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Adolescents' Cognitive and Emotional Responses to Marital Hostility

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Adolescents' Cognitive and Emotional Responses to Marital Hostility Child Development, May/June 2007, Volume 78, Number 3, Pages 775 – 789 Adolescents’ Cognitive and Emotional Responses to Marital Hostility Cheryl Buehler and Garrett Lange Karen L. Franck University of North Carolina University of Tennessee Early adolescents’ (11 – 14 years) responses to marital hostility were examined in a sample of 416 families. The cognitive-contextual perspective and emotional security hypothesis guided the study and 9 adolescent re- sponses were identified. Prospective associations were examined in several structural equation models that included adolescent problems as outcomes. Self-blame and perceived threat uniquely mediated the association between Year 1 marital hostility and Year 3 adolescent externalizing problems (po.05). Self-blame, lower con- structive representations, internalization of feelings, avoidance, and emotional dysregulation uniquely medi- ated the association between Year 1 marital hostility and Year 3 internalizing problems. Specific cognitive and emotionally based responses are important to understanding how martial hostility affects youth and need to be considered within an integrated model. Marital hostility places children and adolescents marital hostility. The study examines early adoles- at risk for concurrent and prospective psychosocial cents’ responses to marital hostility in a sample of difficulties (Buehler et al., 1997; Davies, Harold, 416 families using a three-wave, prospective, multi- Goeke-Morey, & Cummings, 2002; Doyle & Mark- method research design. iewicz, 2005; Grych & Fincham, 1990). In addition to Early adolescence is an important juncture for this disrupting parenting (Buehler, Benson, & Gerard, examination because youth are transforming their 2006) and children’s psychophysiological function- relationships with parents and peers (Steinberg, ing (Katz, 2001), recent advances in understanding 2001). Marital hostility that occurs during this the explanatory mechanisms of this risk factor have developmental transition might create additional focused on two complementary explanations: (a) the demands on the youth because they often are role of children’s potentially problematic cognitive compelled to devote psychological resources to appraisals (Grych & Fincham, 1993) and (b) the role processing parents’ disputes. This diversion of psy- of children’s emotional insecurity (Davies et al., chological resources creates potential vulnerabilities 2002). because youth in early adolescence are also experi- The present study addressed these two explana- encing changes in physical development, schools, tions by examining the conjoint and integrative roles and social networks. This is a demanding period of of cognitive appraisals and emotional insecurity development and the concurrent experience of during early adolescence. A conjoint explanation marital hostility inhibits youth from finding refuge suggests that when considered in the same model, within the family domain. Call and Mortimer (2001) problematic cognitive appraisals and emotional in- suggest that the family domain is a potentially im- security regarding marital hostility each have unique portant ‘‘arena of comfort’’ for adolescents under- associations with adolescent problem behavior. An going a multitude of change and marital hostility integrative explanation suggests that specific aspects might endanger some of the salutary benefits of of the cognitive and emotional response systems family life. Early adolescence is also an important overlap, and that once this overlap is considered, time to examine youths’ perceptions regarding cognitively and emotionally oriented responses are marital hostility because they are exploring their both needed to understand youths’ processing of own identity as a partner in close friendships and romantic pairings (Parke et al., 2001). Youths’ per- ceptions regarding parents’ interactions might shape This research was supported by a grant from The National In- their relational templates that serve as interpretive stitute of Mental Health, R01-MH59248. We thank the staff of the schemas for developing and maintaining close rela- Family Life Project for their unending contributions to this work tionships during adolescence and early adulthood and the youth, parents, teachers, and school administrators who (Linder & Collins, 2005). made this research possible. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Cheryl Buehler, Human Development and Family Studies, UNCG, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170. Electronic mail may be sent to r 2007 by the Society for Research in Child Development, Inc. [email protected]. All rights reserved. 0009-3920/2007/7803-0008 776 Buehler, Lange, and Franck Theoretical Foundation framework, the emotional security hypothesis sug- gests that youths’ responses involve both emotion Cognitive Appraisals and cognition. Davies and Cummings (1994) theorize The potential role of cognitive appraisals in that ‘‘when conflicts are appraised as destructive and shaping children’s responses to witnessing marital reflective of significant marital disharmony, chil- hostility is detailed theoretically in the cognitive- dren’s negative emotional arousal becomes elevated contextual framework (Grych & Fincham, 1990). In and they are motivated to act to decrease their their original formulations, Grych and Fincham use feelings of emotional insecurity’’ (p. 389). work by Campos, Campos, and Barrett (1989) to In their elaboration of the emotional security hy- define marital hostility as a ‘‘significant event’’ for pothesis, Davies and Cummings (1998) outline how children and youth. Defining marital hostility as a this process mechanism is consistent with a func- significant event suggests that hostility between tionalist perspective of emotion that considers feel- parents is relevant to youth, involves emotional ings, response motivations, and appraisals (Campos, communication among significant others, and is Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994). They propose arousing (Campos et al., 1989). Grych and Fincham three process components: emotional reactivity, propose that youths’ evaluation of the significance behavioral regulation, and internal representations of interparental hostility involves both emotion and (Davies & Cummings, 1994, 1998). Emotional reac- cognition. Various emotional responses shape the tivity focuses on the feeling manifestation of insecu- appraisals of threat and prompt coping behavior. rityFspecifically fear and distress. Regulation Appraisals also shape affect and coping behaviors. focuses on the behavioral manifestation of insecurity We suggest that coping, in this case, often deals with by including avoidant and involvement coping be- emotional arousal, trying to reduce the marital hos- haviors. Internal representations focus on the ap- tility itself, and/or minimizing exposure to the hos- praisal manifestation of insecurity by including tility (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). youths’ concerns of parental separation and the Cognitive responses involve appraisals of the spillover of hostility into parent – child relations. hostile interactions (e.g., how bad is it, will parents Theoretically, these three components are interde- contain it, whose fault is it) and estimations of one’s pendent, but distinct, indicators of youths’ need for ability to handle a potentially stressful situation. The emotional security within the context of interparen- cognitive-contextual framework suggests that three tal hostility. types of cognitions are particularly salient: perceived threat, self-blame, and coping efficacy. Conceptually, A Comparative Framework perceived threat focuses on specific fears and wor- ries regarding parents getting hurt, parents separat- Clearly, these two perspectives regarding how ing, and the spillover of hostility into parent – child marital hostility affects youth are complementary. relations. Self-blame focuses on attributions regard- Both view emotion and cognition as being interde- ing the youths’ cause of or responsibility for the pendent, integral elements of youths’ responses to conflict and parental distress. Coping efficacy fo- marital hostility. For example, Grych and Fincham cuses on the youths’ appraisals of their ability to stop (1990) acknowledge the role of emotion-focused re- parents’ hostile interactions or manage their own sponses by theorizing that ‘‘affect is involved in distress. Theoretically, these three appraisals are in- evaluating the significance of the conflict and in terrelated and Grych and Fincham (1990) speculate guiding subsequent behavior’’ (p. 241). Davies et al. that they shape coping responses, particularly (2002) detail some of the interdependencies when whether to get involved in the dispute. stating ‘‘the emotional security hypothesis posits that preserving a sense of security is an important goal that organizes a child’s emotional experiences (e.g., Emotional Security fear), action tendencies (e.g., withdraw, intervene), The emotional security hypothesis suggests that and appraisals of self and interpersonal relationships youths’ responses to marital hostility focus on the (e.g., perceptions of threat to the self)’’ (p. 6). Both implications of the acrimony for their own emotional begin their theorizing regarding the effects of the security (Davies & Cummings, 1994). This hypothe- negative aspects of marital conflict (e.g., hostile, sis proposes that the attainment of emotional secu- frequent, unresolved) when youth are distressed, rity is shaped, in part, by parents’ interactions with aware, and upset.
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