QRH Adults / Paeds

QRH Quick Reference Handbook Guidelines for crises in anaesthesia

June 2018 This copy belongs in the following location: THEATRE 1 Return immediately when not in use (or if found)

This handbook is property of the Dept of Anaesthesia, Oldham Care Organisation Compiled by Dr Andy Brammar

DO NOT add or remove documents DO NOT alter the order of document

The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. The ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options available www.aagbi.org/qrh

The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018. Subject to Creative Commons License CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Contents

May 2018 edition (Check currency/download latest at www.aagbi.org/qrh)

Instructions for use

Location of emergency equipment & drugs; Bleep holder duties

Section 1: ‘Key basic plan’ A single guideline for a crisis where signs, symptoms and underlying problem are not clear (v.1)

Section 2: ‘Unknowns’ Guidelines for crises manifesting as signs or symptoms, where diagnosis and treatment are commonly simultaneous

2-1 Cardiac arrest; Resus algorithms (v.1) 2-2 Hypoxia/desaturation/cyanosis (v.1) 2-3 Increased airway pressure (v.1) 2-4 Hypotension (v.1) 2-5 Hypertension (v.1) 2-6 Bradycardia (v.1) 2-7 Tachycardia (v.1) 2-8 Peri-operative hyperthermia (v.1)

Section 3: ‘Knowns’ Guidelines for crises where a known or suspected event requires treatment

3-1 Anaphylaxis (v.2) 3-2 Massive blood loss (v.2) 3-3 Can't intubate, can’t oxygenate (CICO); DAS guidelines (v.1) 3-4 Bronchospasm (v.1) 3-5 Circulatory embolus (v.1) 3-6 Laryngospasm and stridor (v.1) 3-7 Patient fire (v.1) 3-8 Malignant hyperthermia crisis (v.1) 3-9 Cardiac tamponade (v.1) 3-10 Local anaesthetic toxicity (v.1) 3-11 High central neuraxial block (v.1) 3-12 Cardiac ischaemia (v.1) 3-13 Neuroprotection following cardiac arrest (v.1) 3-14 Sepsis (v.1)

Section 4: ‘Other’ Guidelines for crises external to, but posing risk to the patient

4-1 Mains oxygen failure (v.1) 4-2 Mains electricity failure (v.1) 4-3 Emergency evacuation (v.1)

The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh Subject to Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. You may distribute original version or adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details. The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. The ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options available. Instructions for use The QRH is intended for use by individuals who are familiar with it and who are practised in its use. See www.aagbi.org/qrh for further details on implementation.

Each guideline follows the same format:

(1) Guideline number, name and version number. (2) A brief description of the clinical situation for which the guideline is written. (3) The body of the guideline. (4) Call out boxes, which may be referred to in the body text. • Orange = critical changes • Blue = drug doses • Green = CPR information • Black = equipment instructions • Purple = other reference information (5) A guideline may suggest changing to one of the other guidelines, like this: → 2-1 (6) The guideline number is repeated for easy finding without need for a tabbed folder.

Each guideline should be used in the same simple way. • Start at START. • Work through the numbered bullet points in order. • Where indicated, refer to the call out boxes on the right. • Where indicated, move to another guideline.

We recommend: • One person should read the guideline aloud; they should NOT also be the person performing the actions. • The reader should ensure that the guideline is followed systematically, thoroughly and completely and that steps are not omitted. • Whenever experienced help arrives, consider delegating leadership to them: they have a fresh pair of eyes and may be able to make a more clear-headed assessment.

Location of emergency equipment and drugs, Theatres & Labour Ward, Oldham Care Organisation

Cardiac arrest trolley Outside Theatres 2 & 8 Main Theatre Recovery Labour Ward by nurses station Pacing defibrillator Outside Theatres 2&8

Difficult airway trolleys Cricothyrotomy kit Main Theatre Recovery Jet ventilator Labour Ward, Theatre 9 anaes room Flexible intubating scope Glidescope Main Theatre Recovery Labour Ward, Theatre 9 anaes room Ramping mattress for obese “Greenhouse” opposite Theatre 6 Labour ward, Theatre 9 anaes room Dantrolene / malignant hyperthermia kit Lipid rescue / local anaesthetic toxicity kit Emergency Drugs Trolleys Anaphylaxis kit Main Theatre Recovery Labour Ward, Theatre 9 anaes room Sugammadex

Ice packs (break to activate)

Level 1 infuser for i.v. fluid “Greenhouse” opposite Theatre 6 (x2) Labour Ward Theatre 9 Cell salvage equipment “Greenhouse” opposite Theatre 6 Labour Ward, Theatre 9 anaes room Post-partum haemorrhage trolley Labour Ward corridor

Pre-eclampsia tray Labour Ward medicines room

Ultrasound machines “Greenhouse” opposite Theatre 6 Labour Ward, Theatre 9 anaes room Muster points for evacuation Main Theatres, Theatre 8, Labour Ward: Follow fire exit (As per Fire Plan) signs to outside corridors

The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018 www.aagbi.org/qrh Subject to Creative Commons License CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. You may distribute original version or adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details.

Oldham Emergency Anaesthetic Bleep Holder Responsibilities

Bleep Holder Primary responsibility Secondary responsibility

ICU 7409 Care of ICU patients All adult A&E referrals not immediately for theatre

Adult (peri)arrest calls

Inter hospital transfers

Maternity 7410 Anaesthetic maternity care Paediatric (peri)arrest calls

General 7411 Emergency theatre work Acute pain calls

Difficult IV access

Major trauma calls

Anaesthetic trauma bleep holder plus ICU bleep holder to attend all trauma calls. Both anaesthetic and ICU consultant to be informed immediately of major trauma call.

If anaesthetic trauma bleep holder is busy it is their responsibility to ensure that someone else attends as ICU may be busy.

Major trauma transfers to Salford follow the separate trauma transfer guidelines – where possible the 1st on- call general consultant anaesthetist would transfer the patient (not for isolated head injury).

1st 2nd 3rd

All adult A&E referrals not for theatre ICU 7409 General 7411 Maternity 7410

“Sick” ward patients ICU 7409 General 7411 Maternity 7410

Inter hospital transfers ICU 7409 General 7411 Maternity 7410

Paediatric arrest/periarrest calls Maternity 7410 General 7411 ICU 7409

2nd Maternity theatre General 7411 ICU 7409

Acute pain calls General 7411 ICU 7409 Maternity 7410

Difficult IV access General 7411 ICU 7409 Maternity 7410

If you are the 2nd or 3rd responder: • Does the consultant responsible for the bleep you are holding need to know you are busy? • For support call the consultant responsible for the type of patient you are attending 1-1 Key basic plan v.1 This Key Basic Plan will detect and identify almost all initial problems, allowing you to fix or temporise. There are specific drills for specific problems later on in the QRH. Using the same systematic approach: • Increases the chance of identifying the problem. • Reduces the risk of missing the problem. • Limits fixing attention inappropriately.

Box A: CRITICAL CHANGES

START. If problem worsens significantly or a new problem arises, call for help and go back to START of key basic plan. ❶ Adequate oxygen delivery (Note Box B) Box B: ADEQUATE OXYGEN DELIVERY • Pause surgery if possible. Altering fresh gas flow may require change of vaporiser setting. • Check fresh gas flow for circuit in use AND check measured FiO2. • Visual inspection of entire breathing system including valves and connections. Box C: AIRWAY • Rapidly confirm reservoir bag moving OR ventilator bellows moving. Noise: Listen over the larynx with a stethoscope to get more

❷ Airway (Box C) information (e.g. leak / obstruction).

• Check position of airway device and listen for noise (including larynx and stomach). Tracheal tube: You can pass a suction catheter to check patency. • Check capnogram shape compatible with patent airway.

• Confirm airway device is patent (consider passing suction catheter). Box D: ISOLATE EQUIPMENT Ventilate lungs using self-inflating bag connected DIRECTLY to • Consider whether you need to isolate equipment (Box D). tracheal tube connector. ❸ Breathing DO NOT use the HME filter, angle piece or catheter mount.

• Check chest symmetry, rate, breath sounds, SpO2, measured VTexp, EtCO2. • If increased pressure manually confirmed, re-connect machine. • Feel the airway pressure using reservoir bag and APL valve (Box E) <3 breaths. • If increased pressure NOT manually confirmed, assume ❹ Circulation problem with machine/circuit/HME/filter/angle piece/catheter • Check rate, rhythm, perfusion, re-check BP. mount: check and replace as indicated. ❺ Depth Box E: BREATHING

• Ensure appropriate depth of anaesthesia, analgesia and neuromuscular blockade. Remember that airway ‘feel’ depends on your APL valve setting ❻ Consider surgical problem. and fresh gas flow. ❼ Call for help if problem not resolving quickly. You can only “feel” a maximum of what the APL valve is set to. Measured expired tidal volume gives additional information.

2-1 Cardiac arrest v.1 The probable cause is one or more of: something related to surgery or anaesthesia; the patient’s underlying medical condition; the reason for surgery; equipment failure. The first priority is to start chest compressions, then get help, then find and treat the cause using the guideline.

START. Box A: POTENTIAL CAUSES 4 H’s, 4 T’s: Specific peri-operative problems: ❶ IMMEDIATE ACTION Hypoxia → 2-2)

• Declare “cardiac arrest” to the theatre team AND note time. Hypovolaemia Vagal tone • Delegate one person (minimum) to chest compressions 100 min-1, depth 5 cm. Hypo/hyperkalaemia Drug error Local anaesthetic toxicity → 3-10) • Call for help: nearby theatres / emergency bell / senior on-call / dial emergency number. Hypothermia Acidosis • Call for cardiac arrest trolley. Tamponade → 3-9) Anaphylaxis → 3-1) • As soon as possible, delegate task of evaluating potential causes (Box A). Thrombosis →3-5) Embolism, gas/fat/amniotic → 3-5) ❷ Adequate oxygen delivery Toxins Massive blood loss → 3-2) Tension pneumothorax • Increase fresh gas flow, give 100% oxygen AND check measured FiO2. • Turn off anaesthetic (inhalational or intravenous). Box B: DRUGS FOR PERI-OPERATIVE CARDIAC ARREST • Check breathing system valves working and system connections intact. Fluid bolus 20 ml.kg-1 (adult 500 ml). • Rapidly confirm ventilator bellows moving or provide manual ventilation. Adrenaline 10 µg.kg-1 (adult 1000 µg – may be given in increments). Atropine 10 µg.kg-1 (adult 0.5-1 mg) if vagal tone likely cause. ❸ Airway -1 2 Amiodarone 5 mg.kg (adult 300 mg) after 3rd shock. • Check position of airway device and listen for noise (including larynx and stomach). -1 Magnesium 50 mg.kg (adult 2 g) for polymorphic VT/hypomagnesaemia. • Confirm airway device is patent (consider passing suction catheter). -1 Calcium chloride 10% 0.2 ml.kg (adult 10 ml) for magnesium overdose, • If expired CO2 is absent, presume oesophageal intubation until absolutely excluded. hypocalcaemia or hyperkalaemia. ❹ Breathing Thrombolysis for suspected massive pulmonary embolus. • Check chest symmetry, rate, breath sounds, SpO2, measured expired volume, ETCO2. BOX C: DEFIBRILLATION • Evaluate the airway pressure using reservoir bag and APL valve. Continue compressions while charging: Biphasic 4 J.kg-1 (adult 150-200 J) ❺ Circulation DO NOT check pulse after defibrillation. Use 3 stacked shocks in cardiac catheterisation lab. • Check rate and adequacy of chest compressions (visual and ETCO2). • Encourage rotation of personnel performing compressions. BOX D: DON’T FORGET!

• If i.v. access fails or impossible use intraosseous (IO) route. • Use waveform capnography. No expired CO2 = lungs not being ventilated • Check ECG rhythm for no more than 5 seconds. (assume and exclude oesophageal intubation). Very rarely, absent/minimal

• Follow Resuscitation Council (UK) and ERC Guidelines. expired CO2 = CPR not occurring OR pulmonary circulation disconnected from • See Boxes B and C for reminders about drugs and defibrillation. systemic (e.g. in major trauma). Sudden increase in ETCO2 usually signals return of spontaneous circulation. ❻ Systematically evaluate potential underlying problems and act accordingly (Box A). • Optimise position for chest compressions (use overhead for bariatric patients). • Uterine displacement in pregnant patients. ❼ If there is return of spontaneous circulation, re-establish anaesthesia. • Ventilator can free up hands but remember to set to volume control. Minimise intrathoracic pressure: avoid excessive tidal volume and hyperventilation.

The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh Subject to Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. You may distribute original version or adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details. The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. The ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options 2-1

Adult Advanced Life Support

Unresponsive and not breathing normally

Call resuscitation team

CPR 30:2 Attach defibrillator/monitor Minimise interruptions

Assess rhythm

Shockable Return of spontaneous Non-shockable (VF/Pulseless VT) circulation (PEA/Asystole)

1 Shock Immediate post cardiac Minimise interruptions arrest treatment Use ABCDE approach Aim for SpO2 of 94-98% Aim for normal PaCO2 12-lead ECG Immediately resume Treat precipitating cause Immediately resume CPR for 2 min Targeted temperature CPR for 2 min Minimise interruptions management Minimise interruptions

During CPR Treat Reversible Causes Consider Ensure high quality chest compressions Hypoxia Ultrasound imaging Minimise interruptions to compressions Hypovolaemia Mechanical chest Give oxygen Hypo-/hyperkalaemia/metabolic compressions to facilitate Use waveform capnography Hypothermia transfer/treatment Continuous compressions when advanced airway in place Thrombosis - coronary or Coronary angiography and Vascular access (intravenous or pulmonary percutaneous coronary intraosseous) Tension pneumothorax intervention Give adrenaline every 3-5 min Tamponade – cardiac Extracorporeal CPR Give amiodarone after 3 shocks Toxins Paediatric Advanced Life Support

Unresponsive Not breathing or only occasional gasps Call resuscitation team (1 min CPR first, if alone)

CPR (5 initial breaths then 15:2) Attach defibrillator/monitor Minimise interruptions

Assess rhythm

Shockable Return of spontaneous Non-shockable (VF/Pulseless VT) circulation (PEA/Asystole)

1 Shock -1 4 J kg Immediate post cardiac arrest treatment Use ABCDE approach Controlled oxygenation and ventilation Immediately resume Investigations Immediately resume CPR for 2 min Treat precipitating cause CPR for 2 min Minimise interruptions Temperature control Minimise interruptions

During CPR Reversible Causes Ensure high-quality CPR: rate, depth, recoil Hypoxia Plan actions before interrupting CPR Hypovolaemia Give oxygen Hyper/hypokalaemia, metabolic Vascular access (intravenous, intraosseous) Hypothermia Give adrenaline every 3-5 min Consider advanced airway and capnography Thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary) Continuous chest compressions when advanced Tension pneumothorax airway in place Tamponade (cardiac) Correct reversible causes Toxic/therapeutic disturbances Consider amiodarone after 3 and 5 shocks 2-2 Hypoxia / desaturation / cyanosis v.1 Using these steps from start to end should identify any cause of unexpected hypoxia in theatre. Avoid spending excessive time and attention on one aspect until you have run through the whole drill.

Box A: CRITICAL CHANGES START. If problem worsens significantly or a new problem arises, call for help ❶ Adequate oxygen delivery and go to START of GUIDELINE 1-1 Key basic plan. • Pause surgery if possible. Box B: ISOLATE EQUIPMENT

• Increase fresh gas flow AND give 100% oxygen AND check measured FiO2. Ventilate using self-inflating bag connected DIRECTLY to tracheal tube • Visual inspection of entire breathing system including valves and connections. connector. DO NOT use HME filter, angle piece or catheter mount:

• Rapidly confirm reservoir bag moving OR ventilator bellows moving. • If problem resolves: assume problem with machine, circuit, HME, • If SpO2 low, is it accurate? Consider whether poor perfusion could be the problem. filter, angle piece or catheter mount: check and replace. ❷ Airway • If increased pressure manually confirmed: re-connect machine. • Check position of airway device and listen for noise (including over larynx and stomach). Box C: AIRWAY PRESSURE • Check capnogram shape compatible with patent airway. Remember that airway “feel” depends on your APL valve setting. You • Confirm airway device is patent (consider passing suction catheter). can only “feel” a maximum of what the APL valve is set to. Measured • Isolate patient from anaesthetic machine and breathing system (Box B). expired tidal volume gives additional information. • Once machine/breathing system problem excluded, consider whether airway device should be replaced or its type changed. ❸ Breathing BOX D: POTENTIAL CAUSES AND ACTIONS • Hypoxia with increased airway pressure → 2-3 • Check chest symmetry, rate, breath sounds, SpO2, measured VTexp, ETCO2. • Inadequate movement or expired volume: assist/increase ventilation. • Feel the airway pressure using reservoir bag and APL valve (Box C) <3 breaths. • Asymmetrical chest expansion: exclude bronchial intubation/foreign • Consider potential causes and actions (Box D). body/pneumothorax. • Consider muscle relaxation to optimise ventilation. • Consider potential actions: tracheal/bronchial suction; bronchodilator; PEEP; ❹ Circulation diuretic; bronchoscopy. • Check heart rate, rhythm, perfusion, recheck blood pressure. • Consider potential causes:

• If circulation unstable, consider if this is secondary to hypoxia. o Laryngospasm and stridor → 3-6 o Bronchospasm → 3-4 ❺ Depth o Anaphylaxis → 3-1 • Ensure adequate depth of anaesthesia and analgesia. o Circulatory embolism → 3-5

❻ If not resolving call for help AND check arterial blood gas, 12-lead ECG, chest X-ray. o Cardiac ischaemia (or infarction) → 3-12 o Cardiac tamponade → 3-9 o Sepsis → 3-14 o Malignant hyperthermia crisis → 3-8 o Aspiration, pulmonary oedema, congenital heart disease

2-3 Increased airway pressure v.1 Using these steps from start to end should identify any cause of increased airway pressure in theatre. Avoid spending excessive time and attention on one aspect until you have run through the whole guideline.

START. Box A: CRITICAL CHANGES If problem worsens significantly or a new problem arises, call for ❶ Adequate oxygen delivery help and go back to START of 1-1 Key basic plan • Pause surgery if possible. Box B: FEEL THE AIRWAY PRESSURE • Consider surgery related cause. Remember that airway “feel” depends on your APL valve setting. • Increase fresh gas flow AND give 100% oxygen AND check measured FiO2. You can only “feel” a maximum of what the APL valve is set to. • Visual inspection of entire breathing system including valves and connections. Measured expired tidal volume gives additional information.

• Rapidly confirm reservoir bag moving OR ventilator bellows moving. Box C: EXCLUDE ANAESTHETIC MACHINE/BREATHING SYSTEM PROBLEM • Confirm increased airway pressure by switching to hand ventilation (<3 breaths) Ventilate lungs using self-inflating bag connected DIRECTLY to (Box B). tracheal tube connector. ❷ Airway DO NOT use HME filter, angle piece or catheter mount. • Check position of airway device and listen for noise (including larynx and stomach). • If increased pressure manually confirmed, re-connect machine • If problem resolved, assume problem with machine, circuit, • Check capnogram shape compatible with patent airway. HME, filter, angle piece or catheter mount: check and replace.

• Confirm airway device is patent (consider passing suction catheter). • Isolate patient from anaesthetic machine and breathing system (Box C). BOX D: POTENTIAL CAUSES AND ACTIONS • If machine/breathing system problem excluded, consider whether airway device • Inadequate neuromuscular blockade. • If laparoscopic surgery, consider releasing pneumoperitoneum should be replaced or its type changed. and levelling patient position. ❸ Breathing • Consider potential causes: • Check chest symmetry, rate, breath sounds, SpO2, measured VTexp, ETCO2. o Laryngospasm and stridor → 3-6 • Feel the airway pressure using reservoir bag and APL valve (Box B). o Bronchospasm → 3-4 • Consider potential causes and actions (Box D). o Anaphylaxis → 3-1 ❹ Circulation o Circulatory embolus → 3-5 o Aspiration, pulmonary oedema; bronchial intubation; • Check heart rate, rhythm, perfusion, recheck blood pressure. foreign body; pneumothorax. • If circulation unstable, consider if it is due to high airway pressure gas trapping. • Consider potential actions: tracheal/bronchial suction; ❺ Depth: Ensure adequate depth of anaesthesia and analgesia. bronchodilator; PEEP; diuretic; bronchoscopy. ❻ If not resolving, call for help AND check arterial blood gas, 12-lead ECG, chest X-ray.

2-4 Hypotension v.1 Hypotension is commonly due to unnecessarily deep anaesthesia, the autonomic effects of neuraxial block, hypovolaemia or combined causes. You should rapidly exclude a problem in adequate oxygen delivery, airway and breathing first.

START. Box A: CRITICAL CHANGES If problem worsens significantly or a new problem arises, call for ❶ Adequate oxygen delivery help and go back to START of 1-1 Key basic plan. • Pause surgery if possible. Box B: ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS • Increase fresh gas flow AND give 100% oxygen AND check measured FiO2. • -1 (adult 200- • Visual inspection of entire breathing system including valves and connections. -1 • (adult 300-6 • Rapidly confirm reservoir bag moving OR ventilator bellows moving. ❷ Airway Box C: VASOPRESSOR DRUGS -1 • . • (adult 3-12 • -1 (adult 1 • Check capnogram shape compatible with patent airway. • -1 (adult • Check airway AND airway device are patent (c. • -1 (adult 10- ❸ Breathing Box D: SURGICAL CAUSES

• Check chest symmetry, rate, breath sounds, SpO2, measured VTexp, ETCO2. • Decreased venous return (e.g. vena cava compression / • Feel the airway pressure using reservoir bag and APL valve <3 breaths. • • Exclude high intrathoracic pressure as a cause. • Vagal reaction to surgical stimulation

❹ Circulation • • Check heart rate, rhythm, perfusion, recheck blood pressure. Box E: DON’T FORGET! • If heart rate <60 bpm . • Consider whether you could have made a drug error. • Consider . • Pneumothorax and/or high intrathoracic pressure can cause • Consider fluid boluses (250 ml adult, 10 ml.kg-1 . hypotension. • Also consider: • If heart rate >100 bpm sinus rhythm, treat as hypovolaemia: give i.v fluid bolus. o Cardiac ischaemia → 3-12 • If heart rate >100 bpm and non-sinus → 2-7 Tachycardia. o Anaphylaxis → 3-1 ❺ Depth o Cardiac tamponade → 3-9 • Ensure correct depth of anaesthesia AND analgesia (consider risk of awareness. o Local anaesthetic toxicity → 3-10 o Sepsis → 3-14 ❻ Exclude potential – discuss with surgical team. o Cardiac valvular problem ❼ Consider causes in Box E and call for help if problem not resolving quickly. o Endocrine

The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh Subject to Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. You may distribute original version or adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details. The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. The ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options 2-4 2-5 Hypertension v.1 Hypertension is most commonly due to inappropriate depth of anaesthesia or inadequate analgesia. You should rapidly exclude a problem in adequate oxygen delivery, airway and breathing first.

START. Box A: CRITICAL CHANGES If problem worsens significantly or a new problem arises, call for help and go back to START of 1-1 Key Basic Plan. ❶ Immediate actions • Recheck blood pressure AND increase anaesthesia AND reduce stimulus. BOX B: POTENTIAL UNDERLYING PROBLEMS

❷ Adequate oxygen delivery • Inadequate anaesthesia / analgesia (alfentanil can be diagnostic – see Box C for dose) • Check fresh gas flow for circuit in use AND check measured FiO2. • Inadequate neuromuscular blockade • Visual inspection of entire breathing system including valves and connections. • Consider whether you could have made a drug error • Rapidly confirm reservoir bag moving OR ventilator bellows moving. • Omission of usual antihypertensives ❸ Airway • Distended bladder • Check position of airway device and listen for noise (including larynx and stomach). • Vasopressor administered by surgeon • Surgical tourniquet • Check capnogram shape compatible with patent airway. • Excess fluid (over-administration / overload / TURP syndrome) • Confirm airway device is patent (consider passing suction catheter). • Medical causes: drug interaction, renal failure, raised intracranial pressure, seizure, thyrotoxicosis, ❹ Breathing - exclude hypoxia and hypercarbia as causes: phaeochromocytoma • Check chest symmetry, rate, breath sounds, SpO2, measured VTexp, ETCO2. • Feel the airway pressure using reservoir bag and APL valve <3 breaths. BOX C: TEMPORISING DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSION • Alfentanil 10 µg.kg-1 (adult 0.5-1 mg) ❺ Circulation • Propofol 1 mg.kg-1 (adult 50-100 mg) • Check rate, rhythm, perfusion; increase frequency of BP check. -1 • Check cuff size and location, consider intra-arterial monitoring. • Labetolol 0.5 mg.kg (adult 25-50mg). Repeat when necessary. • Esmolol 0.5 mg.kg-1 (adult 25-50mg) Follow with infusion. ❻ Depth • Hydralazine 0.1 mg.kg-1 (adult 5-10mg) • Ensure adequate depth of anaesthesia and analgesia. -1 -1 • Glyceryl trinitrate 0.5-5 µg.kg.min infusion (adult 2-20 ml.hr of -1 ❼ Consider underlying problem (Box B). 1 mg.ml solution)

Call for help and consider temporising drug (Box C) if problem not resolving.

The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh Subject to Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. You may distribute original version or adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details. The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. The 2-5 ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options

2-6 Bradycardia v.1 Bradycardia in theatre should not be treated as an isolated variable: remember to tailor treatment to the patient and the situation. Follow the full steps to exclude a serious underlying problem.

Box A: CRITICAL BRADYCARDIA START. Give atropine 20 µg.kg-1 (adult 0.5-1 mg) with fluid flush. ❶ Immediate action: Stop any stimulus, check pulse, rhythm and blood pressure: If no pulse: (or heart rate <60 bpm infant or neonate): • Delegate (minimum) 1 person to chest compressions • If no pulse OR not sinus bradycardia OR severe hypotension: use Box A. • → 2-1 Cardiac arrest • If pulse present AND sinus bradycardia: use Box B. Box B: DRUGS FOR BRADYCARDIA

❷ Adequate oxygen delivery • Glycopyrrolate 5 µg.kg-1 (adult 200-400 µg) • Check fresh gas flow for circuit in use AND check measured F O . -1 i 2 • Ephedrine 100 µg.kg (adult 3-12 mg) • Visual inspection of entire breathing system including valves and connections. • Atropine 10 µg.kg-1 (adult 300-600 µg) • Rapidly confirm reservoir bag moving OR ventilator bellows moving. • Isoprenaline 0.5 µg.kg.min-1 (adult 5 µg.min-1) • Adrenaline 1 µg.kg-1 (adult 10-100 µg) in emergency only ❸ Airway • Check position of airway device and listen for noise (including larynx and stomach). Box C: POTENTIAL UNDERLYING PROBLEMS • Consider whether you could have made a drug error. • Check capnogram shape compatible with patent airway. • Consider known drug causes (eg. remifentanil, digoxin etc). • Confirm airway device is patent (consider passing suction catheter). • Surgical stimulation with inadequate depth. ❹ Breathing • Also consider: high intrathoracic pressure; pneumoperitoneum; local anaesthetic toxicity → 3-10); beta-blocker; digoxin; • Check chest symmetry, rate, breath sounds, SpO2, measured VTexp, ETCO2. calcium channel blocker; myocardial infarction, hyperkalaemia, • Feel the airway pressure using reservoir bag and APL valve <3 breaths. hypothermia, raised intra-cranial pressure. ❺ Circulation Box D: TRANSCUTANEOUS PACING • Check rate, rhythm, perfusion, recheck blood pressure. • Attach pads and ECG leads from pacing defibrillator. ❻ Depth • Set to PACING MODE. • Consider current depth of anaesthesia AND adequacy of analgesia. • Set PACER RATE. • Increase PACER OUTPUT from 60 mA until capture (spikes align ❼ Consider underlying problem (Box C). QRS).

Call for help if problem not resolving quickly. • Confirm capture: electrical AND mechanical (femoral pulse). • Set PACER OUTPUT 10 mA above capture. Consider transcutaneous pacing (Box D).

2-7 Tachycardia v.1 Tachycardia in theatre is often due to inadequate depth of anaesthesia / analgesia or alternatively a reflex to hypotension. Tachycardia should not be treated as an isolated variable: remember to tailor treatment to the patient and the situation. Follow the full steps to exclude a serious underlying problem.

Box A: CRITICAL TACHYCARDIA START. If no pulse, delegate one person (minimum) to chest compressions and → 2-1 Cardiac arrest. ❶ Immediate action: Stop any stimulus, Check pulse, rhythm and blood pressure: If hypotension worsening or impending arrest, consider electrical • If no pulse or impending arrest: use Box A. cardioversion (Box D). • If narrow complex AND not hypotensive first increase depth of anaesthesia/analgesia. Box B: POTENTIAL UNDERLYING PROBLEMS • Stimulation with inadequate depth. ❷ Adequate oxygen delivery • Consider drug error.

• Check fresh gas flow for circuit in use AND check measured FiO2. • Also consider: central line/wire; hypovolaemia; primary cardiac • Visual inspection of entire breathing system including valves and connections. arrhythmia; myocardial infarction; electrolyte disturbance; local

• Rapidly confirm reservoir bag moving OR ventilator bellows moving. anaesthetic toxicity → 3-10); sepsis → 3-14); circulatory embolus, gas/fat/amniotic → 3-5); anaphylaxis → 3-1); ❸ Airway malignant hyperthermia crisis → 3-8) • Check position of airway device and listen for noise (including larynx and stomach).

• Check capnogram shape compatible with patent airway. Box C: DRUGS FOR TACHYCARDIA • Confirm airway device is patent (consider passing suction catheter). • Fluid bolus 10 ml.kg-1 (adult 250 ml) ❹ Breathing • Magnesium 50 mg.kg-1 (adult 2 g) over >10 min, max conc. 200 -1 • Check chest symmetry, rate, breath sounds, SpO2, measured VTexp, ETCO2. mg.ml • Amiodarone 5 mg.kg-1 (adult 300 mg) over >3 min, NOT in • Feel the airway pressure using reservoir bag and APL valve <3 breaths. polymorphic VT ❺ Circulation -1 • Labetalol 0.5 mg.kg (adult 25-50 mg), repeat when necessary • Check rate, rhythm, perfusion, recheck blood pressure, obtain 12-lead ECG if • Esmolol 0.5 mg.kg-1 (adult 25-50 mg) -1 possible. • Adenosine 0.1 to 0.5 mg.kg (Adult 3 to 18 mg) – for SVT ❻ Consider underlying problems (Box B). Box D: ELECTRICAL CARDIOVERSION ❼ Consider rate control (Box C). • Attach pads and ECG from defibrillator. • Ensure adequate depth / sedation / analgesia for cardioversion. Call for help; consider electrical cardioversion (Box D) if problem not resolving quickly. • Engage synchronisation and check for sync spikes on R-waves. -1 Depth: Consider current depth of anaesthesia AND adequacy of analgesia. • Start with 1 Jkg (adult 50-100 J) biphasic. • Remember to hold shock button until sync shock delivered.

The Association Of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh Subject to Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. You may distribute original version or adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details. The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. The ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options 2-7

2-8 Peri-operative hyperthermia v.1 oC this is a clinical emergency: permanent organ dysfunction and death can result. Treatment depends on the aetiology. Distinguish early between: • Excessive heating (most common) • Excessive heat production • Inadequate dissipation of metabolic heat • Actively maintained fever Box A: CAUSES OF HYPERTHERMIA START. COMMON • Excessive insulation, high ambient temperature, external warming ❶ Call for help. Inform theatre team of problem. Measure and record core temperature. devices, especially infants and children (most common) • Surgical devices, e.g. HIFU, diathermy, radiotherapy ❷ Remove cause of hyperthermia including any insulation and heating devices. • Prolonged epidural anaesthesia • Sepsis (→ 3-14) e.g. during manipulation of a urological device ❸ Make an initial diagnosis of the cause as this affects further management (Box A): • Blood transfusion • Allergic reaction / anaphylaxis → 3-1) • Actively maintained fever (typically cold peripheries, vasoconstricted) OR Drug induced: • Non-febrile hyperthermia (typically warm peripheries, vasodilated) • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (e.g. haloperidol and other • Suspect malignant hyperthermia crisis or neuroleptic malignant syndrome? (→ 3-8) antipsychotics) • Malignant hyperthermia crisis (late sign) (→ 3-8) o ❹ Start active cooling WITH CAUTION C (stop once below): • Serotonin syndrome (cocaine, amphetamine, phencyclidine, MDMA) • Anticholinergic syndrome (tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, • Reduce the operating room ambient temperature. antihistamines) • Cooling jackets or blankets. • Sympathomimetic syndrome (cocaine, MDMA, amphetamines) • Ice packing in groin, axillae and anterior neck. Toxic: • Bladder, gastric or peritoneal lavage with boluses 10 ml.kg-1 iced water. • Radiologic contrast neurotoxicity • Alcohol withdrawal ❺ Give benzodiazepines to treat shivering and consider tracheal intubation and muscle Endocrine: oC • Thyrotoxicosis • Phaeochromocytoma ❻ If fever, give antipyretics such as paracetamol and treat underlying cause if known. Neurologic: • Meningitis ❼ Give chlorpromazine if serotonin syndrome is suspected (Box B) • Intracranial blood Monitor and manage life-threatening complications especially: • Hypoxic encephalopathy • Traumatic brain injury • Hyperkalaemia, hypoglycaemia, acidosis • Hypotension (→ 2-4), malignant hypertension

• Altered conscious level, convulsions Box B: CHLORPROMAZINE DOSE • Coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation Chlorpromazine (Largactil) 25-50 mg i.m. 6-8 hourly. Caution in elderly.

The Association Of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh Subject to Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details. The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. The ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options available. 2-8 3-1 Anaphylaxis v.2 • Unexplained hypotension • Angioedema • Unexplained tachycardia or bradycardia • Cardiac arrest where other causes are excluded • Unexplained severe bronchospasm • Cutaneous flushing in association with one of more of the signs above

Box A: DRUGS AND DOSES TO TREAT HYPOTENSION START. • Adult: i.v. [i.m. dose 0.5 mg] -1 -1 • Paediatric: i.v. of 1:100 000 ❶ Call for help and inform theatre team of problem. Note the time. [1:100 000 solution made by diluting 1 ml 1:10 000 up to 10 ml] • If no i.v. access, intraosseous dose same as i.v. ❷ Call for cardiac arrest trolley. • Glucagon dose: 1 mg repeated as necessary ❸ Remove all potential causative agents and maintain anaesthesia. •

• Consider chlorhexidine impregnated catheters as a possible cause. Box B: OTHER DRUGS • Hydrocortisone i.v. doses: ❹ Give 100% oxygen and ensure adequate ventilation: • Adult: 200 mg • • Child 6-12 years: 100 mg Maintain the airway and, if necessary, secure it with tracheal tube. • ❺ Elevate patient’s legs if there is hypotension. Child 6 months-6 years: 50 mg • Child <6 months: 25 mg

❻ If systolic blood pressure < 50 mmHg or cardiac arrest, start CPR immediately. • Chlorphenamine i.v. doses: ❼ Give drugs to treat hypotension : • Adult: 10 mg • Child 6-12 years: 5 mg • Hypotension may be resistant and may require prolonged treatment. • Child 6 months-6 years: 2.5 mg • Give adrenaline bolus and repeat as necessary. • -1 • Consider starting an adrenaline infusion if repeat boluses required. Box C: CRITICAL CHANGES • If hypotension resistant.g. metaramino. Cardiac arrest → 2-1 • Consider vasopressin if hypotension remains resistant to treatment.

• Consider glucagon in ß- Box D: OTHER REFERENCE INFORMATION Give i.v. crystalloid at high infusion Adult and child, 20 ml-1 . • Ensure subsequent repeat testing for serum tryptase. • Liaise with hospital laboratory about timing and analysis of samples. Give hydrocortisone as • Liaise with department anaphylaxis lead regarding referral to a If bronchospasm is persistent, consider → 3-4 specialist allergy or immunology centre to identify the causative agent -10 ml serum tryptase as soon as feasible. www.bsaci.org for deta • Inform the patient, surgeon and general practitioner. Give chlorphenamine . • www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard. Plan transfer of the patient to an appropriate critical care area. • NAP6 online resource: http://www.nationalauditprojects.org.uk/NAP6-Resources#pt Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh -NC-yourself and ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options 3-1

3-2 Massive blood loss v.2 Expected or unexpected major haemorrhage.

START. Box A: SPECIAL CASES Seek advice from haematologist if: • Non-surgical uncontrolled bleeding despite PRBCs/FFP/platelets ❶ Call for help, inform theatre team of problem and note the time. • Warfarin overdose ❷ Increase FiO2 and consider cautiously reducing inhalational/intravenous anaesthetics. • Newer oral anticoagulants (eg dabigatran/rivaroxaban) ❸ Check and expose intravenous access. • Inherited bleeding disorder (eg haemophilia, von Willebrand ❹ Control any obvious bleeding (pressure, uterotonics, tourniquet, haemostatic dressings). disease) ❺ Call blood bank (and assign one person in theatre to liase with them): • Activate major haemorrhage protocol. SEE ATTACHED Box B: TRANSFUSION GOALS o Adult / Paediatric / Obstetric • Maintain Hb > 80 g.l-1 • Communicate how quickly blood is required. • Maintain platelet count > 75x109 l-1

• Communicate how much blood and blood product is required. • Maintain PT and APTT <1.5 x mean control (FFP) • -1 ❻ Begin active patient warming. Maintain fibrinogen >2.0 g.l (cryoprecipitate) • ❼ Use rapid infusion and fluid warming equipment. Avoid DIC (maintain blood pressure, treat/prevent acidosis, avoid hypothermia, treat hypocalcaemia and hyperkalaemia) ❽ Discuss management plan between surgical, anaesthetic and nursing teams: • Liaise with haematologist if necessary (Box A). Box C: DRUG DOSES • Consider interventional radiology. CALCIUM: (use either the chloride or gluconate) • • Consider use of cell salvage equipment. Adult: 10 ml of 10% calcium chloride i.v. • Adult: 20 ml of 10% calcium gluconate i.v. ❾ Monitor progress:

• Use point of care testing: Hb, lactate, coagulation, etc. • Child: 0.2 ml.kg-1 of 10% calcium chloride i.v. -1 • Use lab testing: including calcium and fibrinogen. • Child: 0.5 ml.kg of 10% calcium gluconate i.v.

❿ Replace calcium and consider giving tranexamic acid (Box C). TRANEXAMIC ACID: ⓫ If bleeding continues consider giving recombinant factor VIIa: liase with haematologist. • Child: 15 mg.kg-1 i.v. bolus then 2 mg.kg-1.h-1 until bleeding stops ⓬ Plan ongoing care in an appropriate clinical area. • Adult: 1 g i.v. bolus, then: o Obstetric haemorrhage, repeat dose 30 mins later

o Non-obstetric haemorrhage, 1 g i.v. infusion over next 8 h

The Association Of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh Subject to Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. You may distribute original version or adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details. The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. The ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options 3-2 available.

Quick Reference Sheet – Policy for Management of Massive Blood Loss, EDC 009, v10

This Quick Reference sheet has been provided to aid use at the point of need; however it does not remove your responsibility to ensure that you are familiar with the contents of the full document to which it relates Page 1 of 36

It is your responsibility to check that this print out is the most up-to-date version of this document Check on the Document Management System available via the Trust Intranet

3-3 Can’t intubate, can’t oxygenate (CICO) v.1 This is the last resort when all other attempts to oxygenate have failed.

BOX A: CRITICAL CHANGES START. Cardiac arrest → 2-1 ❶ Check optimal airway management is in place and maintain anaesthesia: supply BOX B: EQUIPMENT INSTRUCTIONS 100% oxygen either by tightly fitting facemask, supraglottic airway device or nasal high Airway rescue trolley, FoNA drawer: flow. • Scalpel with number 10 blade ❷ Consider ONE final attempt at rescue oxygenation via upper airway if not already • Bougie with coudé (angled) tip done. • Tracheal tube, cuffed, 6 mm

❸ Declare CICO and call for help (additional staff and surgical airway expertise e.g. ENT, BOX C: (STAB, TWIST, BOUGIE, TUBE TECHNIQUE) ICU). • Identify the cricothyroid membrane (If unable, go to Box D) ❹ Call for airway rescue trolley and then cardiac arrest trolley. • Single transverse incision through skin and membrane • Rotate scalpel 900 with sharp edge facing caudally ❺ Give neuromuscular blocking drug now. • Slide angled tip of bougie past the scalpel into the trachea

❻ Prepare for Front of Neck Access – FoNA (see Box B). • Railroad tube over bougie

❼ Check that the patient is positioned with full neck extension. BOX D: IF BOX C FAILS (SCALPEL, FINGER, BOUGIE TECHNIQUE) • Make an 8-10 cm vertical incision head to toe orientation Operator position: • Use blunt dissection to retract tissue to identify trachea • Right-handed operator stands on patient’s left hand side. • Stabilise the trachea and proceed as in Box C through the • Left-handed operator stands on patient’s right hand side. cricothyroid membrane Perform a ‘laryngeal handshake’ to identify the laryngeal anatomy. Perform FoNA using technique in Box C to intubate trachea via cricothyroid membrane. (If cricothyroid membrane cannot be identified, use technique in Box D).

Secure tube, continue to oxygenate patient and ensure adequate depth of anaesthesia.

The Association Of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh Subject to Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. You may distribute original version or adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details. The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. 3-3 The ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options

DAS Diffcult intubation guidelines – overview 2015

Plan A: Succeed Facemask ventilation and Laryngoscopy Tracheal intubation tracheal intubation

Failed intubation

STOP AND THINK Options (consider risks and benefts): Plan B: Supraglottic Airway Succeed 1. Wake the patient up Maintaining oxygenation: SAD insertion Device 2. Intubate trachea via the SAD 3. Proceed without intubating the trachea Failed SAD ventilation 4. Tracheostomy or cricothyroidotomy

Plan C: Final attempt at face Succeed Facemask ventilation Wake the patient up mask ventilation

CICO

Plan D: Emergency front of neck Cricothyroidotomy access

This fowchart forms part of the DAS Guidelines for unanticipated diffcult intubation in adults 2015 and should be used in conjunction with the text. Management of unanticipated diffcult tracheal intubation in adults 2015

Plan A: Facemask ventilation and tracheal intubation If in diffculty call for help Optimise head and neck position Preoxygenate Adequate neuromuscular blockade Succeed Direct / Video Laryngoscopy (maximum 3+1 attempts) Confrm tracheal intubation with capnography External laryngeal manipulation Bougie Remove cricoid pressure Maintain oxygenation and anaesthesia

Declare failed intubation STOP AND THINK Plan B: Maintaining oxygenation: SAD insertion Options (consider risks and benefts): Succeed 2nd generation device recommended 1. Wake the patient up Change device or size (maximum 3 attempts) 2. Intubate trachea via the SAD Oxygenate and ventilate 3. Proceed without intubating the trachea 4. Tracheostomy or cricothyroidotomy Declare failed SAD ventilation

Plan C: Facemask ventilation Succeed If facemask ventilation impossible, paralyse Wake the patient up Final attempt at facemask ventilation Use 2 person techniqueDeclare and CICOadjuncts

Declare CICO Post-operative care and follow up • Formulate immediate airway management plan • Monitor for complications Plan D: Emergency front of neck access • Complete airway alert form • Explain to the patient in person and in writing Scalpel cricothyroidotomy • Send written report to GP and local database

This fowchart forms part of the DAS Guidelines for unanticipated diffcult intubation in adults 2015 and should be used in conjunction with the text. Failed intubation, failed oxygenation in the paralysed, anaesthetised patient 2015

CALL FOR HELP

Continue 100% O2 Declare CICO

Plan D: Emergency front of neck access

Continue to give oxygen via upper airway Ensure neuromuscular blockade Position patient to extend neck

Scalpel cricothyroidotomy Equipment: 1. Scalpel (number 10 blade) 2. Bougie 3. Tube (cuffed 6.0mm ID) Laryngeal handshake to identify cricothyroid membrane

Palpable cricothyroid membrane Transverse stab incision through cricothyroid membrane Turn blade through 90° (sharp edge caudally) Slide coude tip of bougie along blade into trachea Railroad lubricated 6.0mm cuffed tracheal tube into trachea Ventilate, infate cuff and confrm position with capnography Secure tube

Impalpable cricothyroid membrane Make an 8-10cm vertical skin incision, caudad to cephalad Use blunt dissection with fngers of both hands to separate tissues Identify and stabilise the larynx Proceed with technique for palpable cricothyroid membrane as above

Post-operative care and follow up • Postpone surgery unless immediately life threatening • Urgent surgical review of cricothyroidotomy site • Document and follow up as in main fow chart

This fowchart forms part of the DAS Guidelines for unanticipated diffcult intubation in adults 2015 and should be used in conjunction with the text. 3-4 Bronchospasm v.1 Signs and symptoms include: expiratory wheeze, prolonged expiration, increased inflation pressures, desaturation, hypercapnia, upsloping capnograph trace, silent chest. Can occur alone or as part of another problem. Box A: ACTIONS IF AIRWAY SOILING/ASPIRATION START. Consider tracheal intubation and tracheal toilet Use nasogastric tube to aspirate gastric contents Chest X-ray ❶ Call for help and inform theatre team of problem. Consider post op level of care and follow-up ❷ Give 100% oxygen. Box B: DRUG DOSES

❸ Stop surgery / other stimulation. Salbutamol Neb: Child <5 yr, 2.5 mg Neb: Adult and >5 yr 5 mg ❹ Fully expose the chest and perform a rapid systematic examination: Slow i.v. bolus: 4 µg.kg-1 (Adult 250 µg) i.v. infusion: Child 0.1 to 1 µg.kg-1.min-1 • Inspect, percuss, palpate, auscultate. -1 -1 i.v. infusion: Adult 5-20 µg.kg .min • Absence of wheeze may indicate severe bronchospasm with no air movement. Ipratropium Neb: 2-12 yr 0.25 mg; Adult 0.5 mg ❺ Deepen anaesthesia: Adrenaline Neb: Child 0.5 ml of 1:1000 • Bronchospasm may be a consequence of light anaesthesia. Neb: Adult 5 ml of 1:1000 i.m.: <6 mo 50 µg; <6 yr 120 µg; <12 yr 250 µg; Adult 500 µg • Inhalational anaesthetic agents are bronchodilators. Slow i.v. bolus: 0.1 to 1 µg.kg-1 (Adult 10-100 µg)

• Avoid isoflurane or desflurane if possible – airway irritant if increased rapidly. -1 Magnesium i.v. over 20 min: 50 mg.kg (Adult 2 g) ❻ Exclude malpositioned or obstructed tracheal tube or supraglottic airway Ketamine Bolus: Adult 20 mg • Consider whether there could be endobronchial or oesophageal intubation. i.v. Infusion: 1-3 mg.kg-1.hr-1

❼ If anaphylaxis suspected → 3-1 Aminophylline i.v. over 20 min: 5 mg.kg-1 (omit if already on theophylline) i.v. infusion: If airway soiling/aspiration suspected airway see Box A. <9 yr 1 mg.kg-1.hr-1; <16 yr 0.8 mg.kg-1.h-1; Adult 0.5 mg.kg-1.h-1

Treat bronchospasm (Box B). Salbutamol first line; other drugs at clinician discretion. Hydrocortisone 4 mg.kg-1 (Adult 200 mg) Consider alternate diagnoses causing or mimicking bronchospasm (Box C). Box C: ALTERNATES and MIMICS Use appropriate ventilation strategy (Box D). Wheeze: pulmonary oedema; misplaced airway device; ARDS; laryngospasm

If raised airway pressure and/or desaturation persists, consider → 2-2 Hypoxia/ Raised airway pressure: obstruction of larynx, trachea or bronchi; obstruction of breathing system (any part); decreased lung compliance; pneumothorax desaturation/cyanosis. Box D: VENTILATION STRATEGIES Obtain a chest X-ray as soon as clinically safe to do so. Increase expiratory time to allow complete expiration Plan appropriate placement for post-procedure care. Pressure control ventilation may be better Be alert to ‘breath stacking’ Permissive hypercapnia may be appropriate

3-5 Circulatory embolus v.1 Causes: thrombus, fat, amniotic fluid, air/gas.

Signs: hypotension, tachycardia, hypoxemia, decreased ETCO2 Symptoms: dyspnoea, anxiety, tachypnoea. Also consider if sudden unexplained loss of cardiac output.

START. Box A: THROMBOEMBOLISM Consider thrombolysis e.g. alteplase 10 mg i.v. then 90 mg over 2 h (>65 kg) ❶ Call for help and inform theatre team of problem. Note the time. Consider surgical removal – consult vascular surgeon Consider percutaneous removal – consult radiologist ❷ Call for cardiac arrest trolley.

❸ Stop all potential triggers. Stop surgery. Box B: FAT EMBOLISM • Petechial rash, desaturation, confusion/irritability if patient conscious ❹ Give 100% oxygen and ensure adequate ventilation: • Supportive measures are mainstay of initial management • Maintain the airway and, if necessary, secure it with tracheal tube. Box C: AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM ❺ If indicated start CPR immediately (CPR can help disperse air emboli and large

thrombi). • Supportive measures are mainstay of initial management • Monitor the fetus, if undelivered -1 ❻ Give i.v. crystalloid at a high infusion rate. (Adult: 500-1000 ml, Child: 20 ml.kg ) • Treat coagulopathy (fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and/or platelets) • Inotropes may be required to support circulation. • Consider plasmaphoresis

❼ Treat according to suspected embolus type (see Boxes A-D) whilst considering Box D: AIR/GAS EMBOLISM alternative diagnoses (Box E). • “Mill wheel” murmur may be present Consider investigations to help confirm diagnosis: • Discontinue source of air/gas if applicable and discontinue N2O • Tell surgeon to flood wound with saline and cover with wet packs • Arterial blood gases (increased PaCO2-ETCO2 gradient). • Transoesophageal echocardiography (right heart strain, pulmonary arterial • Lower surgical field to below level of heart if possible • emboli). Place patient in left lateral position if possible • If central venous catheter in situ, attempt to aspirate air • Computerised tomography. • Volume loading and Valsalva manoeuvre may help If cardiovascular collapse refractory to treatment, consider extra-corporeal membrane Box E: ALTERNATIVE DIAGNOSES oxygenation (ECMO) or intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation. Pneumothorax (+/- tension) Hypovolaemia Plan transfer of the patient to an appropriate critical care area. Bronchospasm → 3-4) Myocardial failure Pulmonary oedema Sepsis→ 3-14) Cardiogenic shock Bone cement implantation syndrome Anaphylaxis → 3-1)

3-6 Laryngospasm and stridor v.1 • Laryngospasm usually occurs when a patient is in a light plane of anaesthesia and their airway is stimulated in some way. • Stridor is a sign and associated with laryngospasm (although it can have other causes).

START. Box A: DRUG DOSES FOR TREATMENT OF LARYNGOSPASM 0.25-0.5 mg.kg-1 i.v.: ❶ Call for help and inform theatre team of problem. • Propofol ❷ Perform jaw thrust and stop any other stimulation. • Rocuronium • Atracurium ❸ Remove airway devices and anything else that may be stimulating or obstructing the -1 airway, e.g. suction catheters, blood or vomit (direct visualisation and suction if in doubt). • Suxamethonium (also i.m. including tongue 4.0 mg.kg ) • A correctly positioned tracheal tube rules out laryngospasm. Box B: ALTERNATIVES and MIMICS ❹ Give CPAP with 100% oxygen and face mask: Foreign body Intrinsic laryngeal or tracheal obstruction • Avoid over-vigorous attempts at lung inflation, as this may inflate the stomach. Infection of larynx/upper Extrinsic laryngeal or tracheal • Insert an oro-pharyngeal and/or nasal airway if you are not sure that the airway is respiratory tract compression clear above the larynx. Anaphylaxis Sub-glottic stenosis Airway tumour Laryngo/tracheomalacia ❺ If problem persists: Vocal cord paralysis • Continue CPAP. • Deepen anaesthesia. Box C: CRITICAL CHANGES • Give a neuromuscular blocker (See Box A). • Cardiac arrest → 2-1 • Hypoxia/desaturation/cyanosis → 2-2 ❻ Consider tracheal intubation particularly if likely to recur. • Increased airway pressure → 2-3 ❼ Use nasogastric tube to decompress the stomach. • Hypotension → 2-4

Consider other causes (Box B). • Bradycardia → 2-6 Consider whether guideline 2-3 Increased airway pressure may help. Consider the appropriate strategy, location and support needed for waking the patient.

Continued airway and ventilation support may be necessary if aspiration has occurred or if the patient has developed negative-pressure pulmonary oedema.

START. EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS

❶ Call for help and inform theatre team: Fire alarm:

• Activate fire alarm Fire extinguisher: • Dial hospital fire emergency number and report location and nature of fire • Bring CO2 fire extinguisher into theatre

If AIRWAY fire: If NON-AIRWAY fire:

❷Extinguish fire: ❷Extinguish fire:

• Stop laser or diathermy • Stop laser or diathermy

• Discontinue ventilation AND fresh gas flow • Remove all drapes and burning material • Remove tracheal tube if on fire • Flood fire with 0.9% saline or saline soaked gauze

• Remove flammable material from airway • Use CO2 extinguisher

• Flood airway with 0.9% saline

❸ After fire extinguished: ❸After fire extinguished:

• Re-establish ventilation • Re-establish ventilation • Minimise O2, avoid N2O • Minimise O2, avoid N2O • Check airway for damage and debris • Assess damage

• Consider bronchoscopy • Consider inhalational injury if not intubated • Re-intubate • Consider intubation depending on degree of injury

❹ Assess patient and devise ongoing management plan

• Confirm no secondary fire, assess smoke risk to patient, consider intensive care. ❺ Keep involved materials or devices for inspection and report to the MHRA. ❻ If secondary non-patient fire occurs, or concerned about smoke/fire risk to staff, follow local fire procedures.

3-8 Malignant hyperthermia crisis v.1

Unexplained increase in ETCO2 AND tachycardia AND increased oxygen requirement. Temperature rise is a late sign. MH is rare. Always consider other, more common causes (see 2-8 Peri-operative hyperthermia).

START. Box A: SUGGESTED TASK ALLOCATION 1st nurse/ODP: Collect MH treatment pack/dantrolene and cold ❶ Call for help and inform theatre team of problem, note the time. saline and insulin. Set up lines (arterial/CVC). Runner for ❷ Allocate tasks as scenario develops (see Box A). resuscitation drugs/equipment 2nd nurse/ODP (ideally two people): Draw up dantrolene as ❸ Aim to abandon or finish surgery as soon as possible. directed, keep notes of times of key events ❹ Call for MH treatment pack/dantrolene and cardiac arrest trolley. Surgeon: Complete/abandon surgery ASAP, catheterise, ❺ Remove vaporisers from machine. commence cooling manoeuvres ❻ Give highest possible fresh gas flow and hyperventilate lungs: 2nd anaesthetist: Give dantrolene, start TIVA, manage • Change breathing system is NOT a priority. hyperkalaemia, arrhythmias, acidosis. Renal protection (forced alkaline diuresis) ❼ Maintain anaesthesia with intravenous hypnotic agent and muscle relaxation with a non- 3rd anaesthetist: Arterial line. Send bloods. Central venous access. depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent. Urinary myoglobin. Monitor core and peripheral temperatures Give dantrolene (see Box B). Delegate mixing – it is time and labour intensive

Begin active cooling: Box B: DANTROLENE -1 • Reduce the operating room ambient temperature. 2.5 mg.kg immediate i.v. bolus (Adult approx. 200 mg) -1 • Cooling jackets or blankets. Repeat 1 mg.kg every 10-15 mins thereafter as required Maximum dose 10 mg.kg-1 • Ice packing in groin, axillae and anterior neck. -1 • Bladder, gastric or peritoneal lavage with boluses 10 ml.kg iced water. Box C: INVESTIGATIONS Begin continuous monitoring of: core and peripheral temperature, invasive BP, CVP. Arterial blood gases every 30 mins, U&E, CK, FBC, coagulation Send urgent blood samples and repeat as indicated (Box C). screen, group and save/cross-match blood as indicated Treat complications (see Box D). Box D: COMPLICATIONS AND OUTLINE TREATMENTS Plan admission to critical care. AVOID calcium channel blockers - interaction with dantrolene

Hyperkalaemia: calcium chloride, glucose/insulin, bicarbonate Arrhythmias: magnesium/amiodarone/metoprolol

Metabolic acidosis: hyperventilate, sodium bicarbonate EMERGENCY HELP Myoglobinaemia: forced alkaline diuresis (mannitol/furosemide + Leeds MH Hotline: Direct 0113 206 5270, Switchboard: 0113 243 3144, Out bicarbonate); may require renal replacement therapy later of hours mobile 07947 609601 DIC: FFP, cryoprecipitate, platelets

The Association Of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh Subject to Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. You may distribute original version or adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details. The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. 3-8 The ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options

3-9 Cardiac tamponade v.1 Caused by an accumulation of blood, pus, effusion fluid or air. Most commonly seen in context of cardiothoracic surgery, trauma or iatrogenic causes, e.g. central line placement.

Box A: DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES

START. • ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSIS IS THE PREFERRED TECHNIQUE • Unexplained dyspnoea/tachypnoea and agitation if conscious ❶ Call for help and inform clinical team of problem. Note the time. • At least one of ‘Beck’s Triad’: o Jugular venous distension ❷ If indicated, start CPR immediately. o Muffled heart sounds ❸ Give , ventilate and exclude tension pneumothorax: o Hypotension • • Other signs: Pulsus paradoxus; ECG RS / electrical alternans / pulseless electrical activity; chest X-ray ❹ Rapid diagnosis and rapid drainage are vital, so: enlarged cardiac silhouette • Call for ultrasound machine. Box B: EMERGENCY PERICARDIOCENTESIS (sub-xiphoid approach) • Call for pericardiocentesis kit (eg 18G Luer spinal needle + 3- ml syringe or a purpose made kit). ULTRASOUND GUIDANCE IS THE PREFERRED TECHNIQUE WARNING: Myocardial rupture, aortic dissection and severe • Call for cardiac arrest trolley. bleeding disorder are relative contraindications. • Diagnostic features Box A. • Identify tip of xiphoid ❺ • Prep and drape overlying skin . • Infiltrate local anaesthetic (if necessary and if time) • Ideally use ultrasound to identify pericardial fluid ❻ C • Insert pericardiocentesis needle immediately to left of tip of -1 • Fluid bolus (A- , C.kg ) . xiphoid • Inotropic drugs. • Attach 3- ml syringe • L. • using ultrasound ❼ If clinically indicated, perform pericardiocentesis (Box B). • Aspirate and drain – aspiration of a small volume may cause a

After pericardiocentesis, re-assess using ultrasound examination and vital signs. dramatic clinical improvement

Reassess continually in case tamponade recurs. Box C: CRITICAL CHANGES Plan definitive management of underlying cause, including specialist referral. Cardiac arrest → 1-A Plan transfer of the patient to an appropriate critical care area.

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3-10 Local anaesthetic toxicity v.1 Signs of severe toxicity: - .

START. Box A: LIPID EMULSION REGIME

❶ . USE 20% Intralipid® (propofol is not a suitable substitute) ❷ . Immediately ❸ . • Give an initial i.v. –1 ❹ : • Start an i.v. –1.h–1 ( -1 • . • . At 5 and 10 minutes: • Give a ❺ . o cor o ❻ If circulatory arrest: At any time after 5 minutes: • Start . • –1.h–1 if: • Give . o • . o

• . Do not exceed maximum cumulative dose 12 ml.kg–1 (70 kg: 840 ml)

If no circulatory arrest: Box B: CRITICAL CHANGES If → 2-1 • onventional - . Box C: AFTER THE EVENT • Consider . Arrange safe transfer to a clinical area . cases to MHRA:

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3-11 High central neuraxial block v.1 • Can occur with deliberate or accidental injection of local anaesthetic drugs into the subarachnoid space. • Symptoms are – in sequence – hypotension and bradycardia – difficulty breathing – paralysis of the arms – impaired consciousness – apnoea and unconsciousness. • Progression through this sequence can be slow or fast.

START. Box A: INDUCING ANAESTHESIA • ❶ Reassure the patient – remember that they may be fully aware. Consider reduced dose of hypnotic drug to avoid further hypotension. A full induction dose will not be necessary if the • Plan to ensure hypnosis as soon as clinical situation permits. patient’s consciousness is already impaired. ❷ Call for help and inform theatre team of the problem. • Neuromuscular blockade may not be necessary for tracheal ❸ Treat airway and breathing: intubation if the patient is unconscious, paralysed and apnoeic. • Give 100% oxygen. • Chin lift / jaw thrust may suffice. Box B: DRUG DOSES Bradycardia: • Consider supraglottic airway or tracheal intubation (Box A). • Atropine: 0.6-1.2 mg ❹ Treat circulatory insufficiency: • Glycopyrrolate: 0.2-0.4 mg • Give i.v. fluid by rapid infusion. Hypotension: • Elevate the legs. Do not use head-down tilt. • Metaraminol: 1-2 mg boluses repeated • In obstetrics, relieve aorto-caval compression. • Phenylephrine: 50-100 g boluses repeated or by infusion

• Bradycardia: give atropine or glycopyrrolate (Box B). • Ephedrine: 6-12 mg boluses repeated up to max 30 mg (tachyphylaxis limits further usefulness) • Hypotension: give metaraminol, phenylephrine or ephedrine (Box B). • CPR may be necessary to circulate drugs. Box C: CRITICAL CHANGES ❺ If the case is obstetric, consider expedited delivery of the baby to manage: • Cardiac arrest → 2-1 • Risk to mother of unrelieved aorto-caval compression • Hypotension → 2-4 • Risk to fetus of impaired feto-placental oxygen delivery • Bradycardia → 2-6 ❻ Consider other causes that may mimic signs and symptoms, including (Box C): • Local anaesthetic toxicity → 3-10 • Obstetric aorto-caval compression.

• Local anaesthetic toxicity. • Embolism. • Vasovagal event. • Haemorrhage. ❼ Plan ongoing care in a suitable location.

3-12 Cardiac ischaemia v.1 If the patient is unconscious, signs of cardiac ischaemia primarily include: • ST elevation or depression • T wave flattening or inversion • Arrhythmias, particularly ventricular • Other haemodynamic abnormalities (hypo- or hypertension, tachy- or bradycardia) • New or evolving regional wall motion abnormalities if echocardiography is used If the patient is conscious, symptoms may include chest pain, breathlessness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Have a high index of suspicion in patients with a pre-existing history or risk factors for cardiac ischaemia

Box A: HAEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY START. • Cardiac arrest → 2-1 • Hypotension → 2-4

❶ Call for cardiac arrest trolley and 12-lead ECG machine. • Hypertension → 2-5 • Bradycardia → 2-6

❷ Ensure adequate oxygenation and anaesthesia/analgesia. • Tachycardia → 2-7 ❸ Treat haemodynamic instability (Box A). Box B: CM5 ECG CONFIGURATION ❹ Apply CM5 continuous ECG monitoring (Box B). Obtain a 12-lead ECG as soon as possible. • Right arm (red) lead over upper right sternum. ❺ If ischaemia does not resolve: • Left arm (yellow) lead 5th intercostal space under left nipple. • Indifferent (green or black) lead on left shoulder. • Call for help. Inform theatre team of problem. Stop or rapidly complete the surgery. • Start glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) (Box C). Box C: GLYCERYL TRINITRATE (GTN) DOSE

• EXTREME CAUTION with GTN if the patient is hypotensive. • Consider sublingual administration. • i.v.: 1% (1 mg.ml-1) solution – start at 0.1ml.kg-1.hr-1, titrate ❻ Consider invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring. against response. ❼ Treat electrolyte abnormalities particularly potassium, magnesium and calcium. • NOT RECOMMENDED IN CHILDREN. Treat anaemia aiming for haematocrit >30%. Box D: AFTER THE EVENT

• CAUTION – beware volume overload especially in heart failure. Admit to critical care environment and consult cardiology Maintain head up position if practicable

If persistent ST elevation is present, consider need for anticoagulation, anti-platelet Obtain serial 12-lead ECGs and cardiac enzymes therapy and revascularisation in consultation with cardiology and surgical teams.

3-13 Neuroprotection following cardiac arrest v.1 Outcome from cardiac arrest is determined by the severity of any supervening neurological or cardiac dysfunction / instability which results from poor vital organ perfusion. Following return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), inability of the patient to obey commands indicates that neuroprotection techniques should be considered.

START. Box A: COOLING STRATEGIES -1 ❶ Prepare the cardiac arrest trolley for any further events. Intravenous fluid bolus: if not contraindicated give 30 ml.kg of cold (4°C) non glucose-containing solutions ❷ Use positive pressure ventilation, aiming for: External: simple ice packs and/or wet towels; cooling • SpO2 > 94% and < 98%. blankets or pads; water or air circulating blankets; water • PCO2 > 4.5 kPa and < 5.5 kPa. circulating gel-coated pads ❸ Give sedation and neuromuscular blocking drugs to reduce thermogenesis from Internal: intravascular heat exchanger; cardiopulmonary

shivering. bypass ❹ Insert intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring. Consider vasopressor/inotrope to maintain systolic blood pressure, target SBP > 100 mmHg. Box B: DRUGS TO CONTROL/PREVENT SEIZURES

❺ Obtain 12-lead ECG and discuss with cardiology if percutaneous coronary • Benzodiazepines or propofol are likely to be closest to hand in the operating theatre. intervention is possible or appropriate. • Sodium valproate, levetiracetam, phenytoin or a ❻ Check blood glucose. Start glycaemic control therapies if above 10 mmol.l-1. barbiturate can also be used. ❼ Check core temperature. Target temperature is a constant temperature in the range of 32 – 36°C (precise target determined by local policy): Box C: CRITICAL CHANGES • Temperature usually decreases without intervention in the immediate post- Cardiac arrest → 2-1

arrest period. • Start cooling strategies if indicated (Box A). • Avoid hyperthermia > 37.5°C.

Give antiepileptic drugs if seizures develop (Box B). Plan further management in critical care area. Call for extra help as necessary.

The Association Of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018 . www.aagbi.org/qrh Subject to Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. You may distribute original version or adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details. The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. The ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options 3-13

3-14 Sepsis v.1 Severe sepsis (hypotension persisting after initial fluid challenge of 30ml.kg-1 or blood -1 if infection most likely underlying cause) or septic shock (sepsis with end organ dysfunction).

Box A: FLUID THERAPY RT. • Crystalloids initial fluid of choice in severe sepsis and septic shock. • Greater than 30 ml.kg-1 of crystalloid may be required in some patients. • Continue fluid challenge if haemodynamic improvement. ❶ Call for help and inform theatre team of problem. • Hydroxyethyl starches should not be used.

Box B: SET PHYSIOLOGICAL GOALS ❷ Increase reducing anaesthetic agent and intubate patient. • Central venous pressure. ❸ Give crystalloid i.v.: • Mean arterial pressure. -1 • t least 30 ml.kg (). • Urine output. • Child: at least ml.kg-1 (). • Central venous (superior vena cava) or mixed venous saturation.

❹ Box C: PAEDIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS • Goals: capillary ❺ Give empiric intravenous antimicrobials within 1 h (seek microbiology advice). -1 -1 periphe >1 ml.kg .hr >70%. -1 -1 ❻ Consider whether indwelling devices could have caused a septic shower. • initially up to or over 60 ml.kg fluid until goals or unless rales or hepatomegaly develops. ❼ If patient is not improving proceed to the next steps. • otropic support pending central/intraosseous access. • Insert central and arterial access lines. Check serial lactates. • if resistantadrenaline.

Start noradrenaline to achieve mean arterial pressure mmHg . Box D: DRUG THERAPY Insert urinary catheter and record hourly urine output. • Noradrenaline (NA) as first choice vasopressor. • Adrenaline added to noradrenaline when additional agent needed. -1 Consider monitoring cardiac output to further aid fluid and vasopressor therapy. • Vasopressin 0.03 units.min noradrenaline need. • Dobutamine µg.kg-1.min-1 if evidence of myocardial dysfunction intravascular volume. -alveolar lavage). • Hydrocortisone if unable to restore haemodynamic stability. to abandon or limit surgery.

The Association Of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh -NC- uidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. 3-14 The ultimate judgement with regard to a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made by the clinician in the light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options

4-1 Mains oxygen failure v.1 Complete failure of wall or pendant oxygen supply. Failure may be theatre-specific, zone-specific or hospital-wide.

START. Box A: ORGANISATIONAL ISSUES Theatre coordinator or equivalent should: ❶ Inform the theatre team of the problem, including theatre coordinator (Box A). • Ensure no new case is started unless clinical priority ❷ Call for help, but be aware failure may be widespread. absolutely requires it. • Ascertain the extent of the failure throughout the hospital. ❸ Switch to cylinder oxygen supply. • Ascertain the reserve supplies of oxygen. ❹ Check remaining cylinder content (Box B): • Evaluate implications for ongoing supply. • Ensure any other relevant emergency plans are initiated. • Ensure at least one further cylinder always available. • Coordinate delivery of further oxygen cylinders in good

❺ Prolong duration of cylinder oxygen supply: time. • Ensure individual theatres are kept informed.

• Use circle system. Box B: OXYGEN CYLINDER: REMAINING CONTENTS • Use lowest possible fresh gas flow. % full CYLINDER SIZE • Use lowest possible FiO2. (pressure) C D E F G J 100% (137 bar) 170 L 340 L 680 L 1360 L 3400 L 6800 L • Check FiO2 alarms. 50% (69 bar) 85 L 170 L 340 L 680 L 1700L 3400 L ❻ Minimise auxiliary gas usage: 25% (34 bar) 43 L 85 L 170 L 340 L 850 L 1700L

• Some ventilator systems are gas-driven. If so, switching to manual ventilation will Box C: RECOVERY prolong oxygen cylinder supply. • Recovery area must be appropriately supplied with cylinder oxygen if also affected. ❼ Evaluate moving to nearby area if oxygen supply there preserved. • Identify patients who do not require supplemental oxygen. Continue to monitor and ensure adequacy of inspired oxygen and volatile agent. Box D: RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF SERVICES Workflow: • Disconnect equipment from failed wall/pendant outlets. • When re-established, output may not initially be 100% oxygen. • Do not start any new case unless clinical priority absolutely requires it. • Do not re-use outlet until gas composition and quality • Expedite conclusion of current case if clinically appropriate. satisfactorily confirmed by a competent authority. • Consider recovering the patient in theatre if recovery also affected (Box C). Disconnect from failed outlets and do not re-connect until safe to do so (Box D).

4-2 Mains electricity failure v1v.1 Unexpected total power failure is rare and unpredictable. Ability to safely deliver and maintain anaesthesia is immediately compromised.

START. Box A: ACTION FROM LOCAL COORDINATOR Local coordinator should activate any local incident plan and ❶ Call for help – extra staff to monitor patient and source additional urgently establish and brief teams on: equipment. • Extent of failure.

• Likely duration of failure. ❷ Liaise with local coordinator to activate appropriate local plan (Box A): • Interruption to other services (eg oxygen, water). • If immediate evacuation necessary → 4-3 Box B: SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL LIGHT ❸ Get additional light into theatre (Box B). • Open doors and blinds. ❹ Ensure ventilation continues: • Hand torches, portable lights, mobile phones, laryngoscopes. • Manual ventilation if required. Box C: TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY

• Consider moving to spontaneous ventilation. • Standard power socket: not protected. • SPS: Secondary supply (red socket) for devices that can sustain • Maintain anaesthesia. brief periods of loss of power (eg those with internal battery ❺ Check the pulse and blood pressure manually if monitors have failed. back-up). • UPS: Uninterrupted supply (blue socket) for instantaneous and ❻ Check mains oxygen supply intact. If failed → 4-1 continuous protection. This supply is limited therefore avoid using UPS sockets unless absolutely necessary. ❼ Unplug unnecessary equipment. Use correct socket for essential equipment • Devices’ internal battery backup: this may not supply all (Box C). functions of the device and duration may be variable.

Box D: CRITICAL CHANGES Assess reliability of power supply, duration of surgery and patient condition: Mains oxygen failure → 4-1 • Consider stopping surgery immediately. Emergency evacuation → 4-3 • Consider continuing surgery until patient is stable and wound is closed (may be temporary closure).

• Consider evacuation to theatre with intact mains supply → 4-3 Prepare recovery facilities. Consider theatres, recovery, ICU.

4-3 Emergency evacuation v.1 Anaesthetised or sedated patient requires unplanned transfer because of environmental hazard (e.g. flood, fire, smoke, structural collapse, noxious gas).

Box A: UNABLE TO MOVE PATIENT START. • Ensure adequate depth of anaesthesia. ❶ Consider if patient can be safely moved: if not see Box A. • Ensure adequate reserve: 100% oxygen, low flow, fill vaporiser. • Ensure adequate neuromuscular blockade if relevant. ❷ Stop any operative procedure as soon as safe. Pack and cover wounds. • Evacuate all staff, including anaesthetist when indicated. • ❸ Transfer patient to bed or trolley. Transfer on operating table in extremis. Inform rescue services and theatre coordinator.

❹ Evacuate non-essential staff. Consider calling for help but be aware their own Box B: DRUGS safety may preclude their attendance. • Drugs may not be readily available at muster point • Aim to take: ❺ Airway: Consider tracheal intubation to improve airway security if time allows. o Oxygen ❻ Breathing/ventilation options: o Propofol /other hypnotic o Neuromuscular blockade • Minimise oxygen usage: lowest flows possible. o Vasopressor(s) • Self-inflating bag +/- supplemental oxygen. o Analgesics • Mechanical ventilator or C-circuit require higher flows. i.v. fluids o ❼ Circulation: o Neuromuscular reversal if extubation anticipated • Ensure adequacy and security of i.v access. Box C: MUSTER POINT • Take adequate supplies of fluid ± infusion sets. • • Take vasopressor(s) and/or resuscitation drug box. • Maintenance of anaesthesia: to oxygen and medications, e.g. theatre, recovery or critical • Intermittent bolus propofol simplest and quickest. care area in a safe zone. • Infusion if time allows – remember mains cable for pump if available. • Inform rescue services and relevant coordinator of location. • Consider taking stocks and pump to make infusion later. Box D: ROUTE • Take blankets and/or warming devices if possible. • Ensure route avoids original hazard and any consequent ones. If time allows, assemble adequate supply of drugs (Box B). • Caution using lifts, especially in fire. Take existing monitoring and mains cabling. Agree and communicate staff and patient muster points (Box C). The Association Of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland 2018. www.aagbi.org/qrh Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. You may distribute original version or adapt for yourself and distribute with acknowledgement of source. You may not use for commercial purposes. Visit website for details. The guidelines in this handbook are not intended to be standards of medical care. 4-3 light of the clinical data presented and the diagnostic and treatment options