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Final Report Rev: 08 and final 16 December 2015 Page 1 of 60 Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF 2ND AND 3RD GENERATION CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES: Mapping technologies and relevant test facilities Table of Contents Executive summary .......................................................................................................... 3 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Recommendations for follow-up by the CSLF ............................................................................ 6 1. Background and Objectives ........................................................................................ 7 2. Scope and Approach .................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Approach ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Organisation of report ................................................................................................... 9 3. What are 2nd and 3rd generation capture technologies? .............................................. 9 3.1 Definitions of technology maturity ................................................................................ 9 3.2 Definitions used in this report ..................................................................................... 12 3.3 Potential for improvements ......................................................................................... 13 3.4 Excluded from this report: Overall process development and integration, and materials 14 3.4 Excluded from this report: Overall process development and integration, materials ..... 14 3. Summary of Identified Technologies - Post-combustion ........................................... 15 4.1 Post-combustion capture solvents ............................................................................... 16 4.1.1 Precipitating solvents .................................................................................................... 16 4.1.2 Two phase liquid phase solvents .................................................................................. 17 4.1.3 Enzymes ........................................................................................................................ 18 4.1.4 Ionic liquids ................................................................................................................... 18 4.1.5 Novel solvent systems – encapsulated and electrochemical systems .......................... 19 4.2 Post-combustion capture sorbents .............................................................................. 20 4.2.1 Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) ............................................................................... 20 4.2.2 Calcium looping systems ............................................................................................... 21 4.2.3 Other sorbent looping systems ..................................................................................... 22 4.2.4 Vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) .................................................................. 23 4.2.5 Temperature swing adsorption (TSA) ........................................................................... 23 4.3 Post-combustions Membranes .................................................................................... 24 4.3.1 Polymeric and hybrid membranes, general .................................................................. 24 4.3.2 Polymeric membranes combined with low-temperature separation .......................... 26 4.3.3 Molten carbonate fuel cells .......................................................................................... 26 4.4 Post-combustion low temperature (cryogenic) CO2 separation from flue gases ............. 27 4.5 CO2 enrichment in flue gases from gas turbines ............................................................ 27 4.6 Hydrates ..................................................................................................................... 28 Rev: 08 and final 16 December 2015 Page 2 of 60 4.7 Algae .......................................................................................................................... 28 4.8 Supersonic post-combustion inertial CO2 extraction system ......................................... 29 4.9 Pressurised post-combustion capture .......................................................................... 30 5 Summary of identified technologies - Pre-combustion decarbonisation ................... 30 5.1 Pre-combustion capture solvents ................................................................................. 32 5.2 Pre-combustion capture sorbents ................................................................................ 32 5.2.1 Sorption-enhanced water gas shift (SEWGS) ................................................................ 32 5.2.2 Sorption-enhanced steam-methane reforming (SE-SMR) ............................................ 33 5.3 Pre-combustion capture membranes ........................................................................... 34 5.3.1 Metal and composite membranes ................................................................................ 34 5.3.2 Ceramic-based hydrogen transport membranes .......................................................... 35 5.4 Low-temperature CO2 separation from syngas ............................................................. 35 5.5 Concepts for pre-combustion using fuel cells ............................................................... 36 5.6 Improved pre-combustion decarbonisation technologies that do not require CO2 capture test facilities .......................................................................................................................... 37 6 Summary of identified technologies - Oxy-combustion ............................................. 38 6.1 Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) ............................................................................ 38 6.2 Pressurized Oxy-Combustion ....................................................................................... 39 6.3 Oxygen transport membranes (OTM) power cycle ........................................................ 40 6.4 Other elements for improving oxy-combustion ............................................................ 41 6.4.1 O2 separation membranes for oxygen production (IEAGHG,2014; DOE/NETL, 2013) . 41 6.4.2 Cryogenic air separation (from IEAGHG 2014) ............................................................. 41 6.4.3 Other air separation methods (from DOE/NETL, 2013) ................................................ 42 6.4.4 High-pressure oxy-combustion (from SINTEF, 2013) .................................................... 42 6.4.5 Oxy-combustion gas turbine (IEAGHG 2014) ................................................................ 42 6.4.6 Oxy-combustion boilers (from IEAGHG 2014) .............................................................. 43 6.4.7 CO2 processing and clean-up (IEAGHG 2014) ............................................................... 43 7. Other new emerging concepts ................................................................................. 44 8 Test facilities and their capabilities .......................................................................... 44 8.1 Independent test facilities ........................................................................................... 44 8.1.1 The International CCS Test Centre Network (ITCN) ...................................................... 44 8.1.2 ECCSEL (European Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory infrastructure) ... 46 8.1.3 Other independent test facilities .................................................................................. 47 8.2 Dependent test facilities .............................................................................................. 48 9 Summary and recommendations ............................................................................. 51 9.1 Summary .................................................................................................................... 51 9.2 Recommendations for follow-up by CSLF ..................................................................... 55 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 55 Abbreviations and acronyms .......................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX A - CO2 capture from industrial sources .................................................... 57 Rev: 08 and final 16 December 2015 Page 3 of 60 Executive summary Results nd rd This report describes efforts to identify emerging technologies (2 and 3 generation) for CO2 capture and identify potential testing facilities that can help bring the technologies out of laboratory- and pilot-scale testing to demonstration-scale testing, i.e. capture rates in the order of 100 tonnes per day and more. The study is based on a literature and web review of the status of emerging (2nd and 3rd generation) CO2 capture technologies and existing test facilities. It was performed jointly by the CSLF Policy and Technical Groups. Neither the inventory of emerging technologies nor of test facilities can be regarded as complete. nd rd Around 30 groups of 2 and 3 generation CO2 capture technologies
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