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The other strand of the double-stranded DNA molecule is referred to as negative-sense also negative - or antisense , and is reverse complementary to both the positive-sense strand and the RNA transcript. It is actually the antisense strand that is used as the template from which RNA polymerases construct the RNA transcript, but the complementary base-pairing by which nucleic acid polymerization occurs means that the sequence of the RNA transcript will look identical to the sense strand, apart from the RNA transcript's use of uracil instead of thymine. Sometimes the phrases coding strand and template strand are encountered in place of sense and antisense, respectively, and in the context of a double- stranded DNA molecule the usage of these terms is essentially equivalent. The terms "sense" and "antisense" are relative only to the particular RNA transcript in question, and not to the DNA strand as a whole. In other words, either DNA strand can serve as the sense or antisense strand. Most organisms with sufficiently large genomes make use of both strands, with each strand functioning as the template strand for different RNA transcripts in different places along the same DNA molecule. In some cases, RNA transcripts can be transcribed in both directions i. The DNA sense strand looks like the messenger RNA mRNA transcript, and can therefore be used to read the expected codon sequence that will ultimately be used during translation protein synthesis to build an amino acid sequence and then a protein. The DNA sense strand is called a "sense" strand not because it will be used to make protein it won't be , but because it has a sequence that corresponds directly to the RNA codon sequence. By this logic, the RNA transcript itself is sometimes described as "sense". Some regions within a double-stranded DNA molecule code for genes , which are usually instructions specifying the order in which amino acids are assembled to make proteins, as well as regulatory sequences, splicing sites, non-coding introns , and other gene products. For a cell to use this information, one strand of the DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA. The transcribed DNA strand is called the template strand, with antisense sequence, and the mRNA transcript produced from it is said to be sense sequence the complement of antisense. The names assigned to each strand actually depend on which direction you are writing the sequence that contains the information for proteins the "sense" information , not on which strand is depicted as "on the top" or "on the bottom" which is arbitrary. Another confusing term referring to "Plus" and "Minus" strand is also widely used. A single-stranded genome that is used in both positive-sense and negative-sense capacities is said to be ambisense. Some viruses have ambisense genomes. In other words, it is a non-coding strand complementary to the coding sequence of RNA; this is similar to negative-sense viral RNA. This process is related to RNA interference. Others, however, are sceptical of these interpretations. Moreover, researchers disagree as to the best ways to use evolution to explore humanity, and a number of schools have emerged. Sense and Nonsense provides an introduction to the ideas, methods, and findings of five such schools, namely, sociobiology, human behavioural ecology, evolutionary psychology, memetics, and gene-culture co-evolution. Carefully guiding the reader through the mire of confusing terminology, claim and counter-claim, and polemical statements, Laland and Brown provide a balanced, rigorous analysis that scrutinizes both the evolutionary arguments and the allegations of the critics. This is a book that will be make fascinating reading for popular science readers, undergraduate and postgraduate students for example, in psychology, anthropology and zoology , and to experts on one approach who would like to know more about the other perspectives. Having completed this book the reader will feel better placed to assess the legitimacy of claims made about human behavior under the name of evolution, and to make judgements as to what is sense and what is nonsense. Get A Copy. Hardcover , pages. More Details Original Title. Other Editions 2. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Sense and Nonsense , please sign up. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Mar 15, Nebuchadnezzar rated it really liked it Shelves: evolutionary-psychology , evolutionary-biology , reference. Evolutionary approaches to human behavior will remain controversial as long as the memories of eugenics and social Darwinism are with us. Indeed, every iteration of the debate seems to lead to what are the equivalent of academic versions of internet flame wars. Charges of "biological determinism," "blank slate," "political correctness," "ethnocentrism" and other such epithets are hurled with abandon. Each side claims the other is attacking a straw man. Kevin Laland and Gillian Brown turn a keen e Evolutionary approaches to human behavior will remain controversial as long as the memories of eugenics and social Darwinism are with us. Kevin Laland and Gillian Brown turn a keen eye to historical and contemporary debates, attempting to pick apart what else? Some historical overview of early evolutionary theorists and eugenics serves as an introduction. The rest of the book is dedicated to evaluating the constantly splintering theoretical paradigms used to look at human behavior in light of evolution, including evolutionary psychology, sociobiology, human behavioral ecology, gene-culture co-evolution, and models of cultural evolution. This is a very balanced and level-headed synthesis of the research, with a section dedicated to critiques of each field following the presentation of their major assertions. At certain points, it felt a little bit too balanced, giving some dubious hypotheses a bit more weight than they deserve. However, this is an excellent volume overall, an essential field guide for the student of human behavior and evolution. Published by Northwestern University Press first published More Details Original Title. Other Editions 7. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Sense and Non-Sense , please sign up. Lists with This Book. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Start your review of Sense and Non-Sense. Jul 20, Andrew added it Shelves: essays , french-existentialists. If you're not ready for the dense brilliance of The Phenomenology of Perception, this would be a good entry into Merleau-Ponty if you're familiar with and enjoy the essays of his bros Camus and Sartre. These essays are far chattier, and I'd hate to call them philosophy — they largely deal with art and culture, and the issues of the day those are damn near useless nowadays, though, rehashing old feuds that are of minimal interest to the modern reader, maybe even in France. It was all enjoyable If you're not ready for the dense brilliance of The Phenomenology of Perception, this would be a good entry into Merleau-Ponty if you're familiar with and enjoy the essays of his bros Camus and Sartre. It was all enjoyable enough, even if it didn't captivate me the way his hardcore philosophy did. Sep 09, Bill Sirius rated it it was ok. This is a terribly written MP; unlike most of the other work, this one is a selection of early essays among which most are non-academic as well as poorly-researched. Mar 28, Mack Hayden rated it liked it Shelves: philosophy , history. I really liked a lot of what she highlighted and starting with this one seemed far less daunting than taking on Phenomenology of Perception. I had mixed feelings. They dealt with timely situations in a very timely way, which is I first encountered Merleau-Ponty's thought in Sarah Bakewell's excellent primer At the Existentialist Cafe. They dealt with timely situations in a very timely way, which is no fault of Merleau-Ponty's, but it still robs the content of the timelessness that, for instance, "The War Has Taken Place" has. It's still interesting to see what people were thinking and the major debates about Marxism and existentialism in immediate post-war France, but I just found myself skimming more often than not. I'm interested in exploring some of his more explicitly philosophical work and every essay had at least a few glimmers of eternal insight I was very thankful to take in. May 29, Drake Finlay rated it really liked it Shelves: university , france , phil-continental. Found many of the other essays in this collection to drag. Overall though Merleau-Ponty presents many of the key aspects of his philosophy in these essays that are generally about other things so it makes for an interesting read. Jun 16, Michael rated it really liked it Shelves: philosophy , merleau-ponty-m , translation , nonfiction , aa-francelit , phil- phenomenology , philosophy-france , aa-europelit , zz , essays. Metaphysics in man, A scandalous author, catch the era, then The war has taken place, is a sense of how one must live in the Occupation, while the essays on Marxism, theory and communist practice versus philosophy were a more m-p is always welcome, this selection of three main topics captures thought of the times and breadth of application of his type of phenomenology. Metaphysics in man, A scandalous author, catch the era, then The war has taken place, is a sense of how one must live in the Occupation, while the essays on Marxism, theory and communist practice versus philosophy were also of the times when leftism was being co-opted by communism Feb 08, David Markwell rated it really liked it Shelves: aesthetics. Jun 15, Harper R rated it it was amazing. Nonsense - Wikipedia

Hence, this is also a difference between nonsense and missense mutation. Effect on the protein is another difference between nonsense and missense mutation. Nonsense mutation results in an incomplete or truncated protein while missense mutation results in a conserved or non- conserved protein. Besides, the proteins produced by nonsense mutations are mostly non-functional while the proteins produced by the missense mutations are either functional, non-functional, or they have a distinct function from the original protein. Nonsense mutations may lead to genetic disorders including cystic fibrosis, beta-thalassemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy DMD , Hurler syndrome, and Dravet syndrome while missense mutations may lead to sickle-cell disease, Epidermolysis bullosa, and superoxide dismutase 1 SOD1 mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS. A nonsense mutation introduces a stop codon at the site of mutation, resulting in premature chain termination. Thus, this causes the production of truncated proteins that are non-functional. Besides, a missense mutation introduces a distinct codon at the site of mutation, resulting in the production of non-synonymous protein, which can be either conservative or non-conservative. Conservative mutations produce a protein with the same functionality with respect to the original protein while the non-conservative proteins are either non-functional or they have a distinct function. Therefore, the main difference between nonsense and missense mutation is the type of change in the codon sequence and the functionality of the mutated protein. Brown TA. Oxford: Wiley-Liss; Chapter 14, Mutation, Repair and Recombination. Starting from Wittgenstein, but through an original perspective, the Italian philosopher Leonardo Vittorio Arena, in his book Nonsense as the meaning , highlights this positive meaning of nonsense to undermine every philosophical conception which does not take note of the absolute lack of meaning of the world and life. Nonsense implies the destruction of all views or opinions, on the wake of the Indian Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna. In the name of nonsense, it is finally refused the conception of duality and the Aristotelian formal logic. The problem of distinguishing sense from nonsense is important in cryptography and other intelligence fields. For example, they need to distinguish signal from noise. Cryptanalysts have devised algorithms to determine whether a given text is in fact nonsense or not. These algorithms typically analyze the presence of repetitions and redundancy in a text; in meaningful texts, certain frequently used words recur, for example, the , is and and in a text in the English language. A random scattering of letters, punctuation marks and spaces do not exhibit these regularities. Zipf's law attempts to state this analysis mathematically. By contrast, cryptographers typically seek to make their cipher texts resemble random distributions, to avoid telltale repetitions and patterns which may give an opening for cryptanalysis. It is harder for cryptographers to deal with the presence or absence of meaning in a text in which the level of redundancy and repetition is higher than found in natural languages for example, in the mysterious text of the Voynich manuscript. Scientists have attempted to teach machines to produce nonsense. The Markov chain technique is one method which has been used to generate texts by algorithm and randomizing techniques that seem meaningful. Another method is sometimes called the Mad Libs method: it involves creating templates for various sentence structures and filling in the blanks with noun phrases or verb phrases ; these phrase-generation procedures can be looped to add recursion , giving the output the appearance of greater complexity and sophistication. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Nonsense disambiguation. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main article: Literary nonsense. This section needs additional citations for verification. This makes the mechanism of gene silencing catalytic. Other antisense mechanisms are not enzyme-dependent, but involve steric blocking of their target RNA e. Steric blocking antisense mechanisms often use oligonucleotides that are heavily modified. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Property of nucleic acid strands with respect to their translatability into protein. Main article: Antisense RNA. Main article: Positive-sense single- stranded RNA virus. Main article: Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Virus Research. J Gen Virol. Biology Direct. Retrieved 18 September Drug Topics. Bibcode : PNAS Journal of Clinical Medicine. Archives of Virology. Molecular Biotechnology. Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata. Namespaces Article Talk. Sense (molecular biology) - Wikipedia

The third part, "Politics," clarifies the political dilemmas facing intellectuals in postwar France. Norms of Rhetorical Culture Thomas B. Hubert L. Dreyfus , Patricia Allen Dreyfus. The individual words make sense and are arranged according to proper grammatical rules , yet the result is nonsense. The phrase "the square root of Tuesday" operates on the latter principle. James Joyce 's final novel Finnegans Wake also uses nonsense: full of portmanteau and strong words, it appears to be pregnant with multiple layers of meaning, but in many passages it is difficult to say whether any one human's interpretation of a text could be the intended or unintended one. The word jabberwocky is also occasionally used as a synonym of nonsense. Nonsense verse is the verse form of literary nonsense, a genre that can manifest in many other ways. Its best-known exponent is Edward Lear , author of The Owl and the Pussycat and hundreds of limericks. Nonsense verse is part of a long line of tradition predating Lear: the nursery rhyme Hey Diddle Diddle could also be termed a nonsense verse. There are also some works which appear to be nonsense verse, but actually are not, such as the popular s song Mairzy Doats. Lewis Carroll, seeking a nonsense riddle, once posed the question How is a raven like a writing desk? Someone answered him, Because Poe wrote on both. However, there are other possible answers e. Lines of nonsense frequently figure in the refrains of folksongs , where nonsense riddles and knock-knock jokes are often encountered. The first verse of Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll ;. There's a Nong Nang Ning. The Crankadox leaned o'er the edge of the moon, And wistfully gazed on the sea Where the Gryxabodill madly whistled a tune To the air of "Ti-fol-de-ding-dee. The Mayor of Scuttleton burned his nose Trying to warm his copper toes; He lost his money and spoiled his will By signing his name with an icicle quill;. Oh freddled gruntbuggly, Thy micturations are to me As plurdled gabbleblotchits on a lurgid bee. Groop I implore thee, my foonting turlingdromes, And hooptiously drangle me with crinkly bindlewurdles, Or I will rend thee in the gobberwarts With my blurglecruncheon, see if I don't! In the philosophy of language and the philosophy of science , nonsense refers to a lack of sense or meaning. Different technical definitions of meaning delineate sense from nonsense. In Ludwig Wittgenstein 's writings, the word "nonsense" carries a special technical meaning which differs significantly from the normal use of the word. Here the analysis is focused and enriched in descriptions of the perceptual world of Cezanne, the encounter with the Other as expressed in the novels of Simone de Beauvoir and Sartre, and the gestalt quality of experience brought out in the film art form. In the second part, "Ideas," Merleau-Ponty shows how the categories of the phenomenology of perception can be understood as an outgrowth of the behavioral sciences and how a model of existence based on perception sensitizes us to the insights and limitations of previous philosophies and suggests constructive criticisms of contemporary philosophy. The third part, "Politics," clarifies the political dilemmas facing intellectuals in postwar France. Get A Copy. Paperback , 1st edition Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy , pages. Published by Northwestern University Press first published More Details Original Title. Other Editions 7. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Sense and Non- Sense , please sign up. Lists with This Book. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Start your review of Sense and Non-Sense. Jul 20, Andrew added it Shelves: essays , french-existentialists. If you're not ready for the dense brilliance of The Phenomenology of Perception, this would be a good entry into Merleau-Ponty if you're familiar with and enjoy the essays of his bros Camus and Sartre. These essays are far chattier, and I'd hate to call them philosophy — they largely deal with art and culture, and the issues of the day those are damn near useless nowadays, though, rehashing old feuds that are of minimal interest to the modern reader, maybe even in France. It was all enjoyable If you're not ready for the dense brilliance of The Phenomenology of Perception, this would be a good entry into Merleau- Ponty if you're familiar with and enjoy the essays of his bros Camus and Sartre. It was all enjoyable enough, even if it didn't captivate me the way his hardcore philosophy did. Sep 09, Bill Sirius rated it it was ok. This is a terribly written MP; unlike most of the other work, this one is a selection of early essays among which most are non-academic as well as poorly-researched. Mar 28, Mack Hayden rated it liked it Shelves: philosophy , history. I really liked a lot of what she highlighted and starting with this one seemed far less daunting than taking on Phenomenology of Perception. I had mixed feelings. They dealt with timely situations in a very timely way, which is I first encountered Merleau-Ponty's thought in Sarah Bakewell's excellent primer At the Existentialist Cafe. They dealt with timely situations in a very timely way, which is no fault of Merleau-Ponty's, but it still robs the content of the timelessness that, for instance, "The War Has Taken Place" has. It's still interesting to see what people were thinking and the major debates about Marxism and existentialism in immediate post-war France, but I just found myself skimming more often than not. I'm interested in exploring some of his more explicitly philosophical work and every essay had at least a few glimmers of eternal insight I was very thankful to take in. May 29, Drake Finlay rated it really liked it Shelves: university , france , phil-continental. Found many of the other essays in this collection to drag. Overall though Merleau-Ponty presents many of the key aspects of his philosophy in these essays that are generally about other things so it makes for an interesting read.

Sense and Non-sense - Maurice Merleau-Ponty - Google книги

Most organisms with sufficiently large genomes make use of both strands, with each strand functioning as the template strand for different RNA transcripts in different places along the same DNA molecule. In some cases, RNA transcripts can be transcribed in both directions i. The DNA sense strand looks like the messenger RNA mRNA transcript, and can therefore be used to read the expected codon sequence that will ultimately be used during translation protein synthesis to build an amino acid sequence and then a protein. The DNA sense strand is called a "sense" strand not because it will be used to make protein it won't be , but because it has a sequence that corresponds directly to the RNA codon sequence. By this logic, the RNA transcript itself is sometimes described as "sense". Some regions within a double-stranded DNA molecule code for genes , which are usually instructions specifying the order in which amino acids are assembled to make proteins, as well as regulatory sequences, splicing sites, non-coding introns , and other gene products. For a cell to use this information, one strand of the DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA. The transcribed DNA strand is called the template strand, with antisense sequence, and the mRNA transcript produced from it is said to be sense sequence the complement of antisense. The names assigned to each strand actually depend on which direction you are writing the sequence that contains the information for proteins the "sense" information , not on which strand is depicted as "on the top" or "on the bottom" which is arbitrary. Another confusing term referring to "Plus" and "Minus" strand is also widely used. A single-stranded genome that is used in both positive-sense and negative-sense capacities is said to be ambisense. Some viruses have ambisense genomes. In other words, it is a non-coding strand complementary to the coding sequence of RNA; this is similar to negative-sense viral RNA. This process is related to RNA interference. The concept has also been exploited as a molecular biology technique, by artificially introducing a transgene coding for antisense RNA in order to block the expression of a gene of interest. Radioactively or fluorescently labelled antisense RNA can be used to show the level of transcription of genes in various cell types. Some alternative antisense structural types have been experimentally applied as antisense therapy. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration FDA has approved the phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides fomivirsen Vitravene [5] and mipomersen Kynamro [6] for human therapeutic use. In virology , the term "sense" has a slightly different meaning. The genome of an RNA virus can be said to be either positive-sense , also known as a "plus-strand", or negative-sense , also known as a "minus-strand". In most cases, the terms "sense" and "strand" are used interchangeably, making terms such as "positive-strand" equivalent to "positive-sense", and "plus-strand" equivalent to "plus- sense". Whether a viral genome is positive-sense or negative-sense can be used as a basis for classifying viruses. Some viruses e. Coronaviridae have positive-sense genomes that can act as mRNA and be used directly to synthesize proteins without the help of a complementary RNA intermediate. Because of this, these viruses do not need to have an RNA polymerase packaged into the virion —the RNA polymerase will be one of the first proteins produced by the host cell, since it is needed in order for the virus's genome to be replicated. Gene silencing can be achieved by introducing into cells a short "antisense oligonucleotide" that is complementary to an RNA target. This experiment was first done by Zamecnik and Stephenson in [7] and continues to be a useful approach, both for laboratory experiments and potentially for clinical applications antisense therapy. This makes the mechanism of gene silencing catalytic. Other antisense mechanisms are not enzyme-dependent, but involve steric blocking of their target RNA e. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Details if other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. Herbert L. Dreyfus Translator ,. Patricia Allen Dreyfus Translation. Written between and , the essays in Sense and Non- Sense provide an excellent introduction to Merleau-Ponty's thought. They summarize his previous insights and exhibit their widest range of application-in aesthetics, ethics, politics, and the sciences of man. Each essay opens new perspectives to man's search for reason. The first part of Sense and Non-Sense , "Arts," is concerned with Merleau-Ponty's concepts of perception, which were advanced in his major philosophical treatise, Phenomenology of Perception. Here the analysis is focused and enriched in descriptions of the perceptual world of Cezanne, the encounter with the Other as expressed in the novels of Simone de Beauvoir and Sartre, and the gestalt quality of experience brought out in the film art form. In the second part, "Ideas," Merleau-Ponty shows how the categories of the phenomenology of perception can be understood as an outgrowth of the behavioral sciences and how a model of existence based on perception sensitizes us to the insights and limitations of previous philosophies and suggests constructive criticisms of contemporary philosophy. The third part, "Politics," clarifies the political dilemmas facing intellectuals in postwar France. Get A Copy. Paperback , 1st edition Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy , pages. Published by Northwestern University Press first published More Details Original Title. Other Editions 7. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Sense and Non- Sense , please sign up. Lists with This Book. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Start your review of Sense and Non-Sense. Jul 20, Andrew added it Shelves: essays , french-existentialists. If you're not ready for the dense brilliance of The Phenomenology of Perception, this would be a good entry into Merleau-Ponty if you're familiar with and enjoy the essays of his bros Camus and Sartre. These essays are far chattier, and I'd hate to call them philosophy — they largely deal with art and culture, and the issues of the day those are damn near useless nowadays, though, rehashing old feuds that are of minimal interest to the modern reader, maybe even in France. It was all enjoyable If you're not ready for the dense brilliance of The Phenomenology of Perception, this would be a good entry into Merleau-Ponty if you're familiar with and enjoy the essays of his bros Camus and Sartre. It was all enjoyable enough, even if it didn't captivate me the way his hardcore philosophy did. Sep 09, Bill Sirius rated it it was ok. This is a terribly written MP; unlike most of the other work, this one is a selection of early essays among which most are non-academic as well as poorly- researched. Mar 28, Mack Hayden rated it liked it Shelves: philosophy , history. I really liked a lot of what she highlighted and starting with this one seemed far less daunting than taking on Phenomenology of Perception. I had mixed feelings. They dealt with timely situations in a very timely way, which is I first encountered Merleau-Ponty's thought in Sarah Bakewell's excellent primer At the Existentialist Cafe. They dealt with timely situations in a very timely way, which is no fault of Merleau-Ponty's, but it still robs the content of the timelessness that, for instance, "The War Has Taken Place" has. It's still interesting to see what people were thinking and the major debates about Marxism and existentialism in immediate post-war France, but I just found myself skimming more often than not. I'm interested in exploring some of his more explicitly philosophical work and every essay had at least a few glimmers of eternal insight I was very thankful to take in. May 29, Drake Finlay rated it really liked it Shelves: university , france , phil- continental. Found many of the other essays in this collection to drag. Overall though Merleau-Ponty presents many of the key aspects of his philosophy in these essays that are generally about other things so it makes for an interesting read. Jun 16, Michael rated it really liked it Shelves: philosophy , merleau-ponty-m , translation , nonfiction , aa-francelit , phil-phenomenology , philosophy-france , aa-europelit , zz , essays. Metaphysics in man, A scandalous author, catch the era, then The war has taken place, is a sense of how one must live in the Occupation, while the essays on Marxism, theory and communist practice versus philosophy were a more m-p is always welcome, this selection of three main topics captures thought of the times and breadth of application of his type of phenomenology. Metaphysics in man, A scandalous author, catch the era, then The war has taken place, is a sense of how one must live in the Occupation, while the essays on Marxism, theory and communist practice versus philosophy were also of the times when leftism was being co-opted by communism Feb 08, David Markwell rated it really liked it Shelves: aesthetics.

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