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Aphrodisiac Effect of Hunteria Umbellata Seed Extract: Modulation Of Pathophysiology 26 (2019) 39–47 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Pathophysiology jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pathophys Aphrodisiac effect of Hunteria umbellata seed extract: Modulation of nitric oxide level and arginase activity in vivo ∗ Ganiyu Oboh , Adeniyi A. Adebayo, Ayokunle O. Ademosun, Oluwaseun A. Abegunde Functional Foods and Nutraceutical Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, 340001, Nigeria a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Hunteria umbellata has been reported useful in managing the male sexual related disorder, but there is a Received 25 May 2018 dearth of information on its possible mechanism of action. Hence, this study was designed to investigate Received in revised form 8 November 2018 the effect of H. umbellata on some sexual behavior parameters in male rats, in order to ascertain its Accepted 29 November 2018 acclaimed aphrodisiac property. Twenty-four male rats were divided into four groups (n = 6). The extract (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day) and sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg body weight) were administered Keywords: orally by gavages for 28 days. Some sexual behavior parameters (mounting number, mounting latency, Aphrodisiac intromission number, and intromission latency), and some anxiety behavioral tests (dark-light box test Hunteria umbellata Arginase and open field test) were monitored. In addition, the effect of the extract on arginase activity, nitric oxide and antioxidant level in male rats was assessed. Results revealed that administration of H. umbellata Sexual behavior extract increases the mounting number, intromission number, time spent at the light compartment, nitric oxide and antioxidant level when compared with animals in the control group. Conversely, administration of H. umbellata caused a significant decrease in mounting latency, intromission latency, and arginase activity. Findings in this study revealed that H. umbellata improves sexual behavior parameters in male rats, and the results indicate that aphrodisiac effect of H. umbellata, identified by its effect on nitric oxide level and arginase activity, may play an important role in initiating and maintaining an erection. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction In this dispensation, increased work commitment poses severe psychological burdens on a human. This leads to the development Erectile dysfunction, one of the male sexual disorders, is char- of anxiety and it’s associated psychological stress which affects the acterized by the inability to attain and maintain a penile erection health status of an individual. Anxiety is therefore considered a necessary for satisfactory sexual performance [1]. In an attempt common emotional phenomenon in the human population, occur- to overcome the problem, aphrodisiacs (foods or substances that ring in response to physiological and/or environmental factors. It enhance sexual erection) have become popular over the years in represents one of the public health problems found among people stimulating or increasing sexual desire and performance. The for- of all ages and is associated with a considerable burden of disease, mer is regulated by the central nervous system which integrates suicide, physical comorbidity, and a significant decrease in the qual- tactile, olfactory, auditory, and mental stimuli, while the latter is ity of life of the patient [3]. Previous studies have stated the role of dependent on sexual desire, also called erectile performance or anxiety in the development of erectile dysfunction [4,5]. capacity. Aphrodisiacs have been reported to stimulate psycho- Since the existence of human races, the use of plant-derived logical effects, thereby elevating sexual desire and pleasure aside products in stimulating and sustaining erection has been reported other mood stimulating properties [2]. Aphrodisiacs can also cause useful because of their accessibility, affordability and less toxicity. physiologically impact, for instance by increasing blood flow and Different plant species have gained popularity as a sexual stimulant enhancing erection which could be a result of alteration of hor- in folkloric medicine in many countries [6]. Hunteria umbellata, a monal levels [2]. Anxiety is one of the risk factors for sexual function member of the Apocynaceae family, is a medicinal plant of great and aphrodisiac are known to ameliorate anxiety-induced sexual importance in the treatment of various human ailments [7]. In dysfunction. African traditional medicine, preparations from different parts of the plant have been employed in the treatment of various human diseases such as sexually transmitted infections including yaws, ∗ stomach ulcers, pains and swellings, diabetes mellitus, dysmenor- Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Oboh). rhoea and to induce or augment labor [7,8]. A decoction made from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.11.003 0928-4680/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 40 G. Oboh et al. / Pathophysiology 26 (2019) 39–47 the dried seeds of H. umbellata is of pharmacological importance in water, group 2, positive control, was treated with Sildenafil cit- the management of diabetes mellitus, obesity, stomach ache, pains rate (5 mg/kg), while animals in group 3 and 4 were treated with and swellings, and hypertension [9,10]. In separate studies, Falo- 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of H. umbellata respectively through dun et al. [8] and Igbe et al. [11] reported the oxytocic, antipyretic oral gavage. The choice of H. umbellata doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) and analgesic effect of H. umbellata. was in accordance with a previous study [10]. Previous studies have highlighted different biological activities of H. umbellata [8–11], but to our best knowledge, the aphrodisiac 2.4. HPLC-DAD analysis of phenolic constituents property of H. umbellata seed extract has not been investigated in experimental animals. Hence, this study sought to assess the aphro- Samples extract at a concentration of 12 mg/ml were injected disiac activity of H. umbellata seed extract. The study also assessed by means of a model SIL-20 A Shimadzu Auto sampler. Separations the possible effect of administration of H. umbellata extract on the were carried out using Phenomenex C18 column. The mobile phase level of nitric oxide, sexual behavior and arginase activity in exper- was water with 1% formic acid (v/v) (solvent A) and HPLC grade imental animals. methanol (solvent B) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and injection vol- ume 40 ␮L. The composition gradient was: 5% solvent B reaching 2. Materials and methods 15% at 10 min; 30% solvent B at 25 min, 65% solvent B at 40 min and 98% solvent B at 45 min, followed by 50 min at isocratic elution 2.1. Sample collection and preparation until 55 min. At 60 min the gradient reached the initial conditions again, following the method described by Shodehinde et al. [12]. Hunteria umbellata seeds were purchased from a retailer of The chromatography peaks were confirmed by comparing its reten- herbal produce at Akure main market, Akure, Nigeria. Authen- tion time with those of reference standards and by DAD spectra tication was carried out at the Department of Biology, Federal (200–600 nm). University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. Voucher sample was deposited at the institution herbarium with reference number FUTA/BIO/301 allotted. The seeds were gently washed under run- 2.5. Anxiety behavioral studies ning tap water to remove any dirt and completely dried at room temperature. Hundred gram (100 g) of the dry seeds were pulver- 2.5.1. Open field test ized to a fine powder using a domestic blender. 25 g of the finely The effect of the different doses of H. umbellata extract was powdered sample was boiled in 500 ml of distilled water in a beaker carried out in the open-field to ascertain possible plant extract- for 1 h under continuous stirring. The homogenate was allowed to induced motor impairment. In brief, the open field test was carried cool for about 6 h before it was rapidly filtered through a piece out in an apparatus consisted of a brightly lit arena measuring × of clean white cloth. The filtrate was lyophilized and the residue 60 60 x 50 cm and divided into 16 equal squares. The animals ◦ obtained was stored in an air-tight container at −4 C. The yield were placed in the center of the apparatus and the locomotor activ- obtained was 40% (w/w). From the residue, a fresh stock was recon- ity was recorded as the number of line crossings for 5 min [13]. stituted in distilled water at a concentration of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight, whenever needed. 2.5.2. Dark-light box test Using the dark-light box test, motor, anxiety and exploration 2.2. Chemicals and reagents behavior in male rats were assessed. The experimental procedure was described by Crawley and Goodwin [14]. The light-dark box L-arginine, diaminobenzaldehyde, coomassie blue G and sul- consisted in two equally sized compartments (25 × 33 × 24 cm), phanilamide were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co (St. Louis, which were connected by an opening (8 × 8 cm) located at floor MO, USA) and bovine serum albumin, nitrate, and vanadium chlo- level in the center of the partition. The light compartment was ride was obtained from Reagen (Colombo, Parana, Brazil). Sildenafil white, while the dark compartment was black. The test was per- Citrate was obtained from Cipla Limited., Mumbai, India, and formed in a dimly lighted room. Each animal was initially confined Estradiol benzoate procured from Organon Limited, Kolkata, India, in the white compartment for 30 s, afterward, the sliding door was whereas progesterone was obtained from Cadilla Healthcare Lim- open allowing the rat to freely explore the apparatus for 5 min. ited, Daman, India. Tris buffer and other reagents were of analytical grade, and distilled water was used.
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