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Life Cycle Assessment of Grocery Carrier Bags

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Life Cycle Assessment of Grocery Carrier Bags Life Cycle Assessment of grocery carrier bags Environmental Project no. 1985 February 2018 Publisher: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Editors: Valentina Bisinella, Paola Federica Albizzati, Thomas Fruergaard Astrup, Anders Damgaard The Danish Environmental Protection Agency publishes reports and papers about research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by the Agency. The contents of this publication do not necessarily represent the official views of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. By publishing this report, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency expresses that the content represents an important contribution to the related discourse on Danish environmental policy. Sources must be acknowledged. 2 The Danish Environmental Protection Agency / LCA of grocery carrier bags Contents Contents 3 Executive summary – Dansk 5 Executive summary - English 13 Preface 20 List of Abbreviations 21 Key definitions 22 1. Introduction and objectives 23 1.1 Background 23 1.2 Aim of the study 23 2. Carrier bags 25 2.1 Carrier bag types 25 2.2 Carrier bags available in Denmark 28 3. LCA Methodology 31 3.1 LCA goal definition 31 3.2 Functional unit 31 3.2.1 Reference flow 33 3.3 System boundaries 34 3.4 Modelling approach and allocation of multi-functionality 34 3.5 Modelling of primary reuse 35 3.6 Modelling of secondary reuse 35 3.7 Modelling tools 37 3.8 LCIA methodology and types of impacts 38 3.9 Data requirements 38 3.9.1 Production and distribution 38 3.9.2 End-of-life 40 3.10 Assumptions 41 3.10.1 Assumptions on missing data 42 3.11 Data quality assessment 44 3.11.1 Critical assumptions 45 3.12 Cut-offs 45 3.13 Limitations 45 3.14 Life Cycle Interpretation 46 3.15 Critical review 47 3.16 Format of the report 47 4. Scenarios 48 4.1 Carrier bag alternatives 48 4.2 End-of-life scenarios 50 4.2.1 Incineration: EOL1 50 4.2.2 Recycling of material: EOL2 50 4.2.3 Reuse as waste bin bag: EOL3 51 The Danish Environmental Protection Agency / LCA of grocery carrier bags 3 4.3 Carrier bag scenarios 52 4.3.1 LDPE carrier bags: LDPEavg, LDPEs, LDPEh, LDPErec 52 4.3.2 PP carrier bags: PP, PPwov 52 4.3.3 Recycled PET carrier bags: PETrec 52 4.3.4 Polyester carrier bags: PETpol 52 4.3.5 Starch-complexed biopolymer bags: BP 53 4.3.6 Paper bags: PAP, PAPb 53 4.3.7 Cotton bags: COTorg, COT 53 4.3.8 Composite bags: COM 53 4.3.9 LDPE waste bin bag 53 5. Life Cycle Impact Assessment 54 5.1 Results for each carrier bag 54 5.1.1 LDPE bags: LDPEavg, LDPEs, LDPEh, LDPErec, W 58 5.1.2 PP bags: PP, PPwov 61 5.1.3 Recycled PET carrier bags: PETrec 62 5.1.4 Polyester bags: PETpol 65 5.1.5 Comparison of fossil plastic carrier bags 65 5.1.6 Biopolymer bags: BP 66 5.1.7 Paper bags: PAP, PAPb 68 5.1.8 Cotton and composite bags: COTorg, COT, COM 69 5.2 Overview 72 6. Discussion 74 6.1 Identification of the best disposal option for each carrier bag 74 6.2 Which carrier bag provides the lowest environmental impact to fulfil the function? 76 6.3 How many times should a carrier bag be reused? 79 6.4 Influence on data and assumptions on the results 81 7. Sensitivity analysis: critical assumptions 84 7.1 Choice of reference flow: rounding 84 7.2 Secondary reuse as a waste bin bag allowed only for LDPE carriers 86 7.3 Recycled LDPE 88 7.4 Final remarks on sensitivity analysis 89 7.4.1 Carrier bag design 90 8. Conclusions 92 9. References 94 Appendix A. Life Cycle Inventories (LCIs) 96 Appendix B. Marginal technologies 108 Appendix B.1 Marginal energy technologies 109 Appendix B.2 Marginal materials 111 Appendix C. Additional results 114 Appendix D. Critical review 128 4 The Danish Environmental Protection Agency / LCA of grocery carrier bags Executive summary – Dansk Konceptuel ramme Dette studie giver en livscyklusvurdering af produktion, brug og bortskaffelse ("vugge til grav") af indkøbsposer tilgængelige i danske supermarkeder i 2017. Undersøgelsen blev udført af DTU Miljø i perioden oktober - december 2017. I øjeblikket tilbyder danske supermarkeder kunderne flere indkøbsposer i forskellige materialer (såsom genanvendeligt og ikke-genanvendeligt plast, papir og bomuld) designet til at skulle bruges flere gange inden bortskaffelse. Grundet miljøpåvirkninger fra deres fremstilling, skal disse flerbrugsposer optimalt genbruges et vist antal gange for at kompensere for miljøpåvirk- ningerne, hvor antallet afhænger af materialet og design. Studiet blev bestilt af Miljøstyrelsen med det formål at identificere indkøbsposen med den bedste miljøpræstation, til brug i danske supermarkeder. Studiet har til formål at identificere et anbefalet antal genbrug af hver indkøbspose baseret på indkøbsposernes miljøpåvirkninger under hele livscyklus. Studie tog højde for, at genbrug af indkøbsposerne kan forekomme både som primær genbrug (hvor indkøbsposen genbruges til samme funktion, som den blev produceret, dvs. for at transportere dagligvarer fra supermarked til hjem) eller som erstatning af en skraldepose i affaldsbeholdere (sekundær genbrug). De følgende indkøbsposer blev undersøgt: Lavdensitets polyethylen (LDPE), 4 typer; en LDPE indkøbspose med gennemsnitlige vær- dier, en LDPE indkøbspose med blødt håndtag, an LDPE indkøbspose med fast håndtag og en LDPE indkøbspose af genanvendt LDPE Polypropylen (PP), 2 typer: ikke-vævet og vævet; Genanvendt polyethylenterephthalat (PET); Polyester (af primære PET-polymerer); Stivelse-kompleksbundet biopolymer; Papir, 2 typer: ubleget og bleget; Bomuld, 2 typer: økologisk og konventionel; Komposit materiale (jute, PP, bomuld). En undersøgelse foretaget af DTU Miljø viste, at LDPE-poser er tilgængelige for køb i alle danske supermarkeder, mens andre typer af indkøbsposer tilbydes som alternativer. Derfor blev de gennemsnitlige egenskaber ved en LDPE indkøbspose brugt som referencepose i studiet. Rapporten omhandler kun indkøbsposer til rådighed i danske supermarkeder i 2017, og omfatter ikke andre typer af poser. Rapporten fokuserer på de miljøpåvirkninger, der er forbundet med indkøbsposerne, og tager ikke stilling til hvad indførelsen af skatter, kunders holdninger eller adfærdsmæssige ændringer ville kunne have for studiet. Miljøeffekten af, at poserne smides som henkastet affald i naturen blev antaget som ubetydelige for danske for- hold og blev derfor ikke inkluderet i modellen. Undersøgelsen blev kun udført for materialety- per og poser, der allerede var på markedet. Dette betyder ikke, at andre mere optimale kom- binationer af materialevalg og posedesign ikke kunne være relevante for fremtidig posepro- duktion (volumen, genanvendt materiale, bæreevne osv.) Metodisk ramme Miljøvurderingen blev udført via livscyklusvurdering (LCA), som er en standardiseret metode, der tager højde for de potentielle miljøpåvirkninger forbundet med de ressourcer, der er nød- vendige for at producere, bruge og bortskaffe produktet der evalueres samt mulige emissioner der kan opstå under produktion og bortskaffelse. Når materiale- og energiressourcer genvin- des, krediteres systemet med potentielt undgåede emissioner fra primær produktion af de samme ressourcer. For at sammenligne indkøbsposerne tog vi højde for, hvor mange af de The Danish Environmental Protection Agency / LCA of grocery carrier bags 5 forskellige poser der var nødvendige for at kunne opfylde den funktion, der bliver leveret af en LDPE indkøbspose med gennemsnitlige egenskaber, som i studies fastsattes til: "Transportere indkøb med et gennemsnitligt volumen på 22 liter og en gennemsnitlig vægt på 12 kg fra et dansk supermarked til hjemmet i 2017 med en (nyindkøbt) ind- købspose. Indkøbsposen er produceret i Europa og distribueret til Danske supermarke- der. Efter brug, indsamles og behandles indkøbsposen i det danske affaldshåndte- ringssystem" Som vist i Tabel I var to poser nødvendige for at opfylde funktionen i tilfælde af simple LDPE, recirkulerede LDPE-, biopolymer-, papir- og økologiske bomuldsposer. For disse poser, var enten den krævede volumen eller vægtkapacitet ikke opfyldt. Poser af økologisk og konventi- onelt produceret bomuld blev modelleret hver for sig, for at kunne sammenligne forskellene i resultater for de to materialetyper, da økologisk bomuld har et lavere produktions udbytte end konventionelt produceret bomuld (Forster et al., 2013). Tabel I viser, at for økologisk bomuld skal der bruges to indkøbsposer, da volumen af den økologiske bomuldspose ikke var lige så stort som volumen for reference posen af LDPE. Tabel I. Forskellige indkøbsposer vurderet i denne LCA og det antal poser der kræves for at opfylde funktionaliteten leveret af en LDPE indkøbspose med gennemsnitlige egenskaber. Reference flow Indkøbspose materiale Indkøbspose type (antal poser der er nødvendige) Plast LDPE (gennemsnit) 1 (reference pose) Plast LDPE simpel 2 Plast LDPE fast håndtag 1 Plast LDPE genanvendt 2 Plast PP ikke-vævet 1 Plast PP vævet 1 Plast PET genanvendt 1 Plast Polyester 1 Bioplast Biopolymer 2 Papir Papir, ubleget 2 Papir Papir, bleget 2 Tekstil Bomuld økologisk 2 Tekstil Bomuld konventionelt 1 Komposit Jute, PP, bomuld 1 Miljøvurderingen blev for hver indkøbspose udført for forskellige bortskaffelsesmuligheder: forbrænding (EOL1); genanvendelse (EOL2); og genbrug som skraldepose inden forbrænding (EOL3). For alle indkøbsposer blev der taget højde for miljøpåvirkningen af produktion (anta- ges at produceres i Europa), emballage ved fremsendelse til butik, transport til Danmark samt brug og bortskaffelse (som kunne forekomme i Danmark eller i Europa). Den generelle struktur af de inkluderede scenarier, og processer der tages
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