Agricultural Situation in India Wages on Month to Month Basis
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Chapter-3 Commercialization of Agriculture
Chapter-3 Commercialization of agriculture Commercialization of Agriculture: - 1. Meaning of Commercialization of Agriculture 2. Phases of Commercialization of Agriculture 3. Causes 4. Consequences. 1. Meaning of Commercialization of Agriculture By commercialization of agriculture we mean production of agricultural crops for sale in the market, rather than for family consumption. For marketization of agricultural products thus ‘surplus’ of production over consumption is required. But agriculture at that time was merely of the subsistence type. It had not been a consequence of conscious response of peasants to the market forces. Thus, the concept of surplus was partly irrelevant. It was the social organisation but not entrepreneurial role of the peasants that determined the marketed surplus. The decision to cultivate commercial crops was usually determined by the requirements of subsistence farming of peasants. Thus, commercial agriculture in India had not been the product of an “allocative efficiency of peasants”. Production decision was entirely of peasants and profits (if any) from the marketed items were reaped by peasants. Under the impact of commercial revolution that began with the beginning of the Civil War (1861-1865) in North America, farmers’ products were brought into the sphere of both internal and international trade. Farmers were forced to sell their producers to meet the revenue needs of the alien government as well as urban demand. Peasants had to cough up some surplus at least for the market since money had become indispensable to them. Thus commercialization of agriculture was not a spontaneous one 2 Phases of Commercialization of Agriculture There were three major types of agricultural commercialization in India. -
Behavorial Change and Hiv/Aids in Northern India
Factors Influencing Age at First Sexual Intercourse, Number of Partners and Condom Use among Male Slum Youth in Pune India Rukmini Potdar Michael A. Koenig Kristin Mmari Rukmini Potdar was a Mellon Post-doctoral Fellow, Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Michael A. Koenig is an Associate Professor, Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Kristin Mmari is an Assistant Scientist, Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 1 ABSTRACT In India, more than one third of the estimated two and a half million people infected with AIDS are in the 15 to 29-year old age group. However, limited information exists on the factors that influence sexual initiation and other related sexual behaviors among adolescents. Even less is known about the factors that influence sexual behaviors among young, unmarried males living in urban slums, a population characterized by high vulnerability to STI/HIV infections due to their engagement in sexual and other risk behaviors. To fill in these large gaps of knowledge, this study uses data collected from 900 unmarried male slum youth to examine the relationships between sexual initiation, number of sexual partners, and condom use at first intercourse and factors within the family/household social environment, peer environment, as well as individual-level factors. Regression analyses found factors such as religion/caste, parental and respondent education, parental supervision, experience of physical abuse and peer drinking to significantly impact the age of sexual initiation and the subsequent number of life time partners. -
Supply Chain Management of Indian Agriculture Industry: an Exploratory Study
Global Journal of Enterprise Information System DOI: 10.18311/gjeis/2018/20048 Supply Chain Management of Indian Agriculture Industry: An Exploratory Study Nitu Ranjan Agarwal1* and Anurag Saxena2 1Department of Management Studies, Rajarshi School of Management and Technology, UP College, India; [email protected] 2School of Management Studies, IGNOU, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi, India; [email protected] Abstract Indian Agriculture/Agro Industry (IAI) is an integral part of Indian society and economy. Approximately half of the total population relies on this industry as a principle source of income and it contributes around 14% of India’s GDP. Indian food business has increased to US$ 250 billion in 2015 as compared to US$ 220 billion in the year 2009 and expected to grow further rapidly in the next ten years. Indian Agriculture is a world leader in terms of production of many product categories As a result, on one hand engagement of huge population, rising demand, farm mechanization, increase in global markets, etc., offer huge potential for this industry. On the other hand, it faces many severe problems. Producers of agro products are getting merely 30–35 per cent of the market price in most of the cases due to lack of supply chain practices. Annual wastages of agricultural output are also very high which in monetary term sums up to around Rs 90,000 Crore. This wastage is mainly due to inadequate supply chain infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to highlight the present scenario of Indian Agricultural Industry in terms of prospects and explores various supply chain related issues of this industry. -
The Agriculture-Nutrition Disconnect in India: What Do We Know
IFPRI Discussion Paper 01187 June 2012 The Agriculture-Nutrition Disconnect in India What Do We Know? Stuart Gillespie Jody Harris Suneetha Kadiyala Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) was established in 1975. IFPRI is one of 15 agricultural research centers that receive principal funding from governments, private foundations, and international and regional organizations, most of which are members of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). PARTNERS AND CONTRIBUTORS IFPRI gratefully acknowledges the generous unrestricted funding from Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the World Bank. AUTHORS Stuart Gillespie, International Food Policy Research Institute Senior Research Fellow, Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division Jody Harris, International Food Policy Research Institute Research Analyst, Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division Suneetha Kadiyala, International Food Policy Research Institute Research Fellow, Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division Notices IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have been peer reviewed, but have not been subject to a formal external review via IFPRI’s Publications Review Committee. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment; any opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of IFPRI. Copyright 2012 International Food Policy Research Institute. All rights reserved. Sections of this material may be reproduced for personal and not-for-profit use without the express written permission of but with acknowledgment to IFPRI. -
Legal Status and Deprivation in India's Urban Slums
PROGRAM ON THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY OF AGING AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY Working Paper Series Legal Status and Deprivation in India’s Urban Slums: An Analysis of Two Decades of National Sample Survey Data Laura B. Nolan, David E. Bloom, and Ramnath Subbaraman March 2017 PGDA Working Paper No. 145 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/pgda/working/ Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P30AG024409. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. IZA DP No. 10639 MARCH 2017 ABSTRACT Legal Status and Deprivation in India’s Urban Slums: An Analysis of Two Decades of National Sample Survey Data* In India, 52–98 million people live in urban slums, and 59% of slums are “non-notified” or lack legal recognition by the government. In this paper, we use data on 2,901 slums from four waves of the National Sample Survey (NSS) spanning almost 20 years to test the hypothesis that non-notified status is associated with greater deprivation in access to basic services, thereby increasing vulnerability to poor health outcomes. To quantify deprivation for each slum, we construct a basic services deprivation score (BSDS), which includes variables that affect health, such as access to piped water, latrines, solid waste disposal, schools, and health centers. In a regression analysis, we find a robust association between non-notified status and greater deprivation after controlling for other variables. Our analysis reveals a progressive reduction in deprivation the longer a slum has been notified. -
Bt Cotton in India: a Country Profile
Bt Coon in India A COUNTRY PROFILE ISAAA Series of Biotech Crop Profiles Bt Cotton in India: A Country Profile by I Bhagirath Choudhary Kadambini Gaur July 2010 © The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). Copyright: ISAAA 2010. All rights reserved. This document is a volume in the series of “Biotech Crop Profiles” produced by the researchers of the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). Whereas ISAAA encourages the global sharing of information, no part of this publication shall be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the copyright owners. Reproduction of this publication, or parts thereof, for educational and non-commercial purposes is encouraged with due acknowledgment, subsequent to permission being granted by ISAAA. Citation: Choudhary, B. & Gaur, K. 2010. Bt Cotton in India: A Country Profile. ISAAA Series of Biotech Crop Profiles. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY. ISBN: 978-1-892456-46-X The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of ISAAA management and researchers at the ISAAA Centers in Kenya and the Philippines, and the staff of the Biotechnology Information Centers (BICs) located in 21 developing countries around the world in the preparation and the free distribution of the “Bt Cotton in India: A Country Profile” in developing countries. This volume is excerpted from the Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2009, ISAAA Brief 41, authored by Dr. Clive James. The purpose of “Bt Cotton in India: A Country Profile” is to provide information on the rapid adoption and impact of Bt cotton in India from 2002 to 2009. -
Dynamics and Determinants of Land Change in India: Integrating Satellite Data with Village Socioeconomics
Reg Environ Change DOI 10.1007/s10113-016-1068-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Dynamics and determinants of land change in India: integrating satellite data with village socioeconomics 1 2 3 2 Prasanth Meiyappan • Parth S. Roy • Yeshu Sharma • Reshma M. Ramachandran • 4 5 1 Pawan K. Joshi • Ruth S. DeFries • Atul K. Jain Received: 11 April 2016 / Accepted: 12 October 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract We examine the dynamics and spatial determi- *23,810 km2 (1985–1995) to *25,770 km2 (1995–2005). nants of land change in India by integrating decadal land The gross forest gain also increased from *6000 km2 cover maps (1985–1995–2005) from a wall-to-wall analy- (1985–1995) to *7440 km2 (1995–2005). Overall, India sis of Landsat images with spatiotemporal socioeconomic experienced a net decline in forest by *18,000 km2 (gross database for *630,000 villages in India. We reinforce our loss–gross gain) consistently during both decades. We results through collective evidence from synthesis of 102 show that the major source of forest loss was cropland case studies that incorporate field knowledge of the causes expansion in areas of low cropland productivity (due to soil of land change in India. We focus on cropland–fallow land degradation and lack of irrigation), followed by industrial conversions, and forest area changes (excludes non-forest development and mining/quarrying activities, and exces- tree categories including commercial plantations). We sive economic dependence of villages on forest resources. show that cropland to fallow conversions are prominently associated with lack of irrigation and capital, male agri- Keywords Land use change Á Drivers Á Causes Á cultural labor shortage, and fragmentation of land holdings. -
Rural-Urban Migration in India: Determinants and Factors
International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IJHSS) ISSN(P): 2319-393X; ISSN(E): 2319-3948 Vol. 3, Issue 2, Mar 2014, 161-180 © IASET RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN INDIA: DETERMINANTS AND FACTORS SANGITA KUMARI Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc), Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India ABSTRACT The recent migration data from 64th round NSSO (2007-08) and census 2011 shows rapid increase in internal migration in India. The migration rate (proportion of migrants in the population) in the urban areas (35 percent) was far higher than the migration rate in the rural areas (26 percent). Among the migrants in the rural areas, nearly 91 percent have migrated from the rural areas and 8 percent from the urban areas: where as among the migrants in the urban areas, 59 percent migrated from the rural areas and 40 percent from urban areas. Hence rural- urban migration plays a very significant role, so far as migration stream is concerned. The estimated results of the regression model on the basis of cross section analysis of 30 states and UTs suggests that in determining rural-urban migration the gravity variables such as percentage of rural population and rural literacy rate are highly significant, whereas the variables such as rural poverty ratio, MNREGA employment generation in person days and rural urban wage difference remained insignificant in explaining the variation in rural- urban migration from the list of sample states taken. But there exists some social factors apart from such economic factors which also play an important role in explaining the nature and stream of rural- urban migration such as similar language which operating mutually both at origin and destination places, distance between the places, the mindset and aspirations of migrants etc. -
THE TEXTS, POLITICAL HISTORY and ADMINISTRATION Till C. 200 BC
History of Ancient India Volume III THE TEXTS, POLITICAL HISTORY AND ADMINISTRATION Till c. 200 BC Editors Dilip K. Chakrabarti and Makkhan Lal Vivekananda International Foundation New Delhi Aryan Books International New Delhi Cataloging in Publication Data—DK [Courtesy: D.K. Agencies (P) Ltd. <[email protected]>] History of ancient India / editors, Dilip K. Chakrabarti and Makkhan Lal. v. 3 cm. Contributed articles. Includes index. Contents: v. 3. The texts, political history and administration, till c. 200 BC. ISBN 9788173054822 1. India—History. 2. India—Politics and government. I. Chakrabarti, Dilip K., 1941- II. Makkhan Lal, 1954- III. Vivekananda International Foundation. DDC 954 23 ISBN: 978-81-7305-482-2 © Vivekananda International Foundation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, utilised in any form or by any means, electronic and mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without prior permission of the authors and the publishers. Responsibility for statements made and visuals provided in the various papers rest solely with the contributors. The views expressed by individual authors are not necessarily those of the editors or of publishers. First Published in 2014 by Vivekananda International Foundation 3, San Martin Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110 021 Tel.: 24121764, 24106698; Fax: 91-11-43115450 E-mail: [email protected] www.vifindia.org in association with Aryan Books International Pooja Apartments, 4B, Ansari Road, New Delhi - 110 002 Tel.: 23287589, 23255799; Fax: 91-11-23270385 E-mail: [email protected] www.aryanbooks.co.in Designed and Printed in India at ABI Prints & Publishing Co., New Delhi. -
Hill Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities∗
Ind. Jn. of Agri.Econ. Vol.66, No.1, Jan.-March 2011 Hill Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities∗ Tej Partap† I PREFACE The Farmers Commission, “Serving farmers and saving farming” points to rising acute agricultural distress in the rainfed areas of the country, which also includes hilly areas. It lists five basic cause factors that are central to the crisis; unfinished land reforms, water scarcity, technology fatigue-access-adequacy, institutional support and opportunities for marketing. While working for the National Commission on Farmers as a hill agriculture expert, the contributions on the hill agriculture perspective, gathered knowledge and information about the Himalayan farmers’ state of affairs, of global experiences etc., made by me in compiling the hill farmers section of the main report of the commission also form the basis of this paper. The focus of this paper is on highlighting the challenges facing hill farmers and how they can be addressed. The paper first dwells on the scale and dimensions of the problems of hill farmers including the two most significant common concerns, increasing crop land scarcity and water scarcity to maintain agriculture on marginal lands. It explains various dimensions of the new thinking on marginal lands and implications. The next section, describes how similar problems were addressed by other nations successfully. To highlight the point that technological options are and have been available, the report cites examples of right technological hits of the Himalayan region. The last section analyses the opportunities to find solutions to the hill farmers’ distress. Much of the farming development efforts made in the hills in the past were based on the poor understanding of the hill/mountain conditions, resources, environment and the socio-cultural setting of the people. -
An Analysis of Agriculture Sector in Indian Economy
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 1, Ver. X (Feb. 2014), PP 47-54 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org An Analysis of Agriculture Sector in Indian Economy Himani Assistant Professor in Economics, Guru Nanak Khalsa College Yamuna Nagar, Haryana Abstract: Agriculture sector also known as primary sector is essential for economic growth in any economy including India. It has emerged as the essential-growing sector in the global economy since independence. This sector contributing 13.7 per cent of GDP. In employment providing, this sector is occupying first place. Its respectable share in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows as well as in total exports makes it the engine of economic growth. Keeping in above backdrop, the present study makes an analysis of agriculture sector in Indian economy. The study confirms that agriculture sector has achieved tremendous growth over the year in Indian economy. Besides, their contributions in GDP, employment and exports are also rising considerably. To maintain and accelerate the growth & contributions of this sector & to develop it as a true engine of economic growth, there is logic & rationale of complementary investments in physical infrastructure as well as in human capital. I. Introduction Agriculture is the Primary sector of Economy. It makes direct use of natural resources. It is contrasted with secondary sector( producing manufactured& other processed goods) & the Tertiary sector (producing services). This sector is usually most important in less developed countries & typically less important in industrial countries.Until the industrial revolution, Vast majority of human population labored in agriculture. -
Agriculture Role on Indian Economy Madhusudhan L* Department of Biotechnology, Joginpally B R Engineering College, JNTU, Telangana State, India
con d E om n ic a s s J Madhusudhan, Bus Eco J 2015, 6:4 s o e u n r i Business and Economics n s DOI: 10.4172/2151-6219.1000176 a u l B ISSN: 2151-6219 Journal Short Communication Open Access Agriculture Role on Indian Economy Madhusudhan L* Department of Biotechnology, Joginpally B R Engineering College, JNTU, Telangana State, India Introduction heartbeats. The Mission is being kept amid Twelfth Five Year Plan with new focuses of extra generation of sustenance grains of 25 million tons Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian Economy. Indian including 10 million tons of rice, 8 million tons of wheat, 4 million tons agriculture sector accounts for 18 per cent of India's gross domestic of pulses and 3 million tons of coarse cereals by the end of twelfth five product (GDP) and provides employment to 50% of the countries year plan [4]. workforce. India is the world’s largest producer of pulses, rice, wheat, spices and spice products. India has many areas to choose for business Training is an important procedure of capacity building of people such as dairy, meat, poultry, fisheries and food grains etc. India has as to enhance the execution. Consequently, training needs appraisal is emerged as the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in imperative to the training process. It serves to recognize present issues the world [1]. According to the data provided by Department of and future difficulties to be met through training and improvement. Economics and Statics (DES) the production of food grains for the year It is obliged to figure out the needs of individual trainee on which 2013-2014 is 264 million tons which is increased when compared to proficient skills ought to be assembled to do the relegated occupation (2012-2013) 257million tons.