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Topical Nsaids for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Adults (Review)

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Topical Nsaids for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Adults (Review) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults (Review) Derry S, Conaghan P, Da Silva JAP, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA Derry S, Conaghan P, Da Silva JAP, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA. Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD007400. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007400.pub3. www.cochranelibrary.com Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults (Review) Copyright © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER....................................... 1 ABSTRACT ...................................... 1 PLAINLANGUAGESUMMARY . 2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR THE MAIN COMPARISON . ..... 4 BACKGROUND .................................... 6 OBJECTIVES ..................................... 7 METHODS ...................................... 7 RESULTS....................................... 10 Figure1. ..................................... 11 Figure2. ..................................... 14 Figure3. ..................................... 16 Figure4. ..................................... 17 Figure5. ..................................... 20 DISCUSSION ..................................... 22 Figure6. ..................................... 23 AUTHORS’CONCLUSIONS . 24 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 25 REFERENCES ..................................... 26 CHARACTERISTICSOFSTUDIES . 31 DATAANDANALYSES. 73 Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 1 Clinical success. 74 Analysis 1.2. Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 2 Local adverse events. 75 Analysis 1.3. Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 3 Systemic adverse events. 76 Analysis 1.4. Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 4 Gastrointestinal adverse events. 77 Analysis 1.5. Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 5 Withdrawals due to adverse events. 78 Analysis 1.6. Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 6 Withdrawals due to lack of efficacy. 79 Analysis 2.1. Comparison 2 Topical ketoprofen versus carrier, Outcome 1 Clinical success. 80 Analysis 2.2. Comparison 2 Topical ketoprofen versus carrier, Outcome 2 Local adverse events. 81 Analysis 2.3. Comparison 2 Topical ketoprofen versus carrier, Outcome 3 Gastrointestinal adverse events. 82 Analysis 2.4. Comparison 2 Topical ketoprofen versus carrier, Outcome 4 Withdrawals due to adverse events. 83 Analysis 2.5. Comparison 2 Topical ketoprofen versus carrier, Outcome 5 Withdrawals due to lack of efficacy. 84 Analysis 3.1. Comparison 3 Topical NSAID versus oral NSAID, Outcome 1 Clinical success. 85 Analysis 3.2. Comparison 3 Topical NSAID versus oral NSAID, Outcome 2 Local adverse events. 86 Analysis 3.3. Comparison 3 Topical NSAID versus oral NSAID, Outcome 3 Gastrointestinal adverse events. 87 Analysis 3.4. Comparison 3 Topical NSAID versus oral NSAID, Outcome 4 Withdrawals due to adverse events. 88 Analysis 3.5. Comparison 3 Topical NSAID versus oral NSAID, Outcome 5 Withdrawals due to lack of efficacy. 89 APPENDICES ..................................... 89 WHAT’SNEW..................................... 111 HISTORY....................................... 112 CONTRIBUTIONSOFAUTHORS . 112 DECLARATIONSOFINTEREST . 112 SOURCESOFSUPPORT . 113 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROTOCOL AND REVIEW . .... 113 INDEXTERMS .................................... 113 Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults (Review) i Copyright © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [Intervention Review] Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults Sheena Derry1, Philip Conaghan2, José António P Da Silva3, Philip J Wiffen1, R Andrew Moore1 1Pain Research and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 2Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. 3Reumatologia, Hospitais da Universidade (SRHUC), Coimbra, Portugal Contact address: Sheena Derry, Pain Research and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics), University of Oxford, Pain Research Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7LE, UK. [email protected]. Editorial group: Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group. Publication status and date: New search for studies and content updated (conclusions changed), published in Issue 4, 2016. Review content assessed as up-to-date: 3 February 2016. Citation: Derry S, Conaghan P, Da Silva JAP, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA. Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD007400. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007400.pub3. Copyright © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ABSTRACT Background Use of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat chronic musculoskeletal conditions has become widely accepted because they can provide pain relief without associated systemic adverse events. This review is an update of ’Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults’, originally published in Issue 9, 2012. Objectives To review the evidence from randomised, double-blind, controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of topically applied NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and our own in-house database; the date of the last search was February 2016. We also searched the references lists of included studies and reviews, and sought unpublished studies by asking personal contacts and searching online clinical trial registers and manufacturers’ web sites. Selection criteria We included randomised, double-blind, active or inert carrier (placebo) controlled trials in which treatments were administered to adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain of moderate or severe intensity. Studies had to meet stringent quality criteria and there had to be at least 10 participants in each treatment arm, with application of treatment at least once daily. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion and extracted data. We used numbers of participants achieving each outcome to calculate risk ratio and numbers needed to treat (NNT) or harm (NNH) compared to carrier or other active treatment. We were particularly interested to compare different formulations (gel, cream, plaster) of individual NSAIDs. The primary outcome was ’clinical success’, defined as at least a 50% reduction in pain, or an equivalent measure such as a ’very good’ or ’excellent’ global assessment of treatment, or ’none’ or ’slight’ pain on rest or movement, measured on a categorical scale. Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults (Review) 1 Copyright © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Main results We identified five new studies for this update, which now has information from 10,631 participants in 39 studies, a 38% increase in participants from the earlier review; 33 studies compared a topical NSAID with carrier. All studies examined topical NSAIDs for treatment of osteoarthritis, and for pooled analyses studies were generally of moderate or high methodological quality, although we considered some at risk of bias from short duration and small size. In studies lasting 6 to 12 weeks, topical diclofenac and topical ketoprofen were significantly more effective than carrier for reducing pain; about 60% of participants had much reduced pain. With topical diclofenac, the NNT for clinical success in six trials (2343 participants) was 9.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.1 to 16) (moderate quality evidence). With topical ketoprofen, the NNT for clinical success in four trials (2573 participants) was 6.9 (5.4 to 9.3) (moderate quality evidence). There was too little information for analysis of other individual topical NSAIDs compared with carrier. Few trials compared a topical NSAID to an oral NSAID, but overall they showed similar efficacy (low quality evidence). These efficacy results were almost completely derived from people with knee osteoarthritis. There was an increase in local adverse events (mostly mild skin reactions) with topical diclofenac compared with carrier or oral NSAIDs, but no increase with topical ketoprofen (moderate quality evidence). Reporting of systemic adverse events (such as gastrointestinal upsets) was poor, but where reported there was no difference between topical NSAID and carrier (very low quality evidence). Serious adverse events were infrequent and not different between topical NSAID and carrier (very low quality evidence). Clinical success with carrier occurred commonly - in around half the participants in studies lasting 6 to 12 weeks. Both direct and indirect comparison of clinical success with oral placebo indicates that response rates with carrier (topical placebo) are about twice those seen with oral placebo. A substantial amount of data from completed, unpublished studies was unavailable (up to 6000 participants). To the best of our knowledge, much of this probably relates to formulations that have never been marketed. Authors’ conclusions Topical diclofenac and topical ketoprofen can provide good levels of pain relief beyond carrier in osteoarthritis for a minority of people, but there is no evidence for other chronic painful conditions. There is emerging evidence
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