APPENDIX
SUITABLE SPECIES FOR STREAMSIDE STABILIZATION
INTRODUCTION
The objective of this section is, through a review of the literature, to identify and characterize those common tree and shrub species that would be suitable candidates for riparian plantings in streamside stabilization projects of the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) of Oregon. The product is a set of tables, one for each ODOT eco-region, that describe the riparian species found in the eco-region. The species lists are not exhaustive; less common species are not included.
ECO-REGIONS
For the purposes of this report, the five ODOT Maintenance Region and District Map (Sept. 1997) eco-regions, 1) Portland Metro Area; 2) Northwest Oregon; 3) Southwest Oregon; 4) Central Oregon and 5) Eastern Oregon, were used for identifying and grouping suitable riparian vegetation. The boundary between eco-region 4 and the three eco-regions lying to the west approximately follows the crest of the high Cascades. At the northern and particularly the southern ends, this boundary deviates from the Cascade crest. For the purpose of matching vegetation to eco-region, this boundary was assumed to follow the Cascade crest through its length.
OREGON NATURAL VEGETATION ZONES
Each of ODOT’s five eco-regions encompasses several of natural vegetation zones. These zones are characterized by different combinations of dominant tree and shrub species. The established vegetation zones of Franklin and Dyrness (1973; 1988) provided a suitable scale for the research and identification of riparian woody species. At a minimum, the dominant riparian trees and shrubs representative of each Franklin and Dyrness vegetation zone were identified, compiled and reduced to suitable candidates for each eco-region. In grouping species from different vegetation zones into a single, large scale ODOT eco-region, invariably some species are grouped together which do not naturally occur together. The Vegetation Classification Tables are designed to present information useful in determining plant associations appropriate to different riparian sites.
RIPARIAN ZONES
Riparian zones can be characterized “…as an ecotone between aquatic and upland ecosystems but have distinct vegetation and soil characteristics” (Johnson and McCormick, 1979). “As ecotones, they [can] encompass sharp gradients of environmental factors, ecological processes and plant communities” (Gregory et al., 1991). Ultimately, riparian zones can be broadly viewed as three-dimensional zones of direct interaction between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (Swanson et al. 1982). In this document, “riparian” will be restricted to lotic (riverine) ecosystems. In general, the gradients are not as sharp in western Oregon, producing broader riparian zones compared with similar streams east of the Cascades.
A-1 VEGETATION SELECTION STRATEGY
The common riparian woody vegetation is listed table-form for each ODOT eco-region. Ecological characteristics are provided for each species to assist in matching species to specific project sites. Physiological characteristics pertinent to establishment and streambank stabilization are also evaluated. For a species’ characteristic, where no information was available from the general literature or could be provided by the authors, NI is assigned in the tables. For a project, the first step is determining the site elevation and identifying species normally occurring at that elevation found in that eco-region. In addition to elevation range, the natural range of a species may be further restricted geographically within an eco-region. The Ecology-Associations category broadly describes geographic distribution within an eco-region for each species.
It should be re-emphasized at this point that riparian interfaces produce complex and varied ecosystems and that this document is only meant to act as a guide. For comparison, a survey of nearby riparian zones is appropriate at each project site to assess local ecological conditions and associated plant communities. Since the tables characterize only common woody species for generalized ecological conditions, a survey is necessary for two reasons. First, the research sites from available literature represent only a sampling of the range of riparian communities found across the state. Second, in compiling the tables at the eco-region level, local community (site specific) detail was necessarily generalized.
Riparian zones are also complex at the site scale, with different plant communities suitable for different locations within the zone. For any project, the riparian zone needs to be delineated and subdivided into lateral levels (defined under Riparian Zone Levels) as necessary for the specific site. At this point, plant species can be evaluated for use in respective Riparian Zone Levels. First, the Riparian Zone Level category provides a general guide for each species. Further information relevant to matching species to locations within the riparian zone is provided in the Wetland Indicator Status, Shade Tolerance, Flood Tolerance and Drought Tolerance categories. Additional ecological requirements and common plant associations may be described in the Ecology-Associations category. Site specific variables that influence riparian communities include hydrology, substrate, microclimate, aspect, slope and valley constraint.
For any specific streambank location, the Tables will indicate that many plant species can grow there. Not all of these species can be grown successfully together; some will outcompete others. An inspection of nearby riparian plant communities will indicate which combinations are most likely to work.
Since a main purpose of plantings is streambank stabilization, a category describing rooting characteristics pertinent to plant stability and soil binding is provided. Further, riparian zones are dynamic, subjecting plants to stresses affecting survivability. Growth response to damage and disturbance is described in the tables for each species. Since reproduction is important to long- term community function, key sexual and vegetative reproduction characteristics are described.
Further research along several fronts could benefit ODOT’s streambank stabilization projects in the future. Under-represented riparian communities, and those in areas of most concern to ODOT, should be adequately studied. Comparisons of community response to ecological
A-2 processes and variables between project sites and natural systems should also be evaluated for developing future standards for measuring project success.
CLASSIFICATION TABLE CATEGORIES
The following categories of information are provided for each species in the following tables:
Scientific and Common Names
Scientific and common names are provided for all species listed. Except for three species of willow, scientific names follow Hitchcock and Cronquist (1973). Scientific names for the three willows (Salix boothii, Salix lucida and Salix Eastwoodiae) follow The Jepson Manual (1993). Additional nomenclature in common use (synonymy) is provided in parenthesis.
Wetland Indicator Status (WIS)
The Wetland Indicator Status (WIS) is derived from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service “National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands” (Reed 1988, National List of Vascular Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary 1997). WIS categories estimate the probability of a species naturally occurring in wetland versus nonwetland across its entire range. For the purposes of this paper, the WIS published for region 9, the Northwest, was used.
Table A.1: WIS Categories CATEGORY DESIGNATION WETLAND PROBABILITY Obligate Wetland species: almost always OBL >99 occur in wetlands Facultative Wetland species: usually occur in FACW 67 to 99 wetlands Facultative Wetland species: equally likely to FAC 34 to 66 occur in wetlands or nonwetlands Facultative Upland species: usually occur in FACU 1 to 33 nonwetlands Obligate Upland species: almost always UPL <1 occur in nonwetlands NI No indicator status:
A probability (expressed as estimated frequency of occurrence) for example, of 67% - 99% (Facultative Wetland), means that across its range, of randomly selected sample plots containing the species, 67% - 69% would be found in a wetland. For Facultative categories, a positive (+) sign indicates a frequency toward the higher end of that specific category (more frequently found in wetlands). A negative (-) sign indicates a frequency toward the lower end of that category (less frequently found in wetlands).
A-3 Elevation
Within each ODOT eco-region the approximate maximum elevation range (ft) for each species is provided. Elevation values in parenthesis, where included, indicate a more typical range. Changes in elevation normally result in changes in climatic variables (temperature, precipitation) which significantly influence vegetation composition. Elevation, in combination with other characteristics, particularly ecological associations, can provide a useful general guideline for a species potential range. However, the elevation range alone should not be construed as being precise, since multiple variables including local and regional geographic setting, microclimate and basin characteristics all play vital roles in determining a species range. Species presence may be especially variable at the lower and upper elevation range limits. Ultimately, a field survey should be conducted of each site to confirm the information compiled in this document.
Riparian Zone Level
Transversely, the riparian zone has been divided into three levels, low (L), middle (M), and top (T) or transition. The low level includes the streambank that is seasonally inundated, located between normal low and high water levels. The middle zone, including the active floodplain, is above the typical high water level, but is subject to flooding by less-frequent high water events. The water table is near the surface in this zone and has a strong influence on the plant community. The top zone, often including older terraces, provides a transition with the upland community, but is still under influence by the stream. Due to variation in hydrology and geomorphology, riparian zone levels cannot be defined simply in terms of distance. Stream valley constraint and geomorphology are not characterized in these tables, but may be addressed as warranted under Ecology-Associations.
Ecology-Associations
Additional information refining species regional ranges is provided under this heading. Vegetation zone distribution (Franklin and Dyrness, 1988) and geographic restrictions are included. Specific plant associations and stream basin characteristics are described where appropriate. Variability at the site level and between sites is inherent in riparian zones. The listed plant associations are not meant to be comprehensive, nor will all species listed necessarily occur together at a given site. Field surveys are important to refine associations at specific project sites.
Shade Tolerance
Tolerance for shade is presented in a five point scale, with 1, indicating very shade intolerant (requires open space), through 5, indicating very shade tolerant (can grow under an overstory). For species where values were not provided in the available literature, tolerance values were assigned based on the authors’ experience.
A-4 Flood Tolerance
Tolerance for flooding is presented in a five point scale, with 1, indicating very flood intolerant, through 5, indicating very flood tolerant. For species where values were not provided in the available literature, tolerance values were assigned based on the authors’ experience.
Drought Tolerance
Tolerance for drought is presented in a five point scale, with 1, indicating very drought intolerant, through 5, indicating very drought tolerant. For species where values were not provided in the available literature, tolerance values were assigned based on the authors’ experience.
Damage Response
Vegetative growth response to damage and disturbance, including type and rate (if available) of response, is provided under this heading.
Roots and Soils
Rooting characteristics and soils information pertinent to soil binding, plant stability and plant tolerances are provided under this heading.
Sexual Reproduction
Fruit type and dispersal characteristics that may be pertinent for plant community development are described under this heading.
Vegetative Reproduction
Natural vegetative reproduction capabilities beyond the vegetative growth response to damage and disturbance are described under this category.
A-5 Table A.2: Eco-Region 1 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WIS ELEVATION (FT.) RZ LEVEL ECOLOGY-ASSOCIATIONS CONIFER TREES Abies amabilis Pacific silver fir FACU 2000 - 5700 M-T predominantly Cascades; very moist sites; low frost (4000 - 5700) tolerance; with western hemlock, Alaska cedar, mountain hemlock, western redcedar, Engelmann spruce Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Alaska cedar FAC 3000 - 7000+ M-T Cascades; with silver fir, western hemlock, mountain (yellow cedar) (5000 - 7000+) hemlock, western redcedar, Engelmann spruce, silver fir, huckleberrys Picea engelmannii Engelmann spruce FAC 2000 - 7500 M-T Cascades; extending to lower elevation limits only in (3800 - 7500) cold air drainages; with western hemlock, silver fir, mountain hemlock, western redcedar, Alaska cedar Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir FACU+ 0 - 4700 M-T throughout; upland transition; many associates var. menziesii Thuja plicata western redcedar FAC 0 - 6500+ M-T throughout, uncommon in Willamette Valley; with conifers at all elevations plus alders, maples, sword fern, thimbleberry, currants, huckleberrys Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock FACU- 0 - 5000+ M-T throughout; uncommon in Willamette Valley; with
A-6 conifers at all elevations plus alders, maples, sword fern, thimbleberry, currants, huckleberrys Tsuga mertensiana mountain hemlock FACU 5000 - 7000+ M-T highest forested zone of Cascades; with silver fir, Engelmann spruce, Alaska cedar, western redcedar, black huckleberry, white rhododendron BROADLEAF TREES Acer macrophyllum bigleaf maple FACU- 0 - 3000 L-T throughout; wide variety of associates Alnus rhombifolia white alder FACW 0 - 400 L-M Willamette Valley; flood deposition sites; with black cottonwood, Oregon ash, willows Alnus rubra red alder FAC 0 - 3000 L-M throughout; flood deposition sites; pure stands or with (0 - 2300) conifers, broadleaf trees, willows, salmonberry, thimbleberry, stink currant; also along larger rivers Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash FACW 0 - 4700 L-M throughout; in all riparian associations for its elevation (0 - 3000) range, including swampy sites Populus trichocarpa black cottonwood FAC 0 - 4500 L-M throughout; most common along larger rivers; flood deposition sites; with broadleaf trees, Douglas-fir, western redcedar, willows Quercus garryana Oregon white oak UPL 100 - 4000 M-T primarily Willamette Valley and foothills; with bigleaf maple, Douglas-fir, western redcedar, western hemlock, Oregon ash, many shrubs , e d l k k h , , e k, t c p c s i ock red ock a a a bark r o l l l l r r e n , red o w e e m m ith er, n b m a s m e i , e e e t rn e k nd e r ple i illow ith eberry t w e n n a e at open h h i a ; i h i l as c n s d h bl und und l s, p i s l n he ith ; ; l , w e f i m (Gey w , v w m ern ern y y a up s a e ge i t n t e , w ord f , A d a n s s , n d h o w bby ood, i lle lle m e ood, w e e w i erry g edg unt erry e rn , t o w Paci y sub r ru e ; s ock w l o , v o r l s ock h eb h h va va h illo h l eb t l n t t h ; s t e r; w r; w l i i i t i m s b eberry O d m k tte tte o e , l dog , w w ; open a dog e c e e berry w ou s ou w w t ; k a ; y im h ns c u e c c s s s; s; sc h m m l ugh m p e, w eberry o on ern u cades e e l ern i h p t o t e t open t t s ites pl , th d s d s ne ne ern ro rran k i s a m a) n h a as h s o a a t ern illa illa l a Ca c i l o o h e s a t s e s v rk a n c u g s m e an an C cu e a , , red r t m w e u , ros l w al i k z k z k s , s b t d c , n i h t r c c sso e rn e t e s ition o i r eaf e o o ith n e fe a l l st l i t ition er f ition n in W n in W ooded s , Do m f i ler, Sitk rran e g d low w , red h v c) s ni o o w t rran , stin m m r d ; t l i u ood, w ny ; m ghe i r o u s c n u s w a m m cedar, big i o w cu e o o w an e fo rry c cu t a s hi n k i m m r r c s c e t acif k m iraea k n he n he i o e e w n t o o illo i i f b s t n h st p sw acif a der, bi e i t a a tin as azeln n r o t i ooded s redcedar, w azeln edg l ood depos s p er, Sco e o a, P , w illo ith , P , s ood depos ood depos , h d cot as und und fl w w o m unt unt l l py A l Y-ASSOCIATIONS l , ; ; ; ; ; ; ern Paci o o w w t open ed h g rry ; ; f ; f ; s ut; unc ut; unc ut ut ut ut ut ut ut d erry erry ith tte Valley e am ack at n n a e , red al ood, s (Gey e i b berry h s w eb eb w a w rs n l l ; eberry w e w s n ler, Sitk l s o on b b , beak f berry rs an , Dou e ugh m ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugh m sitio o cades cades cades i e k e unt t e e o ugho o o o o o o o o o o c illam iraea, salm m lm u r r r im r im r r r r r r r o der, bl illo ith as as as u a o ites h h h h h h h h h h h ECOLOG t t t t t th al s m tran t sp ald s cot salm Scou con alder, w h w t th C t t t ros s zon w bl t C W C T T T T T T T M - - T - T M M M L L M- L M- M- M- M- LEVEL Z R 6000 6000) 6000 7000 5000 6000 2000 7000 2000 3500 5000 4000 3500+ 4000+ - - - - 0 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 0 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 2000 - 4000 - 4000 - (3000 - ELEVATION (FT.) - - + U U U W W W W C C C C C C C C C C C C C A A A A A A A A A FA F W IS FA F A F F F F F F F FA F ) t E u ron rn ood) d o t h u r w ood t e azeln w bark t d e l e N NAM berry e a h n n i alder) azeln r dog i rn O i Haw ododen n a pl rran e dog der e i i rn a w a p ros as M c n orn e i l rh t i os cu ed h leaf ern h e f f m g a al t t k n e unt d i s i k ord f alif n t ack n o OM e h i aci i i t w lady C v s bal S beak (C m (red- P (th Dou s w bl w m E s a oru l m u n f t i i i a t itu s bi m a n e m crata s era f u al a i u f a - m t l a lu i t i ugl u a u c a o capi a m fi r a o t s ron m on v r eos ocarpa at ilix nt ni lia) c n a m d u r o n n e o f u a t ol u u o l f t d S c n i f m i corn m i i rci n s u s y c l gus d uni s s c bract a e nvo g u lu s riu ocarpu cera in stich a i a s suksd c o i m u y t . . . . . rn ry s ododen n ly y . ten a nus i n h r r bes r r r cer ci l l t o o h i o o o va (A SCIENTIFIC NAM SHRUB A A A A C va C Cr L Ph P R R R va va va
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A-8 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WIS ELEVATION (FT.) RZ LEVEL ECOLOGY-ASSOCIATIONS SHRUBS, continued Vaccinium Alaskaense Alaskan blueberry NI 2000 - 6500 M-T Cascades; mountain streambanks; under conifers, with stink currant, salmonberry, white rhododendron, huckleberrys Vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry NI 0 - 4000 M-T under conifers, especially western hemlock and mixed forest, western redcedar, with sword fern, vine maple, beaked hazelnut Vaccinium membranaceum black huckleberry FACU+ 4000 - 7000 T Cascades, Pacific silver fir and mountain hemlock (big whortleberry) zones; thrives in open areas, also under conifers including Alaska cedar; with white rhododendron, Alaskan blueberry A-9 Table A.3: Eco-Region 1, Continued SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION CONIFER TREES Abies amabilis 5 4 1 new leader from above shallow rooted when wind dispersed seed, none ground buds mature; moist, acidic soil short distance Chamaecyparis 4 5 2 branch layering; new shallow rooted; tolerates wind dispersed seed branch layering nootkatensis leader from above ground coarse, infertile soils buds Picea engelmannii 3+ 4 2+ branch layering; new generally shallow rooted; wind dispersed seed branch layering near leader from above ground moist, mineral soil timberline buds Pseudotsuga menziesii 3 3 4 new leader from above potentially deep rooted; wind and animal none var. menziesii ground buds variety of soils dispersed seed Thuja plicata 5 4+ 2 branch layering; rooting extensive roots; does not wind dispersed seed branch layering of broken branches; new penetrate dense soil; leader from above ground tolerates infertile soils buds
A-10 Tsuga heterophylla 5 3 3 branch layering; seedlings shallow rooted; variety of wind dispersed seed, branch layering, rare produce basal sprouts; acidic soils long distance new leader from above ground buds Tsuga mertensiana 4+ 3 1 branch layering; new shallow rooted; coarse wind dispersed seed branch layering, rare leader from above ground soils buds BROADLEAF TREES Acer macrophyllum 4 4 3 basal sprouts, prolific shallow, extensive roots; wind and animal layering soils can be coarse dispersed seed Alnus rhombifolia 2 5 2 basal sprouts, fibrous roots; moist, wind and water rare layering in wet (when small) coarse and fine soils; dispersed seed areas, sprouts nitrogen fixer Alnus rubra 1 4 2 basal sprouts, extensive, fibrous, roots wind dispersed seed branch layering, (when small) rapid growth; nitrogen rare fixer; coarse mineral soil Fraxinus latifolia 3 5 3 basal sprouts, vigorous moderately shallow, wind dispersed seed branch layering fibrous, extensive roots Populus trichocarpa 1 5 2 basal and rare root deep, extensive roots; wind and water absis shoots, root sprouts, vigorous variety of soils dispersed seed sprouts SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION BROADLEAF TREES, continued Quercus garryana 2 3 5 basal and rare root sprouts extensive roots with deep gravity and animal none taproot; variety of soils, dispersed acorns tolerates coarse soil SHRUBS Acer circinatum 5 4 2 basal sprouts, rapid root crown; deep, well poor seed producer, branch layering drained soil animal dispersed Alnus incana 2 4 1 basal sprouts (when root crowns; coarse soils small winged nutlets branch layering (A. tenuifolia) small), poor Alnus sinuata 2 4 1 basal sprouts (when root crown; coarse soils small winged nutlets branch layering small), poor Athyrium filix-femina 4 3 2 rhizome sprouts rhizomatous wind dispersed rhizomes spores Cornus stolonifera 3 5 3 rhizome and basal stem root crown, rhizomatous; wind and bird rhizomes, root shoots, var. occidentalis sprouts moist, sandy soils dispersed seeds layering
A-11 Corylus cornuta 4 3 4 basal sprouts, rapid root crown; variety of soils animal dispersed branch layering var. californica tolerates coarse soil nuts Crataegus douglasii 2 4 4 root sprouts, moderate root crown; fine, moist semi-shelled fruit, NI var. suksdorfii soils bird dispersed Lonicera involucrata 3 3 3 basal and root sprouts NI berries branch layering var. involucrata Physocarpus capitatus 3 4 3 basal sprouts, moderate NI seed NI Polystichum munitum 5 2 3 rhizome sprouts rhizomatous wind dispersed limited to division of var. munitum spores rhizome Rhododendron albiflorum 3 2 3 basal sprouts root crown? seeds NI Ribes bracteosum 3 3 3 basal sprouts, rapid rhizomatous animal dispersed rhizomes berries Rosa gymnocarpa 2 4 4 basal and rhizome sprouts rhizomatous animal dispersed rhizomes "hips" with seed Rosa nutkana 2 4 4 basal and rhizome sprouts rhizomatous animal dispersed rhizomes "hips" with seed Rubus parviflorus 4 4 2 basal, root and rhizome, rhizomatous; variety of raspberry-like, rhizomes var. parviflorus sprouts, rapid soils, tolerates infertile, animal dispersed coarse soils SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION SHRUBS, continued Rubus spectabilis 4 3 2 basal and rhizome sprouts, rhizomatous; variety of animal dispersed rhizomes, branch rapid soils, tolerates infertile, raspberries layering coarse soils Salix exigua ssp. 1 5 NI basal and root sprouts, rhizomatous; coarse soils wind dispersed seed rhizomes, buried Melanopsis moderately rapid detached stems (S. melanopsis) Salix fluviatalis NI 5 NI basal and root sprouts sandy to coarse soils wind dispersed seed root sprouts Salix geyeriana 1 5 1 basal sprouts, moderate root crown; deep, fine wind dispersed seed buried detached stems var. meleina soils Salix lucida ssp. 1 5 1 basal sprouts root crown wind dispersed seed detached stems Lasiandra (S. lasiandra var. lasiandra Salix piperi 1 5 NI basal sprouts acidic, fine soils wind dispersed seed NI Salix scouleriana 2 5 NI basal sprouts, rapid root crown wind dispersed seed NI A-12 Salix sessilifolia 2 5 NI basal and root sprouts, NI wind dispersed seed NI rapid Salix sitchensis 1+ 5 NI basal sprouts, rapid coarse soils wind dispersed seed NI Sambucus racemosa 2 3 4 rhizome and basal sprouts, rhizomatous; coarse soils animal dispersed layering, rhizomes var. arborescens moderate berries Spiraea densiflora NI NI NI rhizomes? and basal rhizomatous wind and animal rhizomes? var. densiflora sprouts, moderate dispersed seed Spiraea douglasii 2 5 2 rhizome and basal sprouts, rhizomatous; finer soils animal dispersed rhizomes var. douglasii moderate seed Vaccinium alaskaense NI NI NI basal, root and rhizome rhizomes, fine to sandy small berries, animal rhizomes, clonal sprouts soils dispersed Vaccinium 5 5 2 basal and rhizome? rhizomatous?; coarse, small berries, animal branch layering, rare membranaceum sprouts, rapid acidic, infertile soils dispersed Vaccinium parvifolium 4 3 2 rhizome and basal sprouts, rhizomatous; coarse, acid, small berries, animal rhizomes soils dispersed Table A.4: Eco-Region 2 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WIS ELEVATION RZ ECOLOGY-ASSOCIATIONS (FT.) LEVEL CONIFER TREES Abies amabilis Pacific silver fir FACU 2000 - 5700 M-T predominantly Cascades; very moist sites; low frost tolerance; (4000 - 5700) with western hemlock, Alaska cedar, mountain hemlock western redcedar, Engelmann spruce Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Alaska cedar FAC 3000 - 7000+ M-T Cascades; with silver fir, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, (yellow cedar) (5000 - 7000+) western redcedar, Engelmann spruce, silver fir, huckleberrys Picea engelmannii Engelmann spruce FAC 1900 - 7500 M-T Cascades; extending to lower elevation limits only in cold air (3800 - 7500) drainages; with western hemlock, silver fir, mountain hemlock, western redcedar, Alaska cedar Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce FAC 0 - 1500 M-T coastal fog zone; with western hemlock, western redcedar, red alder, Douglas-fir, sword fern, red huckleberry, red elderberry Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir FACU 0 - 4700 M-T throughout; upland transition; many associates var. menziesii Thuja plicata western redcedar FAC 0 - 6500+ M-T throughout, uncommon in Willamette Valley; with conifers at all elevations plus alders, maples, sword fern, thimbleberry,
A-13 currants, huckleberrys Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock FACU- 0 - 5000+ M-T throughout; uncommon in Willamette Valley; with conifers at all elevations plus alders, maples, sword fern, thimbleberry, currants, huckleberrys Tsuga mertensiana mountain hemlock FACU 5000 - 7000 M-T highest forested zone of Cascades; with silver fir, Engelmenn spruce, Alaska cedar, western redcedar, black huckleberry, white rhododendron BROADLEAF TREES Acer macrophyllum bigleaf maple FACU- 0 - 3000 L-T throughout; wide variety of associates Alnus rhombifolia white alder FACW 0 - 400 L-M Willamette Valley; flood deposition sites; with black cottonwood, Oregon ash, willows Alnus rubra red alder FAC 0 - 3000 L-M throughout; flood deposition sites; pure stands or with conifers, (0 - 2300) broadleaf trees, willows, salmonberry, thimbleberry, stink currant; also along larger rivers Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash FACW 0 - 4700 L-M throughout; in all riparian associations for its elevation range, (0 - 3000) including swampy sites Populus trichocarpa black cottonwood FAC 0 - 4500 L-M throughout; most common along larger rivers; flood deposition sites; with broadleaf trees, Douglas-fir, western redcedar, willows Quercus garryana Oregon white oak UPL 100 - 4000 M-T primarily Willamette Valley and foothills; with bigleaf maple, Douglas-fir, western redcedar, western hemlock, Oregon ash many shrubs , r n h e r t r k d i s; l e d a) h e e ste t h t w a tin d i k e k eberry g ith d , i n a k, h h , s e i ern w bl e c n g g t n si an t , w r as r s s; e o r , l m b l e e i s n; w p e g bark h r rou rou ne h st ler, Sitk t m d e ders o i l berry e o t u t n , t i th th u ood, s a a sitio al w on nife w h d bark k z w n h n he s , Dou o h e k, t e c n r c ood, w n t a w s i i red alder, black ock ock a alder at h lm i a n e bark r o e l l o i a l r r c t e tr azeln st o er, Sco nw t e e m m m w ith itk n s w e m e i ation y e e o acif t c n nd s; e , h r t i S i illow t w t cot r so w h h i ; c) h la , e o , P c n i rran ge s und und r s, i s ith n he ; ; b e , w d f (Gey i c a w iraea, s acif ack ern ern y y s r elev a k ge d t t n cu p e e ue acif e , w s s c e d eberry w l o k y bby , P lle lle l h e e a c berry in up g n edg p e s l unt e k i g d Paci e ru e ; t i ly o c l n b r m e illo a, P s h on b va va h n t u p der, bl a e h r; w r; w i , s iraea s t ce zon a ka bleberry O d n r tte tte lm i p , , w s ple ; o open a r e e a w ou s ou ru ; a a sw balpin s ; y m e im l c e c w p s bleberry s s sc m u m l p ugh m s, st as e e s; berry m ne p erry e o , red h l A s red al t th t open e ites t d s d s e , ler, Sitk , ro e i ith im a a s n a g h t o illa illa Ca i y u h n t s on rn k eb alder at h a vi s w i i ith r t l , n c , w e m i r an an , c m r , n si b y r t ock , red elderberry l e al i n si r s l w w t e e , v ain d , S n i ; ; a r r t b e sso ; s d p ition im s s o , Dou m e e l n s p ock e fe e e a e ste ord f e l b t ition ition er f u o n n in W n in W ooded s m i er, Sco iraea, th kl t e rran o e v o ni o o w , th h r m d a a l p ai y ny m i o l e e kl s h a eberry m m l s ood, s o zon zon cu m o w l , ros fo r c rry a h ern w s k k r m m r r w c s c r t e as ith m e i g huc (Gey l c e e e s n t o o ith f b i h st huc s ock ock g u e e t tin ne m ern n l l o ood pl i ooded s d ood depos t b p w l o , , w e s dog , s m m illow ood depos ood depos r f e so und ge und fl w o w m l l r e e a Y-ASSOCIATIONS ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , Paci ple, w w illo d ern n a h h ; f ; f ; s ut; und ut; unc ut; unc ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut o t e r , red h n n ood, w s t r berry , salm , w , l m c s e u t t ai ain w fe t t ood, w ood, Dou al w d ho on ka bleberry t n n w ation t ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho r eaf w w cades cades cades s l u u h o ugho o o o o o o o o o o o o a t rran w rran lm r r r im r r r r r r r r r o o l illo i as as as azeln oas a h h h h h h h h h h h h t t t t t t cu cotton redcedar, w th m ha cu big m w C w sw ECOLOG C t A t dog dog elev h s c t t t t C T T T T T T T T T T M M M - - - - - T M M RZ L L L L L M- M- M- M- M- M- M- M- LEVEL ) . 6000) 6000) 7000 5000 6000 2000 500 7000 2000 3500 5000 6000 4000 5000 3500+ 4000+ (FT - - - - 0 - - 0 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 4000 - 2000 – 6000 3000 – 6000 (3000 - (4000 - ELEVATION - - - + U U U W W W W W C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C A A A A A A A A A A A A A A FA F F F F W IS A F F F F F F F F F F F ) t E u e l ron rn ood) rt d o t y h u r w ood t e azeln m w bark w t d - e l e a N NAM e x berry e a h n a n i alder) azeln r dog i rn O i H ododen n a pl rran e dog der e i i rn a ros w eberry a p ros as M c n c w orn e a i l rh t i i os cu ed h leaf bl ern k h e f f f m g a al t t k n e unt d u i s i k ord f m alif n t ack n i o OM o e h i aci i i oot t w h lady v Paci s bal C n S beak (C m (red- t P D (th w s bl w m E s a oru l m u n f t i i i a t itu s bi m s ca a n e m crata i s era f u ru al a i u f a s - m t l a lu i t i o ugl u a l u c a o capi a m a orn fi f r a o t s ron f m i on v r eos ocarpa at n ilix nt ni lia) c i n a m loru d u r o a n n e o f u a t ol u u if o l f k t d S c n i t f m i corn m i i rci n s u s y u c l gus d uni parv s s c bract a e s nvo g n u ca cal lu s riu ocarpu cera in stich a i a a s suksd c o i m u y t ri . . . . . rn ry s s ododen bu n ly y . ten a nus i n h r r. parv r bes r r r cer ci l l t o o h i o o u o o a va v (A SCIENTIFIC NAM SHRUB A A A A C va C Cr L My Ph P R R R R R va va va
A-14 , t n , a k k k t rn ain i t ern er o n tin rran t sitio tin n d h s c S k n s t i ite u s s i e n low h n a w cu h o t i e w g i ith k v ith a tr . u , w n w w st acif t ri i w illo h h t ; d m , w nd h t , w P ith i alon t as w rs illo res rs , s la ; l ; e d e o s ith s r elev g w f v t n , e e i r w s up u w ites h d f ter e e ; d e a g h a s e ri n i s x b eberry s zon a i , Dou w rg a alder an eberry ites cedar; w bl so l a g azeln er con st l a s k n r ition l d ia Riv ock m ith a i k d m a) c a l i e n b illow d cedar, alders u n h d berry Sitk of as m ed h l a a m l t s an s w ; u h e ition k , , w a h k on s iraea at h c ith lu t h A s d k p i as stan l n g e e ock lm g s i ron site l , w w a r ler, Sitk Co ai c n in y d ; ; , t ban m u as e s ood depos d d ban p l n l e rs w o g ple, beak u e m f ce, A bark alo h nge sp f a o clu an a ; e i e s ood depos ru r illo ream n l t i n m b p ood, alders in c, Sco ern te Ra f ododen i t Dou e s t d m s a ai a), als w s rs s n a w berry n c n eer on i g e e a i rh in sw e f er con o ain i e acif t u an r an t d , v w so i i n ng w l s n s Co eer on Sitk i acif h n d oodpl u ast; can rn bl e lm n r a t d ; pion e o e n er f e er, P i ith ler, Sitk n d u s, replaces , P a g t , w v ; si er con st k l n e co ills ation y i ; m ng fl pion w d e w a i ; ; an p as n pecially ord f n l ites th i w c s (Gey f m ds u ud n site w i illo berry s s h l s ooth a f e m t in sta A t o , es s c , c, Scou i an r elev cades p o w i t on n bleberry s rs e d f a w ith sw d w i a e h m Y-ASSOCIATIONS ; ; ; , iles o ron , als f ream l im illo g Paci i t acif d i a an ; ; open C ut; o ut; no ut ut ut ut tte Valley tte Valley m der s s redcedar, En e t e Sitk berry , s , th , w , t t t 5 rily w w er, P areas on a ern in ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho t er con cades cades cades e s o o o o o m o d illam illam rran rran rran adien l ododen r r r r r r red al ith e illo illo as as as n r rim a h h h h h h n W t t t w t u cu cu w g w ECOLOG t alder at h (Gey w cu s ros open rh redcedar, w t C W i C C p T T T T M M M M M - L - - L - L - L L - T RZ L L L L L M- M- L M- LEVEL 0 0 ) . 0 0 7000 6500 6000 5500+ 5 5 500 4500+ 4000+ 5500 4000 4500 2000 4500+ 4500+ - - (FT - 0 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 100 - 2000 - 4000 - 100 - 100 - 4000 - ELEVATION - + + + + U W W W W W C U W W C C C C C C C CW C A C C NI NI NI A A A A A F W IS A A A FA F F F F F FA FA F F F E ) w ) rry w ) e illo ) w berry aea iraea e w r w w eberry i p w illo l w N NAM illow p illo tleb k eberry illow r ed l O c illo illow e s illo s illo blu r w o illow k u illo berry n a h c as M w c w a er w derberry er w l h b eav r w i u l w on y l k k st w g er w d e a w w - e a t o u n sk as f ip balpin lm ig OM o l cou acif lack u u a u ed h S r so s Sitk A b C Ho d Gey red el P (co (P s (b d D (san is s a m p r o d dra) e m E an aceu s i sian a a ran oliu aen os b . Melan k a if ii inued a . L r. las s m a a lora as lia as is nt e a l l is) i s if o r ssp i s g ssp cen s n a s o a parv A m p erian a l e rian lerian racem a ri u f o k dra v e s ectabilis m m m e S, co o y ig u p ou u u u p cid lein i i i i o e ugl an c nsi c itch lan e i e o u s e s s h g p ex sessilif lu b d d RUB . . bu r r. m r. arbores r u a a (S. las v SCIENTIFIC NAM SH R Salix Salix Salix Salix Salix Salix Salix Salix Sam v Spiraea den va Spiraea dou va Vaccin Vaccin Vaccin (S. m
A-15 Table A.5: Eco-Region 2, Continued SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION CONIFER TREES Abies amabilis 5 4 1 new leader from above shallow rooted when mature; wind dispersed seed, none ground buds moist, acidic soil short distance Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 4 5 2 branch layering; new shallow rooted; tolerates wind dispersed seed branch layering leader from above ground coarse, infertile soils buds Picea engelmannii 3+ 4 2+ branch layering; new generally shallow rooted; wind dispersed seed branch layering near leader from above ground moist, mineral soil timberline buds Picea sitchensis 4 4 1 branch layering; new variable, long lateral roots wind dispersed seed layering leader from above ground shallow in wet areas, buds Pseudotsuga menziesii 3 3 4 new leader from above potentially deep rooted; wind and animal none var. menziesii ground buds variety of soils dispersed seed Thuja plicata 5 4+ 2 branch layering; rooting extensive roots; does not wind dispersed seed branch layering
A-16 of broken branches; new penetrate dense soil; leader from above ground tolerates infertile soils buds Tsuga heterophylla 5 3 3 branch layering; new shallow rooted; variety of wind dispersed seed, branch layering, leader from above ground acidic soils long distance rare buds; basal sprouts from seedlings Tsuga mertensiana 4+ 3 1 branch layering; new shallow rooted; coarse soils wind dispersed branch layering, leader from above ground rare buds BROADLEAF TREES Acer macrophyllum 4 3+ 3 basal sprouts, prolific shallow, extensive roots; wind and animal branch layering soils can be coarse dispersed seed Alnus rhombifolia 2 5 2 basal sprouts fibrous roots; moist, coarse wind and water rare layering in wet (when small) and fine soils; nitrogen fixer dispersed seed areas, sprouts Alnus rubra 1 4 2 basal sprouts extensive, fibrous, roots wind dispersed seed branch layering, (when small) rapid growth; nitrogen fixer; rare coarse mineral soil Fraxinus latifolia 3 5 3 basal sprouts, vigorous moderately shallow, fibrous, wind dispersed seed branch layering extensive roots SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION BROADLEAF TREES, continued Populus trichocarpa 1 5 2 basal and rare root deep, extensive roots; variety wind and water absis shoots sprouts, vigorous of soils dispersed seed root sprouts Quercus garryana 2 3 5 basal and rare root extensive roots with deep gravity and animal none sprouts taproot, variety of soils, dispersed acorns tolerates coarse soil SHRUBS Acer circinatum 5 4 2 basal sprouts, rapid root crown; deep well poor seed producer; branch layering drained soil animal dispersed Alnus incana 2 4 1 basal sprouts (when root crowns; coarse soils small winged nutlets branch layering (A. tenuifolia) small), poor Alnus sinuata 3 4 1 basal sprouts (when root crown; coarse soils small winged nutlets branch layering small), poor Athyrium filix-femina 4 3 2 rhizome sprouts rhizomatous wind dispersed spores rhizomes Cornus stolonifera 3 5 3 rhizome and basal stem root crown, rhizomatous; wind and bird dispersed rhizomes, root
A-17 var. occidentalis sprouts moist, sandy soils seeds shoots, layering Corylus cornuta 4 3 4 basal sprouts, rapid root crown; variety of soils animal dispersed nuts branch layering var. californica tolerates coarse soil Crataegus douglasii 2 4 4 root sprouts, moderate root crown; fine, moist soils semi-shelled fruit, bird NI var. suksdorfii dispersed Lonicera involucrata 3 3 3 root sprouts NI berries branch layering var. involucrata Myrica californica 1 4 2 NI NI small winged nutlets branch layering Physocarpus capitatus 3 4 3 basal sprouts, moderate NI seed NI Polystichum munitum 5 2 3 rhizome sprouts rhizomatous wind dispersed spores limited to division var. munitum of rhizome Rhododendron albiflorum 3 2 3 basal sprouts root crown? seeds NI Ribes bracteosum 3 3 3 basal sprouts, rapid rhizomatous animal dispersed rhizomes berries Rosa gymnocarpa 2 4 4 basal and rhizome sprouts rhizomatous animal dispersed "hips" rhizomes with seed Rosa nutkana 2 4 4 basal and rhizome sprouts rhizomatous animal dispersed "hips" rhizomes with seed SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION SHRUBS, continued Rubus parviflorus 4 4 2 basal, root and rhizome , rhizomatous; variety of soils, raspberry-like, animal rhizomes var. parviflorus sprouts, rapid tolerates infertile, coarse dispersed soils Rubus spectabilis 4 3 2 basal and rhizome rhizomatous; variety of soils, animal dispersed rhizomes, branch sprouts, rapid tolerates infertile, coarse raspberries layering soils Salix exigua ssp. Melanopsis 1 5 NI basal and root sprouts, rhizomatous; coarse soils wind dispersed seed rhizomes, buried (S. melanopsis) moderately rapid detached stems Salix geyeriana 1 5 1 basal sprouts, moderate root crown; deep, fine soils wind dispersed seed buried detached var. meleina stems Salix hookeriana 1 5 NI basal sprouts, moderate NI wind dispersed seed NI Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra 1 5 1 basal sprouts root crown wind dispersed seed buried detached (S. lasiandra var. lasiandra) stems and layering Salix piperi 1 5 NI basal sprouts fine, acidic soils wind dispersed seed buried detached
A-18 stems and layering Salix scouleriana 2 5 2 basal sprouts, rapid root crown wind dispersed seed buried detached stems and layering Salix sessilifolia 2 5 NI basal and root sprouts, NI wind dispersed seed buried detached rapid stems and layering Salix sitchensis 1 5 NI basal sprouts, rapid coarse soils wind dispersed seed buried detached stems and layering Sambucus racemosa 2 3 4 rhizome and basal rhizomatous; coarse soils animal dispersed layering, rhizomes var. arborescens sprouts, moderate berries Spiraea densiflora NI NI NI rhizomes? and basal rhizomatous? wind and animal rhizomes var. densiflora sprouts, moderate dispersed seed Spiraea douglasii 2 5 2 rhizome and basal rhizomatous; finer soils animal dispersed seed rhizomes var. douglasii sprouts, moderate Vaccinium alaskaense NI NI NI basal, root and rhizome rhizomes, fine to sandy soils small berries, animal rhizomes, clonal sprouts dispersed Vaccinium membranaceum 5 3 2 basal and rhizome? rhizomatous?; coarse, acidic, small berries, animal branch layering, sprouts, rapid infertile soils dispersed rare Vaccinium parvifolium 4 3 2 rhizome and basal sprouts rhizomatous; coarse, acid, small berries, animal rhizomes soils dispersed Table A.6: Eco-Region 3 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WIS ELEVATION RZ ECOLOGY-ASSOCIATIONS (FT.) LEVEL CONIFER TREES Abies amabilis Pacific silver fir FACU 2000 - 6000 T Cascades (north of Crater Lake); with western hemlock, Engelmann (4000 - 6000) spruce, western redcedar, mountain hemlock Abies concolor white fir NI 2000 - 6000+ M-T variable ecology; mixed conifers; Cascades (south of Crater Lake) (California white fir) dominant at 5000 ft. elevation; in Siskiyous dominant >5500 ft. elevation; with Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western redcedar Abies magnifica California red fir NI 4500 - 7000 T Cascades; Siskiyous? typically higher than white fir and mixed conifer var. shastensis (Shasta red fir) (4500 - 6000) zone; with western white pine, mountain hemlock, and associates Calocedrus decurrens incense-cedar NI 1000 - 6500 T interior valleys, Siskiyous and Cascades; mixed conifers, especially (Libocedrus decurrens) western hemlock, Douglas-fir, white fir, oaks Chamaecyparis lawsonia Port Orford cedar FACU+ 0 - 4500 M-T coast to western Siskiyous, less than 100 miles inland, south of Coos Bay; mixed forest with Sitka spruce, western hemlock, red alder, tanoak, Douglas-fir, California laurel Picea engelmannii Engelmann spruce FAC 3800 - 7500 M-T Cascades; extending to lower elevation limits only in cold air drainages; with western hemlock, silver fir, mountain hemlock, western A-19 redcedar Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce FAC 0 - 1000 M-T coastal fog zone; with western hemlock, western redcedar, red alder Douglas-fir, sword fern, evergreen huckleberry, salal Pinus monticola western white pine FACU 2000 - 6000 T Cascades, rare in Siskiyous up to 6500 ft.; with conifers up to the (4000 - 6000) mountain hemlock zone, many associates Pseudotsuga menziezii Douglas-fir FACU+ 100 - 5700 T throughout; upland transition; many associates var. menziesii (1000 - 5700) Taxus brevifolia Pacific yew FACU- 200 - 4000 M-T throughout; under conifers, alders, bigleaf maple, with salal, vine maple, Oregon grape, beaked hazelnut, evergreen huckleberry Thuja plicata western redcedar FAC 0 - 7100 M-T coast to Cascades, not in Siskiyous; with conifers, plus alders, maples, sword fern, huckleberrys at lower elevations Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock FACU- 0 - 6600 M-T Coast Range and Cascades; with conifers plus alders, maples, sword fern, huckleberrys Tsuga mertensiana mountain hemlock FACU 5000 - 7300 T Cascades, Siskiyous?; with California red fir, slender salal, black huckleberry, Oregon boxwood, dwarf bramble BROADLEAF TREES Acer macrophyllum bigleaf maple FACU- 0 - 3800 L-T throughout; wide variety of associates (0 - 3000) , e ; y n d n , c d a pi i s , , ple, ites ith an ites l f r a ern a rs a s t rn s an l fe e w s e ; , ern f a s; m m e een d t i ni n u r s s r Paci o s o deros e , h ition ition black eaf ites t eberry s berry l w i l r, w ord f r an iy erg fe s i w d c e k ; d f ith ood w f on w - c r er con d i pon , illo xe , w big u o d n w , s i m as d ev n ; l a n l ition ders h e t Sisk l eberry a ith g ak l ock pi m x u sw n o ood l r i u , con o a k ar, w , s ites h i e w ood depos c o w n t k een c dog m ood depos ; s e, al , n i i s r a m u n e e s ; i fl een l D ees t fl pl ced ; oods s i , alders r lal w h r h , h a h , s s und y erg a t t acif r t s s; e ch ition i i e lley ition c dog r s; l s u n i m erg a n w ern red l ood depos ve t , P o en l w fe e i eaf a , ev ne , w s ; v y d pi f p r illow r e 200 m eaf l o ni e rn rs rs r ape, s acif t tran d ev o l o o r e e e e e z n i ples ski stern l e or v l d g f f r a g h s; a e i i ; on g p e x r ri h i u d c terio a r, g fi Si a e ciates i broadl lan o ur n t e on n , w f s o ord f ood depos t ood, w h a p m y r ape, P - n in s r, w m l i s t a ss t r i e i l el, m w e s w h e f f u t d con ng l d con cades r as a ; ; ith e n d i g ood, bi s ski l e s l e as o l i s t in s w l a g a y ni x ; x y w illow p s as- Oreg l w i i , oak r on d w u l redcedar, w Si n l ; an a n e en -e ou ou rs o t l n g o s ple, s s a a n n a w a lau rs o rs f e r C m m , a r i i el, v a r t in a iy u iy i f o e ; ; m i a e cotton r r l ern i h e D f k k ou r ou s t s t c t m , low ne m ks m h h s y n s r; m Oreg o orn t t iy i ks, fe a cot e e as i e a ou ou i i r m Ca a k k f sso , n y y con ni - o lif o s a lau c e i er riv i i , k i on i t t d low d Sis w w d Sis o h o a a black r ; ; k k ack t r c a , as n p p r, w i s s s s , low , v l S Sis i eberry e r e e es; p t t i i t t C st ugh ge l fi ny an an an g , d c o f bl c c no trees, Do u u e a o o k s s s larg t a x o x ock c h ern ern i g res res l as xe s d S d S t t t l u i pin und m m e e h t n , eaf o o or w s s , , ; , ; ; Y-ASSOCIATIONS l m r g a lley lley lley e e Dou h e d u an k an a a a m w ds ut ut ut ut ut ut azeln azeln a -fi o ood, Oreg alo Cascad w h r, Calif in s k, k, o i s an o een r w a c c ood f ood f t r ood, al to w t w o o ed h ed h ern t t b ch ciates l l ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho ugho t w cades cades er D st to ugl o ite f s o o o o o o erior v erior v erior v re s d a erg rdw m rdw m pecially s r r r r r t t t o ith illo h e ith as as a a n oas o oas h hr h h h h n n n t t D cotton dog t t h w pu w c es ev w he c he as w beak h w beak t t C i i c C u i ECOLOG T T T T M M M M - - - - - T T T T T T RZ L L L-M L L L M- M- M- LEVEL ) . 5000 4500 3000) 7000 2000 4000 5000 4000+ 4500 4700 5100 4000 4500 5000 2300) 3000) 4000 4000+ (FT - - - 0 - 0 - 0 0 - 0 - 0 0 - 0 (0 - (0 - 100 - 100 - 500 - 100 - 100 - 4000 - 100 - (500 - ELEVATION - - U U U W W W L C C C I I C C C C C C C C P A A A NI N N A A A A A A A U F F F W IS F F F F F F F FA ) t E u ) ood) in ape) t ) r el ape u w ood pin ood r r ap ood a g azeln w w u g k w ite oak n q N NAM on h e h a bay a h o in on i i t a lau azeln r dog in O i pl e dog as w i n rn a ch n r M c dog orn orn ch e der cot i t on f o o os ceberry ed h ern m i ak f i t Oreg ll Oreg e o ite alder s eg al alif lden rv ian ack n dy r n reg h e OM acif i o e ed al a a P v w l O (g (C beak (C (red- low (du t w s Calif O r bl g C d inue nt o c lla ca y i a E ra n n r i lia lo o o oph lia m ra) f if a) s a i o e s a a lia TREES, f s era lo i n if ry a os - i f o carpa m t an r l a i if e os x ol o u a u c s i rv f l h ch i bif n e rv on rry at t teg e nt ni s d c e e ttallii is i a ier aln r a n e u f ol r u o t laria calif d S bra om n iin g f t i ia n corn ch s l m i s rci s s s ia d c ops l u u s s n llu rh ru u c n a ADLEAF on carp n l u u e lu s s ri i an o c o t u u y b elan O . . ercu rn rn ry s n n h r r r. sem aso ax l l cer ci m t R a o o o ith r a va SCIENTIFIC NAM B A A F L Popu Qu Um SHRUB A A A Berberis C C C va C (Mah (P v
A-20 , c ; d i f e e r, n i x ray bl t i , low , low p illow s er ith er ape rn s er f d Paci r t d e sitio , iceberry l l d m v n n c w l n a g a ack i i l adien t; w rv a bram rd cedar, illow r eberry a e an o rs ock d u l on s l tr c s g ord f e s res k arf e rs i acif , , w v f c o m e w s eer, u an nd s f u e P i r rat der s ood, bl , s la d f e low h h rt Orf e ri Oreg l fe e ith en g w n o o l x rg ni up i ai t pion alders areas a w P een , t eberry , er Paci o e t ood, dw ; r l l er con h n d rn an rs box k w b eberry alon ith d u n e l d m e ; c d c n of n in f erg ites o as f ood, s k lal, low u a on i u s w open ; c a d ; s xe u w an k c i r h n box ) u ites on eg , s o , ev r rs r, m s t e h i s i m e on i ites s ? , con u ; dom r f e pack O c pin ition box i s y ple, s , e v e a eg l d ban e a een r l ic s k a ri r on ition l ow l el, sw h a sp r n m a in an azeln ; a red f und t eg cades , O e s r ple i s ; erg r s s t er con er oak n n ood, Oreg a r v s e a i ch te n d d o d ai a e a lau ed h n n orn ltrabas der s m ou , ev a t i nw , v f ith e, O t r C e ood depos y s t i eri c e n o u u u l i i l t u e en n t eberry ; s ; ; r u bl l i t l a k f n s s s bl a o , w ood depos ng w s k o l s i i v oodpl c c (i rs h ou ou ou f c d t n u e pers S y i k n er C f azeln ith iy i iy azeln d low h i c h bram d t ple, beak k k k n i bram i eer on a w ng fl a n s s , Calif s ern , l i o i i i t an e cades arf s ed h u s w ack arf ed h s b eer on m n m ; ; S S S ud e i a h l e ock t in sta t m er con l pion c bl i n ain dw ; o i t d dw n h ern ern ern , C , h m d w t t t t n n l t w c i i e v ite p e s s s i ; ; ; Y-ASSOCIATIONS u , beak y cades cades a g ape ape e e h e l r s s o h r r ; u an n ut; no r ut ut ut a ith rn a a ation tal; pion n , w , red alder, w a ple, beak e w w r, w g g e i a b s o ai rs rs R t e r C r C t to w al m e e to w on on t; w t t t t t n e e f f m ugho ugho ugho ugho der s cades cades elev i i er f kl e u h h stern o o o o ord f v res r r r n r o g g e en as l ream oas as i ot coas i i oas oas oas oas l t i w o h h h h ow t t t c Oreg v con w m f s t huc C Oreg s s s con c c n l C c h h C ECOLOG T T T T M M - L - - L L T T T T M M RZ L L L M- M- M- LEVEL ) . 5900 4500 5500+ 5500+) 6000+ 6500+ 6000+ 3000 4500 4500 5000 1000 4500 5000+ 4500+ 4500+ (FT - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 100 - 3000 - 1000 - 4500 - 4500 - 4000 - ELEVATION (3000 - + + + + U U U W L C U C C W W I I C C C C C B C A A A C C NI N N A A A F F F O W IS A A A FA F F F FA F F F ) n E e ) e ) eberry l gr rry r w k ood e e e c e w u w eberry bl nt illo l i N NAM illow h tleb k illow illow r rn c illow O ros illo r w azalea o box e u berry n w p w a een h r salal i n M w c w bram er w r h b e r w i h l o on y go - d e rf w d tern e d a al ord f r sk erg lm ig reg es OM cou acif lack w u ellow a al w O S y ev s b O s bal slen d Gey ( s (b P d (san w C is s m a p r ale o dra) t d E an s aceu lan i m e e t i lia ran s itu n n m o i b . m n a inued o . lasian r. las l u occiden rs m a a atu nt atif y e al is) v m ssp h s ssp ron m a ocarpa a ov m p a s m ococcu rian lerian d u u n a m i o t a dra v e u ectabilis m m s S, co y ig m p m ou u u tea cid a lein i i i e an y eria o eri c t lan uni s e i s h s l s e s lu g ex lu g i t stich l lth a m RUB . s u ododen bu bu ly r. m r a h o u u o a v (S. las SCIENTIFIC NAM SH Gau G Pach P R R R R Salix Salix Salix Salix Salix Vaccin Vaccin va (S. m
A-21 Table A.7: Eco-Region 3, Continued SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION CONIFER TREES Abies amabilis 5 4 3 new leader from above shallow rooted when mature; wind dispersed seed, none ground buds moist, acidic soil short distance Abies concolor 4 3 2 new leader from above variable roots; mineral soil wind dispersed seed, none ground buds short distance Abies magnifica 4 NI 1+ new leader from above shallow in wet areas, wind dispersed seed none var. shastensis ground buds immature soils Calocedrus decurrens 3 3 4 new leader from above spreading, extensive roots wind dispersed seed, none (Libocedrus decurrens) ground buds variety of soils long distance Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 4 3 2 new leader from above dense fibrous system with wind dispersed seed limited layering ground buds; limited sinkers, tolerates ultramafic layering soils Picea engelmannii 3+ 4 2+ branch layering; new generally shallow rooted; wind dispersed seed branch layering leader from above ground moist, mineral soil buds
A-22 Picea sitchensis 4 4 1 branch layering; new variable, long lateral roots wind dispersed seed branch layering leader from above ground shallow in wet areas; acidic buds soils Pinus monticola 3 3 2+ new leader from above mostly shallow and lateral wind dispersed seed none ground buds with sinkers, tolerates ultramafic soils Pseudotsuga menziezii 3 3 4 new leader from above variable, potentially deep wind and animal none var. menziesii ground buds rooted; variety of soils dispersed seed Taxus brevifolia 5 3 2 basal and root sprouts, deep, widespread roots; fleshy arils branch layering branch layering; new deep, moist acidic soils leader from ground buds Thuja plicata 5 4 2 rooting of broken extensive roots; does not wind dispersed seed branch layering branches; branch penetrate dense soil; tolerates layering; new leader from infertile soils above ground buds Tsuga heterophylla 5 3 1+ branch layering; new shallow rooted; variety of wind dispersed seed, branch layering, leader from above ground acidic soils long distance rare buds; seedlings sprout basaly Tsuga mertensiana 4+ 3 2 branch layering; new ldr. shallow rooted; coarse soils wind dispersed seed branch layering, from above ground buds rare SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION BROADLEAF TREES Acer macrophyllum 4 3+ 3 basal sprouts, prolific shallow, extensive roots; wind and animal layering soils can be coarse dispersed seed Alnus rhombifolia 2 5 2 basal sprouts, (when fibrous roots; moist, coarse wind and water rare layering in wet small) and fine soils; nitrogen fixer dispersed seed areas, sprouts Alnus rubra 2 4 2 basal sprouts, (when fibrous roots; moist, coarse wind and water branch layering, small) soils; nitrogen fixer dispersed seed rare Fraxinus latifolia 3 4+ 3 basal sprouts, vigorous moderately shallow, fibrous, wind dispersed seed branch layering extensive roots Lithocarpus densiflora 4 3 NI basal sprouts, prolific deep taproot; tolerates coarse gravity and animal root burl sprouts soils dispersed acorns Populus trichocarpa 1 4 1 basal and rare root deep, extensive roots; variety wind and water absis shoots, root sprouts, vigorous of soils dispersed seed sprouts Quercus garryana 2 3 5 basal and rare root extensive roots, with deep gravity and animal layering sprouts taproot; variety of soils, dispersed acorns tolerates coarse soil A-23 Umbellularia californica 3 2 3 basal sprouts, prolific variable roots, potentially heavy seed, dispersed NI deep and widespread; by gravity, water, tolerates ultramafic soil animals SHRUBS Acer circinatum 5 4 2 basal sprouts, rapid root crown; deep well poor seed producer, layering, shallow drained soils animal dispersed root sprouts Amelanchier alnifolia 2 3 4 basal and rhizome rhizomatous (extensive) with berry like pomes layering, rhizomes var. semiintegrifolia sprouts, moderate massive root crown; tolerates infertile soils Athyrium felix-femina 4 3 2 rhizome sprouts rhizomatous wind dispersed spores rhizomes Berberis nervosa 5 3 4 rhizome sprouts, rhizomatous; variety of soils, berries rhizomes, layering? (Mahonia nervosa) moderate tolerates coarse soils Castanopsis chrysophylla 4 3 4 basal sprouts ? basal root burl; tolerates animal dispersed nuts sprouts? infertile, coarse soils Cornus nuttallii 4 4 1+ basal sprouts deep with large taproot; fine seeds (drupe) NI soils Cornus stolonifera 2 5 3 root and basal sprouts root crown, rhizomatous; wind and bird dispersed rhizomes, root var. occidental sandy moist soils seeds shoots and layering SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION SHRUBS, continued Corylus cornuta 4 3 4 basal sprout, rapid root crown; variety of soils, animal dispersed nuts branch layering var. californica tolerates coarse soils Gaultheria ovatifolia NI NI NI NI NI animal dispersed spreading mats berries Gaultheria shallon 4 3 2 rhizome, root and basal shallow network of roots and animal dispersed rhizomes, layering, sprouts, moderate rhizomes; tolerates coarse, berries root sprouts infertile soils Pachistima myrsinites 3 2 5 root and basal sprouts, deep taproot; tolerates coarse seed viable for decades branch layering moderate soils Polystichum munitum 5 3 3 rhizome sprouts rhizomatous; tolerates wind dispersed spores limited to division var. munitum ultramafic soil of woody rhizome Rhododendron occidentale 4 3 4 basal sprouts root crown ? seeds NI Rosa gymnocarpa 4 3 4 basal sprouts, moderate rhizomatous; coarse soil animal dispersed "hips" rhizomes with seed
A-24 Rubus lasiococcus 2 NI 2 NI moderate depth roots animal dispersed branch layering raspberries Rubus spectabilis 3 4 2 basal and rhizome rhizomatous, clonal; wide animal dispersed rhizomes sprouts, rapid range of soils raspberries Salix exigua 1 5 NI basal and root sprouts, rhizomatous; coarse soils wind dispersed seed rhizomes; buried ssp. melanopsis moderately rapid detached stems Salix geyeriana 1 5 1 basal sprouts, moderate root crown; deep fine soils wind dispersed seed buried detached var. meleina stems Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra 1 5 1 basal sprouts, moderate root crown; coarse soils wind dispersed seed buried detached (S. lasiandra var. lasiandra) stems Salix lutea 1+ 5 1 basal sprouts, moderate root crown; coarse soils wind dispersed seed buried detached stems Salix scouleriana 2 5 2 basal sprouts, rapid root crown wind dispersed seed buried detached stems Vaccinium membranaceum 5 3 2 basal sprouts, rapid rhizomatous?, coarse acid small berries, animal branch layering, rhizome sprouts? soils, also infertile soils dispersed rare Vaccinium ovatum 5 3 2 basal sprouts massive root crown and small berries, animal branch layering ? taproot, coarse acid soils dispersed Table A.8: Eco-Region 4 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WIS ELEVATION RZ ECOLOGY-ASSOCIATIONS (FT.) LEVEL CONIFER TREES Abies amabilis Pacific silver fir FACU 3800 - 6000 M-T Cascades; high precipitation sites; with mountain hemlock, Engelmann spruce, western white pine, dwarf bramble, red mountainheath, huckleberrys Abies grandis grand fir FACU- 1500 - 5500+ M-T above basins, but lower in the north; with ponderosa pine, western (2000 - 5000) larch, lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, black cottonwood, aspen, western redcedar, mountain alder, serviceberry, Scouler willow Calocedrus decurrens incense-cedar NI 500 - 6500 T Cascades, Ochocos (uncommon); lowest forest zones and higher; with (Libocedrus decurrens) Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western white pine, grand fir, oak Larix occidentalis western larch FACU+ 3000 - 6500 M-T Cascades (north), Ochocos; with conifers especially Douglas-fir, (3000 - 5000) western redcedar, western white pine, huckleberrys Picea engelmanni Engelmann spruce FAC 2000 - 7000+ M-T Cascades, Ochocos (uncommon); with lodgepole pine, mountain (4000 - 6000) hemlock, Pacific silver fir; extending to lower limits only in cold air drainages Pinus contorta lodgepole pine FAC- 3000 - 5500+ M-T mostly central and southern; not below Douglas-fir/grand fir in the A-25 var. latifolia north Cascades; variable ecology; often dominant stands Pinus monticola western white pine FACU 1000 - 6500 M-T generally montane; with many conifers including Pacific silver fir, (2000 - 6000) western redcedar, also with aspen, willows, currants, huckleberrys, serviceberry Pinus ponderosa ponderosa pine FACU- 500 - 6500 T typically the first forest zone above the shrub-steppe/basins; at the higher elevations in the south; with Douglas-fir, grand fir, western white pine, Oregon white oak, aspen, mallow ninebark, bearberry Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir FACU+ 1000 - 5000 T forested zone above ponderosa pine or abutting shrub-steppe; up to var. glauca 6000 ft. in south; with many trees, mallow ninebark, huckleberrys, bearberry Taxus brevifolia Pacific yew FACU- 1000 - 4500+ M-T under conifers; ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, incense cedar, western hemlock, Pacific silver fir; with vine maple Thuja plicata western redcedar FAC 500 - 7000 M-T more common in the north Cascades; with streamside conifers at all elevations; also with mountain alder, serviceberry Tsuga heterophylla western hemlock FACU- 1500 - 5000 T mostly central and north Cascades; with conifers, lady fern, huckleberrys, currants Tsuga mertensiana mountain hemlock FACU 5000 - 7500 T montane; highest forested zone; with Pacific silver fir, Engelmann spruce, western white pine, western larch, huckleberrys SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WIS ELEVATION RZ ECOLOGY-ASSOCIATIONS (FT.) LEVEL BROADLEAF TREES Alnus rhombifolia white alder FACW 500 - 2000 L-M Columbia River tributaries and lower Cascade foothills; with black cottonwood, willows (arroyo, Pacific, coyote) Populus tremuloides trembling aspen FAC+ 3000 - 6000+ M-T mostly montane; at the higher elevations in the south; terraces and wet meadows; aggressive pioneer; with Woods rose, currants, serviceberry, Douglas spiraea, willows (Geyer, Lemon, Pacific) Populus trichocarpa black cottonwood FACW 500 - 5500 L-M flood deposition sites, mostly along larger rivers and streams; with alders, willows, red-osier dogwood Quercus garryana Oregon white oak UPL 500 - 3800 T Mt. Hood Cascades, Columbia River gorge; with ponderosa pine Douglas-fir, grand fir, Pacific yew, incense cedar, many shrubs SHRUBS Acer circinatum vine maple FACU+ 500 - 5000 M-T central Cascades and north; under conifers, especially grand fir, western redcedar, western hemlock, oak, with prickly currant, Pacific yew Alnus incana mountain alder FACW 2400 - 5700 L-M widespread, variety of streams, with willows, aspen and black (A. tenuifolia) cottonwood, grand fir; flood deposition sites A-26 Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry FACU 500 - 4500 M-T widespread; also with grand fir, Douglas-fir, black cottonwood, var. alnifolia Douglas hawthorn and white alder Arctostaphylos uva-ursi bearberry FACU- 4300 - 6000+ M-T mostly east of Cascades; dryer margins, at cool sites with lodgepole (kinnikinnick) pine, ponderosa pine; excellent ground cover Artemesia cana silver sagebrush FAC 3500 -5500 M-T shrub-steppe regions, alkaline basins; narrow drainage border var. bolander bolander Artemesia cana silver sagebrush FAC 5500 - 7000 M-T Ochocos and Klamath Mountains; mountain prairies var. viscidula mountain Betula glandulosa bog birch OBL 3000 - 6200 L-M bogs; common in Cascades, less so east; under Engelmann spruce, var. glandulosa lodgepole pine, with bog blueberry, mountain alder, willows (Booth, Lemmon, Geyer) Cornus stolonifera red-osier dogwood FACW 500 - 5000 L-M widespread, flood deposition sites; with black cottonwood, willows var. stolonifera and alders Cratagus douglasii Douglas hawthorn FAC 500 - 6000 M-T Ochocos and north central Cascades; somewhat open sites, dryer var. douglasii (black hawthorn) floodplains of the ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir zones; with serviceberry, Douglas spiraea, Woods rose, common snowberry Phyllodoce empetriformis red mountainheath FAC 5700 - 7000 M-T Cascades; subalpine to alpine meadows and streambanks; with bog blueberry, undergreen willow, Eastwood willow SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WIS ELEVATION RZ ECOLOGY-ASSOCIATIONS (FT.) LEVEL SHRUBS, continued Physiocarpus malvaceus mallow ninebark FAC+ 1000 - 6000 M commonly under ponderosa pine and Douglas fir, also Engelmann spruce, aspen, grand fir; with common snowberry, serviceberry, willows Ribes lacustre prickly currant FAC+ 2200 - 6400 M-T variety of streams, disturbed sites; less so with lodgepole in basins (black gooseberry) Rosa woodsii Woods rose FACU 3000 - 5000+ M-T a dominant shrub; with Douglas hawthorn, common snowberry, var. ultramontana serviceberry, Douglas spiraea Rubus lasiococcus dwarf bramble NI 4500 - 6500+ M-T montane; with black huckleberry, grouse huckleberry, red mountainheath Salix boothii Booth willow OBL 1000 - 7300 L variety of riparian sites, flood deposition; with red-osier dogwood, willows (Geyer, Lemmon), alders, bog birch; not typically forested, but aspen, lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce may be nearby Salix commutata undergreen willow OBL 4000 - 7000 L mostly Cascades, marshy - boggy sites; with willows (Eastwood, Booth), bog blueberry, red mountainheath Salix eastwoodiae Eastwood willow FACW 4000 - 7000 L Cascades, uncommon east; wet meadows, dwarfed in bogs; with A-27 willows (Eastwood, Booth), bog blueberry, red mountainheath Salix exigua ssp. exigua coyote willow FACW 500 - 5000 L-M streambanks and gravel bars (flood deposition); foothills and basins; (S. exigua) with black cottonwood, red-osier dogwood, alders; at somewhat higher elevations in the south Salix geyeriana Geyer willow OBL 3000 - 5600 L-T widespread, especially common in basins; flood deposition sites; with willows (Booth, Lemmon), bog birch, Douglas spiraea Salix lemmonii Lemmon willow FACW+ 500 - 6200 L-M throughout; open meadows, low gradient streams and rivers; shrub steppe zone; lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir forests, with willows, bog birch, Douglas spiraea Salix lucida ssp. caudata Pacific willow FACW+ 500 - 5000+ L-M stream flood deposition sites; with black cottonwood, alders, red-osier (Salix lasiandra var. caudata) dogwood, willows (coyote, Lemmon) Salix lutea yellow willow OBL 500 - 5500 L-M streambanks (flood deposition sites), mostly in low elevation steppe zone, with black cottonwood, red-osier dogwood, willows(coyote, Pacific), also with mountain alder at mid elevation Salix scouleriana Scouler willow FAC 500 - 5000+ L-T streambanks; species is also upland transition Spiraea douglasii Douglas spiraea FACW 2200 - 5900 M variety of streams to bottomlands; with lodgepole pine, Engelmann var. menziesii spruce, aspen, alders, willows, dwarf bramble; forms dense thicket SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WIS ELEVATION RZ ECOLOGY-ASSOCIATIONS (FT.) LEVEL SHRUBS, continued Symphoricarpos albus common snowberry FACU 2200 - 5800 T well drained riparian sites; widespread but more common in north, var. laevigatus central Cascades; with upland transitional shrubs; especially Douglas hawthorn, serviceberry, Woods rose Vaccinium membranaceum black huckleberry FACU+ 5000 - 6500+ T mostly Cascades; under conifers, with grouse huckleberry, dwarf (big whortleberry) bramble, red mountainheath Vaccinium occidentale bog blueberry FACW+ 4200 - 6000+ L-M bogs and meadow margins; mostly Cascades; under aspen, cedar; with bog birch, mountain alder, red mountainheath, willows(undergreen, Eastwood) Vaccinium scoparium grouse huckleberry FACU- 4000 - 7500 T sub-alpine to alpine; under mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, Pacific silver fir, with black huckleberry, red mountainheath, dwarf bramble A-28 Table A.9: Eco-Region 4, Continued SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION CONIFER TREES Abies amabilis 5 4 1 new leader from above shallow rooted when mature; wind dispersed seed, none ground buds moist, acidic soil short distance Abies grandis 4 3 2+ new leader from above intermediate roots, shallower wind dispersed seed, NI ground buds and lateral on wet sites; short distance coarse soils Calocedrus decurrens 3 3 4 new leader from above spreading, extensive roots; wind dispersed seed none (Libocedrus decurrens) ground buds variety of soils long distance Larix occidentalis 1 3 3 new leader from above deep, extensive roots; wind dispersed seed none ground buds mineral soil Picea engelmanni 3+ 4 2+ branch layering; new generally shallow rooted; wind dispersed seed branch layering leader from above ground moist, mineral soil buds Pinus contorta 1 4 5 basal sprouts; new leader variable roots, shallow on wind dispersed seed NI var. latifolia from above ground buds wet soils; good on infertile A-29 soil Pinus monticola 3 3 2+ new leader from above mostly shallow and lateral wind dispersed seed none ground buds with sinkers; tolerates coarse soils Pinus ponderosa 2 3 5 new leader from above lateral after rapid early wind and gravity none ground buds taproot; coarse soils dispersed seed Pseudotsuga menziesii 3 3 4 new leader from above variable, potentially deep wind and mammal none var. glauca ground buds rooted; variety of soils dispersed seed Taxus brevifolia 5 3 3+ basal and root sprouts; deep, widespread, fibrous berry-like aril branch layering branch layering; new roots; deep, moist, acidic leader from ground buds soils Thuga plicata 5 4+ 3 branch layering; rooting extensive roots; does not wind dispersed seed branch layering of broken branches; new penetrate dense soil; tolerates leader from above ground infertile soils buds Tsuga heterophylla 5 3 1+ branch layering; new shallow rooted; variety of wind dispersed seed, branch layering, leader from above ground acidic soils long distance rare buds; seedlings sprout basaly SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION CONIFER TREES, continued Tsuga mertensiana 4+ 5 1 branch layering; new shallow rooted; coarse soils wind dispersed seed branch layering, leader from above ground rare buds BROADLEAF TREES Alnus rhombifolia 3 5 2 basal sprouts fibrous roots; moist, coarse wind and water sprouts, layering in soil dispersed seed wet areas Populus tremuloides 1 3+ 1+ basal and root sprouts clonal, shallow, extensive wind dispersed seed root sprouts, clonal roots with spaced sinkers; poor on coarse soil Populus trichocarpa 1 5 1+ basal and root sprouts, deep, extensive roots; variety wind and water absis shoots, root vigorous of soils dispersed seed sprouts Quercus garryana 2 4 4 basal and rare root extensive roots, with deep gravity and animal none sprouts taproot; variety of soils, dispersed acorns tolerates coarse soil
A-30 SHRUBS Acer circinatum 5 4 2 basal sprouts, rapid root crown, deep, well poor seed producer, branch layering, drained soils animal dispersed root sprouts Alnus incana 1+ 5 1 basal sprouts, poor root crown; coarse soils small winged nutlets branch layering (A. tenuifolia) Amelanchier alnifolia var. 2 3 4 basal and rhizome massive root crown with berry-like pomes rhizomes alnifolia sprouts, moderate extensive rhizomes; tolerates infertile soils Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 3 4 4+ basal and rhizome rhizomatous, moderate depth berry-like drupes rhizomes, layering sprouts, moderate roots; coarse soils Artemesia cana 1 3 5 basal sprouts, rapid rhizomatous, shallow to wind dispersed seed rhizomes, layering var. bolander deep; alkaline soils Artemesia cana 1 3 5 basal sprouts, rapid rhizomatous, shallow to wind dispersed seed rhizomes, layering var. viscidula deep; variety of soils Betula glandulosa 4 4 1+ basal sprouts, rapid root crown; organic soils wind dispersed seed insignificant var. glandulosa Cornus stolonifera 2 5 3 rhizomes and basal root crown, rhizomatous; wind and bird dispersed rhizomes, root var. stolonifera sprouts coarse soils seed shoots, layering Cratagus douglasii 2 4 3 basal and root sprouts, root crown; deep fine soils semi-shelled fruit, bird NI var. douglasii moderate dispersed SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION SHRUBS, continued Phyllodoce empetriformis NI NI NI NI coarse soils seeds NI Physiocarpus malvaceus 2 2 4+ basal sprouts, moderate root crown; finer soils gravity dispersed seeds rhizomes Ribes lacustre 3 4 4 rootstock regrowth, shallow from root crown animal dispersed none? moderate rhizome and rhizomatous? berries basal sprouts Rosa woodsii 4 2+ 4 basal and rhizome sprouts rhizomatous and shallow animal dispersed "hips" rhizomes, layering var. ultramontana moderate fibrous roots with seed Rubus lasiococcus 2 NI 2 NI moderate depth roots animal dispersed branch layering raspberries Salix boothii 1+ 5 2 basal sprouts, moderate root crown wind dispersed seed NI Salix commutata 1 5 2 basal sprouts, moderate root crown wind dispersed seed NI Salix eastwoodiae 1 5 2 basal sprouts, moderate root crown wind dispersed seed NI Salix exigua ssp. exigua 1 5 NI basal sprouts, moderately rhizomatous; coarse soils wind dispersed seed rhizomes, buried (S. exigua) rapid detached stems
A-31 Salix geyeriana 1 5 1 basal sprouts, moderate root crown; deep fine soils wind dispersed seed buried detached stems Salix lemmonii 1+ 5 3 basal sprouts, moderate root crown; fine to coarse wind dispersed seed buried detached soils stems and roots Salix lucida ssp. caudata 1 5 1 basal sprouts, moderate root crown; coarse soils wind dispersed seed buried detached (S. lasiandra var. caudata) stems Salix lutea 1+ 5 1 basal sprouts, moderate root crown; coarse soils wind dispersed seed buried detached stems Salix scouleriana 3 5 2 basal sprouts, moderate root crown wind dispersed seed buried detached stems Spiraea douglasii 1+ 4+ 2+ basal and rhizome rhizomatous; finer soils seeds rhizomes var. menziesii sprouts, slow to moderate Symphoricarpos albus 4 3 3 rhizome and basal rhizomatous; finer soils berries, animal rhizomes var. laevigatus sprouts, rapid dispersed Vaccinium membranaceum 5 5 2 basal sprouts, rapid rhizomatous?; coarse acid small berries, animal branch layering, rhizome sprouts? soils, also infertile soils dispersed rare Vaccinium occidentale 3 5 2 rhizome and basal rhizomatous; coarse acid animal dispersed rhizomes, layering sprouts, moderate soils, also infertile soils berries Vaccinium scoparium 3 3 2 rhizome and basal sprouts rhizomatous; coarse acid animal dispersed rhizomes, layering? soils, also infertile soils berries , n r, ) ith i r, h , i ai t ern t t e f o ; w rn n s erry a d f n s o o u e in h ai o ood, aped an t t B lp ; black r , h , w , w n iceb a y w m s e e t n w g - b deros illow a h ith n n o t h t i t v a ood, h ack w llo i su berry w n n serv , e ; w i Mou , as w i e pi pon l ; w bl ith y t nt cot ; g m w s ow g h a s t o n c, y r u ck w an i in k i r aries o s n o epole pin epol ack d d berry t larch illo u i n w e lly ier dog a o ban bl r; acif b ow clu , riable ecolog eadow u r, D r, R odg e os n m i n a i s ng c s h stern f ler w t a dom (P in s - m e g ; rch r tribu u s t ; v i d f t t u n c y ream a e e nki ce, lodg ce, l as t r w o o i l s; l r , w ils an rran , red- , com ru ru g d h r eas e n m e s , s t o st ; ne p u p ciates s , h b n illo r, sco ern t i o o rs o n t s s an e d low w nt u r, g s e s eer, w s n n z i ites ai a f rran o e r c) f e es i e p r illow i e, w - l an r rtile s s as an r, D on an l ple ood, cu ald r s at i fi o e u n y cu bark p a w rs as f e m , n sno w l r, w y n ci i e a lm pi l e der, com c ou i con l acif n ep d f o ain g a o n o e e e i f oodpl r zon y m c t h in k i g l i s - s u g v g t m p al m f c n i i , P d l an kl e o m - n n r s l u as ; r f a r riv d s o c ain m as l r dog s i t p e o w ain o ai as lo En En D g o e y r r, al , birch g es a t t j l n a v i o r h h e h n u an a n n g c s t t t p llow g , a h ith ith i i , i o u u u os a , ri k g e, m e m o o n m i l l r , llow ood, pri w , al w m w tolerates i w (arroy ; a ; ; ; ; p p ; , D a Mou , ag on e ition a ugh sub s , m w s; w s s s s s i alders a a e b s Mo y , o d h a a a a a a d D n y n ites on r ne unt m ck w w w w h ros s ai d W ck an reg o eg n m t o o o o an t pen ood, m i illow l r l l e r dog ni e pi n e ood, red- llo llow llow ain a w e t an u a a of ne n a M w i w O i f s n ition o r, R y iceberry l o n i e Y-ASSOCIATIONS l r, Ro u unt os pi p a k zon rn epol l i W ood depos o u rv o m a c l a t f e l a d W Woods d d Wal d Wal d Wal d W e f h t e sa r dog , ood, as ood, w n s ; f o e B i Mo M t m w w odg i as- r s an an an an Ro an l y cot y y ern eas e l n, g , l tly t os k h h h, d deros deros es es an es es es es e e u ple, s ck c c n u rran lley u u balpin p n ack os a os der, red- r lu lu l l l lu o a ort ort s u lood depos a pon al cotton pi B cu p l v m m Ro bl a Do red- Ro cotton s f B B pon n B m n B B ECOLOG T T T T T T T T M M - - T T M RZ L L M- M- M- M- M- M- M- M- LEVEL ) . 7000 6000 4500) 7000) 5000) 7000) 6500 5300 7000 5300 1500 5500 7000+ 6000+ 6000+ 6000+ 4500+ (FT 500 - 500 - 3500 - 1500 - 3000 - 2800 - 3000 - 2800 - 3000 - 3000 - 2500 - 3000 - 1000 - (2500 - (4600 - (2000 - (5000 - ELEVATION - - - + + - + U W W U U U U U C C C C C C C C C C C C C A A A A A A A A A A F F F W IS A A FA F F F F F F F F F e pl a E m ce n ru e ood ai e t p n pen w n der r s n i r N NAM pi rch n i w o as al a f t a e e f O g - n r an l n n i i i Mou ai as M c y l f t l cot p y lm i b ern epole pin d n f g e t deros u u ite alder ck s g bal ack o o e h OM o n ran u rem E w s w g R m lodg D Paci bl t pon C 5 on i E gi si e e i i des s i i nz o-R lia n TREES a a oi e c i o carpa al l t an a o u i s ol t m i h a f m bif r s i lia) c di lm n o i den em a deros ocarpa a lia e o a r r i 10: E f c S om . nt an c o g s i t t suga r u abru o t n a s s ugl u l a brev o rh u u g l o pon ADLEAF occi l l s e A s s s d s l x u gl d e e u u O u . . i i b x ri . ten n nus i e r r r. latif cea en nus c n b b l cer g l R a a a i i s a va (A T SCIENTIFIC NAM CONIFER TREES A A L P P Pi P T B A Popu Popu SHRUB A A va v
A-32 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WIS ELEVATION RZ ECOLOGY-ASSOCIATIONS (FT.) LEVEL SHRUBS, continued Alnus sinuata Sitka alder FACW 3500 - 6000 L-M ponderosa zone and higher, also in southeast; flood deposition and scour sites; with currants, willows Amelanchier alnifolia serviceberry FACU 1000 - 6000+ M-T northern half of region, shrub-steppe through montane; with black (saskatoon) cottonwood, white alder, Douglas hawthorn, Rocky Mountain maple, thimbleberry, mallow ninebark Artemesia cana silver sagebrush FAC 3500 - 5500 M-T steppe regions, alkaline basins; primary shrub lining streams var. bolander bolander Artemesia cana silver sagebrush FAC 5500 - 7000 M-T mountain prairies; lining small, low gradient streams var. viscidula mountain Athyrium felix-femina lady fern FAC 3300 - 7000+ M-T Blues and Wallowas, wooded streambanks Betula glandulosa bog birch OBL 5000 - 7500 L-M Blues and Wallowas; streams and boggy sites; under lodgepole pine, var. glandulosa Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, with willows (undergreen, Eastwood) Betula occidentalis water birch FACW 3000 - 6000 L-M ponderosa pine zone and higher; with black cottonwood, alders, var. occidentalis serviceberry, stinking currant, willows
A-33 Cornus stolonifera red-osier dogwood FACW 3300 - 5500 M flood deposition sites; with willows, alders, serviceberry, Rocky var. stolonifera Mountain maple, common snowberry, currants; also in the southeast Crataegus douglasii Douglas hawthorn FAC 1000 - 6000 M-T widespread; with conifers, black cottonwood, serviceberry, var. douglasii (black hawthorn) thimbleberry, common snowberry, Woods rose Pachistima myrsonites Oregon boxwood NI 4500 - 6000 T Blues and Wallowas; under conifers, also with aspen, Rocky Mountain maple, serviceberry and mallow ninebark Phisiocarpus malvaceus mallow ninebark FAC+ 1000 - 6000 M-T variable ecology; under ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, grand fir, (2000 - 6000) Engelmann spruce, aspen, with serviceberry, Douglas hawthorn Ribes aureum golden currant FAC+ 1500 - 4500+ T mostly eastern; with yellow willow and Woods rose Ribes hudsonianum stinking currant OBL 3500 - 6500 L Blues and Wallowas; wooded sites, flood deposition; with mountain var. petiolare alder, red-osier dogwood, currants Ribes lacustre prickly currant FAC+ 3500 - 6500+ M-T wooded sites, flood deposition to transition; higher elevations in (black gooseberry) southeast; many associates Ribes viscossisimum sticky currant FAC 3500 - 6500+ M-T variable ecology; creek banks; with alders var. viscossisimum Rosa gymnocarpa baldhip rose FACU 2500 - 6000 T ponderosa pine zone and higher; wooded sites, higher elevations in southeast; with mountain alder, thimbleberry, currants, red-osier dogwood SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WIS ELEVATION RZ ECOLOGY-ASSOCIATIONS (FT.) LEVEL SHRUBS, continued Rosa woodsii Woods rose FACU 2000 - 5000+ M-T throughout, higher elevations in southeast; ponderosa pine zone and var. ultramontana (3000 - 5000+) higher; dominant shrub with many associates Rubus parviflorus thimbleberry FACU+ 3000 - 5500 T northern part of region, ponderosa pine zone and higher; under conifers, with mountain alder, Douglas hawthorn, serviceberry, Woods rose, common snowberry Salix boothii Booth willow OBL 3900 - 6000 L wide distribution, shrub-steppe and higher; pioneer on flood deposition sites; with Douglas-fir and Engelmann spruce, Woods rose, currants, willows (Geyer, yellow, Lemmon) Salix commutata undergreen willow OBL 5000 - 7500 L generally montane; swampy sites with Engelmann spruce, Eastwood willow, bog birch Salix eastwoodiae Eastwood willow FACW 5000 - 7500 L mountain bogs; with Engelmann spruce, undergreen willow, bog birch Salix exigua ssp. exigua coyote willow OBL 500 - 5000 L-M throughout, basins through foothills; pioneer on flood deposition sites; (S. exigua) with mountain alder, Yellow willow, Pacific willow Salix exigua ssp. melanopsis dusky willow FACW 4500 - 6500 L-M pioneer on flood deposition; higher elevations than coyote willow (S. melanopsis) A-34 Salix geyeriana Geyer willow FACW+ 3900 - 6000 L-T wide distribution, ponderosa pine zone to subalpine; dominant on low var. geyeriana gradient streams; with currants, willows (Booth, Lemmon, yellow) Salix lasiolepus arroyo willow FACW 5000 -6000 L-M rocky streambanks; with black cottonwood, white alder, Pacific willow (red willow) Salix lemmonii Lemmon willow FACW+ 500 - 6500+ L-M wide distribution, steppe-shrub zone and higher; low gradient streams; with Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, bog birch and willows (Geyer) Salix lucida ssp. caudata Pacific willow FACW+ 500 - 6000 L-M throughout; pioneer on flood deposition sites; with black cottonwood, (S. lasiandra var. caudata) coyote willow, yellow willow Salix lutea yellow willow OBL 3000 - 6500+ L-M widespread, flood deposition sites; with black cottonwood, mountain alder, coyote willow, Pacific willow Salix scouleriana Scouler willow FAC 500 - 5500 L-T widespread, common in v-shaped valleys; species is also upland transition Spiraea densiflora subalpine spiraea NI 5500 - 7000+ M-T Blues and Wallowas var. splendens Symphoricarpus albus common snowberry FACU 3000 - 5500+ T open woods and prairie sites; under Ponderosa pine, black cottonwood, var. laevigatus aspen, with Douglas hawthorn, Rocky Mountain maple, serviceberry, thimbleberry, Woods rose Vaccinium membranaceum black huckleberry FACU+ 4600 - 7000 T Blues and Wallowas; under conifers with mountain alder, prickly (big whortleberry) currant, Oregon boxwood, grouse huckleberry SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WIS ELEVATION RZ ECOLOGY-ASSOCIATIONS (FT.) LEVEL SHRUBS, continued Vaccinium occidental bog blueberry FACW+ 4200 - 6000+ L-M bogs and meadow margins; under aspen, cedar; with bog birch, mountain alder, willows (undergreen, Eastwood) Vaccinium scoparium grouse huckleberry FACU- 5000 -7500 T Blues and Wallowas; shady sites with black huckleberry A-35 Table A.11: Eco-Region 5, Continued SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION CONIFER TREES Abies grandis 4 3 3+ new leader from above intermediate roots, shallower wind dispersed seed, NI ground buds and lateral on wet sites; short distance coarse soils Abies lasiocarpa 5 4+ 2+ branch layering; new generally shallow rooted; wind dispersed seed, branch layering, leader from above ground variety of soils short distance near timberline buds Larix occidentalis 1 3 3+ new leader from above deep, extensive roots; wind dispersed seed none ground buds mineral soil Picea engelmannii 3+ 4 2+ branch layering; new generally shallow rooted; wind dispersed seed branch layering leader from above ground moist, mineral soil buds Pinus contorta 1 5 5 basal sprouts; new leader variable roots, shallow on wind dispersed seed NI var. latifolia from above ground buds wet soils; good on infertile soil A-36 Pinus ponderosa 2 3 5 new leader from above lateral after rapid early wind and gravity none ground buds taproot; coarse soils dispersed seed Pseudotsuga menziesii 3 3 4 new leader from above variable, potentially deep wind and mammal none var. glauca ground buds rooted; variety of soils dispersed seed Taxus brevifolia 5 3 3+ basal and root sprouts; deep, widespread, fibrous wind dispersed berry- branch layering branch layering; new roots; deep, moist, acidic like aril leader from ground buds soils BROADLEAF TREES Alnus rhombifolia 3 5 2 basal sprouts fibrous roots; moist, coarse wind and water sprouts, layering in soil dispersed seed wet areas Populus tremuloides 1 4 1+ basal and root sprouts clonal, shallow, extensive wind dispersed seed root sprouts, clonal roots with spaced sinkers; poor on coarse soil Populus trichocarpa 1+ 4+ 1+ basal and root sprouts, deep, extensive roots; variety wind and water absis shoots, root vigorous of soils dispersed seed sprouts SHRUBS Acer glabrum 4 4 NI basal sprouts, numerous large root crown, deep wind dispersed seed none var. douglasii system; coarse soils Alnus incana 1+ 5 1 basal sprouts, poor root crown; coarse soils small winged nutlets branch layering (A. tenuifolia) SCIENTIFIC NAME SHADE FLOOD DROUGHT DAMAGE RESPONSE ROOTS AND SOIL SEXUAL VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION SHRUBS, continued Alnus sinuata 2 5 1 basal sprouts (when root crown, coarse soils small winged nutlets branch layering small), poor Amelanchier alnifolia 2 3 3 basal and rhizome massive root crown with berry-like pomes rhizomes var. alnifolia sprouts, moderate extensive rhizomes; tolerates infertile soils Artemesia cana 1 3 5 basal sprouts, rapid rhizomatous, shallow to wind dispersed seed rhizomes, layering var. bolander deep; alkaline soils Artemesia cana 1 3 5 basal sprouts, rapid rhizomatous, shallow to wind dispersed seed rhizomes, layering var. viscidula deep; variety of soils Athyrium felix-femina 4 3 2 rhizome sprouts rhizomatous wind dispersed spores rhizomes Betula glandulosa 4 4 2 basal sprouts, rapid root crown; soils can be wind dispersed seed insignificant var. glandulosa coarse Betula occidentalis 1 5 2 basal sprouts shallow, dense roots; coarse wind dispersed seed insignificant var. occidentalis soils
A-37 Cornus stolonifera 2 5 3 rhizomes and basal root crown, rhizomatous; wind and bird dispersed rhizomes, root var. stolonifera sprouts coarse soils seed shoots, layering Crataegus douglasii 2 4 3+ basal and root sprouts, root crown; deep fine soils semi-shelled fruit, bird NI var. douglasii moderate dispersed Pachistima myrsinites 3 2 5 root and basal sprouts, deep taproot; tolerates coarse seed viable for decades branch layering moderate soils Physiocarpus malvaceus 2 2+ 4+ basal sprouts, moderate root crown seeds rhizomes Ribes aureum 3 3 4 rhizome and basal rhizomatous animal dispersed rhizomes sprouts, rapid? berries Ribes hudsonianum NI 4 4 spouts? rhizomatous? animal dispersed rhizomes? var. petiolare berries Ribes lacustre NI 4 4 rootstock regrowth, rhizomatous? animal dispersed rhizomes? moderate; sprouts? berries Ribes viscossisimum NI NI NI sprouts? rhizomatous? animal dispersed rhizomes? var. viscossisimum berries Rosa gymnocarpa 4 3 4 basal and rhizome rhizomatous and shallow seed in "hips", bird rhizomes, layering sprouts, moderate fibrous roots; coarse soil dispersed Rosa woodsii 4 2+ 5 basal and rhizome rhizomatous and shallow seed in "hips", bird rhizomes, layering var. ultramontana sprouts, moderate fibrous roots dispersed ? g g , s rin rin g ed ed ed ed ed e e rin e ach ach d root s es e es es es, lay es es, lay lay an m m s s s s s ch ed det ed det om om zom z z m m m m ried detach ried detach ri ri ried detach i izom i i izom izo izo I em t h r rh NI NI rh N rh rh ste rh s ste bran rare bu rh bu ste ste bu bu NI bu VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION al d d eed e e eed eed eed eed eed eed eed eed eed im d s d d se se e e e d s d d d s d s d s d s d s d s d s d s al , an e e e e e e e e e se se ers ers ers r r im p p p ers e e ers ers ers ers ers ers ers ers s p p p p p p p p p d d sp sp s s s s i i , an di se se l r r dis al dis al dis dis dis dis a d d di dis di e e d d d d d di d d d di d m all berries n n n n nd nd n n n n n im im i sp sp i i i i i i i i i i i i i erries n eeds m s w w an berries REPRODUCTION w w an berries w s d d w a b w w w w w SEXUAL e il s ils l o i ils o ils ils ils acid be be be o o e s acid acid e e e s s c s i e e can can can n to coars s s s a l l l e i i i rtile so rtile so rtile so n ; coars e e e o o o i coars coars coars f f f ; ; ; ? f org s s s coars coars s s s s s s s s ; ; ; ; ; ; ; in in in n n n n n n n n ou ou atou atou atou atou atou atou at at e e e crow crow crow crow crow om om z z ils, also ils, also ils, also ils i i izom izom izom izom izom izom I ROOTS AND SOIL root crow root crow root root root so rh rh so coars rh coars so rh rh rh rh so coars root crow rh root N root e e e e e e l om a l l l z i a a a oderate oderate oderat oderat oderate oderat oderat oderat ? te te d d uts, uts, s a a t o o r r m m m m m m m rapid m d rh r r d bas , , , , , , , , , e e d d d bas d bas d bas s s s s s s s s s i i d d t t t t t t t t t rapi rapi rou an p p sp sp o o an y y p E RESPONSE a a l l an an an ? m m e e s s rou rou rou rou rou rou rou rou rou m m r r e e e s es es p p p p p p p p p AG s s s s , root s l s l l ste l ste l uts, uts, uts, uts, uts om om al s al s a al al al a al s al a o o o o o zom zom z z sa sa r r r r r i i izom i i oderat oderat I as as as as as as as a a h h b b r r bas bas sp sp b sp b sp m b sp rh m b b N rh b b rh bas DAM HT 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 3+ NI NI 2+ DROUG I 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5? 4+ N FLOOD + 1 3 3 5 2 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 2 1 1+ 1+ HADE S is s m a p r o d s E aceu gua lan al m i e t x ran s e b albu . m . a inued ae s ru r. lasian s i m a lora i a an nt o opariu s e s tata is) a l if n c ssp ssp i f ri n s u v n s i i o oodi a epu e e s occiden m p a a atu rian l h ) m u i w o m a dra) e ol r m m m t gua S, co ig i nd e ricarpu y ig i e ou u u u cid t s e i i i e o an x y c l gua lan a u parv i i h s e lem com g l lu s l ex boot eas e x p x x x x x x sp ge RUB . i i . i i i i bu e m l l l l l l r r r. laev . u a a a a a a S va SCIENTIFIC NAM SH R S Salix S Sa Salix Salix S Salix Salix S S Spiraea den va Sy v Vaccin Vaccin Vaccin ( (S. las (S. m
A-38 GENERAL CITATIONS
Arno, S. F. and R. P. Hammerly. 1977. Northwest Trees. The Mountaineers. Seattle WA. 222 pp.
Burns, R. M. and B. H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America, Volume 1, Conifers. USDA For. Serv. Agriculture Handbook 654. Washington D.C. 675 pp.
Burns, R. M. and B. H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America, Volume 2 Hardwoods. USDA For. Serv. Agriculture Handbook 654. Washington D.C. 877 pp.
Chapman, R. J., T. M. Hinckley, L. C. Lee and R. O. Teskey. 1982. Impact of Water Level Changes on Woody Riparian and Wetland Communities, Vol. X Index and Addendum to Volumes I-VIII. FWS/OBS-82/83, 111 pp.
Cooke, S. S. (ed.) 1997. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society. Seattle, WA. 417 pp.
Fire Effects Information System [Online] (September, 1996). Prescribed Fire and Fire Effects Research Work Unit, Rocky Mountain Research Station (producer), available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [1998,March 12].
Franklin, J. F., and C. T. Dyrness. 1988. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. OSU Press. Corvallis, OR. 452 pp.
Franklin, J. F., F. C Hall, C. T. Dyrness and C. Maser. 1972. Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: a Guidebook for Scientists and Educators. USDA For. Serv. PNW Forest and Range Experiment Station. Portland, OR. 498 pp.
Gregory, S. V., F. J. Swanson, W. A. Mckee and K. W. Cummins. 1991. An Ecosystem Perspective of Riparian Zones. BioScience 41(8):540-551.
Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 1,400 pp.
Hitchcock , C. L. and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Seattle WA. 730 pp.
Johnson, R. R. and J. F. McCormick (tech. Coord.) 1979. Strategies for the Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and Other Riparian Ecosystems, Proceedings of the Symposium, Callaway Gardens, Ga. December 11-13, 1978. U.S. For. Serv. GTR WO-12. Washington D.C. 410 pp.
Lotan, J. E. et al. 1981. Effects of Fir on Flora. USDA For. Serv. GTR WO-16, 71 pp.
A-39 Minore, D. 1979. Comparative Autecological Characteristics of Northwestern Tree Species - A Literature Review. USDA For. Serv. GTR PNW-87, 72 pp.
National List of Vascular Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary [Online] (January 24, 1997). Ecology Section - National Wetlands Inventory - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, available: www.enterprise.nwi.fws.gov/ecology/list96/national.txt
Pojar, J. and A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. B.C. Ministry of Forests and Lone Pine Publishing. Redmond, WA. 526 pp.
Randall, W. R., R. F. Keniston, D. N. Bever and E. C. Jensen. 1994. Manual of Oregon Trees and Shrubs. O.S.U. Book Stores Inc. Corvallis, OR. 305 pp.
Reed, P. B., Jr. 1988. National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: Northwest (Region 9). National Wetlands Inventory, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report 88 (26.9), 89 pp.
Swanson, F. J., S. V. Gregory, J. R. Sedell and A. G. Campbell. 1982. Land-water Interactions: the Riparian Zone, pp. 267-291 in: Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States. R. L. Edmonds (ed.) US/IBP Synthesis Series 14, Hutchinson Ross Publishing. Stroudsburg, PA. 419 pp.
Volland, L. A. and J. D. Dell. 1981. Fire Effects on Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Vegetation. USDA For. Serv. PNW Region. Portland, OR. 23 pp.
Walters, M. A., R. O. Teskey and T. M Hinkley. 1980. Impact of Water Level Changes on Woody Riparian and Wetland Communities, Vol. VIII, Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain Regions. FWS/OBS-78/94, 47 pp.
CITATIONS BY ECO-REGION
Portland Metro Area: Eco-region 1
Anderson, H. G. 1967. The Phytosociology of Some Vine Maple Communities in the Marys Peak Watershed. Thesis. Oregon State University. Corvallis, OR. 118 pp.
Campbell, A. G. and J. F. Franklin. 1979. Riparian Vegetation in Oregon’s Western Cascade Mountains: Composition, Biomass, and Autumn Phenology. Bulletin no. 14, Coniferous Forest Biome, Ecosystem Analysis Studies, U.S./International Biological Program. University of Washington. Seattle, WA. 90 pp.
Curtis, A. B. Upper Elk Meadows Research Natural Area. Supplement No 18 to: Franklin, J. F., F. C Hall, C. T. Dyrness and C. Maser. 1972. Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and Educators. USDA For. Serv. PNW Forest and Range Experiment Station. 498 pp.
A-40 Detling, L. E. 1966. The Flora of the Columbia River Gorge. Northwest Science 40(4):133-137.
Diaz, N. M. and T. K. Mellen. 1995. Riparian Ecological Types Gifford Pinchot and Mt. Hood National Forests, Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. USDA For. Serv. PNW Region R6-NR-TP-10-95.
Franklin, J. F. 1966. Vegetation and Soils in the Subalpine Forests of the Southern Washington Cascade Range. PhD Thesis. Washington State University. 132 pp.
Frenkel, R. E. and E. F. Heinitz. 1987. Composition and Structure of Oregon Ash (Fraxinus latifolia) Forest in William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon. Northwest Science 61(4):203-212.
Halverson, N. M., C. Topik and R. Van Vickle. 1986. Plant Association and Management Guide for the Western Hemlock Zone, Mt. Hood National Forest. USDA For. Serv. PNR R6-ECOL-232A-1986. 111 pp.
Hawk, G. M. 1979. Vegetation Mapping and Community Description of a Small Western Cascade Watershed. Northwest Science 53(3):200-212.
Henderson, J. A. 1978. Plant Succession on the Alnus rubra/Rubus spectabilis Habitat Type in Western Oregon. Northwest Science 52(3):156-167.
Hibbs, D. E. and P. E. Giordano. 1996. Vegetation Characteristics of Alder-dominated Riparian Buffer Strips in the Oregon Coast Range. Northwest Science 70(3):213-222.
Minore, D. and H. G. Weatherly. 1994. Riparian Trees, Shrubs, and Forest Regeneration in the Coastal Mountains of Oregon. New Forests 8:249-263.
Thilenius, J. F. 1964. Synecology of the White-oak (Quercus garryana Douglas) Woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 151 pp.
Wiberg, C. and S. Green. 1972. Blackwater Island Research Natural Area, Supplement No. 11 to: Franklin, J. F., F. C Hall, C. T. Dyrness and C. Maser. 1972. Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and Educators. USDA For. Serv. PNW Forest and Range Experiment Station. 498 pp.
Wickramarantne, S. N. 1983. Vegetation Changes in the Willamette River Greenway, Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon: 1972-1981. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 118 pp.
Northwest Oregon: Eco-region 2
Anderson, H. G. 1967. The Phytosociology of Some Vine Maple Communities in the Marys Peak Watershed. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 118 pp.
A-41 Campbell, A. G. and J. F. Franklin. 1979. Riparian Vegetation in Oregon’s Western Cascade Mountains: Composition, Biomass, and Autumn Phenology. Bulletin no. 14, Coniferous Forest Biome, Ecosystem Analysis Studies, U.S./International Biological Program. University of Washington. Seattle, WA. 90 pp.
Curtis, A. B. Upper Elk Meadows Research Natural Area. Supplement No. 18 to: Franklin, J. F., F. C Hall, C. T. Dyrness and C. Maser. 1972. Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and Educators. USDA For. Serv. PNW Forest and Range Experiment Station. 498 pp.
Diaz, N. M. and T. K. Mellen. 1995. Riparian Ecological Types Gifford Pinchot and Mt. Hood National Forests, Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. USDA For. Serv. PNW Region R6-NR-TP-10-95
Franklin, J. F. 1966. Vegetation and Soils in the Subalpine Forests of the Southern Washington Cascade Range. Phd Thesis. Washington State University. 132 pp.
Frenkel, R. E. and E. F. Heinitz. 1987. Composition and Structure of Oregon Ash (Fraxinus latifolia) Forest in William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon. Northwest Science 61(4):203-212.
Halverson, N. M., C. Topik and R. Van Vickle. 1986. Plant Association and Management Guide for the Western Hemlock Zone, Mt. Hood National Forest. USDA For. Serv. PNR R6-ECOL-232A-1986. 111 pp.
Hawk, G. M. 1979. Vegetation Mapping and Community Description of a Small Western Cascade Watershed. Northwest Science 53(3):200-212.
Henderson, J. A. 1978. Plant Succession on the Alnus rubra/Rubus spectabilis Habitat Type in Western Oregon. Northwest Science 52(3):156-167.
Hibbs, D. E. and P. E. Giordano. 1996. Vegetation Characteristics of Alder-dominated Riparian Buffer Strips in the Oregon Coast Range. Northwest Science 70(3):213-222.
Minore, D. and H. G. Weatherly. 1994. Riparian Trees, Shrubs, and Forest Regeneration in the Coastal Mountains of Oregon. New Forests 8:249-263.
Thilenius, J. F. 1964. Synecology of the White-oak (Quercus garryana Douglas) Woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Thesis. Oregon State University. Corvallis, OR. 151 pp.
Wickramarantne, S. N. 1983. Vegetation Changes in the Willamette River Greenway, Benton and Linn Counties, Oregon: 1972-1981. Thesis. Oregon State University. Corvallis, OR. 118 pp.
A-42 Southwest Oregon: Eco-region 3
Atzet, T. and L. A. McCrimmon. 1990. Preliminary Plant Associations of the Southern Oregon Cascade Mountain Province. USDA For. Serv. PNW Region, Siskiyou National Forest, 330 pp.
Dyrness, C. T., J. F. Franklin and C. Maser. Wheeler Creek Research Natural Area, Supplement No. 1 to: Franklin, J. F., F. C Hall, C. T. Dyrness and C. Maser. 1972. Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and Educators. USDA For. Serv. PNW Forest and Range Experiment Station, 498 pp.
Mitchell, R. and W. Moir. 1976. Vegetation of the Abbott Creek Research Natural Area, Oregon. Northwest Science 50(1):42-58.
Seda, A. , T. Atzet and D. Wheeler. 1989. Key Species for Plant Associations on the Rogue River, Siskiyou and Umpqua National Forests. USDA For. Serv. R6-TM-TP- 009-89.
Smith, W. P. 1985. Plant Associations within the Interior Valleys of the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon. Journal of Range Management 38(6):526-530.
Waring, R. H. 1969. Forest Plants of the Eastern Siskiyous: Their Environmental and Vegetational Distribution. Northwest Science 43(1):1-16.
Whittaker, R. H. 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs 30(3):279-338.
Central Oregon: Eco-region 4
Busse, K. G. 1988. Ecology of the Salix and Populus Species of the Crooked River National Grassland. Thesis. Oregon State University. Corvallis, OR. 116 pp.
Dealy, J. E. 1971. Habitat Characteristics of the Silver Lake Mule Deer Range. USDA For. Serv. PNW Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. 99 pp.
Evans, S. 1989. Provisional Riparian and Aquatic Wetland Plant Communities on the Columbia Plateau. Washington State University, Dept. of Ecology. Pullman, WA. 52 pp.
Kovalchick, B. L. 1987. Riparian Zone Associations: Deschutes, Ochoco, Fremont, and Winema National Forests. USDA For. Serv. PNW Region R6-ECOL-TP 279-87, 171 pp.
Kovalchick, B. L., W. E. Hopkins, and S. J. Brunsfeld. 1988. Major Indicator Shrubs and Herbs in Riparian Zones on National Forests of Central Oregon. USDA For. Serv. PNW Region R6-ECOL-TP-005-88.
A-43 Schuller, S. R. 1977. Vegetation Ecology of Selected Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) Communities Along the Eastern High Cascades, Oregon. Thesis. Oregon State University. 79 pp.
Swedberg, K. C. 1961. The Coniferous Ecotone of the East Slope of the Northern Oregon Cascades. Thesis. Oregon State College. Corvallis, OR. 118 pp.
Eastern Oregon: Eco-region 5
Bingham, R. T. and D. M. Henderson. 1980. Guide to the Common Plants of Hells Canyon. USDA For. Serv. Northern Region, Hells Canyon NRA, 56 pp.
Bingham, R. T. and C. J. Miller. 1989. Guide to the Common Plants of the Seven Devils Mountains, Hells Canyon National Recreation Area, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. USDA For. Serv. PNW Region, 85 pp.
Brunsfeld, S. J. and F. D. Johnson. 1985. Field Guide to the Willows of East-central Idaho. Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 95 pp.
Crowe, E. A. and R. R. Clousnitzer. 1997. Mid-montane Wetland Plant Associations of the Malheur, Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests. USDA For. Serv. PNW Region Tech. Paper R6-NR-ECOL-TP-22-97, 299 pp.
Daubenmire, R. F. 1942. An Ecological Study of the Vegetation of Southeastern Washington and Adjacent Idaho. Ecological Monographs 12(1):53-79.
Dealy, J. E. 1971. Habitat Characteristics of the Silver Lake Mule Deer Range. USDA For. Serv. PNW Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. 99 pp.
Dean, M. L. 1960. A Taxonomic and Ecologic Study of the Vascular Plants of a Section of the Owyhee River Canyon in Oregon. Thesis. Oregon State College, Corvallis, OR. 147 pp.
Evans, S. 1989. Provisional Riparian and Aquatic Wetland Plant Communities on the Columbia Plateau. Washington State University, Dept. of Ecology, Pullman, WA. 52 pp.
Evenden, A. G. 1990. Ecology and Distribution of Riparian Vegetation in the Trout Creek Mountains of Southeastern Oregon. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 156 pp.
Head, S. E. 1959. Plant Taxonomy and Ecology of the East Eagle Creek Drainage of the Wallowa Mountains, Northeastern Oregon. Thesis. Oregon State College, Corvallis, OR. 249 pp.
Horton, L. E. 1972. Vascular Plants of the Lower Salmon River. USDA For. Serv. IM Region Division of Range Mgmt. 52 pp.
A-44 Huschle, G. 1975. Analysis of the Vegetation Along the Middle and Lower Snake River. Thesis. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.
Johnson, F. D. 1985. Wild Trees of Idaho. University of Idaho. Moscow, ID. 212 pp.
Kauffman, J. B., W. C. Krueger, and M. Vavra. 1985. Ecology and Plant Communities of the Riparian Area Associated with Catherine Creek in Northeastern Oregon. Agricultural Experiment Station Tech. Bull. 147, Oregon State University. Corvallis, OR. 35 pp.
Manning, M. E. and W. G. Padgett. 1995. Riparian Community Type Classification for Humbolt and Toiyabe National Forests, Nevada and Eastern California. USDA For. Serv. IM Region R4-ECOL-95-01, 306 pp.
Mason, G. 1985. Guide to the Plants of the Wallowa Mountains of Northeastern Oregon. Museum of Natural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR. 411 pp.
Padgett, W. G. 1982. Ecology of Riparian Plant Communities in Southern Malheur National Forest. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 143 pp.
St. John, H. 1956. Flora of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho. State College of Washington Press, Pullman, WA. 730 pp.
A-45