new committee was to He joined Cornell's Board in 1950, was Chair­ hire the Michigan State University Dean of Po­ man of the Executive Committee 1959-66, and lice Administration (the same one who had set became a Trustee Emeritus in 1968. At Cor­ up the Vietnam secret police for Diem in the nell's Meet the Trustees Day last year, Gisler early 1960's) to direct a $1 million study of in conversation claimed, "I'm known as Mr. De­ "reform" in the Detroit Police Department. The troit." He was only slightly exaggerating. As Police Department also purchased 500 new car­ Chairman of the Board of Detroit Edison, one bines, 300 shotguns and 150,000 rounds of am­ of the nation's 20 largest utility companies, munition; and began training 600 civilians as Chairman of the Board of Fruehauf Corporation, anti-riot troops. the largest truck and trailer manufacturer in In 1968, Cisler's Burroughs Corporation the world; and Director of the $2 billion-as­ set up a Department of Urban Affairs to "focus set Detroit Bank & Trust and Burroughs Corpora­ Corporate attention on opportunities which, tion, Gisler has a solid economic base in while assisting in the solution of contempor­ Detroit industry. In a city where the upper ary urban problems, will complement the Com- class is newer and less cohesive than those in pany ' s b usiness.. " (B urroughs Annual Report, the urban centers of the eastern seaboard, he 1967) To "complement" its business, Burroughs has impressive credentials. Gisler is a member began operating two Job Corps Centers under a of the elite Detroit Economic Club and Detroit federal contract guaranteeing a profitable re­ Athletic Club. He belongs to the upper class turn on each trainee. Brook Club in NYC. Through his positions in Meanwhile, Michigan Bell Telephone took o­ the Business Council and the Committee for E­ ver the operation of a black high school in conomic Development he has an important voice Detroit. The President of Michigan Bell is in the political decisions of the upper class William M. Day, another Director of Burroughs. and, hence, the United States. If all else fails, Gisler can call on fellow About ten years ago, Gisler, along with Detroit Edison Director E. Glenn Bixby. Bix­ Max Fisher, a fellow Fruehauf Director and by's Ex-Cell-O Corporation, through its subsid­ Chairman of Fisher-New Center Company; J.L. iary Cadillac Gage, makes the Commando Police Hudson, Jr., a land developer and a Detroit Vehicle. Five of these armored vehicles pa­ Edison Director; and Paul Mott whose family is trolled the streets of Detroit during the 1967 one of the leading stockholders in General Mo­ Rebellion. Walker L. Cisler tors, decided that the Detroit area should move towards a regional governmental structure and a revived central business district. They saw Detroit, with the aid of the St. Lawrence Seaway, becoming an inland port and an impor­ tant upstate link between Chicago and the To­ ledo area. The Mayor's Committee for Economic Growth, with Gisler as Chairman, was set up to help implement these goals. When the St. Law­ rence Seaway was completed, Cisler's Burroughs Corporation received the contract for the com­ puter system to control traffic moving through the 2,300 mile inland waterway. Meanwhile, De­ troit Edison, Wayne State University and Doxi­ ades Associates set up the Urban Detroit Area Study which attempted to determine the distri­ bution of the population in the Detroit area for the remainder of the twentieth century. Af­ ter rejecting several dozen alternatives, the Study came to the conclusion that the best pat­ tern of growth will fall largely within the a- rea where Detroit Edison has a power line mon­ opoly. To help plan for this growth, a citi­ zen's committee, the International Council for 2000, was set up with Richard C. Andreae, an- -23 Cornell and the Ruling Class

There have been several studies dealing In our analysis of Cornell's Ruling Elite, with income and wealth distribution, and des­ we have repeatedly used the term ruling class. pite some disputes over exact figures, we can It is essential that we understand this con­ sum them up by saying that both income and· cept, both in general and as it applies to the wealth are very concentrated in the U.S. and United States. have shown relatively little change over time. A ruling class can be thought of as a For example, in 1959, the top 0.1% of the pop­ group of people who occupy the dominant posi­ ulation received 1.5% of the income (15 times tions in both the economic and the social and what they should) and 5% received 18% of the political structure of a society. Thus, there income. Federal taxes do little to alter this must be a large but not necessarily complete distribution. In 1955 the highest income-tenth overlap between a social class, an economic received 29% of all personal income before class and the political decision-makers in a taxes and 27% after taxes, while the lowest society. We can consider a social class to be 40% of the population received 15% before tax­ a group of people with similar values and who es and 16% after taxes. When we add the effect freely intermarry. An economic class consists of state and local taxes, we find that in 1960 of a group of people with similar sources and those with incomes under $2,000 a year paid types of wealth; with a similar relationship roughly 38% of their incomes in. taxes; people to the property system. Then, in Domhoff's with incomes of $2-5,000 a year paid about 40% terms, a ruling class is a social upper class in taxes; those with incomes of $7,500-10,000 which "owns a disproportionate amount of a a year paid 22.3% in taxes; and those with in­ country's wealth, receives a disproportionate comes over $10,000 a year paid 31.6% in taxes. amount of a country's yearly income, and con­ It must be added that those who make $10,000 a tributes a disproportionate number of its mem­ year or more in salaries pay a much higher pro­ bers to the controlling institutions and key portion in taxes than those whose $10,000-plus decision-making groups of the country." (Dom­ income comes from holdings of wealth, for our hoff, Who Rules America) tax system hits salaries rather than property. The po~elite is another concept basic When we come to the question of wealth, we to the understanding of Cornell and the U.S. find that, while income is merely "unevenly" social structure. The power elite consists of distributed, wealth is fantastically concentra­ (1) people who occupy command positions in in­ ted. In 1956, the top 0.5% of all persons in stitutions controlled by members of the upper the United States held 25% of the wealth. The class; or (2) members of the upper class who fragmentary evidence available indicates that are in command positions in the federal govern­ wealth concentration has continued to increase ment; or (3) people who come to the federal throughout the 1950's and 1960's. Corporate government from high positions in institutions stock, a major form of wealth, is also extreme­ controlled by the upper class. ly concentrated, with 0.2% of the spending units (census terminology, roughly equalling a family) in the U.S. owning about 65% of the publicly held stock. Since most of the income of the top 0.5% of the population comes from & property, we can conclude that the same groups Income Wealth of people who receive a disproportionate share of the wealth also receive a disproportionate Does a ruling class exist in the United share of the income in the U.S. States? To answer this question, we must deal Although it was formerly taken for granted first with the distribution of income and that stock ownership meant corporate control, wealth. Income has to do with wages and pro­ liberals have argued that since the late fits paid out each year to families at differ­ 1930's, the "managerial revolution" brought ent income levels. Wealth refers to the owner­ about separation of ownership of stock and con­ ship of various marketable assets, including trol of corporations. However, studies such as both tangible things such as land, buildings, those by the Temporary National Economic Com­ machi~ery and raw materials (means of produc­ mission (TNEC), Victor Perlo (The Empire~ tion) and intangibles such as franchises, pa­ High Finance, 1957) and Villarejo ("Stock tent rights and copyrights. Stock ownership is Ownership and the Control of Corporations", one of the major forms of wealth in the U.S. New University Thought, Autumn 1961 and Winter 1962) have shown that the biggest shareholders One of the best guides to membership in in large corporations are actively involved in the upper class is a set of black and orange determining the general policies and selecting volumes, dating from 1888, called the Social the managers of these companies. In addition, Register. It is a listing of 38,000 families while many corporate managers are not of the who form the core of this country's social upper class, their advancement--dependent on elite. corporate performance--occurs in organizations controlled by the upper class. The social ad­ vancement of corporate managers is also depen­ dent on admission to clubs and other organiza­ tions dominated by the upper class. Finally, Clubs surveys have found that corporate managers hold more stock than any other occupation in the U.S. Thus, the interests of non-upper Additional criteria for membership in the class corporate managers coincide with the in­ upper class are: attendance at certain private terests of the upper economic class and these schools; membership in a select group of pri­ men can be considered part of the power or cor­ vate clubs; or immediate family relationships p9rate elite. This, plus the fact that many with someone who is considered a part of the members of the upper class are actively en­ upper class. The schools smooth over the new gaged in the direction of the major corpora­ rich-old rich antagonisms and bring the sons tions leads us to the conclusion that the up­ and daughters of the upper class in contact per class exercises control over the economy with their counterparts from all over the in addition to receiving a disproportionate country. The clubs "provide an informal atmos­ amount of the wealth and income generated by phere in which new members of the upper class the economy. Thus the thesis of the manager­ can be initiated into the mores that govern ial revolution seems to be false. gentlemanly behavior. They also provide a

MAJOR UPPER CLASS AND CORPORATE ELITE CLUB MEMBERSHIPS OF CORNELL' RULERS

LINKS (NYC) UNIVERSITY (NYC) Arthur H. Dean Arthur H. Dean J.P. Levis Walker L. Cisler Horace C. Flanigan Robert W. Purcell Stanton Griffis W.D.P. Carey Jansen Noyes, Sr. W.V.A. Clark Jansen Noyes, Jr. Horace C. Flanigan Nicholas Noyes Sol M. Linowitz John M. Olin Nicholas Noyes Spencer T. Olin John M. Olin Joseph P. Ripley Charles T. Stewart Harold Stanley Joseph P. Ripley Stoddard M. Stevens Maxwell M. Upson

FIFTH AVENUE (NYC) CHICAGO (CHICAGO) RACQUET AND TENNIS (NYC) Walker L. Cisler John M. Olin Birny Mason John M. Olin Spencer T. Olin Walters. Carpenter Spencer T. Olin Nicholas Noyes John L. Collyer Paul A. Schoellkopf W.D.P. Carey Stanton Griffis Harold Stanley

RECESS (NYC) KNICKERBOCKER (NYC) BOHEMIAN (SAN FRANCISCO) Arthur H. Dean Stoddard M. Stevens J.P. Levis Stanton Griffis Maxwell M. Upson Herbert F. Johnson Jansen Noyes, Sr. Joseph P. Ripley

CENTURY ASSOCIATION (NYC) BROOK (NYC) BUFFALO (BUFFALO) James A. Perkins Walker L. Cisler George A. Newbury Arthur H. Dean John M. Olin Paul A. Schoellkopf place in which the groundwork for major busi­ the 1960 1 s. In 1964, 57% of the $10,000-plus ness deals can be laid, 1 and a place in which contributors to the Democratic Party were mem­ economic and political differences can be bers of the U.S. upper class. smoothed over in a friendly manner." (Domhoff-) In governmental positions, we find that 5 These clubs are scattered throughout the major of 8 Secretaries of State since 1932 have been cities of our nation. They include, among listed in the Social Register and a sixth, others: the Brook, Knickerbocker and Harmonie Dean Rusk, was a member of the power elite (Jewish) in New York City; the Pacific Union since he came to the post from the Presidency in San Francisco; and the Casino in Chicago. of the Rockefeller Foundation. Of the 13 men Others, such as the Links in New York City are who have been Secretary of Defense or Secre­ clubs which mix the upper class and the mem­ tary of War since 1938, 8 have been listed in bers of the power elite and still others, like the Social Register and the other 5 have been New York City's University Club, serve as members of the corporate section of the power transmission belts connecting the world of the elite. In the Treasury Department, 6 of the 7 upper class with the world of general manage­ Secretaries have been either members of the ment and the mainstream higher professionals. upper class (4) or members of the power elite. We are now faced with the question of The upper class and the power elite also dom­ whether the members of the social upper class inated the Departments of Commerce, Labor and overlap decisively with the 0.5% of the popula­ HEW. In addition, Domhoff found that the pres­ tion which forms the economic upper class. To idential emissaries, advisors, and the federal answer this question, Domhoff studied the Dir­ judiciary are heavily under the influence of ectors of the top 15 banks, the top 15 insur­ the power elite and the upper class. ance companies and the top 20 industrials in 1963. That these companies are the keys to the domination of the U.S. economy is obvious when we consider that the top 100 industrials con­ trolled 58% of the net capital assets of all manufacturing firms in 1962 (Senate, Hearings Decision-Making on Economic Concentration, 1964, Part I). The concentration among banks and insurance Organizations companies is similar. In his example, Domhoff found that 53% of the Directors were members of the upper class. The vast majority of the It is in the shaping of the political and remaining Directors were corporate lawyers, intellectual climate of the U.S. that the in­ college Presidents, hired experts and former fluence of the upper class is most pervasive. military men. Most of these people are part of The three most powerful organizations are the institutions controlled by the upper class and Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), the Busi­ can thus be considered part of the power elite. ness Council (BC), and the Committee for Eco­ In sum, the upper social class in the U.S. nomic Development (CED). also forms an economic class which dominates the U.S. economy. The upper class shapes and directs the Council on Foreign U.S. political structure through control of associations which influence government and Relations public opinion, the financing of both the Re­ publican and Democratic Parties, and by ser­ The Council on Foreign Relations, founded vice in the federal government. It is general­ in 1921, has a membership of roughly 1,500-­ ly admitted that the Republican Party is the one-half living within 50 miles of New York party of big business, but what is often ig­ City Hall. Businessmen form the base of the nored is the fact that the Democratic Party is membership and corporation and foundation fund­ also controlled by different groups of busi­ ing finance the Council. Two-thirds of the Di­ nessmen. Politicians in both parties rely rectors and 40% of the Council members are heavily on large contributions for their cam­ listed in the Social Register. The Council mem­ paign financing. For the last several elec­ bership also overlaps heavily with the Trus­ tions, approximately 80% of the contributions tees of the large foundations. In 1961, 66% of of $10,000 or more to the Republican Party the Ford Foundation Trustees, 60% of the Rock­ have come from members of the upper class. Al­ efeller Foundation Trustees, 71% of the Carneg­ though the Democratic Party is often consi­ ie Foundation Trustees, and 60% of the Common­ dered the party of the "common man", it is wealth Fund Trustees were members of the Coun­ more accurately considered the party of the cil. The Council presents speakers and semin­ ethnic rich along with large numbers of the ars to its corporate clientele and its Commit­ old rich, including Southern aristocrats. Dur­ tees on Foreign Relations which exist in 34 ing the Roosevelt (Franklin) period, about 45% U.S. cities. It also publishes the quarterly, of the large contributors to the Democratic Foreign Affairs. The Council studies policy Party were members of the upper class and this questions in seminars consisting of about 25 trend continued throughout the 1950's and into people. These groups have about 18 corporate

-26- Five of the new Presidential Councillors attended the Tower Club dinner to receive theinrwqt(/4. They M. Upson, Floyd R. Newman, Walter S. Carpenter Jr., Stanton Griffes and Jansen Noyes. . +:t'University photos, S9l executives, a State Department representative, mic policies and promoting economic education. a CIA person, and the best academic talent When John Kennedy presented a new tax program money can buy. to Congress in 1961, most of his proposals The Council's prominence in foreign af­ originated in the CED's Commission on Money fairs goes back to the beginning of World War and Credit. By the late 1950's, 20 U.S. col­ II. As Council member John J. McCloy, then As­ leges were using the CED's training programs sistant Secretary of War, put it--"Whenever we in economics for prospective teachers. Both needed a man, we thumbed through the roll of the CED and the CFR seminars provide avenues Council members and put through a call to New of social mobility for academics who are York." After the war, 40 member, of the Coun­ judged OK by the upper class members. The next cil were on the official U.S. delegation to step is an appointment as a Fellow to the the founding of the United Nations, including Brookings Institution (another upper class pol­ McCloy, Nelson Rockefeller and John Foster icy making body) and then maybe an assistant Dulles. The New York Times claimed that the secretaryship in the federal government. Council "set American policy guidelines for NATO," the bastion of the U.S. Cold War effort. When John F. Kennedy was elected President 65 out of the 80 names on the list submitted to Business Council him for State Department posts were members of the Council. Nixon's Chief Advisor on Foreign The top of America's corporate elite can be found in the Business Council. The BC was Policy, Henry Kissinger, is also a product of the Council. formed in 1933 as the Business Advisory Coun­ cil and operated in a semi-official advisory capacity to the Department of Commerce until Committee for Economic 1961. After a dispute with the Kennedy admin­ istration (which Kennedy did everything possi­ Development ble to smooth over), the BAC changed its name to the Business Council and offered its consul­ In 1942, Paul G. Hoffman (Ford Foundation ting services to all governmental agencies. and Studebaker) founded the Committee for Eco­ The BC meets with government officials six nomic Development, another upper class policy times a year and according to Harpers Magazine, body. Its membership is drawn from the leading "on occasion there have been more Cabinet mem­ corporations and overlaps heavily with the CFR. bers at a ... Business Council meeting than were The CED concentrates on suggesting new econo- -27- left in the capital." After Eisenhower's elec- tion in 1952, BC members Sidney Weinberg and General Lucius Clay went to confer with Ike in COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS CORNELL POSITION Augusta, Georgia. The result was the choice of James A. Perkins-----Trustee President three BC members for cabinet posts: Charles E. Arthur H. Dean------Trustee Trustee Wilson of General Motors, George M. Humphrey Sol M. Linowitz------Member Trustee of M.A. Hanna Co., and Robert T. Stevens were Walker L. Cisler-----Member Trustee Emeritus named Secretaries of Defense, Treasury and Joseph P. Ripley-----Member Trustee Emeritus Army respectively. Humphrey later brought in BC member Marion Folsom of Eastman Kodak as Under Secretary of the Treasury. (Wilson, Hum­ BUSINESS COUNCIL CORNELL POSITION phrey and Folsom were also Committee for Econo­ Birny Mason------Member Trustee mic Development Trustees). When Johnson needed Walker L. Cisler-----Member Trustee to establish contact with the corporate elite Nicholas Noyes------Member Trustee after John Kennedy's assassination, the first John Collyer------"Member Trustee man he called was Frederick R. Kappel, then Chairman of the Business Council. Two other organizations which attempt to COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC CORNELL POSITION integrate the policy formation activities of DEVELOPMENT the Upper class are the National Industrial Herbert F. Johnson---Member Trustee Conference Board (NICE) and the International Walker L. Cisler-----Member Trustee Emeritus Chamber of Commerce (ICC). The NICB is a pro­ John Collyer------Member Trustee Emeritus duct of the foundation/corporation complex and Maxwell Upson------Member Trustee Emeritus concentrates on the production of business policy and intelligence. The ICC brings togeth­ er businessmen in both the national and inter­ NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CORNELL POSITION national sphere and considers itself a spokes­ CONFERENCE BOARD man for world business. In recent years the Herbert F. Johnson---Member Trustee ICC has concentrated on bringing businessmen Birny Mason------Member Trustee from the underdeveloped nations into contact Sol M. Linowitz------Member Trustee with their counterparts in the developed coun­ Walker L. Cisler-----Member Trustee Emeritus cries to foster their mutual corporate inter­ John M. Olin------Member Trustee Emeritus ests. Joseph P. Ripley-----Member Trustee Emeritus In sum, not only does the U.S. ruling class exist, it exercises pervasive influence in our society through its domination of our INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF CORNELL POSITION economic, social and political structures. COMMERCE While there are differences in style and ap­ Robert w. Purcel'i----Member Trustee, Chmn. proach within this ruling class, the class as Arthur H. Dean------Member Trustee a whole is united in its support of the broad Samuel C. Johnson----Member Trustee outlines of the U.S. social structure. This Herbert F. Johnson---Member Trustee social structure guarantees toe positions of J.P. Levis------Member Trustee power and influence held by the ruling class. Turning to Cornell, we have studied the clubs and Social Register listings along with cise power in our society refuse to give the the institutional and corporate relationships powerless an accurate and complete account of of the University's ruling elite. 56% of Cor­ the situation. This is to be expected, for as nell's rulers are members of the U.S. ruling the essays in this study show, the interests class and another 21% are members of the power and actions of the powerful are directed to­ elite. ward solidifying and increasing the scope of These figures are a minimum estimate, be­ their power at the expense of the rest of the cause as is always the case, the men who exer- people in our society.

-28- THE CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY:

Cornell was incorporated in 1865 as an ed­ Cornell's Aeronautical Laboratory is a pro­ ucational corporation, and has always borne duct of this decisive stage in American capi­ the entrepreneurial character of its robber talism's development. The country's most pro­ baron founders. However, the University's com­ minent aircraft manufacturers had been called ing of age as a business enterprise unto it­ to Washington to supervise the vast expansion self dates from the Second World War and the and internal consolidation of their industry. halcyon days of the American Empire. Mobiliz­ Theodore P. Wright, a co-founder of the ing for the war effort had brought about a fi­ Curtiss-Wright organization (at that time the nal fusing of big business and government into largest aircraft producer in the U.S.) became that seamless whole known colloquially as the Civilian Director of the Aircraft Production military-industrial-complex, or more properly, Board in 1942, and drew in scores of pervious­ the process of corporate capitalism's economic ly individualist aircraft manufacturers to the and political domination over American society. common cause -- among them were Cornell Alumni The actual crystalization of the corporate John Carlton Ward, President of Fairchild En­ ruling elite took place along the lines of gine and Airplane Corporation; Leroy Grumman, command established by the scores of wartime President and Founder of Grumman Aircraft En­ boards and commissions staffed by generals and gineering Corporation; also, then-serving Cor­ "dollar-a-year" executives. (Dollar-a-year men nell Trustees Victor Emanuel, Board Chairman were businessmen who managed the Second World of Avco (Aviation Holding Corporation), and War effort for the Government without salary, Director of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Cor­ and used their positions to consolidate their poration. own corporate interests.) These executives col­ In 1942 it was decided to build a primary lectively used their provisional powers to sup­ aircraft research and production facility at press organized labor and maverick small busi­ the Curtiss-Wright Airplane Division in Buffa­ ness ana to integrate government services and lo, T.P. Wright's hometown. Opening in 1943, military spending into a self-regulating, ever­ the Laboratory was operatea for two years un­ expanding economic system with themselves as a der military/civilian auspices, and served the power elite. A CASE STUDY OF MILITARY RESEARCH & CORPORATE ENTERPRISE AT CORNELL -29- research needs of the eastern aircraft manu­ ministration of the Laboratory and launched facturers whose War Production Board regional itself into what President Edmund Ezra Day council was headed by Avco's Victor Emanuel. hoped would be "a long and productive relation­ At the war's end in August 1945 it became ap­ ship between the University and the aviation parent that the tremendously over-expanded in­ industry." dustry faceg a depression unless means were found to continue wartime production apd to perpetuate the close-working relationships which effectively eliminated competition and allowed greater profits for all. Curtiss­ Wright closed down its Buffalo operation, but offered the Research Laboratory to the indus­ T.P. WRIGHT AND try as a whole, if only some outside institu­ tion could be persuaded to assume the role of government (i.e., supporting research and de­ velopment, keeping control out of any one com­ THE COLD WAR pany's hands, eliminating need to pay taxes or submit to public accountability). Buffalo Uni­ versity proved unwilling to accept the indus­ The partnership proved to be inherently try's gambit, but Cornell's Trustees, meeting unstable, though very profitable on a short only two days after the presidential decision term basis. After two years of operation the terminating the entire War Production Board backlog of Curtiss-Wright contracts was used apparatus, decided in October 1945 to under­ up and the Laboratory began to falter financi­ take the partnership offered by the aircraft ally, upon which the management was thoroughly industry. Thus on January 1, 1946, the Univer­ reorganized and Cornell Aeronautical Labora­ sity acquired the Laboratory, with its 500 em­ tory (C.A.L.) embarked on its career of vigor­ ployees and the nation's largest wind tunnel ous research entrepreneurship. T.P. Wright be­ facility (which Curtiss-Wright pledged came President and Board Chairman of C.A.L.; $300,000 to complete), plus working capital of had the Laboratory incorporated as a non-pro­ $675,000, put up by the corporations headed by fit, wholly-owned subsidiary of Cornell with a Grumman, Emanuel and Ward together with Bell fresh capitalieation of $5 million; and began Aircraft of Buffalo, of which Cornell Trustee, .a high-powered promotional campaign to get de­ Paul Schoellkopf, was a Director. The Universi­ fense arid corporate contracts. Wright got him­ ty reciprocally established a Graduate School self appointed Cornell's first Vice President of Aeronautical Engineering, undertook the ad- for Research in 1948, and managed the Univer-

C.J-I.. L.'s'·,,r1ain Plant in Buffalo, 11.Y. employs a staff of 1,600 and does re­ -30- search valued at $30 million annuallv sity's research effort until 1958. During this period C.A.L. 's staff grew to 1,100; its re­ search volume reached $12 millioh annually ; and considerable plant expansion was undertak­ en. But profitability and continued expansion were possible only because of the induced de~ fense-spending and rampant militarization of those Cold War years; 90% of C.A.L. 's work was applied military research, almost all of which was classified. Evaluations of the aero­ dynamics of bombs or the ballistics of anti­ aircraft weaponry, and the development of guid­ ed missile technology in conjunction with Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory were representative of the Laboratpry's ongoing pro­ jects, which had brought consultants' fees to 45 Cornell professors by 1954. Thus, Wright could report in 1951 that Cornell was raising faculty morale (and salaries) by "creating op­ portunity to satisfy patriotic feelings through work on military devices at our Labor­ atory in Buffalo." But he was only describing half of the relationship -- the Graduate School of Aeronautical Engineering, aside from training a select handful of defense scien­ tists, continually refertilized the minds of Laboratory studies C.A.L. 's technicians with seminars, lecture on bomb delivery courses and training programs. The aircraft corporations set up eight fellowships and the elected to Cornell's Board in 1948, 1953 and Laboratory established three professorships, 1957 respectively. Wright himself very aptly thereby underwriting about half of the rationalized the Cornell-aircraft-defense com­ School's personnel. plex in the annual report he gave to Cornell's Wright's vociferous research-mongering al­ Trustees at the completion of his six month so brought a flood of contracts to the campus tenure as Acting University President in 1951: (by 1958 a greater dollar-volume of research the Laboratory's role was "to assist our gov­ was done in the academic divisions than at ermnent in its military development program" C.A.L.). While Cornell's science facilities and the corporations' role was to financially and staff grew immensely, so did the "payoff" support the University, which in turn was to to corporations and the military: the director "furnish them with most of their raw mat_erial of Wright's pet campus project, the Center for -- in other words, science and people." Mario Integrated Aerial Photographic Analysis, was Savio, speaking for the raw material, would sent to Korea to help shore up the Free put it a bit more eloquently some 13 years World's frontiers in 1951. In fact, the mili­ later. tary applications of this campus-based work proved so profitable and expandable that the Laboratory later took it up with a vengeance, developing (in conjunction with the University of Michigan under project AMPIRT) electronic and photographic surveillance technology of the type which was to locate Che Guevara for U.S. counter-insurgency experts in 1967 (C.A.L. Report lfCM-1212-G-27 entitled "An investiga­ tion of Potential Surveillance Research and ' Development Activities for Counter Guerrilla Warfare" is typical.). This reciprocal expan­ sion of C.A.L. and Cornell and the developing t "mutuality" of their ruling class roles is re­ r 1 flected also in the cross-fertilization which took place between the two governing boards: Cornell administrators, such as Treasurer Lew­ is Durland and Consul Robert Meiggs, took seats on the C.A.L. Board as early as 1951, while C.A.L. Directors Ward, Grumman and Willi­ am Littlewood (American Airlines Vice Presi­ dent for Equipment Research) got themselves

-31- - - ' - . , ------~ - -,: . - - 1 ·

NE'W' DIR:ECTIONS nitions and in perfecting delivery systems de­ rived from aerosol physics. Cornell was one of FOR MILITARY the few American universities whose research installations actually conducted research on RESEARCH the field properties of tactical CB weapons, and the distinction was not without its finan­ After Wright's resignation from Cornell in cial compensation. In 1964 the Army Chemical 1958, .the vigorous expansion of the Universi­ ty's science branches and the Laboratory's re­ Center'at Edgewood Arsenal let four contracts search volume kept pace with the intensifica­ to C.A.L. for "research services on chemical agents munitions systems for tactical employ­ tion of the Cold War abroad and the developing ment" and for developing the requisite "test social conflict at home. C.A.L. lacked the fa­ cilities, the location and the political con­ technology." (Contracts: f/DA-18-035-AMC-323(A) nections to cash in on the aerospace boom fol­ - $882,000; fl DA418-108-CML-6628(A) - $117,000 lowing the Sputnik launching in 1957; it quick­ and $100,000; and f!DA-18-035-AMC-280(A)' - ly lost its technological pre-eminence to the $150,000) In 1966 three of the contracts were NASA-spwned space research centers, just as renewed, and carried the largest dollar return the eastern aircraft corporations lost their of any single C.A.L. project that year: $1.1 leadership to the newer and more diversified million. C.A.L. also subcontracted projects defense conglomerates of the South and West, SUMMIT and SPICERACK from the University of such as General Dynamics. In the following Pennsylvania in that year, and Laboratory sci­ entists undertook to determine the degree of CB overkill necessary to "neutralize" selected secret targets. After a strong protest by Penn students that forced the exposure of these projects, C.A.L. Public Relations Manager, Harold S. Tolley revealed that the Laboratory had been engaged in chemical warfare research valued at $500,000 to $1 million annually for a number of years, and also that, while the details were necessarily classified and beyond public or academic accountability, those por­ tions of the work relevant to the use of chem­ ical agents in riot control would be released to a Chicago Law Enforcement Symposium in 1967. Clearly, the technology of repression was be­ ing developed as a ruling-class defense mechan­ ism to be employed against populations both within and without the American Empire In hometown ghettos and throughout the Third World this technology has implemented American capitalism's military solutions to social prob­ lems and has intensified the manifold exploita­ tions of an imperialist system. Limited warfare also opened up new vistas for C.A.L. 's research production. Highly soph­ isticated helicopter technology and develop­ mental work became a C.A.L. specialty, as well years the Laboratory gradually diversified its' as the photographic and electronic surveil­ work into a broad spectrum of counter-insurgen­ lance systems alluded to earlier. The uncon­ cy and space technology, and evaluative indus­ ventional weaponry required for counter-insur­ trial research. This diversification was re­ gency has also proved lucrative. The Labora­ flected also in the demise of the original tory operates a 600 acre test site at Ashford, clique of eastern aircraft manufacturers on outside of Buffalo, with a large ordinance Cornell's Board: John Carlton Ward and Neal laboratory and a 1000-yard firing range where Dow Becker (Director, Avco) retired in 1953; small-arms ballistic work is carried out. Here Victor Emanuel died in 1960; and John Collyer C.A.L. has developed a series of exotic submu­ and Leroy Grumman became Emeriti in 1963. nitions and bomblets having payloads of smoke, One of the new fields which C.A.L. exploit­ incendiaries, fragments and chemicals. Since ed was chemical-biological (CB)' warfare. As 1964 C.A.L. has been awarded a series of con­ early as 1961 the Laboratory undertook secret tracts for testing the effects of vegetation work in evaluating and developing chemical mu- upon minitions performance, particularly upon

-32- . . . ·. the effective "killing power" of "area satura­ has been supported, by insurance companies, tion" munitions such as Fleshet artillery automobile manufacturers, and the U.S. Public round, a ballistic relative of the gu~va bomb. Health Service. But a Senate investigation in Richard Carlton, C.A.L.'s Assistant Public Re­ 1964 revealed that C.A.L. was appraising the lations Manager, toured Vietnam for three industry confidentially of accident-:producing weeks in 1966 as correspondent fo~ the Ameri­ defects in their products, while .withholding can Ordinance Association, and reported enthu­ the same from the general public. University siastically about the successful application President Perkins~ who is also Board Chairman of C.A.L.'s technology. of the Laboratory, told the -New Republic's But the tools of the trade are only a James Ridgeway, that the automakers would with­ small · part of C.A.L! '.s war effort. Military draw their · financial support -from this phase technology itself has been d'eveloped into a of the Laboratory's _research if the data were problem solving process ('!Systems Analysis") made public. Perkins was essentially confirm­ by denizens of the think · tank, like Herman ing what T.P. Wright had laid down a decade Kahn of Hudson Institute; and C.A.L. has used and a half before and what had been the impli­ the militarized social science of the game cit rationale be-hind the formation of C.A.L. theorists to further extend the productivity of_ its war research and development. The Labor­ atory's Operations Research Department devel­ opes methods for predicting how men, machines and weapons systems perform in their environ­ ments; it has evaluated air defense capabili­ ties, factors in troop mobility; and has super­ vised the Pentagon specialty, cost effective­ ness studies. In 1967 C.A.L. secured a $1.5 million, 20 month contract from the Defense Department's Advanced Research Project Agen­ cies, under which a 20-man l'research and plan­ ning group" was sent to Bankok "to conduct sys-­ terns research and analysis to ~elp in the de­ sign of counter-insurgency programs in Thai­ land." ARPA's project AGILE, the Defense De­ partment's organization for mobilizing social scientists for high priority counter~insurgen­ cy research and development tasks, awarded C.A.L. a second contract just last year for "Systems Research on Rural Security" in Thai­ land. This contract, #DA-HOL-67-C-2168 for $735,000, augments the initial contract and demonstrates that this newest expansion of C.A.L. 's military technology will be an ongo­ ing project. Ip the process of this ~iversification of Test model of the F-111 fighter-bomber is its research and development, C.A.L. has by no means ceased to serve the corporate interests prepared for a test run in one of C.A.L.'s which were responsible for its initial organi­ wind tunnels. zation. Aircraft-related research still makes up a large part of C.A.L.'s research volume, but more importantly, the evaluative studies by the air~raft industry: C.A.L. 's function in automobile safety have become highly pro­ was to promote corporate .1.ntelligence and to ductive for the Laboratory and another nexus develop industrial technology, both of which of corporate powers. G.A.L.'s Transportation were to be paid for by the general public Research Division has conducted extensive test­ through government expenditure and tax exemp­ ing of automobile "crash· worthiness" and vehi­ tion, and both of which were the private pro­ cle stability and control factors, and it has perty of the rul1ng class institutions which perfected varieties of seat belts and highway control production. guard rails. Beginning in 1948, this research

-33- ary 1968 meeting of the Trustees, this commit­ .THE DEVELOPING tee adjudged that research and educational in~ teraction between the University and C.A.L, MANAGEMENT had become insignificant, that conflict be­ tween C.A.L. 's overseas military research and CRISIS the University's Third World programs was una­ voidable, and that continued expansion of both institutions required establishment of separ­ The vital relationship between the Labora­ ate Boards of Directors. tory, the University, and these corporate in­ terests progressively deteriorated during the period oc C.A.L. 's diversification and expan­ sion. The freewheeling, high-pressure contract scavenging carried on by C.A.L. President Ira Ross and the company lobby he set up in \'Jash­ ington conflicted increasingly with the Uni­ versity's campus research and academic opera­ THE CAL-EDP tions. The disclosure of C.A.L. 's chemical warfare research in 1966 led to policy re-eval­ uations by both faculty and .trustees. A small MERGER group of professors, whose spokesmen were Wal­ ter LaFeber of History and Jay Orear of Nu­ The Curtiss report did not specify how clear Physics, openly questioned the desira­ the Laboratory was to be disaffiliated or how bility of continuing a relationship in which the "mutuality" of interests was to be adjus­ the faculty could not control or manage the ted, but subsequent events seem to indicate University's classified research. However, by the Board's intentions. Trustee Robert Purcell April 1967 a majority of the faculty rallied headed a second committee which decided the behind the Engineering professors and voted to Laboratory's ultimate disposition prior to the continue the C.A.L.-Cornell tie. At about the June 1968 meeting and declared in a press re­ same time an administrative committee headed lease that "the vigorous and productive entre­ by Franklin Long (Vice President for Research preneurial life of the Laboratory required ef­ and C.A.L. Director) submitted to President fective autonomy." There was no mention of a Perkins a report which examined the necessity liquidation of assets or of any kind of dis­ of maintaining a formal link and the mutual satisfaction with the work C.A.L. was doing-­ advantages forseeable in proposed changes in what Perkins and Purcell intended was to merge the partnership. C.A.L. with some high priority d.efense science With the announcement of the Thailand corporation which could add materially to Cor­ Project several months later, relations be­ nell's endowment and which could promise a de­ tween the University and the Laboratory were veloping profitability in the future. seriously jeapordized. Only two years before, Thus in September 1968 Purcell, who was a similar ARPA venture in Latin America (Pro­ now Chairman of the Cornell Board of Trustees ject CAMELOT) had raised intense hostility to and also head of the trustee committee which U.S. social scientists in Third World nations had evaluated 4 of the 44 prospective "buyers," (so great was the furor raised by Peruvian proposed to the Cornell Board that C.A.L. be newspapers and popular parties in 1965 that merged with EDP Technology, Incorporated, a Cornell Anthropologist A. P. Holmberg had been six month old computer-technology outfit with forced to give back to the Defense Department a superabundance of "productive entrepreneuri­ $100,000 in ARPA research funds). Faced by the al life" with extremely promising Wall Street possibility of being openly identified with and Washington connections. Not only could its U.S. imperialism and becoming persona non gra­ 27-year old President, Sanford Greenberg, of­ ta in the underdeveloped world, the faculty of fer the Trustees douole the book value of the the Center for International Studies in Sep­ Laboratory, but he was willing to grant the tember 1967 demanded immediate suspension of Uni.versi ty a quarter share of the new firm's C.A.L. 's work for the Agency in Thailand. projected profits ($6.25 million of the $25 At the October meeting of the University million exchange price would be in bonds con­ Faculty, Perkins agreed to temporarily step vertible to EDP common stock). The Executive down as Chairman of C.A.L.'s Board, the facul­ Committee approved the merger Purcell proposed ty resolved that the prevailing relationship and the University seemed to have garnered yet with C.A.L. was no longer tenable, and Perkins another accumulation of surplus wealth, an un­ referred their recommendation of severance to expected payoff from its 22-year partnership a committee of 9 trustees and 3 administra­ with the Laboratory and corporate interests. tors. This committee was headed by faculty-el­ The adjustments which Perkins and Purcell ected trustee W. David Curtiss and represented effected in the relationship of these institu­ a working consensus of University faculty and tions was venturesome to say the least--the executives and C.A.L. management. At the Janu- Laboratory's management and their old allies

-34- .€ ; .. in.th~ .afrcraft ind_µstry •:refosed"tp accep_t ,the. . group., has calle4 for the .. intervention, of the 5 ,, ne~ ieadership. and' :the. reorientation of' ·their . . State's "Juditj:_ai pow~rs· .. The ti:dga'i::tcin ~Bi'ch basic production. The Cornell Board fired the State Attorney General Louis Lefkowitz initia­ Laboratory's President, Ira Ross, and "reor- ted in November is designed basically to nor­ malize the new relationship and to reassert the "public interest"--i.e., that community of interest between ruling class institutions whose maintenance in a capitalist society is the principle function of the state. And it is to be expected that the state's mediation will in large measure uphold the ascendant po­ wer group around Perkins and Purcell, and that a settlement will be worked out allowing the older element a sufficient share in the pro­ fitability of the new technology. What the terms of that settlement will be, what new mechanisms of social repression that technology w~ll produce, and how the institu­ tions that subtly shape our lives and rain death from the sky on multitudes of others shall develop--these matters, at this point in the development of American society, are still considered to be the exclusive concern of a tiny group of enormously powerful men. As J:t:i.ng as their class rule is unchallenged, their role in society will be unchanged.

ganized" the C.A.L. management, relieving 17 Directors of their board seats and imposing a new six man directorate (Perkins, Purcell, ,"; Trustee Janson Noyes, and 3 trusted Cornell administrators). The merger and the reorgani­ zation have sharply intensified an antagonism latent in this relationship for at least a de­ cade, and it also indicated the coming to po- :wer of a "younger," internationalist group of Trustees (primarily Washington lawyers, direc­ tors of new conglomerate corporations, founda­ tion executives), and the demise of an "older" .. ;;;_ group of tradition-minded industrialists (pri- i i:/ marily the eastern aircraft manufacturers, and . ·. upstate businessmen and lawyers). On the one ')i..•i hand we find Sanford Greenberg, Perkins and Purcell, and on. the other, Ira R;'si ·;nd 'f: P: Wright, John Carlton Ward and Leroy Grumman, ·: Trustees George Newbury, Alfred· Saperston and ·~ ' ' ·.. Paul Schoellkopf. .· · The conflict over control "'of ·the .Labora- tory's technology and the devJlopment of' the University had gotten a bit out~ of hand, .·· and r quite appropriately the C.A.L; IJ.lc}nageipent. Grumman art'ist's concept of fighter of the 70's ~t

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