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The G8 and Africa Final Report The G8 and Africa Final Report An Overview of the G8’s Ongoing Relationship with African Development from the 2001 Genoa Summit to the 2005 Gleneagles Summit June 24, 2005 G8 Research Group Civil Society and Expanded Dialogue Unit Co-Directors and Editors: Vanessa Corlazzoli Janel Smith G8 Research Group Chair: Anthony Navaneelan G8 Research Group <www.G8.utoronto.ca> [email protected] Table of Contents Preface............................................................................................................................ 2 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 3 The Group of Eight ......................................................................................................... 5 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 6 Vanessa Corlazzoli, Janel Smith and Clare Paterson The Commission for Africa............................................................................................. 9 Anthony Navaneelan G8RG Good Governance ......................................................................................................... 13 Mary Albino Official Development Assistance To Africa .................................................................. 22 Sharon Peake Debt Relief.................................................................................................................... 32 Aba Stevens and Michael Erdman Trade: Free Trade.......................................................................................................... 41 Anthony Navaneelan and Loretta Yau Trade: Agricultural Subsidies ....................................................................................... 54 Joanna Duarte Laudon Environment: Famine and Food Security...................................................................... 64 Lindsay Scorgie Environment: Water ...................................................................................................... 73 Taryn Burns Health in Africa: HIV/AIDS.......................................................................................... 82 Janet Chow Health in Africa: Tuberculosis, Polio and Malaria ......................................................... 93 Ausma Malik Conflict Prevention ..................................................................................................... 103 Hanae Baruchel African Peace Support Operations............................................................................... 111 Bentley Allan Humanitarian and Security Crisis in Sudan.................................................................. 117 Steve Dasilva Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 128 Vanessa Corlazzoli and Janel Smith G8 References............................................................................................................. 130 G8 and Africa Final Report, June 2005 1 Preface The G8 Research Group is an independent organization based at the University of Toronto. Founded in 1987, it is an international network of scholars, professionals and students interested in the activities of the Group of Eight (G8). To date it is the largest source of independent research and analysis on the G8, its member states, and related institutions in the world. The G8RG also oversees the G8 Information Centre, which publishes, free of charge, academic analyses and reports on the G8 as well as makes available official documents issued by the G8. With very few exceptions, any and all G8 documents referred to in this report are available on the G8RG website without cost. This report was compiled by the Civil Society and Expanded Dialogue (CS-ED) Unit of the G8 Research Group under the leadership of Vanessa Corlazzoli and Janel Smith. The CS-ED Unit conducts research and analysis on the G8’s ongoing relationship with major external stakeholders, namely Africa, prospective new G8 member states (China, India, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa), and with civil society and non-governmental organizations. It follows up on G8 and Africa Interim Report: An Overview of the G8’s Ongoing Relationship with African Development from the 2001 Genoa Summit to the 2005 Gleneagles Summit, the report issued in March 2005. In addition to the G8 & Africa Final Report, the G8RG CS-ED Unit is also releasing parallel reports on the G8 & Climate Change and the G8 & Major Developing States. All of these reports are available at no charge on our website at < www.g8.utoronto.ca > as of July 2005. The G8 Research Group also hosts the G8RG Analysis Unit, which releases two reports per year detailing the G8’s compliance with commitments made across a number of issue areas in the interim year between summits. These parallel reports contain further analysis on issues pertaining to the African continent as well as other issue areas of G8 activity defined more broadly. The G8RG Analysis Unit also releases a pre-summit report detailing prospects for the upcoming leaders’ meeting according to country and issue area — with the latter featuring numerous themes related to Africa. These are available under “Analytical and Compliance Studies” at < www.g8.utoronto.ca >. The G8 Research Group welcomes responses to this report. Any comments or questions should be directed to < [email protected] >. We are grateful to the many individuals from numerous communities who responded to our invitation to comment on an earlier draft of this report. Responsibility for its contents lies exclusively with the authors and analysts of the G8 Research Group. G8 and Africa Final Report, June 2005 2 Executive Summary In 2005, African development has come to the fore of the international policy agenda. In addition to the United Nations summit to review its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in September, the United Kingdom has made Africa (along with climate change) the centrepiece of its agenda as it assumed the presidency of the G8 in January 2005 and the semi-annual presidency of the European Council in July 2005. In March 2005, the Commission for Africa, commissioned by UK Prime Minister Tony Blair to develop bold recommendations for how the G8, the European Union and African states could pull the continent out of under-development, released its final report. Entitled Our Common Interest, the report recommends sweeping policy changes for the G8 including an increase in foreign aid by US$25 billion per year by 2010 and another US$25 billion per year by 2015 and the cancelling of all multilateral debt for the world’s poorest countries. The question remains, however, whether the political desire and financial capacity exist among the wealthy states to translate the bold words of the Commission into bold action by the G8. It is the assertion of the G8 and Africa Final Report that future behaviour is best predicted by past actions. As such, this report situates itself as a compendium to the Commission for Africa, detailing what the G8 has achieved for Africa across 13 issue areas since the 2001 Genoa Summit as well as what it may commit to do for the continent at the 2005 Gleneagles Summit. In particular, it follows progress made on the Africa Action Plan (AAP) (see Appendix A), a comprehensive initiative agreed to by the G8 at its 2002 Kananaskis Summit to promote economic and human development of the continent. In many respects, the AAP is the forerunner of the plan to be agreed upon by the G8 at its 2005 Gleneagles Summit and is the best benchmark by which to gauge the capacity and consistency of the G8 with the African development portfolio. Overall, this report concludes that the G8 has exhibited an engaged yet uneven record of adherence to its commitments regarding Africa since the 2001 Genoa Summit. Issue areas that garner the largest degree to attention from the G8 are those that require little coordination among G8 states, involve little obligation beyond the commitment of funds and produce ends that are both easily quantifiable and media-friendly. As such, the G8 has delivered an excellent record on debt relief (with its Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative), the bilateral financing of the Global Polio Eradication Campaign and African peace training centres, and the provision of funds and supplies, but notably not troops, for the African Union (AU) mission in Sudan. The recent commitment of the UK, France, Germany and Italy to raise their foreign aid to 0.7% of gross national income (GNI) also moves official direct assistance (ODA) into this category. The noted exception to this trend is funding for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, which, despite being similar in nature to other issue areas in this category, nonetheless demands such high levels of funding from G8 member states as to foster non-compliance. The G8, however, registers far more poor levels of performance on a broad range of issue areas that demand a much different form of engagement from the member-states. Namely, these are commitments that require a large degree of long-term policy coordination and collective action of the part of the G8 states. As a loosely affiliated organization that does not host a secretariat, the G8 is not well suited to these tasks. This partly explains why large-scale G8 strategies on water and famine and food security, and G8 and Africa Final Report, June 2005 3 even the development of the African Peacekeeping
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