SEPT. 2005 2004 www.cnrs.fr A YEAR AT CNRS 2004 A YEAR AT CNRS A YEAR AT CNRS PAGE EDITORIAL 01

The second edition of A Year at CNRS provides a look back at the progress made in 2004 in the various scientific fields where CNRS is active. We have always enjoyed discussing advances in science. Without pretending to be exhaustive*, this brochure provides a glimpse into the past year’s results, the fruits of the work carried out by our teams and, in many cases, alongside European and international partners. Research is rarely carried out alone, or within a single team, or even within a single discipline or country.

A Year at CNRS 2004 is intended for a general audience: it does not go into details of the scientific processes behind the results presented here. There is not enough room to cite every partner in all these scientific adventures. That is why I want to emphasize in this introduction that among the great treasures of CNRS are our partnerships with colleges and universities, with whom we share most of our laboratories, and therefore most of the results of our research.

This brochure is dedicated to the memory of Gérard Mégie. A world-renowned scientist, Gérard passed away in June 2004, just after we had finished the reform plan which is to be a blueprint for the future evolution of our organization. He was respected and appreciated by all his colleagues and a friend to many of us. He also worked hard to make both science and CNRS more open towards society, and I would like end by quoting him: “During “During his journey, his journey, man must look beyond the world of dreams and the imaginary, and consider his role as a citizen of the man must look beyond world.” the world of dreams and the imaginary, and consider his role as a citizen of the world.”

Gérard Mégie

BERNARD LARROUTUROU / CNRS DIRECTOR GENERAL

* For further information, press releases and media kits, see the Journal du CNRS (www.cnrs.fr, Press section) and the 2004 annual report (http://www2.cnrs.fr/sites/band/fichier/ca_ra2004.pdf). PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS > PAGE 02 CONTENTS KEY FIGURES 03

p.03 Key figures p.06 Looking back on 2004: — A year of engagements KEY FIGURES — Scientific and technical culture p.08 Talent — Awards and prizes — The 2004 gold medal

EUROPE KEY ACTIVITIES IN 2004 AND INTERNATIONAL CNRS LABORATORIES EMPLOY OVER 35,600 PERMANENT RESEARCH — Introduction p.12 The living world SCIENTISTS AND PROFESSORS, AND 17,600 ENGINEERS, — Exploring the living world A thousand and one ways and predicting its evolution to expand research in Europe! TECHNICIANS,AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF — Discovering the secrets of genomes Along with the construction of both THROUGHOUT FRANCE (BOTH CNRS EMPLOYEES AND NON-CNRS STAFF). p.16 Health — Understanding and preventing an economic and a political Europe, — Diagnosing and healing another major project is underway: p.22 Man and Humans 17,500 PH.D.STUDENTS ARE PREPARING THEIR DOCTORAL THESES IN OUR LABORATORIES. — Humans: how they work the building of the European WE ALSO ACCOMMODATE OVER — The History of Man, Stories of men scientific research area, in order 2,000 POST-DOCTORAL RESEARCHERS. p.26 Intelligent systems to assist humans p.30 Matter and materials to work together to generate — Understanding and mastering new knowledge and know-how. in order to develop and innovate 67% OF FRENCH PUBLICATIONS COME OUT OF OUR LABORATORIES. — Nanoscience and nanotechnologies It represents both the present — The latest in electronics… and the future of French research. p.36 Energy and transportation CNRS IS AMONG THE IN FRANCE. p.38 Climate and the Environment — CNRS, already fully dedicated TOP 5 FOR PATENT APPLICATIONS p.42 From Earth to Infinity to this concept, is reaching — A machine called Earth out all over Europe and all the way — Planets & galaxies RESOURCES: INCLUDING €1.965 BILLION IN GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES, — Matter, elements, to Russia, in order to increase the €2.29 BILLION EX-VAT and the Universe: Origins. proportion of non-French European OVER €280 MILLION FROM GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRIAL, AND EUROPEAN PARTNERS, AND NEARLY p.48 Directory €45 MILLION FROM ROYALTIES ON PATENTS AND LICENSES. scientists in our teams, form tighter bonds with comparable organizations in other countries, and further increase our participation in the programs of the European Commission. Already RESEARCH ABROAD IN JUST TWO YEARS, more than one third of the articles CNRS HAS RISEN FROM 10TH TO 5TH IN THE LIST published by CNRS laboratories > 10 CNRS LABORATORIES LOCATED ABROAD OF PATENT APPLICANTS IN FRANCE. are co-signed with partners from > 50 VIRTUAL LABORATORIES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE WORLD’S TOP RESEARCH INSTITUTES Developing new ways to treat cancer, screening tools to discover new continental Europe. > 200 INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS therapeutic molecules, drugs, communication and information science > CNRS COORDINATES 100 EUROPEAN UNION and technology, acoustics (noise reduction in aircraft), storing energy Publication Director Bernard Larrouturou — CNRS also intends to expand Executive Editor Sofia Nadir ACTIONS (NETWORKS OF EXCELLENCE, in fuel cells… In 2002 CNRS applied for 252 patents, according to Overall design and European initiatives for scientific INTEGRATED PROGRAMS, ETC.) the 2003 statistics of the Institut National de la Propriété Industrielle Editor in Chief Maryvonne Tissier communication, training, and the > 5,000 HIGH-LEVEL FOREIGN RESEARCH (French Industrial Property Institute or INPI). That makes CNRS fifth Graphic design L’éclaireur (www.les-eclaireurs.com) SCIENTISTS ARE WORKING IN OUR out of the top 100 organizations making national patent applications, Illustration Research Christelle Pineau processing of both scientific and Coordinating Editor Anne-Solweig Gremillet LABORATORIES THANKS TO 85 COOPERATION behind L’Oréal, Renault, Peugeot Citroën Automobiles SA and the Graphic Guidelines - Covers Atalante-Paris technical information. AGREEMENTS WITH 55 COUNTRIES. Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (Atomic Energy Commission or CEA). Translation Sophie Epstein > CNRS HOSTS 1,500 EUROPEAN POST-DOCTORAL In 2001, CNRS was only 10th on the list. The CNRS patent portfolio and Benjamin Phister RESEARCHERS EACH YEAR. included 7,450 patents in 2004, mainly in life sciences and chemical

Published September 2005 > 10 PERMANENT OFFICES ABROAD (IN BONN, sciences. Ninety percent of the 200 companies founded since 1999 BRUSSELS, HANOI, JOHANNESBURG, MOSCOW, are still in business. BEIJING, SANTIAGO (CHILE),TOKYO,TUNIS, AND WASHINGTON) PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS > PAGE 04 LOOKING BACK A YEAR OF 05 ON 2004 ENGAGEMENTS

June 8, 2004 > < December 15, 2004 > For the passage François d’Aubert presents of Venus in front of the CNRS gold medal the Sun, CNRS opened to Alain Connes, 2004, its doors to the general mathematician, in the public. presence of Bernard Meunier A rare observation (CNRS chairman, left) and for a European Bernard Larrouturou (CNRS A YEAR OF and international Director General, right). educational project EXTENSIVE > ENGAGEMENTS

February 2, 2004 > Inauguration of the Robots exhibition at CNRS headquarters. November 26, 2004 > Open house for linguistics at CNRS. September 2004 > In India, the creation of an institute > > of mathematics, the conclusion of an agreement on biotechnologies, française contre les myopathies and the creation of a climate research laboratory >

May 26, 2005 > Signing an agreement between IBM, the Association (French Muscular Dystrophy Association or AFM), and CNRS >

June 25, 2004 > Signing an agreement to create an International Joint Unit in micro- and nanosciences between CNRS, the Japanese Laboratory of Integrated Micro-Mechatronic Systems (LIMMS), and the Institute of Industrial Science (IIS) at the University of Tokyo. > > March 3, 2004 > A scientific collaboration agreement for archaeology and seismic risk is concluded between CNRS and the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT). >

> March 16, 2004 > Renewal of the agreement between CNRS and the July 8 and 9, 2004 > Objectif 2010: defining the priorities for National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF), for research on integrating CNRS in the European research community. natural plant-based substances, biodiversity, and water. PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS > PAGE 06 LOOKING BACK SCIENTIFIC AND 07 ON 2004 TECHNICAL CULTURE

A YEAR OF ONLINE DOCUMENTS FOR THE GENERAL SCIENTIFIC CULTURE PUBLIC Discover or rediscover SCHOOLCHILDREN, HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS, AND UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FROM FRANCE AND — The Journal du CNRS, a monthly publication providing news about EUROPE, WITH OR WITHOUT THEIR TEACHERS, BENEFIT FROM SEVERAL TYPES OF ASSISTANCE OR CNRS laboratories as well as a full report on a major scientific theme. OPERATIONS FROM CNRS: CNRS YOUTH CLUBS, MEETINGS AND DEBATES, ASSISTANCE FOR SUPERVIS- + http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/journal/ X ED PERSONAL RESEARCH, ONLINE MULTIMEDIA FILES,EXHIBITIONS, SCIENCE FAIRS, ETC. THE FOLLOWING PICTURES ARE FROM SOME OF THESE EXCHANGES THAT ARE AS ENRICHING FOR THE YOUNG PARTICIPANTS AS THEY ARE FOR THE SCIENTISTS LEADING THE SESSIONS.

— Thema media kits provide in-depth background material for the media on themes that have stirred the interest of the public and the press, such as the American elections. + http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/thema/ X

BRINGING SCIENCE AND CHILDREN TOGETHER At-home help — Discover scientific images, CNRS films, or submit your questions to scientists over the Internet. + http://www2.cnrs.fr/jeunes/ X — Sagascience multimedia presentations on major scientific questions for the general public: evolution, the climate, water, handicaps, art, Sessions in elementary, middle, and high etc. schools + http://www2.cnrs.fr/multimedia/ X — CNRS Youth Projects, Science classes, Direct Science programs, Nepal conferences… + http://www2.cnrs.fr/jeunes/ X

Encounters — Exhibitions (solar oven in Odeillo, Biospace in Toulouse, Traveling Cancer Train), open house (Science Fairs

throughout France both in research > — Science & Décision reports provide information to analyze subjects laboratories and public places), Careers October 22-24, 2004 > 14th annual CNRS Youth Meeting (Citizens & with a major social impact. They are genuine decision support tools in Science forum, scientific cafés Science) at the Futuroscope in Poitiers. for issues such as energy, stem cells, and mad cow disease. throughout France, film festivals (Paris, + http://www2.cnrs.fr/multimedia/ X Lyons, Deauville, Oullins, Chamonix, etc.) and the famous Annual CNRS Youth Meetings (Citizens & Science) in Poitiers in October, with workshops and debates attended by over 500 young adults from 18 to 25 and 200 research scientists. + http://www2.cnrs.fr/jeunes/ X

< October 14-17, 2004 > Exhibition on biodiversity during the Science Fair at the French Senate. > October 14-17, 2004 > Antarctic Exhibition at the Cité des sciences (the Paris science museum), where research scientists answer questions from all. PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS > PAGE 08 TALENT PRIZES AND 09 AWARDS

A FEW —nucléaire Sylvain d’OrsayDavid (Institut de physique SCIENTIFIC PRIZES (Nuclear Physics BESIDES THE IMPORTANT FROM 2004 Institute, CNRS - Université Paris 11) for his exceptional contribution to Three winners of EURYI (European research on nuclear waste management SCIENTIFIC RESULTS Young Investigators) awards, a program and new means for producing energy. coordinated by the European Science Foundation, were presented In Earth Sciences and Astronomy, the ACHIEVED IN 2004, by CNRS. Each winner will receive annual European Geosciences Union 1.25 million over 5 years to create their meeting awarded three dignitaries from research group in France. CNRS laboratories for their work and RESEARCH ACTIVITIES — Mihail Dumitru Barboiu, responsibilities in international scientific 35, Romanian, CNRS Junior bodies. Researcherdes membranes at the Institut européen — Gérard Mégie, CNRS Chairman at IN CNRS LABORATORIES (European Membrane the time, who chaired and co-chaired Institute) in Montpellier. several international bodies, including — Raffaele Colombelli, the International Ozone Committee of HAVE RECEIVED NUMEROUS 33, Italian, CNRS Junior Researcher at the International Council of Scientific the Institut d’électronique Unions. fondamentale d’Orsay(Fundamental —de Michel Marseille Blanc, CNRS Senior PRIZES AND AWARDS. Electronics Institute in Orsay). Researcher, Director of the Observatoire — Jakob Reichel, 39, born in Germany, (Marseilles Observatory). willnormale carry outsupérieure his project - Université at the Kastler- Paris — Olivier Boucher, CNRS Junior Brossel6 Laboratory (CNRS - École Researcheratmosphérique at the Laboratoire d’optique (Atmospheric Optics ) in Paris. Laboratory) in Lille.

The G. Edward Pendray Award The American Geophysical Union of the American Institute of Aeronautics honored three other CNRS laboratory and Astronautics was attributed to: research scientists in Earth Sciences —Universitaire Sébastien Candel,de France Professor at the and Astronomy: École Centrale and at the Institut — Jean-Paul Montagner, Professor at , member of the the Université Paris 7, who chaired the CNRS Laboratoire d’énergétique International Federation of Broadband moléculaire et macroscopique, Seismological Networks combustion(EM2C) (Molecular and — Jean-Pierre Valet, CNRS Senior Macroscopic Energy, Combustion Researcher and Director of the Laboratory). In May 2004 he also Laboratoire de magnétisme et received the Aeroacoustics Award from géomagnétisme(Magnetism and the Confederation of European Geomagnetism Laboratory) of the IPGP Aerospace Societies. (Paris Geophysical Institute). — Adolphe Nicolas, professor emeritus — Patrick Couvreur received the at the Université de Montpellier, former Pharmaceutical World Congress DirectorTectonophysique of the Laboratoire de Scientific Award given every four years (Tectonophysics to the three Europeans, three Laboratory)Montpellier (CNRS- 2 Université Americans, and three Asians with the ). most remarkable achievements in the pharmaceutical and therapeutic — Raul Madariaga, was awarded the sciences. American Seismological Society’s française de physique 2004 medal. The Joliot-Curie Prize of the Société (French Physics Society) was awarded to COVER PAGES! CNRS research is regularly featured on the cover of prestigious scientific journals. — Astronomy & Astrophysics — Cell — Nature

All these scientific awards are summarized in the 2004 Annual Report, available online at the CNRS Web site. + http://www2.cnrs.fr/sites/band/fichier/ca_ra2004.pdf X PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS A YEAR AT CNRS PAGE 10 TALENT THE 2004 11 GOLD MEDAL

BREAKING NEW GROUND IN MATHEMATICS ALAIN CONNES INDOMITABLE EXPLORER IT IS WIDELY AGREED THAT ALAIN CONNES IS ONE OF THE GREATEST LIVING MATHEMATICIANS.THE CNRS GOLD MEDAL FOR 2004 WAS RECENTLY AWARDED TO THIS RESEARCH SCIENTIST,THE MAN BEHIND SEVERAL IMPRESSIVE DISCOVERIES AND WHO HAS SOME VERY SUBVERSIVE IDEAS.

up with some clever tricks on a technical level, but you rarely make any real dis- coveries!” His brilliant studies led to the presti- gious École Normale Supérieure in Paris. There, the winds of May 1968 blew him off course from a career as a professor in France’s most prestigious universities, but did not prevent this rebel scholar from doing research. Nor from setting off to inspiration to CNRS policy: the field must discover this mathematical reality which, open up to other sciences and to socie- in his opinion and as Plato suggested, ty. “Mathematics is the most sophistica- “exists independently of human expe- ted tool of thought we have at our dis- « athematics are as broad rience”. He came up with the subject of posal for ’understanding’, and it is a great andM as deep as the ocean”, wrote Victor his thesis while riding a train back from source of new concepts,” says Alain Hugo. Most certainly, Alain Connes, his first meeting with Professor Jacques Connes. This philosophy inspired him to mathematician and winner of the CNRS Dixmier: “It was about the link between write two essays. The first, co-authored gold medal for 2004, is a little like one of the research described during Dixmier’s with neurobiologist Jean-Pierre Changeux,

those explorers who discov- seminar and a fascinating book I had is an analysis of mathematical objects > MILESTONES…...... ered the new world by over- bought by chance on my way to a confer- and their ties to the human brain. The 1947 BORN coming their fears and ence in Seattle, not knowing that in fact second is a subtle discussion of the major IN DRAGUIGNAN, FRANCE. taboos. “One must not be it was the central theme of the confer- discoveries of the twentieth century with

1970 JOINS CNRS (HE LEFT IN 1974 ONLY afraid to rebel,” says the ence!”. This coincidence would prove to two eminent mathematicians, André TO RETURN AS SENIOR research scientist. “The only be a lucky choice which soon led him to Lichnerowicz and Marcel Paul RESEARCHER FROM authority in mathematics is discover noncommutative geometry. His Schützenberger. 1981 TO 1984) 1977 CNRS SILVER MEDAL oneself.” This advice comes career took him from one continent to The worthy successor to French mathe- ONE MUST 1979 PROFESSOR AT THE from a man who has charter- thehautes next, études from the scientifiques Université Paris 6 to matician Henri Poincaré (1854-1912), “ INSTITUT DES HAUTES ed unknown territory, a Canada, from CNRS to the Institut des the 2004 gold medal-winner returned ÉTUDES SCIENTIFIQUES NOT BE AFRAID (ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC mathematical world that may (IHÉS) and physics to its role as a muse for mathe- STUDY INSTITUTE) well reconcile two separate finally to the Collège de France. In the matics. And like any good mathemati- 1982 FIELDS MEDAL “ universes of the physical end his work would cover several fields in cian, Alain Connes remembers recipro- 1984 ENTERS THE COLLÈGE TO REBEL. DE FRANCE sciences: general relativity mathematics, from analysis and algebra cals: “There are other paths besides the 2001 CRAFOORD PRIZE and quantum mechanics. to algebraic topology via the analytical doctrine that currently dominates theo- 2004 CNRS GOLD MEDAL THE ONLY AUTHORITY This “bridge”, called non- number theory… and mathematical retical physics, i.e. string theory. commutative geometry, is the result of physics. Noncommutative geometry offers some IN MATHEMATICS previous work for which he was awarded Not satisfied with having created a new interesting leads. On that score, our the Fields medal in 1982, the equivalent field of mathematics, the researcher want- research scientist is irreproachable: his IS ONESELF. ofFrance the Nobel Prize for mathematics. ed to free his discipline from the equation geometry has twice played a key role in Yet this professor at the Collège de lovers’ Tower of Babel. In 1987, at the string theory… quickly puts you at ease with any École polytechnique, Alain Connes was shortcomings you might have: “To inno- the only permanent speaker at the 1. Matière à penser, with Jean-Pierre Changeux, Éditions Odile Jacob, 1989. vate in mathematics, you have to be “Mathematics of Tomorrow” colloquium, 2. Triangle de pensée, with André Lichnerowicz and somewhat naive. Otherwise you can come the conclusions of which remain an Marcel Paul Schützenberger, Éditions Odile Jacob, 2000.

+ FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THE GOLD MEDAL: JOURNAL DU CNRS DECEMBER 2004 ON THE 2004 SILVER, BRONZE, AND CRYSTAL MEDAL RECIPIENTS: CNRS WEB SITE FOR ALL THE SCIENTIFIC PRIZES RECEIVED BY SCIENTISTS WORKING IN CNRS RESEARCH CENTERS: 2004 ANNUAL REPORT http://www2.cnrs.fr/sites/band/fichier/ca_ra2004.pdf PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS > PAGE 12 INTRODUCTION 13 KEY ACTIVITIES 2004

An important moment in a research scientist’s life: publishing an article in a specialized scientific journal. On the international research scene, one way to measure a country’s importance is by the number and qual- ity of its publications, and how often they are cited by other researchers. How do CNRS laboratories and their partners fare in this competition by

numbers? SOURCE NATURE / SOURCE In materials and life sciences, excluding medical research, CNRS SCIENCE / SOURCE CELL / researchers co-author two-thirds of French publications. Articles from our SOURCE INTERNATIONAL SOURCE laboratories represent the great majority of citations* for French publi- JOURNAL OF ASTROBIOLOGY / SOURCE NATURE NEUROSCIENCE / cations: 82% in physics and Earth Sciences and Astronomy, 84% SOURCE NEUROIMAGE / SOURCE in chemistry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS / SOURCE International collaborative projects are increasingly important: half of ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS / the publications in 2001-2002 included at least one foreign partner labo- ratory, versus one third in 1991-1992. But the most important international opening concerns nuclear and particle physics, Earth Sciences and Astronomy, and the physical sciences and mathematics. The relative weight of the United States is decreasing in favor of the European Union. Among publications from CNRS laboratories written in collaboration with French partners, between 4% and 22% (according to the scienti- fic field) were written with a partner from the private sector in 2001-2002. The following pages catalog a series of publications and significant events, technological innovations, and major new partnerships.

*Results are published annually and can be viewed at the CNRS Web site: www.cnrs.fr/DEP. These kinds of results are not yet available in human and social sciences.

+ FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, SEE THE FULL TEXT OF PRESS RELEASES,ARTICLES FROM THE JOURNAL DU CNRS, AND THE CNRS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT AT OUR WEB SITE: www.cnrs.fr. PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 01 PAGE 14 KEY ACTIVITIES THE LIVING 15 2004 WORLD

> > > > > j > Studying the fruit fly A crystalline > Animal spies: a cultural The European MitoCheck The impressive cognitive CNRSzonie expands its operations in Guiana Both morning and evening to understand the structure sheds light or a biological evolution? program combines the capabilities of bees. A universal scheme to encourage close collaboration with local universities. biological clocks in flies mechanisms of memory on the dynamics of SOURCE SCIENCE efforts of teams from five SOURCE NATURE / of plant operations based on A new CNRS interdisciplinary program called Ama- are controlled by two and certain human an intracellular skeleton. DATE JULY 23 different countries working PRESS RELEASE resource management is overseeing this research. A team of chemists distinct groups of neurons. neurodegenerative SOURCE NATURE / SOURCE PRESS RELEASE to identify all the proteins DATE JUNE 17, 2004 SOURCE NATURE / by leaves. arrived in 2004 to share their know-how in extrac- diseases in man. PRESS RELEASE DATE JULY 26, 2004 involved in controlling the PRESS RELEASE SOURCE NATURE / PRESS RELEASE ting, purifying, and distinguishing molecules collected SOURCE NATURE / DATE MARCH 11, 2004 cell cycle, a fundamental DATE OCTOBER 14, 2004 DATE APRIL 22, 2004 from the Amazonian terrestrial and marine environ- PRESS RELEASE life process which can ments, as well as in the chemical synthesis of derivative DATE JULY 22, 2004 cause cancer (among organic molecules. other things) when disturbed SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE JULY 20, 2004 EXPLORING PREDICTING THE LIVING WORLD, ITS EVOLUTION. > FROM MOLECULES TO ECOSYSTEMS:AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO Myosin-II, a protein that works like a cellular THE LIVING WORLD.THE MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH LIFE NEED TO BE engine for sculpting STUDIED ON BOTH A LARGE SCALE AND AT THE LOWEST LEVEL.COOPERATION organs. BETWEEN ALL THE DISCIPLINES OF LIFE SCIENCE AND INTERACTIONS WITH SOURCE NATURE OTHER SCIENTIFIC FIELDS ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN EVER. DUE TO THE DATE JUNE 10 SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DIVERSITY OF ITS AREAS OF RESEARCH,CNRS IS ESPECIALLY WELL SUITED DATE JUNE 11, 2004 TO MEET THIS CHALLENGE. > Nanomachines that drive cells. SOURCE CELL / PRESS RELEASE DATE OCTOBER 29, 2004

> > > > > The African origin BIOSOPE cruise 6th mission logbook: 7th mission logbook: of domestic donkeys. in the South Pacific led “How did plankton life the exuberance of marine Identifying SOURCE SCIENCE / by two CNRS biologists. develop after leaving life in the chilly waters the meeting points PRESS RELEASE > SOURCE PRESS RELEASE the ocean-desert?” of Chile. of leatherback turtles DATE JUNE 18, 2004 CNRS research scientists DATE OCTOBER 13, 2004 + www.cnrs.fr X + www.cnrs.fr X and fisheries. working with Russian SOURCE PRESS RELEASE SOURCE PRESS RELEASE SOURCE NATURE / scientists have identified DATE DECEMBER 7, 2004 DATE DECEMBER 14, 2004 PRESS RELEASE DNA traces of hot spring DATE JUNE 3, 2004 bacteria in the ice sheet that has imprisoned Lake Vostok, the largest underground lake in the Antarctic. SOURCE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ASTROBIOLOGY DATE AUGUST 5 SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE SEPTEMBER 15, 2004 PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 01 PAGE 16 KEY ACTIVITIES THE LIVING 17 2004 WORLD > Analyzing the genome sequence of the Mimivirus (a giant DNA virus) changes our view of the evolution of life. > SOURCE SCIENCE ONLINE A French-American team DATE OCTOBER 14 discovers that “junk” SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DNA-sequences with DATE OCTOBER 15, 2004 no apparent use-is in fact involved in regulating the expression of genes. SOURCE NATURE / PRESS RELEASE DATE JULY 22, 2004

DISCOVERING THE SECRETS OF GENOMES HOW ARE GENOMES ORGANIZED? WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ENTIRE REGIONS OF DNA? HOW DO GENES INTERACT WITH AND OTHER LIFE FORM COMPONENTS? WHAT IS THE EXACT FUNCTION OF EACH OF THE THOUSANDS OF PROTEINS? COMPLEX QUESTIONS WITH VERY HIGH STAKES.

> Deciphering the secrets of evolution: the example of > > yeasts. The “evolutionary distance” covered by the four > > > Adaptive capabilities Over 20,000 human yeasts studied is as vast as that which exists between Human genome: a new > Genomic imprinting: Identifying two legume of tiger snakes: acquired genes described by an marine invertebrates and man, including fish... mutagenic phenomenon Thanks to the genome why and how do some genes which control knowledge may also be international consortium SOURCE NATURE / PRESS RELEASE is revealed. nigroviridis of our genes “shut up”? symbioses of interest genetically determined. involving CNRS research DATE JULY 1, 2004 SOURCE PUBLIC LIBRARY sequencing of Tetraodon SOURCE NATURE GENETICS to agronomists. SOURCE NATURE / scientists. OF SCIENCES (the green spotted ONLINE SOURCE SCIENCE PRESS RELEASE SOURCE PUBLIC LIBRARY DATE SEPTEMBER 7 pufferfish), an international DATE OCTOBER 31 DATE FEBRUARY 12 DATE SEPTEMBER 16, 2004 OF SCIENCE BIOLOGY SOURCE PRESS RELEASE consortium coordinated by SOURCE PRESS RELEASE SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE JUNE DATE SEPTEMBER 9, 2004 Jean Weissenbach’s group (CNRS DATE NOVEMBER 10, 2004 DATE FEBRUARY 13, 2004 SOURCE PRESS RELEASE Genoscope) reveals the structure DATE APRIL 21, 2004 of the genome that is a common ancestor to both man and fish. SOURCE NATURE / PRESS RELEASE DATE OCTOBER 21, 2004

•••• • ••• •• • ••• PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 02 PAGE 18 KEY ACTIVITIES HEALTH 19 2004

> > > > > j > The black plague, High pressure, a new A new step towards Molecules for guiding At the Institut Curie, The foreman Obesity, a growing epidemic… How should the bubonic plague, > experimental method the use of neuronal stem nerve fibers: molecules research scientists from of the Golgi complex, we react? What are the important questions to ask? the pneumonic plague… for deciphering the cells to repair the brain. that can do (almost) CNRS and INSERM shed at the cell’s center, Renal polycustosis, Sociologists, anthropologists, biologists, geneticists, and an interdisciplinary study enigma of prion proteins: SOURCE NATURE anything for neurons. new light on the role of has been discovered! a genetic disease affecting clinical researchers are analyzing the behavioral and has tracked the plague a preliminary step to any NEUROSCIENCE / PRESS SOURCE NATURE / CELL / huntingtin, the protein SOURCE CELL / PRESS 60,000 to 80,000 people biological processes that lead to obesity, and providing over the centuries, therapeutic development RELEASE BIOLOGY / NEURON / whose mutation is the RELEASE in France, could be due a few leads for trying to fight back. differentiated these for neurodegenerative DATE MARCH 16, 2004 PRESS RELEASE cause of Huntington’s DATE AUGUST 6, 2004 to the failure of natural pressure SOURCE REPORT IN THE JOURNAL DU CNRS three “varieties” pathologies such as DATE AUGUST 6, 2004 disease. “microsensors” on the surface DATE OCTOBER 2004 and established their of the kidney’s epithelial cells. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. SOURCE CELL / role during historical SOURCE BIOCHEMISTRY / PRESS RELEASE SOURCE THE FASEB JOURNAL / PRESS RELEASE pandemics. PRESS RELEASE DATE JULY 9, 2004 DATE FEBRUARY 6, 2004 SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE JUNE 2, 2004 DATE SEPTEMBER 9, 2004

UNDERSTANDING, PREVENTING MEDICINE AWAITING RESULTS: EXPLORING NEW PATHS REQUIRES THE ALLIANCE OF SEVERAL DISCIPLINES.

> > > > > Identifying two essential Stem cells and skeletal The molecular mechanism > Detailed dissection Stem cells for repairing proteins for triggering muscle: challenging for protecting against The fruit fly, a model for of molecular protein the liver: progress with immune responses. a dogma. certain neurological understanding the evolution production factories: animals. SOURCE SCIENCE / > SOURCE NATURE / diseases through this fundamental work is SOURCE PROCEEDINGS COMMUNIQUÉ DE PRESSE The first 3-D structure PRESS RELEASE polyunsaturated fatty of the immune system offering major therapeutic OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY DATE AUGUST 20, 2004 for a replicative protein DATE SEPTEMBER 23, 2004 acids, which include in vertebrates. prospects, especially for OF SCIENCES (UNITED STATES) > > SOURCE PLOS BIOLOGY / PRESS RELEASE of the severe acute omega-3. developing new classes DATE JUNE 1ST, 2004 Flies as models for Towards a new view of DATE AUGUST 18, 2004 respiratory syndrome SOURCE THE EMBO JOURNAL / of antibiotics. SOURCE PRESS RELEASE studying the neurotoxic heredity: launching a (SARS) virus, a newcomer PRESS RELEASE SOURCE NATURE / DATE MAY 25, 2004 effects of glutamate European Epigenome to the coronavirus family. DATE JUNE 3, 2004 PRESS RELEASE in man. Network of Excellence It is a recent example DATE FEBRUARY 26, 2004 of an emerging human SOURCE CURRENT BIOLOGY / comprising 25 laboratories pathogenic virus. PRESS RELEASE in six European countries, SOURCE PROCEEDINGS DATE APRIL 6, 2004 including two French Curie OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY groups (CNRS - Institut Pasteur OF SCIENCES (UNITED STATES) and CNRS - Institut DATE MARCH 16, 2004 ). SOURCE PRESS RELEASE SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE MARCH 11, 2004 DATE SEPTEMBER 6, 2004 PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 02 PAGE 20 KEY ACTIVITIES HEALTH 21 2004

ULTRA-FAST DETECTION > > > A CHEMICAL FORMULA > AIDS: new prospects Parkinson’s disease A new potential target Fatty tissue: a new source OFvatoire LEGIONNAIRES’DISEASE Océanologique et Laboratoire for developing a vaccine. is linked to a deficit for inducing insulin FOR RETINA REATTACHMENT for cellular therapy. SOURCE IMMUNITY of dopamine, synthesis and treating SOURCE CIRCULATION Researchd’Océanographie scientists Biologiqueat the Banyuls Obser- phase cytometry, based on the sensitive OPERATIONS DATE NOVEMBER 16 a neurotransmitter that diabetes. RESEARCH / PRESS RELEASE and fast (a few minutes) detection of SOURCE PRESS RELEASE acts on movement control. SOURCE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL A severely detached retina can lead to it could not be used beyond the intraop- DATE FEBRUARY 6, 2004 (Oceanolo- microorganisms which have been made DATE NOVEMBER 17, 2004 SOURCE NATURE INVESTIGATION blindness, and the retina must be flatten- erative period. gicalParis Observatory 6 and Biological Oceanol- fluorescent, scans the membrane surface NEUROSCIENCE DATE MAY 2004 ed against the eye wall before taking the In order to overcome the toxicity prob- ogical Laboratory) (CNRS - Université de and quickly detects and counts the num- DATE JULY SOURCE PRESS RELEASE steps to reattach it. This can be achieved lems and encourage healing by keeping ), in collaboration with INSERM ber of Legionnaires’ Disease bacteria. This SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE MAY 4, 2004 by an internal tamponage using a substi- the liquid in the eye for several weeks, the and the EDF Research and Development method, which was validated on clean DATE JUNE 16, 2004 tute for the vitreous body. This substitute, IMRCP laboratory developed Oxane HD, department, have developed a new method water in various hospitals in and around which is heavier than water, must also be an original chemical formula which has for detecting Legionnaires’ Disease in under Lyon in partnership with CNRS, allows transparent, have high density, and be received several patents. The American four hours, without requiring a bacterial researchers to quantify Legionnaires’ Disease innocuous. Thus a fluorocarbon-fluoro- firm Bausch and Lomb, the world’s larg- culture. The Legionella pneumophilaqui bacteria in less than four hours. It does decalin-wasinteractions developed moléculaires by Isabelle et réactivité Rico est consortium in vitreoretinal surgery and bacteria proliferates quickly, especially in not determine whether the detected bac- Latteschimique and heret photochimique team at the Laboratoire of which Chauvin-Opsia is now a subsi- hot water installations, towers cooled with teria are dead or alive, however. There- diary, has marketed the product since hot aerosol waste, air conditioners, and fore a new research program has been (Laboratory 2003. Some 15,000 retina reattachment hot water systems in hospitals. Until now launched to develop specific markers in for Molecular Interactions and Chemical cases have already been treated world- it took three to ten days to detect this bac- order to differentiate dead bacteria from live and Photochemical Reactivity, or IMRCP). wide during the twelve months the pro- teria. ones. This product, marketed in 1990 by the duct has been on the market (6,000 in When testing water for bacteria using SOURCE APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL Chauvin-Opsia company in Toulouse under Europe including 700 in France). this method, the bacteria are first concen- MICROBIOLOGY the DK-Line brand, was used during sur- trated in a filtering membrane, and then DATE MARCH 2004 gical operations for reattaching the retina. made fluorescent using a specific antibody SOURCE PRESS RELEASE As the product was toxic in the long term, combined with a fluorescent dye. Solid- DATE APRIL 2, 2004 DIAGNOSING, HEALING HELPING IMPROVE THE DIAGNOSIS,TREATMENT, OR PREPARATION OF VACCINES, DEVELOPING A NEW APPROACH… CUTTING-EDGE RESEARCH IS VITAL TO HEALTH.

j > > > ELECTRONIC DNA > > A new therapeutic Legionnaires’ Disease: INTEGRAGEN : This company, founded in New hope for treating Significant progress New resources path for pigmentary > sequencing the genome 2000 by research scientists from CNRS, INSERM, obsessive-compulsive DETECTION in understanding the for fighting tuberculosis. retinopathy Tricks used by dendritic of the Paris and Lens and the Centre National de Génotypage (National disorder (OCD). USING TRANSISTOR molecular mechanism SOURCE CELL / PRESS SOURCE NATURE GENETICS cells to inform the strains. Genotyping Institute)-among others- is trying to pro- SOURCE JOURNAL of the Coffin-Lowry RELEASE DATE JULY 2004 immune system of SOURCE NATURE GENETICS vide a faster, less expensive solution for an even ear- OF NEUROSURGERY OCTOBER NETWORKS syndrome, a rare genetic DATE OCTOBER 22, 2004 6 SOURCE PRESS RELEASE infection by the AIDS DATE NOVEMBER lier genetic diagnosis of diabetic or autistic patients. SOURCE PRESS RELEASE A team of physicists from the Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain disease characterized by DATE JUNE 28, 2004 virus. SOURCE PRESS RELEASE SOURCE JOURNAL DU CNRS DATE OCTOBER 26, 2004 (École Normale Supérieure - CNRS - Universités Paris mental retardation and SOURCE PROCEEDINGS DATE OCTOBER 4, 2004 DATE OCTOBER 2004 and 7) recently demonstrated that it was possible to skeletal deformation. OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY detect DNA using electronics only via silicon transistor SOURCE CELL / PRESS OF SCIENCES (UNITED STATES) networks. This detection method uses the intrinsic charge RELEASE DATE APRIL 12, 2004 of the biological molecule and therefore does not requi- DATE APRIL 30, 2004 SOURCE PRESS RELEASE re any marking, such as radioactive tracers. Research- DATE APRIL 20, 2004 ers were able to run a detection test on one of the most frequent pathogenic mutations in the human genome: hereditary deafness in children. SOURCE APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS DATE MARCH 1, 2004 SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE MARCH 4, 2004 PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 03 PAGE 22 KEY ACTIVITIES MAN AND 23 2004 HUMANS

> > > The brain’s motor areas = The estimation of time work via anticipation: -essential to life-as seen Can we do arithmetic if we don’t the human brain prefers from the cerebral cortex HOW THE FEELING have words to designate numbers? to predict rather than react j SOURCE SCIENCE This is what we learn from the OF REGRET to movements by others. MATHEMATICS: Men and women are DATE MARCH 5 Mundurucus Indians… SOURCE NATURE NEUROSCIENCE / SOURCE PRESS RELEASE equal. A study clearly demonstrates that the fear of INFLUENCES OUR SOURCE SCIENCE / PRESS RELEASE PRESS RELEASE confirming the negative stereotype whereby women are DATE MARCH 8, 2004 DECISIONS. DATE DATE 15 OCTOBER 2004 DATE NOVEMBER 25 titut des Sciences Cognitives less capable than men in mathematics... is enough to Regret is a key factor in decision-making. diminish their performance! Angela Sirigu, neurobiologist at the Ins- SOURCE JOURNAL DU CNRS, REPORT: HOW DO WE LEARN? (Cogniti- DATE JULY-AUGUST 2004 ve Sciences Institute) in Lyons (CNRS - Université Lyon 1), working with econo- mist G. Goricelli, tested the capacity for feeling regret in situations where subjects choose between two games of chance with a financial reward. The key finding of this work is not the HUMANS: subjects’ simple emotional reaction at winning or losing (joy/disappointment), but how the subjects feel when they com- HOW pare what they have obtained with what they could have obtained had they made THEY WORK a different choice. It is this so-called “counter-factual” comparison that causes PEOPLE, THEIR EMOTIONS, THEIR BEHAVIOR... AND THEIR BRAINS: INTEGRATIVE regret. Thus it appears that regret is an emotion resulting from a cognitive treat- NEUROBIOLOGY,THE STUDY OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS,BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES,THE ment of the situation. Neuropsychologi- NEURONAL BASES OF MENTAL PROCESSES. SEVERAL DISCIPLINES ARE CURRENT- cal analysis of patients with lesions of the LY WORKING TOGETHER TO SOLVE THE MYSTERIES OF THE BRAIN, USING NONINVA- ventromedial prefrontal cortex (part of the SIVE CEREBRAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES,ANALYZING COMPLEX orbitofrontal region) shows that those patients did not experience this feeling COGNITIVE MALFUNCTIONS IN PATHOLOGIES,OR DURING NOR- of regret when faced with the conse- MAL OR PATHOLOGICAL CEREBRAL AGING… quences inherent in a choice. These results also modify the traditio- nal economic theory that considers the decision-maker as a rational individual who makes choices based on the calcu- lation of probabilities. SOURCE SCIENCE DATE MAY 21 SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE MAY 24, 2004

17 / 05 / 04 02 / 07 / 04 > The brain remembers First scientific meetings Meeting with our faults and our of the national cognitive the scientific press qualities differently. and neurocognitive on the theme 26 / 11 / 04 SOURCE NEUROIMAGE / studies network for “How do we learn?” The media, students, PRESS RELEASE autism: multidisciplinary + www.cnrs.fr X and companies meet with DATE JULY 8, 2004 scientific research SEE THE ONLINE CNRS linguistics experts: is required to understand MEDIA KIT conferences, debates and and treat the most exhibitions presented serious developmental by 40 laboratories. psychopathlogies. SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE MAY 14, 2004 > Where do memories hide in the brain? SOURCE SCIENCE / PRESS RELEASE DATE JULY 2, 2004 PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 03 PAGE 24 KEY ACTIVITIES MAN AND 25 2004 HUMANS

> > > The mummified sacred What causes a book Cerebralerectus growth in Homo > lion at the tomb of Maïa, to become a bestseller? : closer to Discovery of a former the royal wet nurse of the Analyzing literary success chimpanzees than to capital of the Kushan Empire pharaoh Tutankhamun, is through statistical physics. modern man. in Uzbekistan. revealed in Saqqara. SOURCE PHYSICAL SOURCE NATURE/ SOURCE NATURE / REVIEW LETTERS PRESS RELEASE SOURCE JOURNAL DU CNRS DECEMBER / PRESS RELEASE PRESS RELEASE DATE NOVEMBER 19, 2004 DATE SEPTEMBER 16, 2004 DATE DECEMBER 3, 2004 DATE JANUARY 15, 2004 SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE NOVEMBER 23, 2004 A TAMED CAT IN CYPRUS... MORE THAN 7,000 YEARS BC It was previously thought that the first domesticated cats appeared in Egypt during the second millennium BC. But the excavation at the Cypriot site of Shillourokambos recently revealed a sepulture dating be- tween 7,500 and 7,000 years BC which associated man and cat. This discovery suggests that cats were tamed much earlier than previous- ly assumed, when man first began to settle and farm; it also implies that domesticated cats originated in the Orient rather than in Egypt. SOURCE SCIENCE / PRESS RELEASE DATE APRIL 9, 2004

THE HISTORY OF MAN: STORIES OF MEN SEARCHING,OBSERVING, DESCRIBING,INTERPRETING, EXPLAINING MAN AND HIS HISTORY… A FASCINATING EXPLORATION THROUGH THE TORRENTS OF TIME.

> MATHEMATICS > > Pottery and bones Artémis: a new accelerator What we learn from > complete the final IN ANCIENT CHINA for carbon-14 dating was Neanderthal man’s 75,000 YEAR-OLD JEWELS! excavations of the funeral Karine Chemla, in collaboration with ment of variables. The commentaries inaugurated on April 8, 2004 at > teeth… CNRS prehistorians and South African mound at Prissé-la- the Atomic Energy Commission SOURCE NATURE / Guopitres Shunchun (Chinese Academy of attempt to demonstrate that the algo- Traditional societies: research scientists have analyzed Charrière. Sciences) has published Les Neuf Cha- rithms are correct and express a de- (CEA) Center in Saclay, France mythical ancestor or PRESS RELEASE SOURCE JOURNAL DU CNRS (Éditions Dunod). Classical sire to generalize the mathematical by CNRS, CEA, the Ministry of biological ancestor? DATE APRIL 29, 2004 41 small shells used as jewelry dating back SEPTEMBER / PRESS RELEASE mathematics in ancient China and its problems raised, such as performing Culture and Communication, the Shedding light with an 75,000 years, proving that jewels were DATE SEPTEMBER 17, 2004 commentaries represent a genuine fractional arithmetic or extracting square Institut de Radioprotection et de ethno-genetic approach. invented much earlier than was previously scientific event. or cube roots. This work contradicts Sûreté Nucléaire SOURCE AMERICAN JOURNAL believed. This discovery has major Les Neuf Chapitres, a work about the preconceived notion whereby the (Radioprotection and Safety OF HUMAN GENETICS / ramifications for studies of the origin mathematical procedures, presents ancient Greek texts are the sole histor- Institute, or IRSN), and the PRESS RELEASE of symbolic thinking and language. 250 problems written during the first ical source of mathematical demon- Institut de Recherche pour le DATE NOVEMBER 5, 2004 SOURCE SCIENCE / PRESS RELEASE century of our era. They have long stration. Développement(Development DATE APRIL 16, 2004 been considered a true classic, so SOURCE PRESS RELEASE Research Institute, or IRD). much so that mathematical activity in DATE SEPTEMBER 23, 2004 Applications for this accelerator China often consisted of comments are found in fields such as on that work. archaeology, museography, Les Neuf Chapitres is the first known environmental and climate text to present the three fundamental studies. operations for writing algorithms: iter- SOURCE PRESS RELEASE ations, conditionals, and the assign- DATE APRIL 8, 2004 PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 04 PAGE 26 KEY ACTIVITIES INTELLIGENT 27 2004 SYSTEMS

RABBIT ROBOT: HE USED TO JUST WALK BUT NOW HE CAN RUN! This robot was developed as part of the national Robea project associating seven French laboratories and two universities*. The goals: to develop methods and theo- retical tools for enabling a two-legged robot to both walk and run, and to validate them through experiments. Rabbit moves on a plane and only has four motors (hips and knees): he has no feet, so his ankles are not motorized. Rab- bit took his first steps in 2002. In Sep- tember 2004, he tried running and the first results (a few strides) were very encouraging. The strategy used for run- ning is an extension of the work devel- oped for walking. Movements during the INTELLIGENT phase with both feet off the ground pre- pare for the next phase, where one foot touches down. SYSTEMS + http://robot-rabbit.lag.ensieg.inpg.fr/ X SOURCE VIDEOS AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ARE AVAILABLE ON THE SITE TO ASSIST HUMANS OF THE RABBIT PROJECT.

*d’AutomatiqueInstitut de Recherche en Communications et Cybernétique de Nantes(Nantes Institute of Communications and Cybernetic Research); Laboratoire (Automatics Laboratory) in Grenoble; Laboratoire d’Informatique, de Robotique et de Micro- deélectroniquedes Robotique Solides (Computing, Robotics, and Microelectronics Laboratory) in Montpellier; Laboratoire de Mécanique (Solid Mechanics Laboratory); Laboratoire (Robotics Laboratory) in Versailles; COMPUTERS… INFORMATION SYSTEMS… VIRTUAL REALITY… Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes (Signal and Systems Laboratory); Laboratoire de Vision et Robotique ROBOTICS… SIGNAL, SPEECH, AND IMAGE PROCESSING… (Vision and Robotics and Laboratory); University of Michigan, Ohio State University. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS… CONTENT AND USAGE… TO ASSIST HUMANS. PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 04 PAGE 28 KEY ACTIVITIES INTELLIGENT 29 2004 SYSTEMS

> TOO MUCH SECRECY? > > > New technologies serving Journalists, CNRS CNRS multiplies the Electronic version of the education: the launch of The verification of cryptographic proto- Cachan) introduced a new protocol model research scientists and... computing capabilities Académie Française Kaleidoscope, a European cols is vital as they are used in a wide and developed a program proving that robots met on January 23, of European research by dictionary, developed in network of excellence range of applications such as secure pay- the protocol being studied keeps the 2004 for a “Robotics acquiring a new IBM > collaboration with the Inauguration in Evry on > coordinated by CNRS and ment over the Internet or cellular tele- requested secrets. This program found Special”. Power4+ supercomputer. Laboratoireet Traitement Atilf Informatique(Analyse May 6 and press Inspired by the flight involving research phony. These protocols can be broken by the error, detected manually, in the Need- SOURCE PRESS RELEASE SOURCE PRESS RELEASE de la Langue Française demonstration of EVR@, scientists, industrialists, an intruder capable of intercepting mes- ham-Schroeder protocol and enabled the DATE FEBRUARY 10, 2004 DATE FEBRUARY 19, 2004 - control mechanisms of and users in 23 countries. sages. But they are very difficult to veri- verification of the secrecy of several other the first virtual reality Computer Analysis and flies, research scientists* platform, and of SOURCE PRESS RELEASE fy: for example, Gavin Lowe discovered an cryptographic protocols. Processing of the French have shown that an @ugmentée in France, DATE MARCH 4, 2004 error in the Needham-Schroeder protocol Language, CNRS - airborne creature can 18Spécification years after et it Vérificationwas published… financed by the Ministry of Université Nancy 2). navigate alone without Education and Research, Véronique Cortier of the Laboratoire SOURCE PRESS RELEASE measuring either its CNRS, and the Essonne (Specification DATE JUNE 24, 2004 altitude or its ground and Verification Laboratory, CNRS - ENS General Council. speed. Octave, the SOURCE PRESS RELEASE miniature (100 g) DATE MAY 3, 2004 airborne robot, managed to fly over a hilly terrain at 3 meters/second, and even to take off and land automatically, while having sensible reactions jParis 6. to contrary and favorable Sounds from outer space for music lovers by Haliaetus: loud- winds. The basis of this speakers whose shape is directly inspired by the profile of rocket engines surprising performance is help reduce noise distortion. Based on a score by CNRS - Université an automatic pilot inspired by a fly’s eye. SOURCE JOURNAL DU CNRS Installed on a drone or DATE NOVEMBER 2004 aircraft, this automatic pilot does away with the need for multiple traditional sensors which are both heavy and expensive; the robot can also operate in the infrared or millimetric spectrum, for flying on automatic pilot with zero visibility.Mouvement et Perception

*Biorobotics team of Nicolas Franceschini, Laboratoire (Movement and Perception Laboratory, CNRS - Université de la Méditerrannée)

> > > Provide information technology resources j How can we obtain the Presentation of CAPHÉS, and share data throughout Europe, The computing of the future is arriving in our enormous computing Centre Européen 24 hours a day? Due to the efforts homes to transform everyday objects into tactile, interactive capacity required to d’Archives de Philosophie of 21 scientific and industrial partners, devices. The startup company Sensitive Object uses a discover the secrets of et d’Édition des Sciences including 3 from France (CNRS, CEA, patent from CNRS - Université Paris 7. matter? The solution may (European Center of and Communication & Systèmes), the SOURCE JOURNAL DU CNRS reside in the creation of Philosophical Archives European computing grid is shifting into DATE JANUARY 2004 apeNEXT, a supercomputer and Science Publications), high gear! developed by Italian, created at the initiative of SOURCE PRESS RELEASE French, and German CNRS,Supérieure the École Normale DATE MARCH 31, 2004 physicists and computer (ENS), the scientists. École des Hautes Études SOURCE PRESS RELEASE en Sciences Sociales DATE JULY 1, 2004 (School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, or EHESS), and the Pour la Science (For Science) foundation. SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE DECEMBER 2, 2004 PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 05 PAGE 30 KEY ACTIVITIES MATTER AND 31 2004 MATERIALS > Developing powders via supercritical UNDERSTANDING fluids: their use on a commercial scale is a source of major technological change AND MASTERING in several fields and more especially in the agri-food and pharmaceutical IN ORDER TO industries. DEVELOP AND INNOVATE DEVELOPING NEW COMPOUNDS, UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIVITY, UNCOVERING IN MORE AND MORE DETAIL-TO THE POINT OF PREDICTING-THE RELA- TIONS BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMIC-LEVEL COMPOUNDS AND THEIR PROPERTIES... THE CHEMI- CAL SCIENCES ARE CARRYING OUT RESEARCH INTERFACED WITH SEVERAL OTHER DISCIPLINES AND ARE DISCOVERING FILMING ALL KINDS OF APPLICATIONS, FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AND MATERIALS TO BIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY. THE MOVEMENTS OF ATOMS WITH X-RAYS Two teams of research scientists man- aged by Michael Wulff of the European ratoire de Physique Théorique des Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Liquides Grenoble) and by Savo Bratos of the Labo-

CATALYSIS (Laboratory of Theoretical Fluid SPECIALISTS Physics, CNRS - Université Paris 6) have TAKE UP managed to monitor the real-time for- mation of diatomic molecules in a sol- A CHALLENGE vent. The reaction is triggered by a laser FROM DAILY LIFE! pulse and is followed by brief X-ray pulses. The local and global changes to the sol- How to prevent the enameled aluminum vent structure during the reaction were base of household irons from becoming also monitored. This is the first time that clogged, especially with synthetic fibers? such atomic movements are viewed in This is the subject of a joint project by real time. the CNRS Institut de Recherche sur la > > > Catalyse SOURCE PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS / NATURE (Catalysis Research Center) in GIGA, the world’s only Zeolite IM-12, Water-resistant coatings, DATE MAY 20, 2004 Villeurbanne and the Calor-SEB company machine for testing the a synthetic precious stone adhesives, and... the SOURCE PRESS RELEASE which has led to the development of a resistance of concrete for petrochemistry. physical phenomena of DATE MAY 28, 2004 palladium-based catalytic coating. under extreme stress. SOURCE SCIENCE / wet dog hair. Although only a few nanometers thick, SOURCE PRESS RELEASE PRESS RELEASE SOURCE NATURE / the coating offers very high catalytic DATE MAY 12, 2004 DATE MAY 14, 2004 PRESS RELEASE oxidation at low temperatures (250- DATE DECEMBER 9, 2004 300°C), is perfectly homogeneous and extremely smooth, and ensures optimal glide. It also adheres very well to the underlying enamel, is only a few dozen nanometers thick, and represents a mini- mal additional cost. The industrial partner plans to market the iron. PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 05 PAGE 32 KEY ACTIVITIES MATTER AND 3333 2004 MATERIALS

NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES: FAST GROWTH, AN INTER- > MICROCAVITY Synthesizing superlattices NANOLASERS of iron nanocubes: these magnetic DISCIPLINARY Information and communication nanoparticles can then be used sciences and technologies are clamor- as microcomponents. ing for components that emit or detect CALLING SOURCE SCIENCE on very large and very robust wave- WE ARE BEGINNING TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE WORLD AT DATE FEBRUARY 6, 2004 lengths. SOURCE PRESS RELEASE Quantum cascade lasers are a new THE NANOMETER LEVEL - ONE MILLIONTH OF A MILLIMETER- DATE FEBRUARY 9, 2004 category of components whose emis- A FIELD OF RESEARCH WHERE MAJOR DISCOVERIES ARE EXPECT- sion of light results from “falling” elec- ED IN PHYSICS,CHEMISTRY,MATERIAL SCIENCES,AND BIOLOGY. trons (or a tunnel effect) following THIS “NANOWORLD” CONCEALS CONSIDERABLE TECH- “stages” (or quantum wells) with the emission of photons at each “stage”. NOLOGICAL TREASURES. This offers enormous flexibility for com- ponent architectures by stacking thin layers of various thicknesses. For some applications, it is preferable to obtain an emission via the surface. This can be achieved by creating a resonant micro- cavity using the photonic crystal concept. There are numerous applications for quantum cascade lasers in fields such as spectroscopy, gas detection, and even telecommunications with wireless connections that are insensitive to atmospheric conditions. Combining these two concepts makes it possible to develop vertical emission lasers with optical microcavities. > In the strategically important fields The European of nanosciences and nanotechnologies, Nanomempro network of this innovation enables scientists to excellence, coordinated by > > imagine new features for quantum cas- CNRS, is at the crossroads Nanotechnologies: Optical nanoscopy, a new cade lasers, in particular concerning of nanosciences and Cooperative agreement technique for observing size. membrane technologies. between CNRS and the isolated metallic The first prototype was developed at After starting with 13 > Japanese National > nanoparticles Bell Labs (United States) by Raffaele scientific partners, this Institute for Materials A Franco-British team SOURCE PHYSICAL REVIEW Colombelli and his associates in the “interest club”-a gateway Modeling nano-objects Science. demonstrates that double- LETTERS 2004 / team of Dr. Federico Capasso. Colom- for transferring knowledge in crystal molds: a Franco-German SOURCE PRESS RELEASE walled carbon nanotubes PRESS RELEASE belli -now a research scientist at the between public and cooperative program DATE MARCH 25, 2004 have original properties for DATE OCTOBER 22, 2004 Institut d’Électronique Fondamenta- private research-already SOURCE PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004 / resisting high pressure. le d’Orsay(Fundamental Electronics numbers 40 private PRESS RELEASE Sud SOURCE PHYSICAL REVIEW Institute) (CNRS - Université Paris- companies. DATE NOVEMBER 9, 2004 LETTERS 2004 / )- was awarded the 2004 European SOURCE PRESS RELEASE PRESS RELEASE Young Investigator (EURYI) prize from DATE SEPTEMBER 27, 2004 DATE OCTOBER 4, 2004 the European Science Foundation to start an activity in this field. PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 05 PAGE 34 KEY ACTIVITIES MATTER AND 35 2004 MATERIALS THE LATEST IN ELECTRONICS… WITH THE ONGOING MINIATURIZATION OF ELECTRONICS,THERE IS AN INCREASED DEMAND FOR FURTHER BIOCHIPS:HIGHLY APPLIED RESEARCH ON NEW PROCESSES AND MATERIALS TO DETERMINE THE EVOLUTION OF THE TECHNOLOGIES MICROARRAYS OF THE FUTURE. Biochips are microarrays (such as glass strips) covered using conventional collective microproduction tech- with an ordered series of small deposits of biological niques developed in microelectronics. liquids (DNA, proteins) that are made to react with an- Thus it will be possible to perform investigations more j > other biological product. The latter usually has a fluo- quickly and on larger quantities of products. This concept Lumilog, a recent startup, is already launching The electronic components of the future: rescent label. The chips allow the analysis of thousands of nanosystem-based biochips has very important appli- new products, including a semiconductor for the laser launching the SINAO European network of DNA, RNA, or protein sequences in just a few hours, cations for future research in genopoles. diodes in next generation DVDs. Its young founders pre- of excellence, coordinated by CNRS, with in order to immediately determine which genes respond This research has been awarded an international viously worked in a CNRS laboratory. 41 partners in 16 countries representing > to the action of a given molecule, which are involved in patent and is part of in an integrated European project. SOURCE JOURNAL DU CNRS the main players in research and industry Microelectronics of the a disease, or to determine the expression of the genes DATE NOVEMBER 2004 in this field. future: CNRS and the CEA of an organism being studied under particular conditions. SOURCE PRESS RELEASE inaugurate the SPINTEC The work initiated by Pascal Belaubre of the CNRS DATE FEBRUARY 2, 2004 laboratory in Grenoble Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes dedicated to developing (System Analysis and Architecture Laboratory, or LAAS) innovative mass storage in Toulouse is based on the use of micro- and nano- components and random- technologies to develop new biochip architectures for very access memory for small volumes of products at low cost (a 1 to 100 ratio), computers and telecommunications. SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE MARCH 11, 2004

> Creation of an international CNRS - University of Tokyo laboratory in Japan for microsystems and GROWTH OF nanotechnologies. EXTREMELY PURE SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE JUNE 28, 2004 SINGLE-CRYSTAL DIAMONDSParis 13 The materials and plasma team, managed by Alix Gicquel in the Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Matériaux et des Hautes Pressions (Mate- rials and High Pressure Engineering Laboratory) (CNRS - Université ), has managed to obtain very pure diamonds and very high crystal quality. This work has applications in a wide range of fields, spe- cifically in power electronics (switches), radiation or particle detec- tors, and sensors. SOURCE NATURE DATE SEPTEMBER 30, 2004 PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 06 PAGE 36 KEY ACTIVITIES ENERGY, 37 2004 TRANSPORTATION > CNRS, in association with Spanish, German, and Swiss teams, recently created SolLab, an alliance of European laboratories for research and technologies of concentration solar systems, a means for obtaining the high temperatures > > required to produce energy. It will ONERA and CNRS launch their first joint CNRS presents its work aerospace projects: hollow-sphere foam “for a clean and coordinate the research efforts of for the fields of mechanics, acoustics, economical engine” the main European centers and thermal studies, as well as studies of to the press. involved in this field. This project evaporation phenomena in SOURCE PRESS RELEASE is strategically important at both multicomponent fuels for aeronautics. DATE JUNE 18, 2004 the European and international SOURCE PRESS RELEASE levels as it concerns sustainable DATE SEPTEMBER 15, 2004 development. SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE OCTOBER 20, 2004

> INAUGURATION CNRS and the SNCF (the national railways company) OF AN INNOVATIVE, put research on the right ECONOMICAL track by signing their first four-year agreement for URBAN LIGHTING DECREASING CONSUMPTION, scientific cooperation in SYSTEM IN ALBI mechanics, aerodynamics, RENEWING ENERGY SOURCES… AND robotics, and electronics. Since December 2, 2004 in Albi, a new urban lighting system, based on new SOURCE PRESS RELEASE metallic halogen lamps with a ceramic DATE DECEMBER 15, 2004 covering, uses about 50% less energy to produce the same luminous intensity and to provide lighting better suited to the human eye. This is the result of the European REDUCING NumeLite project started three years pre- viously. Coordinated by Georges Zissis of the Centre de Physique des Plasmas et de Leurs Applications (Physics Center for Plasmas and their Applications, CNRS - Université Toulouse 3), this project j involved eleven public and private part- POLLUTION ners representing six European countries. IMPROVEMENTS IN TODAY’S ENERGY SYSTEMS,THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ONES,THE RATIONAL USE CNRS initiates numerous projects with the By allowing a significant conservation OF ENERGY,THE LIMITATION OF POLLUTION, AND THE CONTROL OF OPERATIONAL SAFETY ARE KEY CEA: projects include ITER, the International Ther- of energy, it contributes to sustainable RESEARCH FIELDS FOR CNRS,ON BOTH SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL LEVELS.THIS RESEARCH IS MOST monuclear Experimental Reactor; a technological plat- development and land-use planning. form for hydrogen and fuel cells in Belfort, in part- OFTEN CARRIED OUT WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS OR COMPANIES. SOURCE PRESS RELEASE nership with INRETS and the Université de Besançon, DATE DECEMBER 2, 2004 the Université de Nancy, and UTBM; and the INES proj- ect on the building in Chambéry; programs on photo- voltaics. PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 07 PAGE 38 KEY ACTIVITIES THE ENVIRONMENT, 39 2004 THE CLIMATE

CLIMATE CHANGE, AIR QUALITY, WATER POLLUTION, AND UNFORESEEABLE WEATHER > Earth as a “snowball”, totally covered by ice: PATTERNS: > severe cold warning 55 million years ago, the North Pole had 750 million years ago! a subtropical climate: this is the first SOURCE NATURE result of the Arctic drilling mission of the DATE MARCH 18, 2004 MAJOR AREAS international IODP program, financed by SOURCE PRESS RELEASE a European consortium and administered DATE MARCH 17, 2004 bySciences CNRS -de INSU l’Univers (Institut National des - National Institute FOR RESEARCH of Earth Sciences and Astronomy). SOURCE PRESS RELEASE THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE:RESEARCH SCIENTISTS,ENGINEERS, DATE SEPTEMBER 9, 2004 AND TECHNICIANS ARE CARRYING OUT THE BASIC RESEARCH REQUIRED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE OPERATION OF EARTH’S FLUID SYSTEMS (ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS) AND CLIMATE VARIATIONS.THEY ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN MORE APPLIED RESEARCH. CNRS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SEVERAL EUROPEAN PROJECTS FOCUSING ON THIS RESEARCH. PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 07 PAGE 40 KEY ACTIVITIES THE ENVIRONMENT, 41 2004 THE CLIMATE

> > The “forest fires” How to better predict experiment in southern flooding? NOVIMET, Corsica to better created in 2003, has an understand the > exclusive license for two phenomena involved and An international network of CNRS patents... WATER, to define firefighting and 26 laboratories determined SOURCE JOURNAL DU CNRS A PRECIOUS fire prevention strategies. the complete sequencing DATE JUNE 2004 SOURCE PRESS RELEASE of a single-cell algae. This RESOURCE DATE JULY 5, 2004 is of interest to Water is the subject of numerous CNRS nanotechnologists and the studies* that bring together research fight against the scientists with various types of expertise: greenhouse effect: this geologists, chemists, biologists, historians, diatom performs 20% of sociologists, economists, geographers… the photosynthesis on the For example, the study of polar ice has planet. allowed paleoclimatologists to reconstruct SOURCE SCIENCE / the history of the Earth’s climates on a PRESS RELEASE geological scale, helping to refine fore- DATE OCTOBER 1, 2004 casts for future climate changes. By study- ing water cycles and quantifying the exchanges between the biosphere and the atmosphere, climatologists are also trying to better understand the factors THE SECRETS that control the climate, as water vapor impacts the greenhouse effect. OF THE CLIMATE The quality of water-both a resource OVER THE LAST and a life environment- is essential to agriculture, industry, and household 740,000 YEARS. consumption. It must be preserved and Once again in 2004, core samples from its use must be controlled: CNRS chem- polar ice in the Antarctic furthered our ists and physicists are working to develop knowledge of the climates of the past, > the most effective methods for analyzing over a time period never previously PARASOL, the second microsatellite developed pollutants, to design wastewater treat- matched: 740,000 years. Teams from by CNES, was launched into orbit on December 18, ment systems, or to develop advanced theFrançais European Paul-Émile EPICA Victor project, including filtration systems. The biological diversity CNRS, the CEA, and the Institut Polaire 2004, and is designed to study the properties of streams, rivers, and lakes depends on (French Polar of clouds and aerosols. This space mission the quality of water and its management. Institute) analyzed three kilometers of ice was developed by CNRS laboratories, mainly By searching for biological indicators, we collected over an eight-year period at the the Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique can better evaluate the health of these French-Italian base of Concordia, located (Atmospheric Optics Laboratory, CNRS - hydrosystems. more than 1,000 kilometers inland on Université Lille 1). Where do we stand on achieving a the Antarctic continent. The profiles of more political or economic administra- temperature, carbon dioxide, methane, tion of water, in areas where it can become and dust developed by the teams from the a source of conflict? Research projects Fourier CEA, CNRS, and the Université Joseph- offer more appropriate management > > > in Grenoble revealed that the methods. Following the Comparative The rocky summit of Mont Blanc, Four-year accreditation of Earth has been through eight climate CNRS has set up international coop- history of man and 40 meters west of the ice summit: a CNRS-IN2P3 laboratory cycles, with a brutal change in the rhythm eration programs to address these fun- climates prepared by preliminary results of the French-Swiss (Institut National de of those cycles 420,000 years ago. Before damental issues and provide expert advi- Emmanuel Le Roy drilling project that will determine the Physique Nucléaire et de then, the highest temperatures were ce at the request of foreign partners when Ladurie, Honorary evolution of the composition of both our Physique des Particules, colder. The warmest period lasted 28,000 the quantitative and qualitative manage- ProfessorFrance at the Collège de atmosphere and the summit’s National Institute for years. ment of water presents public health pro- , research scientists temperatures over at least the past Nuclear and Particle On December 21, 2004, the EPICA blems. at CNRS, CEA, and INRA 100 years Physics)Français by d’Accréditation the Comité drilling project was completed five meters SOURCE SAGASCIENCE ONLINE have pieced together the SOURCE PRESS RELEASE above the rock platform. MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION: climate of Burgundy since DATE AUGUST 2, 2004 (French Accreditation SOURCE NATURE / PRESS RELEASE > www.cnrs.fr/saga.htm 1370, based on the Committee, or COFRAC) DATE JUNE 10, 2004 Plankton and bacteria: a vital link harvest dates of Pinot for the analysis of * These programs involve other research organizations such SOURCE JOURNAL DU CNRS in the carbon cycle. Noir, the region’s leading radionuclides present in as INRA, IRD, Météo France, CÉMAGREF, BRGM, CNES, DATE MAY 2004 IFREMER,Chaussée and the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et SOURCE PRESS RELEASE grape. all types of environmental (Central Bridges and Roadways Laboratory). DATE NOVEMBER 30, 2004 SOURCE NATURE / samples. PRESS RELEASE SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE NOVEMBER 18, 2004 DATE APRIL 13, 2004 PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 08 PAGE 42 KEY ACTIVITIES FROM EARTH 43 2004 TO INFINITY

> Was there rain on Mars > 3 billion years ago? Why are there magnetic Scientists have been intensely debating the contrasts on Mars? origin of Mars’ valleys for SOURCE EOS over thirty years. Now we DATE DECEMBER 16 know that they bear SOURCE PRESS RELEASE witness to a time when DATE JANUARY 14, 2004 water was present on the planet’s surface in a liquid state and for a stable period. SOURCE SCIENCE / PRESS RELEASE DATE JULY 2, 2004 > In the Egyptian desert, a French-Egyptian team discovers the Earth’s largest field of meteor craters using radar satellite images to visualize the subsurface of arid regions, and several meters underground. SOURCE JOURNAL DU CNRS DATE OCTOBER 2004 SOURCE PRESS RELEASE A MACHINE DATE OCTOBER 4, 2004 CALLED EARTH DESCRIPTION AND DETAILED IMAGES OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE VARIOUS LAYERS AROUND > OUR PLANET,THEIR INTERACTIONS AND LINKAGE...ANALYSIS OF HOW THE EARTH WORKS Since the arrival on Mars of the Mars Global CAN NO LONGER BE "COMPARTMENTALIZED" BECAUSE WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND ALL THE Surveyor probes, and INTRICATE MECHANISMS IN CHANGES TO ITS MANTEL AND CORE,THE EROSION OF CONTINENTS,FORMER more recently of Mars OCEANIC CURRENTS, CHANGES TO MAGNETIC FIELDS, ETC. Odyssey, a number of converging signs indicate the presence of ice in the first few meters of the subsurface at high latitudes. > > > SOURCE NATURE For the first time, While plate tectonics Are silent earthquakes DATE OCTOBER 28, 2004 > SOURCE CPRESS RELEASE research scientists have Why do the ripples offers a satisfactory precursors to giant been able to reproduce in on the ocean floor have scars? overall plan for the earthquakes in DATE OCTOBER 27, 2004 a laboratory the operation of Earth’s subduction zones? SOURCE NATURE / PRESS RELEASE deformations occurring in dynamics, questions SOURCE SCIENCE DATE NOVEMBER 11, 2004 the rock of the Earth’s remained about how long AND PRESS RELEASE PLANETS mantel under extreme that plan has been in DATE SEPTEMBER 24 pressure and temperature operation... Scientists conditions. now have reason to SOURCE NATURE believe that oceanic & GALAXIES AND PRESS RELEASE subduction works the SEARCHING TO THE FAR REACHES OF THE UNIVERSE… THE VERY LARGE TELESCOPE, SATELLITES, AND DATE APRIL 22, 2004 same today as it did 1.8 SPACE PROBES:EXTENSIVE RESOURCES ARE BEING DEPLOYED ON A PLANETARY SCALE TO UNDERSTAND billion years ago BOTH THE ORIGIN AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE,THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES SOURCE SCIENCE AND THEIR CLUSTERS,AND THE PHYSICS OF COMPACT OBJECTS.BUT ASTRONOMERS AND ASTROPHYSICISTS AND PRESS RELEASE DATE MAY 7, 2004 ARE ALSO CURIOUS ABOUT THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM AND STARS,INCLUD- ING OUR SUN, AND THEIR IMPACT ON EARTH AND PLANETS IN BOTH THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND EXTRASOLAR SYSTEMS. PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 08 PAGE 44 KEY ACTIVITIES FROM EARTH 45 2004 TO INFINITY

> > > > > > > Flames/Giraffe: a unique Extrasolar planets: Both the spinning of The SNIFS spectrograph The AMBER The smallest extrasolar MUSE, a 3-D tool for understanding models for understanding Mercury around its axis sees its first supernova, interferometer, a giant planet is detected. spectrograph selected for how galaxies evolve. their evolution. and its revolution around in Hawaii. telephoto lens installed in SOURCE PRESS RELEASE the VLT in order to SOURCE ASTRONOMY SOURCE ASTRONOMY AND the sun are explained by SOURCE PRESS RELEASE Chile on the European DATE AUGUST 25, 2004 observe the universe both AND ASTROPHYSICS 2004 / ASTROPHYSICS LETTERS 2004 / the chaotic movements of DATE JUNE 4, 2004 Very Large Telescope in volume and in depth. It PRESS RELEASE PRESS RELEASE its orbit. (VLT), will enable should revolutionize the DATE JUNE 10, 2004 DATE APRIL 21, 2004 SOURCE NATURE / research scientists to study of the formation PRESS RELEASE zoom in on the universe and the evolution of DATE JUNE 24, 2004 to see planets develop, galaxies. probe the area around SOURCE PRESS RELEASE FIRST RESULTS black holes, and dive into DATE JULY 8, 2004 FROM MARS the heart of galaxies. SOURCE PRESS RELEASE EXPRESS:A SHOWER DATE APRIL 5, 2004 OF DISCOVERIES The Mars Express probe of the European Space Agency was successfully launched into orbit around the red planet on Decem- ber 25, 2003. The instruments on board j the probe have been operational since the sique Spatiale d’Orsay start of 2004. Two instruments in particu- A real fireworks display for astronomy experiments, including two experiments where the prin- lar, whose principal investigators are Fren- and astrophysics in 2004, with the commis- cipal investigators are French (the Institut d’Astrophy- ch, have achieved major breakthroughs. > sioning of instruments and new European and international (Space and Astrophysics Instit- Omega1 is an infrared imaging spec- On June 8, 2004, Venus passed observation resources, both on Earth and in space. The ute)Galaxies, and the Étoiles, Laboratoire Physique, de InstrumentationPlanétologie de Grenoble trometer. For the first time, it has produced in front of the sun. French community, which helped develop the instru- (Planetology Laboratory)). spectacular images of enormous perma- CNRS laboratories opened their ments, is now benefiting from their operations, and as a > Back on Earth, the spectrometers of the Laboratoire nent stretches of pack ice, mostly consist- result has made several major scientific breakthroughs. (Galaxies, ing of dry ice. Omega also detected the doors to the general public to > Launch of the ESA Mars Express in early 2004. CNRS Stars, Physics, and Instruments Laboratory) of the observe this phenomenon, which laboratoriessique Spatiale were involved in the development of the space- Observatoire de Paris (Paris Observatory) and the spec- presence of water ice (H2O), also found on nomique de Marseille-Provence the edges of these “dry ice icebergs”. By last occurred in 1882. Now you craft’s onboard instruments (the Institut d’Astrophy- trometer of the Laboratoire d’Astrophysique (Astro- directly detecting ice, water vapor, and must wait until either 2012, (Space and Astrophysics Institute) in physics Laboratory) in Marseille, the Observatoire Astro- water trapped in the rock, Omega should 2117, or 2125 for your next Orsay and the Service d’Aéronomie (Aeronomy Depart- (Astronomical make it possible to evaluate the total opportunity. ment)). Observatory) installed in the focus of the Very Large amount of water available on the surface > The NASA-ESA Cassini-Huygens probe, in orbit around Telescope (VLT) of the ESO delivered their first results of Mars. Furthermore, the probe has reveal- Saturn since May 2004: French laboratories helped in studying galaxies and their evolution. As for the Very ed expanses of sulfates, salts, and clay develop the instruments, mainly the Huygens final Largetrophysique Telescope interferometer of the ESO, the instru- that may be due to alteration caused by approach lander for Titan. ment AMBER (from the Laboratoire Universitaire d’As- water and related to the climate change on > Successful launch of the Rosetta probe which will (University Astrophysics Laboratory) in Mars. reach the Churyumov Gerasimenko comet in 2014: Nice and the Laboratoire d’Astrophysique in Grenoble) The SPICAM2 spectrometer, working in French laboratories participated in over a dozen onboard captured its first photons. the ultraviolet and infrared range, is helping determine the composition of Mars’ atmo- sphere by analyzing ozone, water vapor, > > > > and carbon dioxide (CO2). It demonstrat- ed for the first time an inverse correlation Celebrating 25 years of Located in Chile, the Very Antifreeze in the The first image of an between ozone and water vapor, as the observations for the Large Telescope or VLT Hale-Bopp comet: this extrasolar planet? Canada-France-Hawaii pulverizes the record for ethylene glycol is the SOURCE ASTRONOMY AND latter destroys the former. It also perform- > ed the first complete vertical sounding of telescopeNational de(Conseil Recherches detecting the most most complex organic ASTROPHYSICS LETTERS 2004 / Incredible performance the atmospheric density on Mars (mainly du Canada remote galaxy in the molecule ever identified PRESS RELEASE by the EPIC X-ray sensor, CO ) by applying the star occultation tech- (National universe! in a comet DATE SEPTEMBER 10, 2004 2 which enabled the nique used on Earth to monitor the ozone Research Council SOURCE PUBLICATION SOURCE ASTRONOMY AND d’Astrophysique Spatiale observation of a layer. Canada)-CNRS-University ON THE ASTRONOMY ASTROPHYSICS LETTERS 2004 / of Hawaii). AND ASTROPHYSICS SITE / PRESS RELEASE miniscule hot spot on a 1 The prime contract for the Omega project is the Institut SOURCE PRESS RELEASE PRESS RELEASE DATE MARCH 24, 2004 star called Geminga. d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique(Space and Astrophysics Institute), in cooperation with the Laboratoire d’Études Spatiales et DATE SEPTEMBER 28, 2004 DATE MARCH 1, 2004 SOURCE SCIENCE (Laboratory for Space DATE JULY 16, 2004 Studies And Astronomical Instrumentation), the Institute for Cosmic Research (IKI) in Moscow, and the Space Physics Ins- SOURCE PRESS RELEASE titute (IFI) in Rome. DATE JULY 15, 2004 2 The CNRS Service d’Aéronomie (Aeronomy Department) was the prime contractor for the development of Spicam, with the participation of IKI (Moscow) and the Belgisch Ins- tituut voor Ruimte-Aeronomie (BIRA, or Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy) in Brussels. PAGE A YEAR AT CNRS 08 PAGE 46 KEY ACTIVITIES FROM EARTH 47 2004 TO INFINITY

WHERE DO COSMIC RAYS COME FROM? MATTER, Earth is bombarded by cosmic rays, a shower of particles (protons, electron, and gamma rays), which can have very high energy levels. Where do they come from? The mystery has remained unsolved since they were first dis- ELEMENTS, covered in 1913. We have long known that any violent phe- nomenon producing shock waves can accelerate pro- tons or electrons to very high energy levels, which makes > them interact and in turn produce very high energy gamma To better understand both photons. But what are these cosmic accelerators and AND THE UNIVERSE: the basic elements of what accelerates the protons? That is the key question. matter and how they We need to identify the sites which accelerate protons in interact, physicians are order to explain why they represent the majority of cos- building particle mic rays. Today the most likely candidates appear to be ORIGINS accelerators that are not the remains of supernovas (stars which explode at the end — The elementary particles of matter, their fundamental only increasingly powerful of their lives). but also bigger and In Namibia in 2004, the HESS international experi- interactions, their assembly into atomic nuclei, and the properties bigger. To avoid both the ment, which involves several CNRS teams, developed of those nuclei... This exploration uses particle detectors located increasing size and costs, the first high energy gamma ray cartography of the remains CNRS and CEA research of supernovas. The experiment determined for the first time WHERE IS near huge high-energy accelerators such as the CERN in Geneva scientists have developed worldwide that the remains of supernovas are indeed an innovative laser- THE ANTIMATTER? or the GANIL in Caen. But there are also instruments on Earth or accelerators of charged cosmic rays (electrons or pro- plasma accelerator, a tons), providing a major clue to the origin of cosmic rays. While the universe contained as much onboard probes and satellites to observe high energy cosmic rays total technological break SOURCE NATURE / PRESS RELEASE antimatter as matter at the time of the Big with traditional (astroparticles) emanating from the violent phenomena observed DATE NOVEMBER 4, 2004 Bang, antimatter appears to have com- accelerators. The pletely disappeared since, a phenomenon in the universe, or the cosmological manifestations of particle scientific community has that our present level of knowledge cannot physics. already dubbed it the explain. Scientists are actively searching for Dream Beam! subtle differences in behavior between These activities in particle physics, in combination with SOURCE NATURE matter and antimatter (a violation of CP- cosmology (the science of the origin of the universe), provide a DATE SEPTEMBER 30, 2004 symmetry). SOURCE PRESS RELEASE In 2004, the BaBar experiment at the new way to look at the origin of matter. DATE OCTOBER 15, 2004 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in Cali- Observing the universe with new messengers (such as neutrinos, fornia demonstrated a new, spectacular difference in behavior between B mesons high-energy cosmic rays, very massive particles in the universe, and anti-B mesons (very heavy mesons). gravitational waves), the emerging domain of astroparticles, is If there were no difference, the B- and today becoming a research priority for CNRS. anti-B mesons would disintegrate in exact- ly the same way. But BaBar measured Particle physics, nuclear physics, cosmology, and astroparticles are very different disintegration rates in a spe- helping to improve our understanding of the physics of the origin cific channel, which indicates a phenom- enon that directly violates symmetry. > of matter, the elements, and the universe, all themes which > > Moreover, this effect is 100,000 times Determining the mass of fascinate a very wide audience. They require developments in Morocco and France International Neutrino stronger than the one previously observed the top quark in order to work together to research Conference 2004: with K mesons (very light mesons). approach the Higgs intensive data processing (large grids of computers), instruments to the ultimate components An enigmatic particle The result, which tests a key mecha- boson, the “cornerstone” explore the infinitely small and the extremely fast, and of matter. is finally about to reveal nism in the structure and behavior of mat- of the standard model of SOURCE PRESS RELEASE > its secrets. ter, is a significant advance in the identifi- particle physics. acceleration techniques. This development is often carried out in DATE JANUARY 7, 2004 Muons: exoticism in SOURCE PRESS RELEASE cation of elements able to explain the SOURCE NATURE / close cooperation with high technology companies. particle chemistry. DATE MAY 27, 2004 problem of the “disappearance” of anti- PRESS RELEASE SOURCE PHYSICAL REVIEW matter. DATE JUNE 10, 2004 Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de LETTERS SOURCE ONLINE PUBLICATION ON THE PHYSICAL — The CNRS DATE JULY 20, 2004 REVIEW LETTERS SITE / PRESS RELEASE Physique des Particules (National Institute for Nuclear and Particle SOURCE PRESS RELEASE DATE AUGUST 2, 2004 Physics) coordinates nuclear physics and high energy programs on DATE JULY 22, 2004 behalf of CNRS and universities, in partnership with the CEA. FRENCH NATIONAL CNRS AROUND WESTERN AND NORTHERN PARIS B WASHINGTON CENTER FRANCE ILE-DE-FRANCE Paris 5th arrondissement Office head FOR SCIENTIFIC Departments of the Hauts-de- Regional Representative — Patrick Bernier RESEARCH THE ALPS Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, Val — Pierre Doucelance [email protected] (CNRS) Departments of the Drôme, the d’Oise and Yvelines 16, rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie French Embassy - Scientific Isère, Savoie, and Haute-Savoie Regional Representative 75 005 Paris and Technological Mission HEADQUARTERS Regional Representative — Michèle Saumon Tél. +33 1 42 34 94 00 4 101 Reservoir Road RD, N.W. 3, rue Michel-Ange — Anne Corval 1, Place Aristide-Briand Fax +33 1 43 26 87 23 Washington DC 20 007-2 176 PHOTO CREDITS Cover > © CNRS Photo Library / Jean-Marc pages 26/27 > © CNRS Photo Library / Sébastien 75 794 Paris cedex 16 - France 25, avenue des Martyrs 92 195 Meudon cedex http://www.dr2.cnrs.fr/ USA Bonmatin Godefroy Laboratoire d’Automatique de Tel. +33 1 44 96 40 00 B.P. 166 Tél. +33 1 45 07 50 50 Tél. 1 202 944 62 40 Inside cover > © CNRS Photo Library / Christophe Grenoble (Grenoble Automatics Laboratory Fax +33 1 45 07 58 99 PARIS MICHEL-ANGE Fax 1 202 944 62 43 Fax +33 1 44 96 53 00 38 042 Grenoble Cedex 9 Lebedinsky -UMR5528) http://www.dr5.cnrs.fr/ Headquarters- [email protected] http://www.cnrs.fr Tél. +33 4 76 88 10 00 pages 02/03 > © CNRS Photo Library / Jérome Chatin page 28 > © Ros Kiri Ing Fax +33 4 76 88 11 61 16th arrondissement Unité de Recherche en Résonance page 29 > © CNRS Photo Library / Nicolas Chairman http://www.dr11.cnrs.fr/ SOUTHERN ILE-DE-FRANCE Regional Representative SANTIAGO — Bernard Meunier Department of the Essonne — Gilles Sentise Office head Magnétique Médicale (Medical Magenetic Franceschini, Franck Ruffier Movement and Director General ALSACE Regional Representative 3, rue Michel-Ange — Roger Fréty Resonance Research Unit - UMR8081) Perception (UMR6152) — Bernard Larrouturou Departments in the Alsace — Jean-Paul Caressa 75 794 Paris cedex 16 Regional Cooperation pages 04 > © CNRS Photo / Nicole Tiget page 30 > © CNRS Photo Library / Christophe Official Representative region Avenue de la terrasse Tél. +33 1 44 96 40 00 Delegation pages 06/07 > dr / délégation à l’information scientifique Lebedinsky The Chemistry of water and of the Director General Regional Representative 91 198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex Fax +33 1 44 96 53 90 Padre Mariano 272 et technique (Delegation for Scientific and the environment (UMR6008) Tél. +33 1 69 82 30 30 http://www.cnrs.fr/CMA/ Providencia for the Future and Strategy — Philippe Piéri Technical Information) page 31 > l. © H and M / Photocuisine.com r. © Fax +33 1 69 82 33 33 Santiago - Chile — Jean-François Minster 23, rue du Lœss pages 08/09 > © CNRS Photo Library / Jérome Chatin Michael Wulff Secretary General B.P. 20 CR http://www.dr4.cnrs.fr/ PROVENCE Tél. (00) 56 2 264 16 28 Laboratoire de Photonique et de page 32 > © Hiroo omi — Hervé Mathieu 67 037 Strasbourg cedex 02 Departments of Alpes-de- Fax (00) 56 2 236 62 52 Director of the Nuclear and Tél. +33 3 88 10 63 01 LANGUEDOC ROUSSILLON Haute-Provence, Hautes- [email protected] Nanostructures (Photonics and page 33 > © CNRS Photo Library / Bruno Chaudret Particle Physics Department Fax +33 3 88 10 60 95 Departments of the Languedoc- Alpes, Bouches-du-Rhône, Nanostructure Laboratory - UPR20) Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination andPhysique of the NucléaireInstitut National et de de http://www.dr10.cnrs.fr/ Roussillon region Vaucluse, Haute-Corse and TUNIS Magazine covers reproduced with the kind (Laboratory for Coordination Chemistry - Physique des Particules Regional Representative Corse-du-Sud Office head permission of Astronomy & Astrophysics, UPR8241) AQUITAINE-LIMOUSIN — Bernard Jollans Regional Representative — François Bertin Cell and Nature. 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This directory was last updated at the end of May 2005. For a list of all CNRS laboratories and personne: http://web-ast.dsi.cnrs.fr/l3c/owa/annuaire.recherche/index.html X