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July 2012 Open University Geological Society Severnside Branch

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July 2012 Open University Geological Society Severnside Branch SABRINA TIMES JULY 2012 OPEN UNIVERSITY GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY SEVERNSIDE BRANCH Branch Organiser’s Report In this issue: Dear Members Rudry, South 2 Despite the disappointing weather so far this summer, our programme has run Glamorgan successfully. Only a few people dropped out early from the Rudry trip due to the heavy showers! We enjoyed fair weather in Snowdonia where Elaine Burt from the Ogmore and 10 BGS explained the challenges of mapping an area where the adjacent maps are so Dunraven Bay old that they needed some degree of re-interpretation. By the time the rain closed in on Monday we had retired to the Cafe to enjoy ice-creams and lunches. Events 12 The sun shone on us in Ogmore and drew out the crowds. There was a good turn Branch Committee 13 out and most of us enjoyed scrambling around the rocks to find the fossils. (If only I and Editorial hadn’t sprained my ankle the week before....) Although cool, the weather for Duncan Hawley’s trip to Llangattock was dry. Hopefully, John (our Editor) will Contacts 14 receive write-ups of all these events for you to peruse at your leisure. Our next event will be on 29th July with Tony Ramsay to Cribarth, North of Swansea. This will involve a short but steep climb to reach the ridge but it is a very interesting area, all within the boundaries of Fforest Fawr Geopark. As we have a longer foreign trip in September to Gaspe, the next day trip after this will be our Introductory Day on 18th November, in its new Autumn slot. Stephen Howe, from the National Museum will lead this day at Penarth. This is an excellent location for students new to Geology. Of course it is not just for beginners, all are welcome. I hope to see some of you at the Symposium in Northampton 17th – 19th August. This event is always full of interesting lectures , field trips and social contact. You should come along. This year it celebrates 40 years of OUGS. Many of the speakers are ex-Presidents and the lectures cover the past and the future of Earth Science. For those of you who have been members for a long time, the organisers are looking for photographs for a display of past events. Can you help? If so, please contact Don Cameron. Our Day of Lectures is scheduled for Sunday 8th December in the National Museum in Cardiff. Details of speakers will appear in due course. In line with last year, in the afternoon, we hope that some members will be willing to give a short talk / slide show of geology of somewhere they have been - 10 minutes maximum. All presentations must be in Powerpoint. If you are willing to participate, please get in touch with me. Best wishes Janet Sabrina - Goddess of the River Severn Wood carving at The Old Station, Tintern, Monmouthshire D8 1 Rudry, South Glamorgan – 22 April 2012 Severnside had a field trip to the Mynydd Rudry and the surrounding area on the 22nd April 2012. The following pages are copied from the handout prepared by the leader, Tom Sharp together with a few photographs taken during the day............... The area around Rudry southeast of Caerphilly displays a section through the south-eastern margin of the South Wales Coalfield from the early Devonian Lower Old Red Sandstone to the late Carboniferous Pennant Sandstone Formation. Although exposure is generally poor, it is sufficient to demonstrate the clear relationship between geology and landscape here. In addition, high ground both to the north and south of Rudry €can, on a clear day, offer views extending over 40 kilometres in each direction, from the Brecon Beacons in the north to Exmoor in the south. Our route will be dependent on the weather, but the aim is to walk a transect down the sequence from the Pennant Rhondda Member to the Devonian Brownstones Formation then head up the sequence to the Black Rock Limestone Group and the overlying Maenllwyd lnn for lunch. Our return route will depend on time and weather, but we will probably return along the limestone ridge. lf the weather is particularly bad, we have the option of a direct return along the road. Introduction to the geology of the South Wales Coalfield The South Wales Coalfield is a plateau about 500-600 m above sea level, dissected by many approximately NW- SE flowing rivers which occupy deep valleys. Almost all of the industrial development of the area has taken place along the valley floors and sides, leaving the barren moorland of the ridges between the valleys to sheep. The rocks of the Coalfield were formed in the Carboniferous Period, between about 350 and 299 million years ago. Older rocks, mostly red and grey sandstones and mudstones of the Devonian Old Red Sandstone lie to the north, east and south of the Coalfield. The Carboniferous rocks of the South Wales Coalfield provided the raw materials for the industrial revolution, and much early industry was located along the fringes of the coalfield. Here, iron ore, limestone, wood (for charcoal) and, later, coal, were easily accessible. Pembroke Limestone Group The Pembroke Limestone Group is a sequence of grey limestones deposited in a warm, shallow sea during the early part of the Carboniferous Period, about 360 million years ago. At this time South Wales lay in the tropics just south of the equator. Much of the calcium carbonate (lime) of the rock was derived from the shells of the huge numbers of animals which lived in the shallow waters. The limestones have been quarried for centuries for use as agricultural lime, as a flux in iron- making, in construction, and as roadstone and railway ballast, Quarrying continues in a number of places along the outcrop, for example, at Penderyn and Vaynor in the north, at Machen in the east and at Taffs Well in the south. In some parts of its outcrop, the limestone has been altered from its original composition of calcium carbonate. Around the eastern part of the rim, the limestone contains magnesium carbonate, dolomite, and in the south, in a discontinuous band between Rudry and Llanhany, some of the limestone has been replaced by iron ores, mostly hematite, the red iron oxide, Fe2O3. Along the eastern and southern edge of the Coalfield, the limestone outcrop forms a prominent ridge, especially between Taffs Well and Machen. The thickness of the limestone beds thins towards the north and towards the east, suggesting that the original shorelines of the Carboniferous sea lay in those directions. Marros Group During the early part of the Carboniferous Period, the shallow sea which had covered South Wales began to silt up, as gravel banks were deposited by rivers flowing from hills over Mid Wales. These gravels are now the conglomerates of the lower part of the Marros Group, the Twrch Sandstone Formation, and are made up almost entirely of well-rounded pebbles of white vein quartz, with occasional pebbles of jasper. Plants grew along these gravel banks and deltas, and are sometimes preserved in the conglomerates. Above these beds is a sequence of shales and sandstones, the Bishopston Mudstone Formation, which includes both marine and non-marine deposits, Along the southern margin of the coalfield, the Marros Group rocks are much more muddy, with much thinner beds of conglomerates than occur along the northern margin. 2 Rudry, South Glamorgan – 22 April 2012 (contd.) South Wales Coal Measures Group and Pennant Sandstone Formation The rocks of the Upper Carboniferous are divided into two main units, the South Wales Coal Measures Group, comprising the Lower and Middle Coal Measures Formations, and the overlying Pennant Sandstone Formation. The rocks are mostly sandstones, mudstones and coals. They were deposited along a coastal plain as river channel, floodplain and delta deposits. For much of early and middle Coal Measures times, the rivers flowed from the north, but later, as the mountain building of the Hercynian Orogeny raised land areas to the south of Wales, rivers began to flow from south to north, carrying sands into the South Wales area, the Forest of Dean, and the Bristol area. These sediments are the Pennant Sandstone which is found only in these southern coalfields. The hard Pennant Sandstone forms prominent escarpments, such as Craig y Llyn near Hirwaun, the Garth at Taffs Well, and Caerphilly and Rudry mountains. In the late Carboniferous, Wales lay at the equator, and the hot, humid climate encouraged the growth of dense vegetation on the coastal plains and deltas. Repeated episodes of submergence of the forest vegetation, either by river floods or by incursions of the sea, killed the forests and buried the vegetation beneath a layer of sediment. In time, the deltas were re-established and the forests re-grew. Coal Coal is the compressed remains of plants. As peat and decayed plants accumulated on the floor of the Carboniferous forests, and the area was repeatedly flooded, the plant material was squeezed and altered. In the South Wales Coalfield, we have coals which vary in their quality from the bituminous or house coals of the southern and eastern parts of the coalfield, the steam coals of the central part, to the high quality anthracite of the west and north-west. The distribution of the different qualities (or rank) of coals in the South Wales Coalfield has not been fully explained. Bituminous coal is about 80-90% carbon, burns with a smoky flame, and leaves quantities of ash. It is soft, and friable, often with a blocky structure and containing bright and dull layers. Bituminous coal occurs mainly to the east of the Taff and along the southern margin of the Coalfield.
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