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A Statistical Framework for Embodied Music Cognition

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A Statistical Framework for Embodied Music Cognition ! ! A Statistical Framework For Embodied Music Cognition Frank Desmet Ghent University Promotor: Prof. Dr. Marc Leman Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Thesis submitted to fulfill IPEM – Dept. of Musicology. the requirements for the degree of Ghent University Doctor in Art Sciences Ghent University Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Department of Musicology A Statistical Framework For Embodied Music Cognition Frank Desmet Thesis submitted to fulfill the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Art Sciences Academic year 2010 – 2011 Candidate’s Declaration I certify that the thesis entitled: “A Statistical Framework for Embodied Music Cognition”, submitted for the degree of doctor of art science, is the result of my own research, except where otherwise acknowledged, and that this thesis in whole or in part has not been submitted for an award, including a higher degree, to any other university or institution. © Frank Desmet, 2011. All rights reserved. Acknowledgements This work is the result of a remarkable combination of many things. I recall, as if it happened yesterday, the first contact with IPEM, where somebody was needed to support this small research group at that time, for the maintenance of the network, with interest and experience in statistics and of course had affinity with music. I could not have imagined that this was the start of a wonderful and amazing journey. First of all, I became aware of the unique position of IPEM, which is nowadays a multi-disciplinary and stimulating environment and a center of excellence in the domain of systematic musicology. I am privileged to have been able to expand my horizon and to share knowledge with skilled and experienced researchers, which all have one thing in common: passion. Therefore, I want to thank all my colleagues for their support and kindness during this work. Their enthusiasm and encouragements and the appreciation for my work make me humble. But I want also express my gratitude to some of my colleagues in particular. First of all I want to thank profoundly Micheline. Without her support and engagement I would not have been able to finalize this work. Even when things went not as intended and I encountered problems she helped me to overcome them and stimulated me to continue my work. Special thanks go also to Luc with whom I had the occasion to discuss and change ideas and who enabled me to re-discover my passion for philosophy and reminded me how important playing music is for myself, to Michiel for his highly appreciated contribution and constructive critical support, to Aagje for the review of my texts and to Katrien for her support and understanding. And of course, I want to profoundly thank my promotor Marc. It is really a privilege to have had the opportunity to work with him. Not only I discovered a brilliant intellectual mind but above all a man with a great engagement and commitment, without prejudices. His amazing knowledge in nearly all fields of the multi-disciplinary domain of systematic musicology stimulated me in my work. But I also experienced a man with a deep concern and I want to express my gratitude for that. And last but not least I want to thank my friends for their patience and their help whenever it was needed. Ghent University Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Department of Musicology Promotor: Prof. Dr. Marc Leman Reading committee: dr. Michiel Demey Prof. dr. Giovanni De Poli dr. Micheline Lesaffre Prof. dr. ir. Jean-Pierre Martens Prof. dr. ir. Leon van Noorden Examination committee: Prof. dr. Hendrik Pinxten (chair) dr. Michiel Demey Prof. dr. Giovanni De Poli dr. Micheline Lesaffre Prof. dr. Francis Maes Prof. dr. ir. Jean-Pierre Martens Prof. dr. Maximiliaan Martens Prof. dr. ir. Leon van Noorden Ghent University Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Department of Art, Music and Theater Studies IPEM – Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Blandijnberg 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Tel: +32(0)9 264 41 26 Fax: +32(0)9 264 41 43 Thesis submitted to fulfill the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Art Sciences Academic year 2010 – 2011 Table of Contents 1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 1 2 Expressiveness, Intentionality and Embodiment........................................... 4! 2.1 Expressiveness .........................................................................................................4! 2.2 Intentionality ............................................................................................................6 ! 2.3 Embodiment .............................................................................................................8 ! 2.4 Towards an empirical framework based on the study of expressiveness and intentionality ................................................................................................................10! 3 Empirical Framework .................................................................................... 14 ! 4 Data sets ........................................................................................................... 17! 4.1 Initial data (Data 1) ................................................................................................17! 4.2 Movement velocity response data (Data 2)............................................................19 ! 4.3 Group interactions data (Data 3)............................................................................20 ! 4.4 Guqin player data (Data 4).....................................................................................21 ! 4.5 Clarinet player data (Data 5) ..................................................................................22 ! 4.6 Summary ................................................................................................................24 ! 5 Methodologies.................................................................................................. 25 ! 5.1 General work-flow .................................................................................................25! 5.2 Development of data sets, software and measurement techniques ........................26 ! 5.2.1 Data sets ......................................................................................................27 ! 5.2.2 Measurement methods .................................................................................28 ! ! 5.2.3 Software tools ..............................................................................................28 ! ! 5.3 Exploratory Data Analysis .....................................................................................30 ! ! 5.3.1 Nominal data ...............................................................................................32 ! 5.3.2 Ordinal, Categorical and Scaled data.........................................................35 ! ! 5.4 The Variability Model............................................................................................37 ! ! 5.4.1 Task constraints...........................................................................................38 ! 5.4.2 Human variability........................................................................................39 ! ! 5.4.3 Aggregation .................................................................................................39 ! ! 5.4.4 Dynamic re-parameterization......................................................................40 ! ! 5.4.5 Sonic Constraints.........................................................................................41 ! ! 5.4.6 Applying the variability framework.............................................................41 ! ! 5.4.7 Data sets in relation to the variability model ..............................................43 ! ! 5.5 Selected analytical methods ...................................................................................44 ! ! 5.5.1 Non-parametric methods .............................................................................44 ! 5.5.2 Analysis of Variance....................................................................................48 ! ! ! ! i 5.5.3 Time series analysis.....................................................................................52 5.5.4 Clustering and classification.......................................................................58 ! ! 5.6 Statistical paths used in this work ..........................................................................63 ! ! 5.6.1 Initial data (Data 1).....................................................................................63 ! 5.6.2 Movement velocity response data (Data 2) .................................................66 ! ! 5.6.3 Group interaction data (Data 3) .................................................................67 5.6.4! Guqin player data (Data 4) .........................................................................69! 5.6.5! Clarinet player data (Data 5)......................................................................70! ! ! 5.7 Establishing the framework....................................................................................77 ! ! 5.7.1 Concepts of subjective top-down analysis...................................................77 ! 5.7.2 Linking the top-down and bottom-up approach
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