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Morpho-Anatomical Study of Stevia Rebaudiana Roots Grown in Vitro and in Vivo
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 27 (2017) 34–39 ww w.elsevier.com/locate/bjp Original Article Morpho-anatomical study of Stevia rebaudiana roots grown in vitro and in vivo a a a b c Rafael V. Reis , Talita P.C. Chierrito , Thaila F.O. Silva , Adriana L.M. Albiero , Luiz A. Souza , d a,b a,b,∗ José E. Gonc¸ alves , Arildo J.B. Oliveira , Regina A.C. Gonc¸ alves a Programa de Pós-graduac¸ ão em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil b Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Campus Universitário, Maringá, PR, Brazil c Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Campus Universitário, Maringá, PR, Brazil d Programa de Mestrado em Promoc¸ ão da Saúde, Centro Universitário de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil a r a b s t r a c t t i c l e i n f o Article history: Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni, Asteraceae, is used as a food additive because its leaves are a source Received 16 May 2016 of steviol glycosides. There are examples of tissue culture based on micropropagation and phytochemical Accepted 14 August 2016 production of S. rebaudiana leaves but there are few studies on adventitious root culture of S. rebaudiana. Available online 7 October 2016 More than 90% of the plants used in industry are harvested indiscriminately. In order to overcome this situation, the development of methodologies that employ biotechnology, such as root culture, provides Keywords: suitable alternatives for the sustainable use of plants. The aim of this study was to compare morpho- Stevia rebaudiana anatomical transverse sections of S. -
Nutritional and Medicinal Properties of Stevia Rebaudiana
Review Article Curr Res Diabetes Obes J Volume 13 Issue 4 - July 2020 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Fasiha Ahsan DOI: 10.19080/CRDOJ.2020.13.555867 Nutritional and Medicinal Properties of Stevia Rebaudiana Fasiha Ahsan*, Shahid Bashir and Faiz-ul-Hassan Shah University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Submission: June 25, 2020; Published: July 16, 2020 *Corresponding author: Fasiha Ahsan, PhD Scholar, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan Abstract Researches on new molecules with the least toxic effects and better potency is on its way and more attention is being given upon medicinal plants for forcing away the above problems. Medicinal plants have been recognized as potential drug candidates. Stevia, a natural sweetener with medicinal properties and also having nutritional, therapeutic and industrial importance is being used all over the world. Stevia rebaudiana leaves are usually referred to as candy, sweet and honey leaves. Diterpene glycosides are responsible for its high sweetening potential of leaves. The phytochemical properties of bioactive chemicals present in stevia leaves are involves in maintaining the physiological functions of human body. Paper also highlights the importance of nutritional aspects of dried stevia leaves, metabolism of stevia, effects of it consumption on human health and clinical studies related to stevia ingestion. Various medicinal properties of stevia leaves discussed in paper like anti-hyperglycemia, anti-oxidative, hypotensive, nephro-protective, hepato protective, antibacterial and antifungal. Basic purpose of this review to understand the medicinalKeywords: potential Stevia; Diabetes;of stevia and Phytochemicals; its acceptance Medicinal as a significant plant; Steviol;raw material Nutrition; for human Disorders diet. -
Steviol Glycosides from Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni
0 out of 21 Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 84th meeting 2017 Steviol Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni This monograph was also published in: Compendium of Food Additive Specifications. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 84th meeting 2017. FAO JECFA Monographs 20 © FAO/WHO 2017 1 out of 21 STEVIOL GLYCOSIDES FROM STEVIA REBAUDIANA BERTONI Prepared at the 84th JECFA (2017) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 20 (2017), superseding tentative specifications prepared at the 82nd JECFA (2016) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 19 (2016). An ADI of 0 - 4 mg/kg bw (expressed as steviol) was established at the 69th JECFA (2008). SYNONYMS INS No. 960 DEFINITION Steviol glycosides consist of a mixture of compounds containing a steviol backbone conjugated to any number or combination of the principal sugar moieties (glucose, rhamnose, xylose, fructose, arabinose, galactose and deoxyglucose) in any of the orientations occurring in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. The product is obtained from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. The leaves are extracted with hot water and the aqueous extract is passed through an adsorption resin to trap and concentrate the component steviol glycosides. The resin is washed with a solvent alcohol to release the glycosides and the product is recrystallized from methanol or aqueous ethanol. Ion exchange resins may be used in the purification process. The final product may be spray-dried. Chemical name See Appendix 1 C.A.S. number See Appendix 1 Chemical formula See Appendix 1 Structural formula Steviol (R1 = R2 = H) is the aglycone of the steviol glycosides. -
Stems for Nonproprietary Drug Names
USAN STEM LIST STEM DEFINITION EXAMPLES -abine (see -arabine, -citabine) -ac anti-inflammatory agents (acetic acid derivatives) bromfenac dexpemedolac -acetam (see -racetam) -adol or analgesics (mixed opiate receptor agonists/ tazadolene -adol- antagonists) spiradolene levonantradol -adox antibacterials (quinoline dioxide derivatives) carbadox -afenone antiarrhythmics (propafenone derivatives) alprafenone diprafenonex -afil PDE5 inhibitors tadalafil -aj- antiarrhythmics (ajmaline derivatives) lorajmine -aldrate antacid aluminum salts magaldrate -algron alpha1 - and alpha2 - adrenoreceptor agonists dabuzalgron -alol combined alpha and beta blockers labetalol medroxalol -amidis antimyloidotics tafamidis -amivir (see -vir) -ampa ionotropic non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors) subgroup: -ampanel antagonists becampanel -ampator modulators forampator -anib angiogenesis inhibitors pegaptanib cediranib 1 subgroup: -siranib siRNA bevasiranib -andr- androgens nandrolone -anserin serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonists altanserin tropanserin adatanserin -antel anthelmintics (undefined group) carbantel subgroup: -quantel 2-deoxoparaherquamide A derivatives derquantel -antrone antineoplastics; anthraquinone derivatives pixantrone -apsel P-selectin antagonists torapsel -arabine antineoplastics (arabinofuranosyl derivatives) fazarabine fludarabine aril-, -aril, -aril- antiviral (arildone derivatives) pleconaril arildone fosarilate -arit antirheumatics (lobenzarit type) lobenzarit clobuzarit -arol anticoagulants (dicumarol type) dicumarol -
Rapid and Economic Determination of 13 Steviol Glycosides In
pubs.acs.org/JAFC Article Rapid and Economic Determination of 13 Steviol Glycosides in Market-Available Food, Dietary Supplements, and Ingredients: Single-Laboratory Validation of an HPLC Method Zhiyan Liu, Kangzi Ren, Ye Feng, Tommy Uong, Scott Krepich, and Hong You* Cite This: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03453 Read Online ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations *sı Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Steviol glycosides, obtained from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (stevia) or produced via bioconversion and biosynthesis, are diterpenes used by the food/dietary supplement industry as zero-calorie sweeteners derived from natural sources. JECFA 2017 is the most updated international standardized method but it runs for 80 min per sample with suboptimal separations on several critical pairs for its high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) determination. We developed and validated a rapid and economic HPLC-UV method using the superficially porous particle column to determine 13 steviol glycosides (stevioside, dulcoside A, rubusoside, steviobioside, and rebaudioside A−F, I, M, and N). Baseline separation with a minimum resolution of 1.5 for 13 steviol glycosides was achieved within only 14 min of separation time. The hydrocarbon stationary phase with additional steric interactions from the isobutyl side chains on the C18 ligand was shown to be an important contributor to chromatographic selectivity of several critical pairs of steviol glycosides. The method was proven to perform suitably on columns from three different manufacturers and two HPLC instruments. The method was further used to perform a single-lab validation on eight food and supplement products with multiple matrices. The results ranged from 0.05% w/w rebaudioside A for a hard-candy finished product to 100.8% w/w purity for a rebaudioside M raw ingredient. -
Synthesis and Pharmacological Screening of Novel 1,5
Vol 2, Issue 1 , 2014 Review Article STEVIOL GLYCOSIDES AND THEIR USE IN FOOD PROCESSING: A REVIEW ROLLY MEHROTRA*1, DHEER SINGH2, AVINASH TIWARI3 1 PhD Student, Centre for Food Technology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (MP)., 1 Dean, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi ³ Reader, department of Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (MP) Email: tiwariavinash2@ gmail.com Received: 29 June 2014, Revised and Accepted: 7 August 2014 ABSTRACT Steviol glycosides are the proteinacious secondary metabolites present in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. These SG’s are the principal sweetening agents which are 200-300 times more sweeter than sucrose. A number of SG’s are present in the leaves of Stevia namely, stevioside, dulcoside A, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C (previously known as dulcoside B), rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E and steviolbioside, 100–125. At the 63rd meeting a temporary ADI of 0-2 mg/kg bodyweight and day, expressed as steviol, was established based on a No-Observed- Effect-Level (NOEL). Steviol glycoside extracts have broad applications as sweetener in the manufacture of fruit and milk drinks, desserts, yoghurt, delicacies, confectioneries, fruit products, processed seafood products, pickles, table-top sweeteners and dietary supplements. Other aspects considered are physicochemical and biologic properties for food processing, stability and therapeutic value of SG’s. nutritional information, Stevia market and household uses. Keywords: Stevia rebaudiana, Steviol glycosides, stevioside and rebaudioside. INTRODUCTION Stevia rebaudiana, a perennial herb from the Asteraceae family, is dulcoside. The two primary compounds, stevioside and rebaudioside known to the scientific world for its sweetness and steviol glycosides A, use only glucose: stevioside has two linked glucose molecules at (SGs). -
Identification and Quantification of Major Steviol Glycosides in Stevia
ARTICLE pubs.acs.org/JAFC Identification and Quantification of Major Steviol Glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana Purified Extracts by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Valerio Pieri,† Andrea Belancic,‡ Susana Morales,‡ and Hermann Stuppner*,† † Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria ‡ Prodalysa Ltda, Lote 13, Parque Industrial Gulmue, Camino Internacional, Concon, Chile bS Supporting Information ABSTRACT: The use of 1H NMR spectroscopy for the characterization of Stevia rebaudiana extracts is presented. The developed method allows qualitative and quantitative determination of the major steviol glycosides in purified extracts and fractions obtained from various stages of the purification process. Moreover, it proved to be a powerful tool to differentiate between glycosides which are naturally occurring in the stevia plant and artifacts formed in the course of the manufacturing process. Identification of steviol glycosides was achieved by the use of 2D NMR techniques, whereas quantification is based on qHNMR using anthracene as internal À standard. The solvent mixture pyridine-d5 DMSO-d6 (6:1) enabled satisfactory separation of the signals to be integrated. Validation of the method was performed in terms of specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness, and stability. Quantitative results were compared to those obtained with the JECFA HPLCÀUV method and were found to be in reasonable agreement. NMR analysis does not rely on the use of reference compounds and enables significantly faster analysis compared to HPLCÀUV. Thus, NMR represents a feasible alternative to HPLC-based methods for the quality control of Stevia rebaudiana extracts. KEYWORDS: Stevia rebaudiana, steviol glycosides, stevioside, rebaudioside A, qHNMR, quality control ’ INTRODUCTION substitutes” must be substantiated as well. -
Kevin C Maki CV 20June2019
Kevin C. Maki, PhD, CLS, FNLA, FTOS, FACN Tel: 630-469-6600; Fax: 773-980-7151 Administrative Office Chicago Research Clinic Boca Raton Research Clinic Midwest Biomedical Great Lakes Clinical Trials MB Clinical Research Research 5149 North Ashland Ave. 751 Park of Commerce Drive 211 East Lake Street Chicago, Illinois 60640 Suite 118 Suite 3 Co-located with Great Boca Raton, Florida 33487 Addison, Illinois 60101 Lakes Clinical Trials E-MAIL: [email protected] [email protected] ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 2013-Present President and Chief Scientist MB Clinical Research and Consulting, LLC [MBClinicalResearch.com] Divisions: • Midwest Biomedical Research: Center for Metabolic & Cardiovascular Health, Addison, Illinois • MB Clinical Research Boca Raton, Florida 2014-Present Investigator Great Lakes Clinical Trials Chicago, Illinois 2013-Present Adjunct Faculty, Epidemiology and Biostatistics DePaul University, Department of Nursing Chicago, Illinois 2016-2018 Adjunct Faculty, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Illinois Institute of Technology Department of Food Science and Nutrition Chicago, Illinois 2004-2013 Chief Science Officer Biofortis Clinical Research (Formerly Provident Clinical Research) Addison, Illinois 2003-2004 Chief Science Officer Radiant Development (Formerly Protocare Development) Chicago, Illinois 2002-2003 Senior Vice President and Chief Science Officer Protocare Development, Inc. Chicago, Illinois 2000-2002 Vice President Protocare Development, Inc. Chicago, Illinois Kevin C. Maki, Ph.D. – Curriculum Vitae -
Steviol Glycoside Determination by HPLC with Charged Aerosol and UV Detections Using the Acclaim Trinity P1 Column
Application Note: 293 Steviol Glycoside Determination by HPLC with Charged Aerosol and UV Detections Using the Acclaim Trinity P1 Column Deanna Hurum and Jeffrey Rohrer; Sunnyvale, CA USA Introduction Steviol glycoside determination is challenging for Key Words In December 2008, the U.S. FDA recognized rebaudioside multiple reasons. The structures of the steviol glycosides are quite similar, differing in small changes in glycosylation. For • Stevia A purified from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) for use as a sugar substitute example, rebaudioside B, an impurity that can be formed • Rebaudioside A in foods.1,2 Since this recognition, stevia products have during processing of the leaves, differs in structure from rebaudioside A primarily by the presence or absence of a • HILIC become popular as table-top and beverage sweeteners. Although the stevia plant and extracts from stevia leaves glucose residue at the R1 position on the terpene (Figure 2). These • Natural have long been used as sweeteners in Asia and Latin structural similarities make chromatographic separation Sweeteners America, the terpene glycosides have different flavor difficult. In addition to the separation challenges, sensitive profiles with both sweet and unpleasant bitter flavors.3 detection of these compounds also can be difficult. They Two steviol glycosides, stevioside and rebaudioside A, are do not absorb strongly in the UV, and typical detection largely responsible for the desired sweet flavor of the leaves wavelengths for steviol glycosides, such as 210 nm, are (Figure 1), with rebaudioside A preferred for sweeteners.4 nonspecific. Other detection methods, such as charged aerosol, can be used in addition to UV detection to improve steviol glycoside quantification. -
GRAS Notice 821 for Glucosylated Steviol Glycosides
GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 821 https://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/gras-notice-inventory {Ri~(C~ij\;#~[Q) NOV I 9 2018 16 November 20 l 8 OFFICE OF FOOD ADDITIVE SAFETY Dr. Paulette Gaynor Office of Food Additive Safety (HFS-200) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) Food and Drug Administration 500 l Campus Drive College Park, MD 20740 USA Dear Dr. Gaynor: Re: GRAS Notice for High-Purity Glucosylated Steviol Glycosides In accordance with 21 CFR § 170 Subpart E consisting of§ 170.203 through 170.285, Haigen-BGG Natural Ingredients (HBNI) Limited [l 1038, 11/F, Tower A, Gateway Square No. 18, Xiaguangli, North Road East Third Ring, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China], as the notifier, is submitting one hard copy and one electronic copy (on CD), of all data and information supporting the company's conclusion that high-purity glucosylated steviol glycosides, as manufactured by HBNI, is GRAS under the specified conditions of use as a food ingredient on the basis of scientific procedures, and therefore are not subject to the premarket approval requirements of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Information setting forth the basis for HBNI's GRAS conclusion, as well as a consensus opinion of an independent panel of experts, also are enclosed for review by the agency. l certify that the enclosed electronic files were scanned for viruses prior to submission and are thus certified as being virus-free using Symantec Endpoint Protection 12.1.5. Should you have any questions or concerns regarding this GRAS notice, please do not hesitate to contact me at any point during the review process so that we may provide a response in a timely manner. -
CURRENT MEDICAL CHEMISTRY Repositioning of TAK-475 in Mevalonate Kinase Disease: Translating Theory Into Practice
CURRENT MEDICAL CHEMISTRY Repositioning of TAK-475 in Mevalonate Kinase Disease: translating theory into practice Annalisa Marcuzzia, Claudia Loganesb, Claudio Celeghinic, Giulio Kleinerd,* a Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. b Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy c Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. d Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Tel/Fax: 212-305-1637 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (MKD, OMIM #610377) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic and inflammatory disease. In MKD, defective function of the enzyme mevalonate kinase (MK) due to mutation in the MVK gene, leads to the shortage of mevalonate-derived intermediates, which results in unbalanced prenylation of proteins and altered metabolism of sterols. These defects are reflected in a complex multisystemic inflammatory and metabolic syndrome. Although biologic therapies blocking the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin -1, can significantly reduce inflammation, they cannot completely control the clinical symptoms, in particular those affecting the nervous system. For this reason, MKD has been designed as an orphan drug disease. Of note, zaragozic acid, an inhibitor of squalene synthase, has been proven to inhibit the hyper-inflammatory response in cellular models of MKD, by diverting mevalonate intermediates toward geranylgeranylation rather than to the synthesis of squalene. A similar action might be obtained by Lapaquistat (TAK-475, Takeda), a drug that underwent extensive clinical trials as cholesterol lowering agent 10 years ago with a good safety profile. -
GRAS Notice (GRN) No
GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 715 https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/default.htm GRAS Notice - Rebaudioside D Blue California 6/26/17 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 PART 1. SIGNED STATEMENTS AND CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................................. 4 A. Basis of Exclusion from the Requirement for Premarket Approval Pursuant to Proposed 21 CFR 170.36(c)(1) ... ........ 4 B. Name and Address of Responsible Party ....................................................................... ................... ............ ................. 5 C. Common Name and Identity of Notified Substance........................................................ .............................................. .. 5 D. Conditions of Intended Use in Food ............................................................................................................................... 5 E. Basis for GRAS Conclusion........................................................................... ................................................................. 6 F. Availability of Information ................................................................................................................................................ 6 PART 2. IDENTITY, METHOD OF MANUFACTURE, SPECIFICATIONS,