Pp.L 06Ff., for a Cursory and Popular Account of the Fellowship-Program in Physics
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Notes 1 Aaserud (1990). Cf. also Eckert (1993), pp.l 06ff., for a cursory and popular account of the fellowship-program in physics. 2 The mathematics institute was primarily funded by the Danish CARLSBERG FOUNDATION. It was founded in 1934, inspired by the institutes in Giittingen, Paris, and Princeton and located in a new building next to Niels Bohr's famous physics institute. Cf. Sch0tt (1980), p.263. There is a recent dissertation in Danish on Harald Bohr by Kurt Ramskov (1995, Aarhus), which this author has not seen yet. 3 On the research atmosphere at the IHP in the 1930s cf. Bru (1991) with respect to W.Diiblin and stochastics, and the unpublished dissertation Beaulieu (1989) dealing with the Bourbaki group, which will be discussed below. 4 A pioneering work is Rider (1984). In other sciences see the collection Gemelli (2000). 5 Forman (1973), p.l56. 6 Cf. Hanle (1982). The first (inofficial) one was organized in Innsbruck (Austria) in 1922 fol lowed by the first official congress in Delft 1924. 7 Cf. Kuzawa (1970). The Polish deliberately chose new subjects such as topology and set the ory to reach the international research level more rapidly. A similar situation seems to have ex isted in Denmark. Cf. Sch0tt (1980). 8 Mehrtens (1989) shows this to be the case for the rather slow adaptation of the German Mathe maticians' Association to the Nazi spirit. 9 Cf. Malet (1998), pp.28129. 10 This according to CrawfordiShinnlSiirlin (1993), pp.2/3. The picture may change rather soon in the worldwide process of "globalization". 11 Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1986). 12 Cf. Beaulieu (1989), ppA0/41, with figures and details. 13 Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1998). The cognitive dimension of emigration in mathematics is dis cussed at pp.22Iff. 14 Cf. Crawford/ShinnlSiirlin (eds., 1993). The usefulness of this distinction has not been fully established in the historiographical discussion so far. 15 See however Mehrtens' book (1990) containing many valuable suggestions and case studies in this direction. See also Rowe (1997) for a critical discussion of the literature. 16 Siegmund-Schultze (1993) and (1994). Here certain functions of mathematical axiomatics and mathematical reviewing are shown to be related to each other. 17 Former "Bourbakist" P.Cartier acknowledges that ideological dimension in Bourbaki. Cf. Senechal (1998), pp.26127. He explicitly mentions the manifesto of the surrealists as a parallel event. Cf., for more details from that perspective, Mehrtens (1990). 18 As discussed in Beaulieu (1989), pp.124-133. 19 Karl/Katz (1987), p.9. 20 See e.g. Kuznick (1987) for the dominantly skeptical position of American natural scientists with respect to F.D.Roosevelt's New Deal policy in the 1930s. 21 Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1993). 222 Notes 22 Coser (1988), p.100. 23 Cf. Porter (1988), and the excursus in chapter V.4. The lAS was not funded with Rockefeller money, but there were close relations to the Foundation not least due to lAS' founder, Abraham Flexner. 24 Cf. Rutkoff/Scott (1986) and Krohn (1987). 25 Cf. Paul Forman (1973), p.156. 26 Cf. Chapter III. 27 Forman (1973), p.153. 28 Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1997). 29 Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1982). 30 Cf. Menger (1994), p.143ff. and Szaniawski (ed., 1989). 31 Cf. Blaschke (1933) about his experiences in America and his somewhat condescending atti tude towards science abroad. 32 R.G.D.Richardson Papers, Brown University Archives, Box Correspondence 1933 (German- Jewish Situation), f.: H.Bohr, Richardson to Bohr, June 26, 1934. 33 Kohler (1991), p.135. 34 For instance the founding of the University of Chicago in the 1890s by Rockefeller. 35 Kiger (1954), p.24. 36 Karl/Katz (1987), p.6. 37 See e.g. Aaserud (1990), Kohler (1991), Coben (1976). 38 Cf. Dupree (1957). In sciences of a more applied nature than mathematics the federal support came earlier. 39 Cf. Picard (1999) and Gemelli/Picard/Schneider (eds., 1999). 40 Nielsen (1972), p.14, reports that the privileged support by the foundations of the mostly pri vate American universities of the so-called "Ivy League" caused criticism from the American public until the 1960s. 41 W.E.Tisdale (New York) to mathematician E.Cartan (Paris) on 6 December 1932, with respect to an applicant from India, Kosambi. (Thullen Papers). Probably D.D.Kosambi (1907-1966). Cf. also Beaulieu (1989), p.119, where an equally unsuccessful initiative of 1931 by A.Weil in favour of Indian scholars is mentioned. 42 Kohler (1991), p.145/46, on the director of the Paris office of the IEB. More on Trowbridge, another key figure in this book, in chapter III. 43 Most visible was the non-participation of the U.S. in the LEAGUE OF NATIONS which had been partly initiated by the Americans, especially President W.Wilson. 44 Kohler (1985), pp.94/95. 45 RAC, IEB 1.2., box 33, f.470, 5pp., pp.3-5. University of Paris. Mathematical and Physical Institute. 46 Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1997), p.162. 47 RAC, IEB 1.1., box 8, folder 110. Wallace Lund to W.Rose (10 March 1927). 48 Quoted from Erichsen (1994), p.56. The addressee was William Beveridge, name of sender unknown. 49 Kohler (1991), p.2. 50 Kohler (1991), p.147. 51 Cf. in this respect Kevles (1971) on American physicists and astronomers R.A.Millikan and G.E.Hale. 52 Cf. Appendix 7. 53 Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1997). 54 Cf. Rowe (1986), Schappacher (1987), Tollmien (1987). Notes 223 55 Kevles (1971), p.192. 56 Coben (1976), p.230. 57 Kohler (1985), p. 79. 58 Cf. Tobey (1971). 59 Kohler (1985), p.133. 60 Ibid., p.137. 61 RAC, IEB, Annual Report 1925-1926, p. 11 (printed). 62 RAC, Weaver Diary 3 (1935), p.98. Interview Warren Weaver in Madison, Wisconsin, with M.H.lngraham, July 13, 1935. 63 See Veblen's letter to S.Flexner below in 11.3. 64 Assmus (1993), p.169. See also chapter IV. 65 See below and excursus in chapter IV. 66 Assmus (1993), p.166. Figures for the IEB, which increased the opportunities, and for mathe- matics are missing here. 67 Kohler(1991),p.147. 68 Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1998), esp. the chapter on early emigration, pp.28ff. 69 RAC, Rose 905, Log of Journey, p.24. 70 RAC, Rose 905, Log of Journey, p.101. 71 ETH, Hermann Weyl Papers, Weyl to W.Rose, 21 February 1925, copy German. 12 Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1997). 73 Among the "envois" were American mathematicians O.Veblen (Princeton) and F.D.Murnaghan (Baltimore). Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1998), esp.chapter 3. 74 One has to differentiate between the "Memorandum", which is a concise report that comprises pages 107 to 114 in the Minutes of the IEB, and Rose's much more detailed "Log of Journey" which has 235 typewritten pages (+ appendix) (= RAC, Log Rose 905). 75 RAC, Minutes ofIEB, 26 May 1924, p.l13/14. 76 Kohler (1991), p.158/59. 77 RAC, Minutes IEB, 26 May 1924, p.l13. 78 Ibid. p.107. 79 For a systematic account of Rockefeller philanthropy's relations to Russia viz. the Soviet Un- ion see Kozhevnikov (1993). See also chapter IV.7. 80 RAC, Rose 905, Log of Journey, p.80. 81 Kozhevnikov (1993), p.l01. 82 RAC, Minutes IEB, Rose: Memo on trip to Europe, 26 May, 1926, p.l09. 83 Cf. Butler (1992). 84 RAC, Minutes IEB, Rose: Memo on trip to Europe, 26 May, 1926, p.l09. 85 RAC, IEB 1.1., Box 8, folder 110. 86 Cf. Picard (1999). 87 RAC, IEB 1.1., Box 8, f.ll0. 88 Ibid. 89 Ibid. Birkhoffto Rose, November 19,1923. 90 Weyl was of course highly regarded by Birkhoff but not suggested to Rose, obviously because of his German citizenship. 91 RAC, Rose 905, Log, p.107. 92 RAC, Minutes ofIEB, p.ll O. 224 Notes 93 Zierold (1968), p.103, mentions support by the Rockefeller Foundation particularly in provid ing medical literature in Germany through the NOTGEMEINSCHAFT DER DEUTSCHEN WISSENSCHAFT (Emergency Fund) since 1923. 94 RAC, Trowlog I (1925), p.122. Trowbridge on negotiations in Rome on June 6, 1925. 95 On A.T.'s contacts with Volterra cf. Paoloni (2000). 96 RAC, Trowlog I (1925), pp.146~ 151, Copenhagen, September 26th, 1925: "Long talk on gen eral scientific matters between A.T. the two Bohrs, Hardy and Norlund: Publications .... All agreed that help to Italian periodicals would be well received by the mathematical confraternity." (p.148). 97 Ibid. Similar requests for literature came from France. Cf. Beaulieu (1989), chap.1. 98 RAC, Trowlog I (1925), p.77. Trowbridge on a discussion with V. Volterra in Madrid, April 24th, 1925. 99 RAC, Trowlog I (1925), p. 123. Rome, June 6th, 1925. 100 RAC, Trowlog 2 (1926), p.37. The support is also mentioned in Birkhoffs report, Appendix 7. 101 Trowlog 2 (1926), p.l79. 102 Ibid. Occasional help for French libraries, which were in a poor state during the 1920s, is mentioned by Beaulieu (1989), pp.53/54. 103 Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1997), p.l44. 104 RAC, RF, 1.1.,200 D, box 125, f. 1541, Mason to L.Ph. Eisenhart, January 18, 1932. 105 Cf. Siegmund-Schultze (1994). 106 RAC, Weaver Diary I (1932), p.29. Warren Weaver on a discussion with American mathema- ticians on March 26, 1932. 107 Ibid. 108 RAC, Rose Log 905, pp.24/25. 109 Ibid., p.232. 110 RAC, Minutes ofIEB, May 26,1924, p.169. III RAC, IEB 1.1., box 8, f.11 O. Birkhoffto Rose, March 25, 1925. 112 RAC, Minutes IEB, p.500. 113 RAC, Minutes IEB, p.500, alluding to a letter from Birkhoff of May 12, 1925.