A Viking Period Metalworking Hoard from Alvena in Mästerby Parish, Gotland Gustafsson, Ny Björn Fornvännen 2011(106):3, S

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A Viking Period metalworking hoard from Alvena in Mästerby parish, Gotland Gustafsson, Ny Björn Fornvännen 2011(106):3, s. 242-245 : ill. http://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/fornvannen/html/2011_242 Ingår i: samla.raa.se Korta meddelanden 238-254:Layout 1 11-10-19 14.18 Sida 242

242 Korta meddelanden studies of prehistoric agriculture in northern Ångerman- järnålder. Resultat av pollenanalyser. Arkeo logi i norr land. Early Norrland 1. Stockholm 6/7. Umeå. IntCal 09 C-14 calibration curve. OxCal online version Welinder, S., 1998. Del 1, Neoliticum–bronsålder 4.1. Bronk Ramsey, C. (2009). Bayesian analysis of 3900–500 f.Kr. Welinder S. et al. (eds). Det svenska radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon, 51:1. jordbrukets historia, jordbrukets första femtusen år. Bo - Runeson, H., 2007. Den goda ordningen. Gustafsson rås. P. & Spång L.G. (eds). Stenålderns stationer. Arkeo- Viklund, K., 1989. Förkolnade frön från anl 1-3, Raä 16, logi i Botniabanans spår.Riksantikvarieämbetet. Stock- Umeå sn, Västerbotten. Institutionen för arkeologi, holm. Umeå universitet. Schierbeck, A.,1994. Hedningahällan – en undersökning – 2002. Makrofossilanalys av jordprover från Potatis- för att skydda och vårda. UV Stockholm, Rapport landet 14, Umedalen, Umeå kn, Västerbotte ns län. 1994:31. Stockholm. Miljöarkeologiska Laboratoriets rapportserie 2002 Segerström, U.,1990. The natural Holocene vegetation –019. Umeå universitet. development and the introduction of agriculture in northern Norrland, Sweden. Dept of Ecological Bo tany, Karin Viklund University of Umeå. Miljöarkeologiska laboratoriet Sundström, S., 2002. Arkeologisk undersökning av boplats, Potatislandet 13 och 14, Umeå sn och kn. Västerbottens Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier mu seum, Umeå. Umeå universitet Wallin, J-E., 1996. Ekonomi och bebyggelsemönster vid Övre SE–901 87 Umeå Norrlands kustland under bronsålder och förromersk [email protected]

A Viking Period Metalworking Hoard from Alvena in Mästerby parish, Gotland

In October 2010 archaeologist Jonas Paulsson and 2006. From the first visit it was evident that made a remarkable discovery during a metal de - the field contains a settlement site. The recov- tector survey which formed part of Gotland ered artefacts point firmly towards the Late Iron County Council’s project “Ett plundrat kultur- Age and Middle Ages (c. AD 400–1500). Several arv” (“A looted cultural heritage”). On land be - finds are clear indicators of advanced metalwork- longing to the farm Eskelhem Alvena 1:21 in ing on the site (e.g. copper-alloy smelts, frag- Mästerby parish he recovered what is most likely ments of hearth lining, scrap metal and a possible a ploughed-out hoard of bronze objects (fig. 1). maste r model for a pendant). Most of these were The project’s goal is to re-surv ey recorded find found in the northern part of the field. This part sites with the intention to recover as much as of the parish is mostly known for an all together possible of the metallic stray finds in the topsoil. different event – the fabled battle of Ajmunds Campaigns like the current one have been launch- bridge, fought between an invading Danish force ed intermittently since the 1970s, when the and a Gotlandic muster in 1361. It was a less- development of metal detectors had reached a known prelude to the final end to Gotlandic point when anyone thusly equipped could get at resistance brought on by the Battle of Visby on 27 the often very rich finds in Gotlandic fields (cf. July 1361. Jonsson & Östergren 1990). The battlefield area in Mästerby has recently The field in Mästerby had previous ly seen attracted the attention of several researchers, and metal-detecting by archaeologists in 1984, 2000 in 2006 one of two teams metal-detected the

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Fig. 1. Five sword pommels and fourteen unfinished fish-head pendants from the Alvena metalworking hoard.

field discussed here in search of traces from the dent that neither they, nor the 2006 find are battle. Nothing directly relatable to that event actually brooches. They are pendants of an in- was found. However, at one spot the detectorists digenous Gotlandic type generally referred to as found what the finds list refers to as a “Fish-head fish-head shaped (Sw. fiskhuvudformiga hängen). shaped brooch” (Landgren et al. 2006). The find Such pendants are known in considerable num- spot was later added to the Swedish National bers from Gotland (cf. Thunmark-Nylén 1982), Heritage Board’s register of ancient remains but the ones from Mästerby are different in an (Raä Mästerby 88). Since the so-called brooch important respect: not one of them is finished. dates from the Viking Period it met with little Most of the pendants are rather severely dam- interest, and it was not until Paulsson’s re-survey aged, probably from ploughing, and have mainly of the area in 2010 that the site’s full potential lost their original surface. Yet it can still be ob - was discovered. In the very same area, spread served that they all lack the suspension holes cru- over a surface of some 10 m2, Paulsson found an cial to pendants. Instead, all are fitted with an additional 13 similar objects. It now became evi- iron stud piercing the middle part and a smaller

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244 Korta meddelanden Thunmark-Nylén’s WKG chronology (2006). Three such pommels are currently known from other sites: from Gråsand in Ginding, Den- mark (Horn-Fuglesang 1980, s. 157), Pacuiul lui Soare on the Bulgarian border with Romania (Popa 1984) and the Taman peninsula of Russia (by kind information from Sergei Kainov, Mos- cow). All these are partly gilded and fitted with ornate silver casin gs. Two of the pommels from Mästerby (finds no. 207–208) do however show signs of some fur- ther working. They had apparently been some- what miscast and had several unintended holes. The caster tried to mend these by adding fitted pieces of a sixth pommel which had been cut up. These patches were soldered to the pommels by means of a copper-alloy based solder (fig. 2). By the time of their recovery, one of them (no. 208) had lost its mending patch, leaving a ring of sol- Fig. 2. Repaired miscasting on one of the Alvena der around the edges of the hole. Analysis by sword pommels. means of SEM-EDS showed that the two pommels were cast in an alloy consisting of roughly 92% copper, 7% zinc, 1.5% tin and small amounts stud in the basal end. These studs fulfilled an im- of lead (0.5 atomic %). The solder was found to portant purpose as they fixed the cores of the consist of an alloy of approximately 70% copper, casting moulds in which the pendants were cast. 20% tin, 4% zinc and 0.5% lead. The five pom- To cast a hollow object it is necessary to have mels measu re between 66 and 67 mm at their a core around which the molten metal can solidi- longest point, 30.8 and 33.3 mm at their highest fy – a mould without a core cannot produce a hol- and 23.1 and 25 mm at their widest. low object in a single casting. The full procedure In the spring of 2011 the area was re-surveyed of the line-of-production of the pendants from yet again and two more unfinished pendants were Mästerby will be described in a forthcoming recovered, thus making the total number 16 so paper though – as the unfinished pendants were far. All in all it is hard to overestimate the value not the only objects recovered. of the Mästerby find – not only does it consist of Within the same area, Paulsson also found 16 pendants and five pommels, but due to the something previously unseen on Gotland: a col- f act that they are all unfinished, they offer hith- lection of five cast sword pommels in a zoomor- erto unseen clues as to the methods of Gotlandic phic style. They are very similar to a master mod- bronze casters in the Viking Period. The whole el or rather cast found by metal detector in Fole find is currently undergoing in-depth analysis at parish on Gotland in 1992 (now in the Histo rical the Archaeological Research Laboratory at the Museum, Stockholm, inv. no. 34300a:67). All University of Stockholm and will be exhaustive- five pommels display the same damage as the ly published in a forthcoming paper. pendants, i.e. a nearly complete loss of original surface, but judging from the small portions that still cling on, none of them were ever finished off References Horn Fuglesang, S., 1980. Some Aspects of the Ringerike like similar pommels from other sites. Taken Style. Odense. together, the pendants and pommels from Alve- Jo nsson, K. & Östergren, M. 1990. The Gotland Hoard na in Mästerby suggest a date of deposition most Project and the Stumle hoard : an insight into the likely in the late 10th century judging from Lena affairs of a Gotlandic “farman”. Jonsson, K. &

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Malmer, B. (ed.). Sigtuna Symposium on Viking-Age av fiskhuvudformiga hängen och några andra före- Coinage, proceedings of the Sigtuna Symposium on målsgrupper. Gotländskt arkiv 54. Visby Viking-Age Coinage 1–4 June 1989. Stockholm. – 2006. Die Wikingerzeit Gotlands III. KVHAA. Stock- Landgren, J. Pettersson, M. & Ström, J., 2006. Arkeo- holm. logisk undersökningsrapport över forskningsprojekt Fjäle - myr 1361, Mästerby sn, Gotland. Archive report in the Ny Björn Gustafsson ATA archives, Stockholm. Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet Popa, R., 1984. Knaufkrone eines wikingerzeitlichen Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur Prachtschwertes von Pacuiul lui Soare. Germania 62. Mainz. Stockholms universitet Thunmark-Nylén, L. 1982. Återanvändning av vikinga- SE–106 91 Stockholm tida metallsmycken – primärt och sekun därt bruk [email protected]

Nationalsocialisten Herbert Jankuhn

I Fornvännen 105 (2010) har Henrik Thrane en 2004) har i Tyskland mødt kritik (se f.eks. Eick- debatartikel, »Germansk oldtidskundskab som hoff & Halle 2007). En kritik, jeg også finder leksikon», om baggrunden for og tilblivelsen af berettiget. Det er efter min mening ikke holdbart 2. udgaven af Hoops Reallexikon der germanischen udelukkende at se Jankuhns karriere i SS som et Altertumskunde, der udkom i perioden 1973– 2007. udtryk for opportunisme på arkæologiens vegne. Mine bemærkninger her vedrører ikke forfatte- Jankuhn var national socialist af overbevis- rens gennemgang af leksikonets baggrund, ind- ning, og hans tilknytning til den nazistiske be - hold samt vurdering af værkets anvendelighed i vægelse rakte videre end blot medlemskabet af dag. Her er Thrane – ikke mindst i kraft af hans SS (fig. 1). Som blandt andre Wolfgang Pape årelange medlemskab af leksikonets fagredak- (2001, s. 68 f) har dokumenteret, var Jankuhn fra tionsgruppe – naturligvis på hjemmebane. Artik- 1933 tilknyttet SA og fra juni 1934 medlem NSD- lens afsluttende afsnit om leksikonets hoved- Dozentenbund, inden han i maj 1937 blev med - mand, den tyske arkæolog Herbert Jankuhn (1905– lem af NSDAP. Den sene indmeldelse i NSDAP 1990), fortjener dog et par ord med på vejen. kan skyldes, at partiet fra 1. maj 1933 til 1. maj Nærmere bestemt drejer det sig om Thranes vur- 1937 ha vde lukket for tilgangen af nye medlem- dering af Jankuhns virke i nationals ocialismens mer. Jankuhn søgte 1936 om optagelse i SS og tjeneste. blev fundet egnet dertil. Året efter blev han over- Thrane opfatter sig selv som en elev af Jan - flyttet fra SA til SS, hvor han gjorde hastig kar- kuhn, og det smitter efter min mening lidt for riere og 1944 opnåede rang af oberstløjtnant i meget af på hans bedømmelse af forbilledets la- Allgemeine SS og major i Waffen-SS. At Jankuhn den og gøren under Hitlerregimet, navnlig når havnede i SS var naturligvis ingen tilfældighed. talen falder på Jankuhns karriere i SS. Den var, SS-rigsføreren Heinrich Himmler (1900–1945), skal vi tro Thrane (s. 119), et udslag af opportu - som Jankuhn fra 1934 stod i forb indelse med, nisme på arkæologiens, men næppe egne vegne. havde blik for Jankuhns talent og ikke mindst Argumentet er overtaget fra en anden Jankuhn- hans lederpotentiale. elev, Hei ko Steuer, som Thrane også refererer til Som den overbeviste nationalsocialist han i sin artikel. Steuers vurdering af sin Doktorvaters var, følte Jankuhn sig hurtigt til rette i den elitære karriere under Hitlerstyret (se f.eks. Steuer 2001; SS-organisation. Her blev hans primære arbejds-

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