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The Molluscan Epifauna of the Alga Halopteris Scoparia in Southern Spain As a Bioindicator of Coastal Environmental Conditions

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The Molluscan Epifauna of the Alga Halopteris Scoparia in Southern Spain As a Bioindicator of Coastal Environmental Conditions 01 431-448 Sanchez 4/10/0 3:59 pm Page 431 J. Moll. Stud. (2000), 66, 431–448 © The Malacological Society of London 2000 THE MOLLUSCAN EPIFAUNA OF THE ALGA HALOPTERIS SCOPARIA IN SOUTHERN SPAIN AS A BIOINDICATOR OF COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS J.E. SÁNCHEZ-MOYANO*, F.J. ESTACIO*, E.M. GARCÍA-ADIEGO* and J.C. GARCÍA-GÓMEZ** *Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Universidad de Sevilla, Edif. Multiusos, 11379 Palmones-Los Barrios (Cádiz), Spain. E-mail: [email protected] **Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Dpto. Fisiología y Biología Animal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain. (Received 27 July 1999; accepted 5 January 2000) ABSTRACT González & García-Gómez, 1997; Naranjo, Carballo & García-Gómez, 1998; Sánchez- The effects of certain environmental factors on spatial Moyano & García-Gómez, 1998), the structure variation of the mollusc community associated with of infaunal communities (Estacio, García- the alga Halopteris scoparia in Algeciras Bay (south- Adiego, Fa, García-Gómez, Daza, Hortas & ern Spain), located in the Strait of Gibraltar, are studied. Environmental gradients from the exterior to Gómez-Ariza, 1997; Estacio, García-Adiego, the interior of the bay have been detected, related Carballo, Sánchez-Moyano & García-Gómez, above all to water movements, solids in suspension, 1999), and epiphytic communities (Sánchez- organic content of sediments, and structural complex- Moyano, 1996). ity of plants. These gradients are seen as differences Of the macrophyte-associated fauna, the mol- in the composition of the mollusc communities of the luscs, together with the crustaceans and poly- outer zones (Isla de Las Palomas, San García, and chaetes, comprise one of the predominant Cucareo) and inner ones (Guadarranque and Crina- groups (Hagerman, 1966; Allen & Griffiths, vis). Although the conditions of the inner zone 1981; Edgar, 1983; Taylor & Cole, 1994). restrict the growth of some groups such as crustaceans and polychaetes, mollusc populations have developed Descriptions of these communities have been well there in both number and diversity. Species are made (e.g. Idato, Fresi & Russo, 1983; Tem- found exclusively at the exterior of the Bay (include plado, 1984; Boronat, Acuña & Fresneda, 1985; Cingula amabilis, Pisinna glabrata, and Nodulus Ros, 1985), with more detailed studies of popu- contortus) and for the interior (Alvania montagui, lation dynamics (Southgate, 1982a and b; Alvania rudis, and Rissoa similis), the latter being the Robertson & Mann, 1982; Borja, 1986a and b, most discriminating between the two major zones of 1987, 1988), or the effect of certain environ- the bay. The environmental parameters having the mental parameters (e.g. water movement— greatest effect on the molluscs associated with Halop- Fretter & Manly, 1977; Russo, Fresi, Vinci & teris scoparia are water movement, the morphological characteristics of the substrate, and most importantly Chessa, 1983, 1984a and b; Russo, Fresi, Buia & the availability of food. Vinci, 1985; Russo, Chessa, Vinci & Fresi, 1991–; sedimentation rate—Southgate, 1982 a and b; habitat complexity—Robertson & Mann, 1982; Gunnill, 1983;). In addition there has been much work on plant-animal grazing interactions INTRODUCTION (e.g. Black, 1986; Thomas & Page, 1983; John- son & Mann, 1986; Clark & Defreese, 1987; Environmental differences along the coast of Mazella & Russo, 1989; Trowbridge, 1992, southern Spain are reflected in the composition 1993). of the various benthic communities, e.g. sponges, Halopteris scoparia (L.) Sauvageau (Phaeo- ascidians, crustaceans (Carballo, Sánchez- phyta, Sphacelariales) is one of the most abun- Moyano & García-Gómez, 1994; Carballo, dant and widely distributed algal species on the Naranjo & García-Gómez, 1996; Naranjo, Car- Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts (Seoane- ballo & García-Gómez, 1996; Conradi, López- Camba, 1965; Meñez & Mathieson, 1981; 01 431-448 Sanchez 4/10/0 3:59 pm Page 432 432 J.E. SÁNCHEZ-MOYANO, F.J. ESTACIO, E.M. GARCÍA-ADIEGO & J.C. GARCÍA-GÓMEZ Novaczek, Breeman & van den Hoek, 1989) of the bay, near the mouth of the Guadarranque being very common in Algeciras bay. It is a River, on a strip of natural rock running along the much ramified alga that encloses very small coast between 3 and 5 metres in depth; Crinavis (CR), spaces. These provide a large number of micro- located in the internal zone, is an artificial substrate in habitats, so that the abundance of individuals is a disused shipyard (stations were located along a breakwater to a depth of 5 metres). high, and they are a good trap of sediment and Four replicate samples were taken at each station epiphytes (especially diatoms that are the diet on five sampling occasions during one year (Septem- of most of the epifauna—Orth & Van Mont- ber 92, December 92, March 93, June 93, and Septem- frans, 1984). At the same time, they restrict the ber 93). Each replicate sample consisted of an algal size of the organisms. Such characteristics, and specimen bagged in situ and extracted from the a great environmental versatility, make the alga bottom by SCUBA diving. The samples were sieved a good medium for an abundant and interesting through a 0.5-mm mesh. The date for abundance have epiphytic community (Sánchez-Moyano, 1996). been expressed as number of individuals per 100 The aim of this study is to analyze composi- grams (dry weight) of alga. Abundance was used to calculate the Shannon-Wiener diversity (Shannon & tional variation in the community of molluscs Weaver, 1963). associated with the alga Halopteris scoparia in A series of parameters was calculated for each alga: relation to the environmental conditions of maximum height, diameter, volume, and dry weight. Algeciras Bay (southern Spain), especially The theoretical volume was calculated assuming that, human impacts, and then, to determine the use- in the environment, H. scoparia adopts a geometric fulness of molluscs as bioindicators of the en- form akin to a paraboloid. Deducting the real volume vironmental quality of coastal waters. from the theoretical one gives the interstitial volume, which represents the living space. The ratio between theoretical and real volumes (Index of Compactness) gives an idea of the level of compactness of the alga— MATERIAL AND METHODS the closer to unity, the more compact the alga (Sánchez-Moyano & García-Gómez, 1998). Algeciras Bay is located in the eastern-most zone of In order to establish what parameters affect the the Strait of Gibraltar. Despite being relatively small composition of the molluscan communities, modules (approximately 30 km in length with a width of 8 km (frameworks with concrete bases and three vertical at the mouth), it provides a series of very different plastic bars a metre above the bottom) were sited media with diverse environmental conditions. It is a along the arc of Algeciras Bay (Figure 2). Samples deep submarine canyon (reaching depths of more were made monthly from November 1992 until than 500 metres) of varied topography and with a November 1993. The variables measured were the narrow platform bounded by the bathymetric contour following: water movement, sedimentation rate, % of of 30 metres with a width not exceeding 2 km. Its organic matter in the sediments, and solid and % great mass of water and the intense hydrologic organic matter in suspension. The possible spatial regimen of the Strait of Gibraltar, with circulation of variations of these variables were tested using one- waters from the Atlantic and Mediterranean, means a way ANOVA, after verifying variances approximated high circulation. However, the large industrial com- to normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and homo- plex on its coast, and the busy port activity, have geneity (Barlett test). Homogeneous groups were resulted in construction of seawalls, breakwaters, and separated by the Tukey test. fills that have caused alterations in the natural cur- Water movement was calculated by the method of rents, and the appearance of pocketing. This has been ‘plaster dissolution’ described by Muus (1968) and heightened by the presence of a large population modified by Gambi, Buia, Casola & Scardi (1989). It (around 300,000 inhabitants), little treatment of waste is measured as ‘water speed equivalents’ (V) (Bailey- waters, and the contribution of nutrients and sedi- Brock, 1979). The sedimentation rate was measured ments from the two rivers flowing into the bay (Pal- by placing sediment traps (six bottles of one-litre mones and Guadarranque). capacity in our case). Part of the sedimentation was In five areas distributed along the coast of Algeciras used to calculate the % of organic matter by combus- Bay and encompassing the greatest range of different tion at 500°C. The data are expressed as Kg/m2/ environmental conditions thirteen sampling stations month. The solids and organic matter in suspension were chosen (Figure 1). The areas were Isla de las were measured according to the method of Strickland Palomas (IP), a well illuminated rock zone; Punta de & Parson (1960). San García (SG), with a shaded environment at lesser Affinities between stations were established using depth (in both areas, the stations were established on an MDS (non-metric multidimensional scaling) analy- a transect 200 metres long and at depths of 5, 8, and 10 sis for each sampling occasion. The goodness of the metres); Cucareo inlet (CU), the area nearest to Alge- ranking was tested using the stress coefficient of ciras port, is located on a wide platform ranging Kruskal (Kruskal & Wish, 1978). The abundance data between 3 and 5 metres in depth (stations were estab- was transformed by the fourth root (4͌x). lished on a transect of 200 metres); Los Rocadillos To determine what environmental variables are (Guadarranque) (GU) is located in the internal zone affecting the composition of the community, we 01 431-448 Sanchez 4/10/0 3:59 pm Page 433 EPIFAUNAL MOLLUSCS AS BIOINDICATORS IN SOUTHERN SPAIN 433 Location of the sampling stations in Algeciras Bay. Figure 1. 01 431-448 Sanchez 4/10/0 3:59 pm Page 434 434 J.E. SÁNCHEZ-MOYANO, F.J.
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